Wang Zhong-ren (王中仁); Masahiro Kato, Chris Haufler (Cystopteris), Kathleen Pryer (Gymnocarpium)
Ferns, terrestrial or lithophytic, small to medium-sized, sometimes large. Rhizome long or shortly creeping, ascending or erect, rarely short treelike, dictyostelic, scaly; scales entire or toothed, tooth consisting of two adjacent upturned ends of marginal cells, basifixed, rarely pseudopeltate. Stipe supplied by 2 vascular strands with xylem seahorse-shaped in cross section and upward united into U-shaped strand, scaly, also hairy or glabrate, hairs unicellular or multicellular, glandular or eglandular. Rachis, costae, and costules grooved adaxially, grooves of costae and costules confluent to those of lower order frond axes or interrupted by ridges between grooves, scaly, hairy, or glabrate; hairs unicellular or multicellular, glandular or eglandular; spines continued from ridges, or short fleshy projections in grooves, at base of costae, costules, and midribs adaxially, or spines and projections absent. Lamina variously dissected, simple to 3-pinnate, pinnatifid or with terminal pinna similar to lateral pinnae, apex narrowed. Veins free or anastomosing with polygonal areoles or with successive veins from adjacent midribs united to excurrent veins between 2 rows of rhomboid areoles. Sori various, linear, J-shaped, horseshoe-shaped, round-reniform, or round, indusiate or exindusiate; indusia inferior entirely or proximally to receptacle, or lateral, various in shape, sack-, cup-, saucer-, plate-like, elongate, J-shaped, horseshoe-shaped, round-reniform. Spores bilateral, ellipsoid, covered by perispore.
About 20 genera and ca. 500 species: worldwide from tropical to frigid zones of both hemispheres. [??#species in China; ??#endemic]
Molecular phylogenies show that Athyriaceae as defined here is not monophyletic, and a recent classification proposed that it is divided into four (or more) families, i.e., Cystopteridaceae, Diplaziopsidaceae, Athyriaceae, and Rhachidosoraceae (M. J. M. Christenhusz, X.-C. Zhang & H. Schneider. 2011. Phytotaxa 19: 754). In this classification and others, Athyriaceae s.s. or subfamily Athyrioideae comprise Anisocampium (including Kuniwatsukia), Athyrium (including Pseudocystopteris), Cornopteris (including Neoathyrium), Deparia [which should include Athyriopsis, Dictyodroma, Diplazium p.p. (Triblemma), Dryoathyrium, and Lunathyrium], and Diplazium (including Allantodia, Callipteris, and Diplazium p.p., and Monomelangium).
1a. Sori exindusiate.
2a. Rhizome long creeping; lamina deltoid or pentagonal, inserted obliquely to stipe; costae articulate to rachis; small fleshy projections absent at base of costa or costule ............................... 4. Gymnocarpium
2b. Rhizome erect or shortly creeping; lamina deltoid-ovate, not oblique to rachis; costae continuous; small fleshy projections present at adaxial base of costa or costule 8. Cornopteris (including Neoathyrium)
1b. Sori indusiate.
3a. Sori round, indusia proximally inserted.
4a. Multicellular articulate hairs present on stipe and lamina; indusia small, often hidden under sporangia 1. Acystopteris
4b. Multicellular articulate hairs absent from stipe and lamina; indusia visible.
5a. Lamina deltoid to lanceolate, base slightly narrowed or broadest part of lamina; spore wall echinate ......................................................................................................... 2. Cystopteris
5b. Lamina oblong-lanceolate, base gradually narrowed, spore wall with conical spines 3. Cystoathyrium
3b. Sori various, elongate, short, horseshoe-shaped, J-shaped, or round-reniform, indusia attached along veins or inner curves of sori.
6a. Veins anastomosing.
7a. Terminal pinna similar to lateral pinnae.
8a. Lamina margin lobed, toothed ................................................... 5. Anisocampium
8b. Lamina margin slightly repand, entire .......................................... 19. Diplaziopsis
7b. Apical part of lamina pinnatifid, not similar to lateral pinnae.
9a. Lamina 1-pinnate, margin of scales glandular hairy ..................... 13. Dictyodroma
9b. Lamina 2-pinnate, margin of scales toothed .................................... 17. Callipteris
6b. Veins free.
10a. Grooves on adaxial side of costae interrupted at base of costa, not confluent to groove of rachis (if lamina simple, rhizome long creeping); stipe, rachis, costae, and veins with multicellular hairs or subglabrate.
11a. Lamina simple or pinnatilobate, sori elongate ....................................... 9. Deparia
11b. Lamina 1- to 3-pinnate, sori variable (elongate, horseshoe-shaped, J-shaped, or round-reniform).
12a. Lamina 2- or 3-pinnate, large or medium-sized; sori predominantly round-reniform, horseshoe-shaped, or J-shaped ............................................ 10. Dryoathyrium
12b. Lamina 2-pinnatifid or 2-pinnate, medium-sized; sori predominantly elongate, sometimes horseshoe-shaped or J-shaped.
13a. Base of stipe swollen above beaklike very base; indusia entire, slightly erose, occasionally shortly ciliate ................................................................... 11. Lunathyrium
13b. Base of stipe not swollen, slightly thicker than above; indusia laciniate or erose 12. Athyriopsis
10b. Grooves on adaxial side of costae confluent to groove of rachis; fronds without multicellular hairs.
14a. Sori small, round-reniform.
15a. Lamina abruptly narrowed to apex or imparipinnate with terminal pinna 5. Anisocampium (including Kuniwatsukia)
15b. Lamina gradually narrowed to apex ................................ 7. Pseudocystopteris
14b. Sori prominent, elongate, horseshoe-shaped, or J-shaped.
16a. Sori elongate, horseshoe-shaped, J-shaped, or round-reniform; groove on adaxial side of rachis and costa V-shaped in cross section .................................................... 6. Athyrium
16b. Sori all elongate; groove on adaxial side of rachis and costa U-shaped with flat bottom in cross section.
17a. Stipe, rachis, and costae densely pilose ........................ 15. Monomelangium
17b. Stipe, rachis, and costae not densely pilose.
18a. Scales entire, clathrate, shiny; acroscopic base of pinna and pinnule much larger than basiscopic base ....................................................... 18. Rhachidosorus
18b. Scales toothed or entire at margin, dull, not finely clathrate; bases of pinna and pinnule equilateral or sometimes inequilateral, or lamina imparipinnate.
19a. Lamina imparipinnate with terminal pinna similar to lateral pinnae 14. Diplazium
19b. Lamina gradually shallowly pinnatifid to apex ............... 16. Allantodia
冷蕨亚科 leng jue ya ke
Plants small to medium-sized, summer-green; rhizomes slender, creeping or ascending; costae articulate to rachis (in Gymnocarpium) or not so; lamina pinnate to 3(or 4)-pinnate-pinnatifid; veins free; sori round or elongate, abaxial on veins, indusiate or exindusiate; indusia ovate-lanceolate, ovate, or round, attached proximally to receptacle. x = 40, 42.
Four genera; all four genera in China.
The subfamily was raised to family rank as Cystopteridaceae Schmakov (Turczaninowia 4: 60. 2001), and this treatment is supported by molecular data (Schuettpelz and Pryer, Taxon 56: 10371050. 2007).
亮毛蕨属 liang mao jue shu
Cystopteris Luerssen [(1883)], non Bernhardi (1806); Cystopteris subg. Acystopteris (Nakai) Blasdell.
Plants terrestrial, medium-sized. Rhizome creeping, forked, sparsely scaly; scales shiny, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, margin with sparse glandular-hair-like teeth, apex long acuminate. Fronds approximate; stipe chestnut-brown or stramineous, nearly as long as lamina, with scales, hyaline multicellular hairs, and scalelike hairs, grooved adaxially; lamina 2-pinnate to 3-pinnate-pinnatifid, broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, thinly herbaceous, not narrowed to base, apex subacute or acuminate; pinnae mostly subopposite, spreading or ascending, pinnatisect to 2-pinnate, broadly lanceolate to lanceolate, slightly falcate at apex, equilateral, truncate or rounded-cuneate at base, subsessile or very shortly stalked, apex acuminate; basal pair of pinnae not shortened; pinnules sessile, alternate, only basal pair of pinnules subopposite, slightly shorter than upper pinnules, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, equilateral, base subtruncate or rounded-cuneate, basiscopic base slightly wider than acroscopic base, apex obtuse or acuminate; pinnule lobes oblong, sessile or adnate to costae or costules, lobed or parted, obtuse. Veins visible but not clearly so, free, veins pinnate, simple or forked, reaching marginal teeth of lobes. Lamina surface, all costae, and veins with hyaline long multicellular hairs and narrow scalelike hairs. Sori small, round, abaxial on veins, sorophore protuberant; sporangia with slender stalks, annulus cells 1214; indusia small, laterally equilateral, pale green, broadly ovate, membranous, glandular hairy, sparsely ciliate at margin, attached proximally to sorophore, hidden by sporangia at maturity; spores yellow, bean-shaped or narrowly spheroidal, perispore with dense inflated, bulbous processes. x = 42.
Three species in tropical to temperate areas of SE and E Asia and New Zealand; three species in China (one endemic).
1a. Plants usually less than 90 cm; orange unicellular glands absent on lamina and at indusium margin; stipe, rachis, and costae chestnut-black or purple-brown ............................................................ 1. A. japonica
1b. Plants to 1 m or longer; orange unicellular glands present on abaxial surface of lamina and at indusium margin; stipe and rachis stramineous or brownish red, costae stramineous.
2a. Stipe and rachis stramineous; multicellular hairs dense ................................ 2. A. tenuisecta
2b. Stipe and rachis brownish or dull-brown; multicellular hairs sparse ............. 3. A. taiwaniana
亮毛蕨 liang mao jue
Cystopteris japonica Luerssen in Engler, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 4: 363. 1883.
Plants summer-green. Rhizome creeping, 24 mm in diam., with sparse yellowish brown, broadly lanceolate, thinly membranous scales. Fronds approximate; fertile frond (12)4060(90) cm; stipe chestnut-black or purple-brown, (6)1525(40) cm, (1)23(4) mm in diam., grooved adaxially, with sparse scales at base, upward glabrate, shiny; lamina 2- or 3-pinnate, broadly ovate to deltoid-ovate, (6)2035(50) Χ (3.5)1518(40) cm, not narrowed to base, herbaceous, base subcordate, apex shortly acuminate or acuminate; pinnae 1015 pairs, opposite or subopposite, 34 cm apart, spreading or ascending, subsessile or very shortly stalked, basal pair not shorter, oblong or broadly lanceolate; upper pinnae lanceolate, (1.8)815(25) Χ (1)36(11) cm, base subtruncate, apex acuminate; pinnules 1024 pairs, sessile, alternate, subequilateral, basiscopic pinnules slightly longer than acroscopic pinnules; basal pair slightly shorter, subopposite or anadromic, oblong, (0.5)2.54(6) Χ (3)610(20) mm, costae stramineous or only base chestnut-brown, base truncate or broadly cuneate, apex obtuse; pinnule segments 514 pairs, spreading or slightly ascending, oblong, crenate, apex obtuse; veins pinnate in segment, simple, reaching marginal teeth. Hyaline multicellular long hairs and scalelike hairs sparse on both sides of veins, costae, rachis, and stipe. Sori round, abaxial on basal acroscopic veins; indusia pale green, broadly ovate, small, membranous, glandular, sparsely ciliate at margin, proximal to sorophore, hidden by sporangia at maturity, persistent. Spores yellow, bean-shaped or long spheroidal, perispore with dense inflated, bulbous processes. 2n = 84@, 168@.
Forests in valleys; 4002800 m. Chongqing, Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan].
禾秆亮毛蕨 he gan liang mao jue
Aspidium tenuisectum Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae 2: 170. 1828; Alsophila tenuisecta Blume ex T. Moore; Asplenium tenuisectum (Blume) Hooker; Athyrium tenuisectum (Blume) T. Moore; Cornopteris tenuisecta (Blume) Tardieu; Cystopteris formosana Hayata; C. setosa Beddome; C. tenuisecta (Blume) Mettenius; Davallia setosa (Beddome) Baker (1874), not J. Smith (1808); Lastrea setosa Beddome (1868), not C. Presl (1851), nor T. Moore (1858).
Rhizomes creeping, 25 mm in diam., with sparse brownish lanceolate thinly membranous scales. Fronds approximate; fertile frond (22)6580(150) cm; stipe pale stramineous, (7)3040(90) cm, (1.5)34(5) mm in diam. at base, grooved adaxially, clothed with brownish lanceolate scales and sparse multicellular hairs at base; lamina 3-pinnate to 3-pinnate, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, (14)3550(70) Χ (7)2025(60) cm, herbaceous, base subcordate, apex acuminate; pinnae 1520 pairs, nearly opposite, subsessile or shortly stalked, broadly lanceolate to lanceolate, acuminate, slightly falcate, equilateral, base subtruncate; basal 1 or 2 pairs broadly lanceolate, (3.5)1520(33) Χ (2)48(20) cm, base subtruncate or rounded-cuneate, apex long acuminate; pinnules 1025 pairs, basal pair slightly shorter, acroscopic pinnule slightly shorter than basiscopic, broadly lanceolate, (1)2.55(10) Χ (0.4)12(3) cm, base truncate, sessile, apex obtuse or acuminate; pinnule segments oblong, 410 Χ 23 mm, sessile or ± adnate, lobed, obtuse; veins pinnate in segment, simple or forked. Orange or yellow small glands borne on abaxial surface and at indusium margin, hyaline multicellular long hairs present on veins, costules, costae, rachis, and stipe, and subulate scales adaxially. Sori round, abaxial on basal acroscopic veins; indusia small, pale green, broadly ovate, membranous, proximal to sorophore, hidden by sori at maturity, persistent. Spores yellow, bean-shaped or narrowly spheroidal, perispore with dense inflated, bulbous processes. n = 41, 42, 84.
Forests in valleys and damp streamsides; 7002600 m. Guangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan [NE India, Indonesia, S Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam].
台湾亮毛蕨 tai wan liang mao jue
Cystopteris japonica var. taiwaniana Tagawa, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 4: 56[55, 57]. 1935; Acystopteris japonica var. taiwaniana (Tagawa) W. C. Shieh.
Intermediate between Acystopteris japonica and A. tenuisecta. Stipe pale brown-red, costae stramineous, lamina with pale yellow glandular cells on abaxial surface. Spores normal; diploid or tetraploid. n = 41. [??make parallel]
* Taiwan. [??further information]
冷蕨属 leng jue shu
Cystea J. Smith; Filix Ludwig (1757), not Sιguier (1754); Rhizomatopteris A. P. Khokhrjakov.
Plants small, summer-green. Rhizomes long or shortly creeping, blackish brown, glabrate or densely red-brown pubescent, sparsely scaly; scales brown or brownish, thin, ovate to broadly lanceolate. Fronds distant, approximate or caespitose, thin; stipe dark brown at base, upper part stramineous or chestnut-colored; lamina 2- or 3-pinnate, rarely 4-pinnate or more divided, ovate-lanceolate, ovate-triangular, or nearly pentagonal; pinnae with anadromic pinnules, shortly stalked, unequally sided or nearly equilateral at base; minutely toothed at segment margin; veins free, forked or pinnate, terminating in teeth or emarginations[??]. Lamina thinly herbaceous or herbaceous, green when dried, stipe, rachis, costae, and costules with few small scales at base, and multicellular hairs or unicellular glandular hairs, lamina usually glabrate. Sori round, abaxial on veins, sorophore slightly protuberant, annulus of sporangium consisting of 1416 cells; indusia ovate, lanceolate, round, or shallow cup-shaped, attached at proximal side of sorophore, membranous, persistent, covering sporangia when young, hidden at maturity. Spores bilateral, dark brown, bean-shaped, perispore usually with spines, rarely with folds. x = 42.
More than 20 species and many hybrids worldwide, mainly in the temperate and frigid-temperate zones, and tropical mountains; 11 species in China (six endemic).
1a. Rhizomes shortly creeping or ascending; fronds approximate or caespitose; lamina lanceolate to broadly lanceolate; veins terminating in teeth, rarely in emarginations[??].
2a. Veins terminating in teeth.
3a. Perispore echinate; on calcareous soil ....................................................... 1. C. fragilis
3b. Perispore rugose or verrucose, not echinate; on acidic soil ..................... 2. C. dickieana
2b. Veins terminating in emarginations[??].
4a. Plant usually less than 10 cm tall; stipe slender, slightly longer than lamina or nearly as long as lamina, chestnut-colored .................................................................................. 3. C. kansuana
4b. Plant up to 29 cm tall; stipe thick (ca. 1 mm), shorter than lamina, dark purple at base 4. C. guizhouensis
1b. Rhizomes long creeping with fronds distant; lamina broadly ovate, ovate-triangular, or nearly pentagonal; veins terminating in emarginations[??].
5a. Lamina nearly pentagonal with basal basiscopic pinnules of basal pinnae prominently elongated.
6a. Ultimate segments not revolute at margin; spore surface shortly spinous or verrucose 5. C. montana
6b. Ultimate segments revolute at margin; spore surface rugately folded ......... 6. C. modesta
5b. Lamina broadly ovate or ovate-triangular with basal basiscopic pinnules of basal pinnae not elongated.
7a. Indusia glandular; plant slender ............................................................... 7. C. sudetica
7b. Indusia not glandular, plant moderately stout.
8a. Lamina with short glandular hairs ......................................................... 8. C. tibetica
8b. Lamina lacking short glandular hairs.
9a. Fronds up to 50 cm or longer, lamina to 4-pinnatisect, perispore densely echinate 9. C. deqinensis
9b. Fronds less than 50 cm, lamina 2- or 3-pinnate, perispore sparsely echinate.
10a. Ultimate segments 35 mm wide, indusia attached to 1/2 of circumference of receptacle 10. C. moupperensis
10b. Ultimate pinnules or segments 57 mm wide, indusia attached to 2/3 of circumference of receptacle ............................................................................ 11. C. pellucida
冷蕨 leng jue
Polypodium fragile Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1091. 1753; Aspidium fragile (Linnaeus) Swartz; Athyrium fragile (Linnaeus) Sprague; Cyclopteris fragilis (Linnaeus) Gray; Cystea fragilis (Linnaeus) J. Smith; Cystopteris filix-fragilis (Linnaeus) Gilibert.
Rhizomes shortly or long creeping, scaly at apex and stipe bases; scales brownish, broadly lanceolate. Fronds approximate or caespitose; fertile fronds (3.5)2035(49) cm; stipe brown at base, upper part stramineous or chestnut-colored, usually shorter than lamina, nearly as 1/32/3 as long as lamina, occasionally slender and slightly longer than lamina when plant in crevices, 514(20) cm, (0.2)11.5 mm in diam., with sparse, shiny scales; lamina usually 2-pinnate to 2-pinnate-pinnatifid, occasionally pinnate or 3-pinnate, lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, 1728 Χ (0.8)45(8) cm, shortly acuminate at apex; pinnae 1215 pairs, ascending, basal 1 or 2 pairs slightly shortened, or nearly not shortened, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, (0.4)24(7) Χ (0.2)12.5 cm[??], base parallel to rachis on acroscopic side, ± cuneate on basiscopic side, obtuse or shortly acuminate, toothed at apex, subopposite, subsessile, widely separated from each other, usually 12 Χ as long as wide, 1.54.5 cm[??]; pinnules 57 pairs, ovate or oblong, acroscopic side truncate, basiscopic side cuneate at base, sessile or shortly stalked, entire or toothed at margin, or pinnatifid, rounded or obtuse and toothed at apex; middle pinnae similar to lower pinnae, but slightly longer, separated from each other by 1.22.5 cm, subopposite or alternate, subsessile; upper pinnae pinnatipartite, toothed only on apices and acroscopic margin; veins pinnate, costules slightly tortuous, terminating in entire teeth. Lamina herbaceous when dried, green or yellow-green. Rachis and costae, especially their bases, ± with sparse unicellular to long multicellular hairs, even with few scale hairs. Sori small, round, medial on veins, 24 pairs per pinnule, 1 or 2 sori at acroscopic side in upper pinnules; indusia pale green or brownish, ovate to lanceolate, membranous. Spores dark brown, perispore surface with regular, denser spines. 2n = 84@, 168, 252, 336.
Under alpine shrubs, rock crevices on shaded slopes, foot of rocks, damp areas at streamsides; (200)15004500(4800) m. Anhui, Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, W Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan [Afghanistan, India, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia; Africa, SW Asia (Iran, Turkey), Europe, N and C mountains and Himalaya, North America, South America].
The type is from Europe.
皱孢冷蕨 zhou bao leng jue
Cystopteris fragilis var. dickieana (R. Sim) Lindberg in Medd. Soc. Fauna & Fl. Fenni 32: 2124. 1905[(R. Sim) T. Moore, Index Fil. 282. 1861]; C. baenitzii Dφrfler; C. fragilis subsp. dickieana (R. Sim) Hylander; C. sikkimensis Ching ex Bir.
Very similar to Cystopteris fragilis, hardly distinguished from it morphologically except in spore ornamentation, i.e., perispore rugose or verrucose not echinate. It is reported that they can make sterile hybrids and form a species complex with other species. 2n = 168, 252. [??make parallel]
Sympatric in the distribution area of Cystopteris fragilis, valleys, rock crevices on mountain slopes, on rocks of forest understories, damp areas in grasslands; 14005400(5600) m. Gansu, Hebei, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang (common), Xizang (common), Yunnan [Afghanistan, India, Nepal, Pakistan; Africa, Europe, North America].
The taxonomic status of Chinese Cystopteris dickieana is uncertain. Scottish and American C. dickieana are considered conspecific with C. fragilis, based on the variable echinate and rugose spore ornamentation in C. fragilis.
西宁冷蕨 xi ning leng jue
Cystopteris Χ kansuana Blasdell.
Rhizomes slender, shortly creeping, sparsely scaly. Fronds approximate; fertile fronds 1019 cm; stipe chestnut-colored, 611 cm, less than 1 mm in diam., base with few brown lanceolate scales, upper part glabrate; lamina bipinnatifid, pale green or dark brown when dried, lanceolate, 410 Χ 1.33 cm, thinly herbaceous, base obtuse, apex long acuminate; pinnae 58 pairs, basal pinnae 12.4 cm apart from, and slightly shorter than, second basal pinnae, subopposite; upper pinnae alternate, ascending, subsessile or shortly stalked (stalk 12 mm); lower pinnae ovate to narrowly ovate, 920 Χ 48 mm, acroscopic base broadly cuneate, basiscopic base narrowly cuneate, lobed to narrow costal wings, apex acuminate; pinna segments ca. 3 pairs, ascending; basal acroscopic segment largest, narrowly ovate, 48 Χ 23 mm, crenate or dentate-pinnatipartite, apex acute or obtuse-rounded; upper segments oblong or linear-oblong, acuminate, with 2 or 3 small teeth, entire at margin. Veins in basal acroscopic lateral segment pinnate, upper or basiscopic lateral veins simple or occasionally forked, terminating in laminar emarginations[??]. Sori yellow-brown, round, medial on veins; indusia pale yellow-brown, ovate, entire at margin, persistent. Spore with echinate perispore.
* Shaded rock crevices; 30004500 m. Gansu, Qinghai (type from Xining), Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.
贵州冷蕨 gui zhou leng jue
Rhizomes shortly creeping, scaly at apex along with stipe bases; scales brown, ovate-lanceolate. Fronds approximate or caespitose, up to 29 cm; stipe base dark purple, upper part stramineous, 79 cm, nearly 1/2 as long as lamina; lamina bipinnatifid, lanceolate, 1821 Χ 45 cm at middle, thinly herbaceous when dried, dark green, glabrate on surfaces, base slightly narrowed, apex long acuminate; pinnae 1215 pairs, spreading, basal 1 or 2 pairs slightly shorter than upper pinnae, subopposite, sessile, oblong or ovate-oblong, 2.52.8 Χ 11.2 cm, nearly equilateral, cuneate at base, obtuse at apex; pinna segments 810 pairs, often oblong, crenate, apex rounded or truncate; veins free, terminating in emarginations[??]. Sori small, round, usually in one row on either side of costa; indusia broadly ovate, membranous, persistent. Perispore echinate, spines 67 μm.
* Rock crevices in forests; ca. 2800 m. Guizhou.
高山冷蕨 gao shan leng jue
Polypodium montanum Lamarck, Fl. Franc. 1: 23. 1779, [1778]; Aspidium montanum (Lamarck) Swartz; Athyrium montanum (Lamarck) Rohl ex Sprengel; Rhizomatopteris montana (Lamarck) A. P. Khokhrjakov.
Rhizomes long creeping, blackish brown, glabrate, with sparse brownish ovate membranous scales, more densely scaly at apex. Fronds distant; fertile fronds 2049 cm; stipe blackish brown at lower part, upper part stramineous or pale chestnut-colored, (6)1431 cm, 13 Χ as long as lamina, with sparse brownish ovate scales at base, upper part subglabrate with few scales; lamina 3- or 4-pinnate, rarely 4-pinnate-pinnatifid, nearly pentagonal, (5)815(20) cm long and wide, thinly herbaceous, apex acuminate; pinnae 47(10) pairs, basal pinnae subopposite (upper pinnae alternate), spreading, shortly stalked (stalk 310 mm), ca. 2.5 cm apart from second basal pinnae, largest, deltoid-ovate or triangular, (2.5)611(13) Χ (2)47 cm, base subtruncate, strongly inequilateral, 2-pinnate with pinnatipartite secondary pinnules, apex acuminate; pinnules (3)68(10) pairs, anadromic; acroscopic pinnules triangular, (0.4)12 Χ (6)89(12) mm, base subtruncate, equilateral, basiscopic pinnules prominently larger than acroscopic pinnules, nearly 2 Χ as long, apex acuminate; basal basiscopic pinnules of lowest pinnae largest, oblong-triangular, 23 Χ as long as acroscopic pinnules, 35 Χ 1.52.5 cm, inserted at costa at nearly right angles, sessile or with stalk 12 mm, base truncate, apex acuminate; secondary pinnules ca. 6 pairs, alternate, spreading, ovate to oblong, subacute, sessile, often decurrent to costules; acroscopic basal secondary pinnules shorter, deltoid-ovate, 49 Χ 36 mm, basiscopic pinnules up to 816 Χ 69 mm; secondary pinnule segments 4 or 5 pairs, subopposite, ascending, base cuneate, lobed to narrow wing of midrib, apex obtuse-rounded; ultimate segments oblique, lobed or slightly incised, rounded-obtuse. Veins pinnate, costules slightly tortuous, simple or forked, terminating in emarginations[??]. Rachis, costae, and costules with unicellular hairs, multicellular hyaline hairs, or short glandular hairs. Sori small, brown, round, abaxial on veins, 37 sori per ultimate segment; indusia pale green or yellow-brown, round, thinly membranous. Perispore with short spinous or verrucose processes. 2n = 168.
Alpine areas in mountains, wet areas in forests; 17004500 m. Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan [N India, Japan, Korea, E Pakistan, Russia; E Europe, North America].
卷叶冷蕨 juan ye leng jue
Cystopteris sudetica A. Braun & Milde var. moupperensis (Franchet) Blasdell (1963), p.p., [??(Franchet) C. Christensen (1924)].
Rhizomes long creeping, blackish brown, glabrate, with sparse brownish broadly ovate membranous scales, more densely scaly at apex. Fronds distant; fertile fronds 1030 cm; stipe brown or chestnut-colored, upward stramineous, 617 cm, base with sparse brownish ovate scales, upper part with only few scales; lamina 3-pinnate with secondary pinnules pinnatipartite, ovate, 513 Χ 47 cm, base broadly cuneate, apex acuminate; pinnae 4 or 5 pairs, alternate, ascending, stalk 35 mm; basal pinnae largest, narrowly deltoid-ovate, ca. 7 Χ ca. 2.5 cm, base broadly cuneate, apex acuminate; pinnules 59 pairs, alternate, very ascending, ca. 8 mm apart, oblong-ovate, base nearly truncate, equilateral, shortly stalked, apex acuminate; basal basiscopic pinnules of lowest pinnae longest, up to 3.2 cm; secondary pinnules 4 or 5 pairs, oblong, 36 mm, gradually narrowed to apex, base subsessile, not decurrent, apex obtuse; pinnule segments small, 2 or 3 pairs, approximate, broadly ovate, decurrent to narrow costular wing, subentire, revolute at margin, apex rounded-obtuse; second basal pinnae ca. 3 cm apart from basal pinnae. Veins pinnate in segment, free; rachis, costae, and midribs glabrate. Sori round, abaxial on veins; indusia brown, persistent. Perispore foveolate or reticulate with rugate folds.
* Rock crevices at streamsides; ca. 3600 m. NW Yunnan (watershed between Nujiang and Qiujiang).
Cystopteris modesta is very similar to C. montana, but distinct from it in the revolute segments and foveolate or finely reticulate perispore.
欧洲冷蕨 ou zhou leng jue
Cystopteris leucosoria Schur; Rhizomatopteris sudetica (A. Brown & Milde) A. P. Khokhrjakov.
Rhizomes long creeping, 12 mm in diam., rhizome and stipe bases clothed with brown short hairs and few pale brown membranous ovate-lanceolate scales, apex more densely scaly. Fronds distant; fertile fronds (15)2030 cm; stipe stramineous, shiny, 1016(20) cm, thin; lamina 3-pinnate, broadly ovate or ovate-triangular, 915(20) Χ 812(15) cm, thinly herbaceous or herbaceous when dry, acuminate; pinnae 812 pairs, ascending, basal pinnae not shortened, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, (3)4.57(8) Χ 1.83 cm at middle, slightly narrowed, inequilateral at base, stalked (stalk 23 mm), subopposite, (1)1.52.5(3) cm apart from second basal pinnae, 2-pinnate, apex acuminate; pinnules 812 pairs, anadromic, acroscopic pinnule slightly shorter than basiscopic one or nearly equal second basiscopic pinnule largest, ovate or ovate-triangular, 12 cm Χ 58 mm, unequally sided, acroscopic base parallel to costa, basiscopic base cuneate, subsessile or with 12 mm stalk, toothed, obtuse or acute at apex, alternate; secondary pinnules or pinnule segments 4 or 5 pairs, broadly ovate to oblong, basal acroscopic one largest, 56 Χ 34 mm, broadly cuneate, free or adnate to costule by narrow wing at base, margin lobed, rounded-obtuse or subtruncate, serrate at apex; upper pinnules gradually smaller, oblong-obovate, crenate at apex, basiscopic side entire, acroscopic side with 1 or 2 lobes; upper pinnae lanceolate, pinnatifid, segments serrate at apex, toward base entire at margin; veins visible on both surfaces, simple or 1- or 2-forked, terminating in emarginations[??]. Rachis and costae with sparse or dense short glandular hairs and few long multicellular hairs. Sori small, round, 1 or 2 per ultimate segment, often abaxial on suprabasal veins; indusia pale brown or yellow-brown, subround or shallowly cupular, with sparse tiny glandular hairs. Perispore echinate. 2n = 84, 168.
Coniferous and mixed forests; 9003300 m. Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shanxi, Xizang, Yunnan [Japan, Korea, E and W Russia; Europe].
藏冷蕨 zang leng jue
Rhizomes long creeping, 1.52 mm in diam., rhizome and stipe base clothed with brown hairs and few membranous scales. Fronds distant; fertile fronds 1520 cm; stipe brownish at base, upward stramineous, 614 cm, 11.5 mm in diam., base clothed with brown hairs and few broadly ovate or ovate-lanceolate scales; lamina 3-pinnate, deltoid-ovate, 611 Χ 35 cm, acuminate; pinnae 810 pairs, alternate, basal pinnae subopposite, 1.23 cm apart from second basal pinnae, ascending, largest, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, 35 Χ 1.21.5 cm, base slightly narrowed and inequilateral, with stalk 1.53 mm, apex acuminate; upper pinnae lanceolate; pinnules 68 pairs, anadromic, acroscopic one usually slightly shorter than basiscopic one, second basal basiscopic pinnules largest, deltoid-ovate, 68 Χ 45 mm, inequilateral at base, acroscopic base parallel to costae, basiscopic base broadly cuneate, very shortly stalked, toothed, obtuse at apex, alternate; secondary pinnules or pinnule segments ca. 3 pairs, basal acroscopic largest, ovate, oblong, or obovate, 23Χ 1.52 cm, base cuneate and adnate to costular wing or partly separate, serrate, apex obtuse; upper segments rhomboid or shortly linear, only acroscopic side and apices toothed; veins visible on surfaces, pinnate, terminating in emarginations[??]. Fronds thinly herbaceous when dried, green, clothed with short glandular hairs on both surfaces. Sori small, round, 1 or 2 sori per ultimate segment, abaxial on suprabasal veins; indusia pale brown, round or shallowly cupular, frequently with few glands, covering sporangia when young, hidden at maturity.
* Alpine slopes, damp areas in coniferous forests, streamsides, on rocks and tree trunks; 24003600 m. Xizang, Yunnan.
Cystopteris tibetica is similar to C. moupperensis, but the lamina has short glandular hairs on [??both] surfaces and the indusia also has short glandular hairs.
德钦冷蕨 de qin leng jue
Rhizomes long creeping. Fronds distant; fertile fronds 4560 cm; stipe dark brownish at base, upward stramineous, 2025 cm, 1.53 mm in diam., base clothed with brown hairs and few broadly ovate or lanceolate scales; lamina 3-pinnate, narrowly ovate or ovate-oblong, 2535 Χ 1520 cm, thinly herbaceous when dried, apex acuminate; pinnae up to 1013 pairs or more, alternate, basal and second basal pinnae largest, subopposite, 57 cm apart from second basal pinnae, ascending, ovate-lanceolate, 1217 Χ 46 cm, base slightly narrowed and inequilateral, with stalk 0.51.5 cm, apex acuminate; pinnules 1015 pairs, anadromic, usually basiscopic one slightly longer than acroscopic one, basiscopic second and third basal pinnules largest, ovate to broadly lanceolate, 2.54.3 Χ 1.52.2 cm, base inequilateral, acroscopic base parallel to costae, basiscopic base broadly cuneate, with stalk 1.52 mm, apex acuminate, alternate; secondary pinnules 57 pairs, basal acroscopic pinnule largest, broadly ovate, 814 Χ 58 mm, base narrowly cuneate, pinnatifid, toothed at margin, apex rounded-obtuse; veins visible on both surfaces, forked, terminating in emarginations[??]. Sori round, 16 sori per ultimate segment, abaxial on veins; indusia pale green to brownish, round or shallowly cupular, without glands, covering sporangia when young, hidden at maturity. Spores bean-shaped, perispore very densely echinate.
* On rocks in valleys, mountain slopes in oak forests, streamsides; 24003000 m. NW Yunnan.
宝兴冷蕨 bao xing leng jue
Cystopteris mairei Brause; C. sphaerocarpa Hayata; C. sudetica A. Braun & Milde var. moupperensis (Franchet) C. Christensen; C. tangutica Grubov.
Rhizomes long creeping, 12 mm in diam., rhizomes and stipe bases clothed with brown hairs and few, pale brown, broadly ovate, membranous scales. Fronds distant; fertile fronds (20)3040(50) cm; stipe stramineous or chestnut-brown, shiny, 1022(25) cm, 12 mm in diam.; lamina pinnate-pinnatifid to 3-pinnate, ovate or deltoid-ovate, 917(25) Χ 58(15) cm, thinly herbaceous when dried, apex acuminate; pinnae 812(15) pairs, ascending, basal pinnae oblong or ovate-lanceolate, 510 Χ 23.5 cm, as long as and wider than second basal pinnae, toothed, base slightly narrowed and inequilateral, with stalk 34 mm (23 mm in second basal pinnae), apex acuminate, subopposite, 33.5(5) cm apart from second basal pinnae; pinnules 812 pairs, anadromic, usually acroscopic pinnule slightly shorter than basiscopic one, second basal basiscopic pinnule largest, deltoid-ovate or narrowly triangular, 12.2(3) cm Χ 813 mm, toothed, inequilateral, acroscopic base parallel to costae, basiscopic base broadly cuneate, with stalk 12 mm, apex obtuse, alternate; secondary pinnules or pinnule segments 3 or 4 pairs; basal acroscopic one largest, broadly ovate, 49 Χ 35 mm, base cuneate and adnate to costular wing, cut or toothed at margin, apex rounded-obtuse and toothed; upper secondary pinnules rhomboid or shortly linear, apex and acroscopic side toothed. Veins visible on surfaces, one to several times forked, terminating in emarginations[??]. Sori small, round, abaxial on suprabasal veins, 1 or 2 sori per ultimate segment; indusia pale green or yellow-brown, round or shallowly cupular, membranous, without tiny glandular hairs, covering sporangia when young, hidden at maturity. Perispore echinate.
Damp areas and on wet rocks in mixed forests; 10004100 m. Gansu, NW Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, SE Xizang, Yunnan [N India].
Cystopteris moupperensis is very similar to C. sudetica, but different in the indusia without tiny glandular hairs and the plants moderately stout. The two are segregated phytogeographically: C. sudetica occurs in NE and N China, and occasionally in high mountains of Yunnan and Xizang, while C. moupperensis occurs in mountains of W China, north to Qinling Shan and west to E Xizang.
膜叶冷蕨 mo ye leng jue
Aspidium pellucidum Franchet, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Hat., sιr. 2, 10: 119. 1887; Cystopteris alata Ching; Dryopteris pellucida (Franchet) C. Christensen; Nephrodium pellucidum (Franchet) Diels.
Rhizomes long creeping, ca. 2 mm in diam., rhizome and stipe bases densely clothed with red-brown short hairs, and few pale brown broadly ovate membranous scales. Fronds distant; fertile fronds (20)5060 cm; stipe pale stramineous or brownish red, shiny, (10)2032 cm, 12 mm in diam., with few pale brown, broadly ovate, membranous scales mixed with short hairs at base; lamina 3-pinnate, ovate to narrowly ovate-oblong, (10)2033 Χ (5)1015(25) cm, thinly herbaceous or submembranous when dried, apex long acuminate; pinnae (10)1215(17) pairs, ascending, basal pinnae longest, deltoid-lanceolate, (5)814 Χ 2.54.5 cm, base inequilateral, with stalk 35(8) mm, apex caudate-acuminate, subopposite, (3)5(7) cm apart from second basal pinnae; pinnules 812 pairs, anadromic, alternate, usually acroscopic one slightly smaller than basiscopic one, second basal basiscopic pinnules largest, narrowly ovate or narrowly triangular, 1.52.5(4) Χ 11.5 cm, base very inequilateral, acroscopic base narrowly cuneate, parallel to costae, abaxial base broadly cuneate, very shortly stalked or subsessile, apex acute or nearly obtuse and toothed; secondary pinnules or pinnule segments 35 pairs, basal acroscopic one largest, oblong or ovate, rounded-obtuse or subtruncate at apex, toothed at apex and margin; veins visible on surfaces, more obvious abaxially, simple or 1- or 2-forked, terminating in emarginations[??]. Sori brown, round, abaxial suprabasally, 1 or 2 sori per ultimate segment; indusia pale brown, round or half cup-shaped, membranous, without tiny glandular hairs, covering sporangia when young, hidden at maturity. Perispore echinate. 2n = ca. 84.
* Forest understories on mountain slopes, damp areas at streamsides; 15003700 m. S Gansu, Henan, Shaanxi, W Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.
Cystopteris pellucida is very similar to and sympatric with C. moupperensis, but differs from it in the plant is slightly larger, the ultimate segments wider, and lamina thinner. The indusia are larger and attached up to 2/3 of the circumference of the receptacle.
光叶蕨属 guang ye jue shu
Athyrium Kato & Kramer, p.p.[??ok, not Roth (1799)]
Plants evergreen, medium-sized. Rhizomes short, ascending, bearing remaining stipe bases and dense thick roots, clothed with dark brown ovate-lanceolate scales at apex. Fronds approximate; fertile fronds 4045 cm; stipe brown at base, upward stramineous, up to 78 cm, base ca. 2 mm in diam., slightly swollen, with 1 or 2 lanceolate scales, upper part glabrate, grooved adaxially; rachis grooved adaxially, glabrate; lamina pinnate-pinnatifid, pale green, narrowly lanceolate, up to 35 Χ 68 cm at middle, nearly papery, glabrate, gradually narrowed toward both ends, with scattered orange glands on abaxial surface; pinnae pinnatipartite, up to 30 pairs, subopposite, spreading, sessile, ca. 1 cm apart (lower pinnae more widely apart), longest middle pinnae 34 Χ ca. 1 cm at base, narrowly falcate-lanceolate, base inequilateral (acroscopic side broader, truncate, basiscopic side narrowly cuneate or obtuse-rounded), pinnatipartite, lobed 4/5 or close to costae, apex acuminate and falcate; lower pinnae gradually shorter than upper pinnae, basal pair shortest, ca. 1 cm, triangular; pinna lobes up to ca. 10 pairs, oblique, oblong, obtuse at apex, separated by narrow incisions, acroscopic basal lobe slightly longer than basiscopic one, basal 2 lobes largest, 58 Χ ca. 3 mm, upper lobes gradually shorter, basal basiscopic lobe almost broadly ovate, slightly shorter, entire at margin, or basal 1 or 2 pairs slightly crenate; costae grooved adaxially; small processes of unknown nature one to few, on abaxial surface of lateral veins in most middle pinna apices. Veins per lobes pinnate, visible, anadromic, veinlets 35 pairs, simple but basal veins frequently forked, oblique, reaching margin of lobes. Sori round, single per pinna lobe, abaxial on basal acroscopic veins, close to costae; indusia pale green, broadly ovate or round, thinly membranous, fugacious, basiscopic to receptacle, inferior (i.e., hidden by sporangia), partly covering sori when young, hidden by sporangia at maturity, persistent; annulus consisting of 12 or 13 thickly walled cells. Spores dark brown, bean-shaped, darkened, perispore with dense conical spines.
Monotypic genus: the one species endemic to China.
Cystoathyrium is similar to Athyrium and Cystopteris. It differs from Athyrium by the rhizome shortly ascending, glabrate, the stipe base not beak-shaped, spore surface with conical spines, the indusia basiscopic and inferior. It also differs from Cystopteris by the stipe short compared to the lamina, the lamina bipinnatifid, gradually narrowed toward the base, almost papery and evergreen, and the pinnae numerous, lanceolate and falcate.
光叶蕨 guang ye jue
Description as for the genus.
* Damp areas of forest understories; 24002500 m. W Sichuan.
The type of Cystoathyrium chinense is from Sichuan (Erlang Shan, Tianquan). Because it has not been collected recently, it is possible that it is now extinct.
羽节蕨属 yu jie jue shu
Carpogymnia (H. P. Fuchs ex Janchen) A. Lφve & D. Lφve; Currania Copeland; Thelypteris sect. Carpogymnia H. P. Fuchs ex Janchen.
Plants terrestrial, summer-green, small to medium-sized. Rhizomes long creeping, blackish brown, glabrate, clothed with brown, thin, broadly lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate scales at apices and stipe bases. Fronds distant; stipe thin, much longer than lamina, dark brown at base, upper part stramineous, U-shaped grooved adaxially; lamina simple-pinnatipartite to 3-pinnate-pinnatifid, deltoid-ovate to pentagonal-oval, bases articulate to stipe apex, acuminate at apex; pinnae stalked or sessile, articulate to rachis, basal pair not shortened. Veins free, pinnate in ultimate segments, lateral veins simple or occasionally forked, terminating at margin. Lamina herbaceous or thinly herbaceous, stipe apex, rachis, costae, and lamina ± with hyaline or pale yellow glands on surfaces, or absent. Sori oblong or round, exindusiate, abaxial on veins, uniserial along each side of costule or midrib. Spores bean-shaped, perispore surface rugate, folds lobed, foveolate or sometimes reticulate. x = 40.
Two sections, ten species and several hybrids: distributed in the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere (Asia, North America, and Europe) and the subtropical mountains of Asia, occurring in forest understories; five species in China (one endemic).
1a. Lamina pinnatifid; sori oblong ........................................................................ 1. G. oyamense
1b. Lamina 2- or 3-pinnate; sori smaller, round.
2a. Rachis glandular abaxially.
3a. Stipe sparsely glandular, rachis base and costa base of basal 13 pairs of pinnae glandular; veins often forked ................................................................................................. 2. G. jessoense
3b. Stipe apex, rachis, and costae densely glandular abaxially, other parts also glandular; veins usually simple ....................................................................................................... 3. G. robertianum
2b. Rachis glabrate, eglandulose.
4a. Lamina ovate-pentagonal or ternate, lowest pinnae nearly as large as rest of lamina, 2-pinnate-pinnatifid; basiscopic basal pinnules of lowest pinna nearly as large as third pinnae; ultimate pinnules oblong, ± pinnatifid, or shallowly lobed ................................................................ 4. G. dryopteris
4b. Lamina deltoid-ovate, lowest pinnae smaller than rest of lamina, 3-pinnate-pinnatifid; basiscopic basal pinnules of lowest pinnae nearly as large as fourth pinnae; ultimate pinnules narrowly oblong, usually entire ................................................................................................. 5. G. remotepinnatum
东亚羽节蕨 dong ya yu jie jue
Polypodium oyamense Baker, J. Bot. 15: 366. 1877; Aspidium krameri (Franchet & Savatier) H. Christ; Carpogymnia oyamensis (Baker) A. Lφve & D. Lφve; Currania gracilipes Copeland; C. oyamensis (Baker) Copeland; Dryopteris gymnogrammoides (Baker) C. Christensen; D. oyamensis (Baker) C. Christensen; Gymnocarpium gracilipes (Copeland) Ching; G. oyamense var. gracilipes (Copeland) W. C. Shieh; Nephrodium gymnogrammoides (Baker) Diels; N. krameri (Franchet & Savatier) Diels; Phegopteris krameri (Franchet & Savatier) Makino; P. oyamensis (Baker) Alderwerelt; Polypodium gymnogrammoides Baker; P. krameri Franchet & Savatier; P. krameri var. incisum Franchet & Savatier.
Rhizomes long creeping, 1.52(3) mm in diam., clothed with red-brown broadly lanceolate scales, glabrate when old. Fronds distant; fertile fronds (13)2545(50) cm; stipe stramineous, shiny, (7)1225(31) cm, 1.52 mm in diam., terete abaxially and grooved adaxially, scaly at base, upward glabrate, articulate to lamina at apex; lamina ovate-triangular, (7)1018(22) Χ (4)613(20) cm, herbaceous, glabrate, base cordate, pinnatipartite 45 mm to rachis, apex acuminate; pinnae 69(13) pairs, opposite, spreading, approximate, broadly lanceolate, falcate, base decurrent to narrow rachis wing, shallowly lobed to pinnatipartite, apex acute or acuminate; basal pair of pinnae descending, often broadly lanceolate, (2)47(10) Χ 11.8(3) cm; second pair slightly longer than basal pinnae or nearly equal, spreading, shallowly lobed; pinna lobes obtuse-rounded, entire or crenate; veins pinnate, lateral veins (2)4 or 5(8) pairs, simple, slightly visible; rachis inserted obliquely and articulate to stipe; upper part of stipe, lower part of rachis, and bases of costae in lower pinnae sparsely pubescent with hort-glands[??], or glabrate. Sori oblong, medial on veins, biserial along two sides of costules, exindusiate. Spore-wall surface rugate, foveolate. 2n = 80, 160.
Damp areas in forests, in mosses on rocks; 3002900 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Gansu, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines].
羽节蕨 yu jie jue
Dryopteris jessoensis Koidzumi, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 38: 104. 1924; Aspidium dryopteris (Linnaeus) Baumgarten var. longulum H. Christ; Carpogymnia disjuncta (Ruprecht) A. Lφve & D. Lφve; C. jessoensis (Koidzumi) A. Lφve & D. Lφve; Dryopteris linnaeana C. Christensen; D. linnaeana var. jessoensis (Koidzumi) C. Christensen; Gymnocarpium dryopteris Newman subsp. disjunctum (Ruprecht) Sarvela; G. dryopteris var. disjunctum (Ruprecht) Ching; G. longulum (H. Christ) Kitagawa; G. remotum (Hayata) Ching, p.p.; G. robertianum (Hoffmann) Newman subsp. longulum (H. Christ) Toyokuni; G. robertianum var. longulum (H. Christ) H. Itτ ex Nakai et al.; Lastrea jessoensis (Koidzumi) Akasawa; L. robertiana var. longula (H. Christ) Ohwi; Polypodium dryopteris Linnaeus var. disjunctum Ruprecht.
Rhizomes long creeping, apex clothed with brownish ovate-lanceolate scales; fronds distant, sometimes approximate. Fertile fronds (16)2050(76) cm; stipe stramineous, (8)1532(51) cm, up to 3.5 mm in diam., base sparsely scaly, upper part glabrate; lamina pinnate-pinnatifid or 2-pinnate-pinnatipartite, deltoid-ovate, (7)1520(27) Χ (7)1422(30) cm, herbaceous or papery, base rounded, apex acuminate; pinnae (3)58 pairs, opposite, oblique, basal 14 pairs stalked, articulate to rachis; basal pinnae largest, narrowly triangular, (4)815(18) Χ 37(11) cm at base, base nearly truncate, with stalk (0.8)12.5(3.5) cm, slightly oblique, pinnate-pinnatifid or pinnate-pinnatipartite, apex acuminate; pinnules 58 pairs, deltoid-lanceolate, base nearly truncate, apex acuminate, opposite or subopposite; basal one to several pairs articulate to costa, usually sessile, sometimes basal pair shortly stalked, 13(12) mm; basal basiscopic pinnules longest, 15(7) Χ (0.7)12.3 cm, descending; pinnule segments 510 pairs, oblong to narrowly ovate, base free or adnate to narrow wing, margin crenate, apex rounded-obtuse; second basal pair of pinnae (2)45(7.5) cm apart from basal pair, narrowly triangular, much smaller than lowest pinnae, 48(12) cm; third and upper pairs of pinnae broadly lanceolate, gradually smaller; veins pinnate in segment, veins usually forked, sometimes simple, very oblique, visible; stipe apex, rachis, and costae with hyaline or pale yellow short glands. Sori small, round or oblong, abaxial on veins, submarginal, exindusiate. Spore wall surface rugate, foveolate. 2n = 80.
Wet areas in forests, mountain slopes; 4004000 m. Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, SE Xizang, NW Yunnan [Afghanistan, N India, Japan, Korea, Nepal, N Pakistan, E Russia; NW North America].
密腺羽节蕨 mi xian yu jie jue
Polypodium robertianum Hoffmann, Deutschl. Fl. 2: 20[??add. et emend. 10]. 1795; Aspidium calcareum (J. Smith) Baumgarten; A. robertianum (Hoffmann) Luerssen; Carpogymnia robertiana (Hoffmann) A. Lφve & D. Lφve; Dryopteris robertiana (Hoffmann) C. Christensen; Gymnocarpium altaycum C. Y. Yang; Phegopteris calcarea (J. Smith) Fιe; Polypodium calcareum J. Smith; P. dryopteris var. calcareum (J. Smith) A. Gray; P. dryopteris var. glandulosum Neilet; P. dryopteris var. robertianum (Hoffmann) Hooker & Baker[??auth.]; P. robertianum (Hoffmann) Fιe[??auth.].
Rhizomes long creeping, apex clothed with brownish ovate-lanceolate scales. Fronds distant; fertile fronds 1840 cm; stipe stramineous, 1125 cm, 0.51 mm in diam., base sparsely scaly, upper part glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate to 3-pinnatifid, deltoid-ovate, 713 Χ 48 cm, herbaceous or papery, base rounded, apex acuminate; pinnae 58 pairs, opposite, oblique, basal 3 or 4 pairs stalked, articulate to rachis, basal pair largest, narrowly triangular, 4.58.5 Χ 34.5 cm at base, base nearly truncate, with stalk 613 cm, slightly oblique, pinnate, apex acuminate; pinnules 46 pairs, opposite or subopposite, deltoid-lanceolate or narrowly oblong, base broadly cuneate, basal 1 or 2 pairs articulate to costae, subsessile, apex acuminate; basal basiscopic pinnules longest, descending, 1.52.7 cm Χ 68 mm, pinnate or pinnatipartite; pinnule segments 57 pairs, oblong to narrowly ovate, separate or adnate[??connate] at base, crenate, apex rounded-obtuse; second basal pair of pinnae 1.73.3 cm apart from basal pinnae, narrowly triangular, much smaller than basal pinnae, 25.5 cm; third and upper pairs of pinnae broadly lanceolate, gradually smaller; veins pinnate in segment, simple, sometimes forked, oblique, visible; stipe (at least upper part), lower part of rachis, costae, and midribs pubescent with short glands. Sori small, round or oblong, abaxial on veins, submarginal, exindusiate. 2n = 160.
Shaded places in forests, mountain slopes; 15002500 m. Qinghai, Xinjiang [Pakistan; widespread in Europe and North America].
欧洲羽节蕨 ou zhou yu jie jue
Polypodium dryopteris Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1093. 1753; Aspidium dryopteris (Linnaeus) Baumgarten; Carpogymnia dryopteris (Linnaeus) A. Lφve & D. Lφve; Dryopteris dryopteris (Linnaeus) H. Christ, nom. inval. tautonym; D. linnaeana (Linnaeus) C. Christensen; Lastrea dryopteris (Linnaeus) Bory.
Rhizomes slender, creeping, black, shiny, apex clothed with brown ovate-lanceolate scales. Fronds distant; fertile lamina (15)2030(50) cm; stipe stramineous, 1022(35) cm, slender, with sparse scales at base; lamina nearly tripartite, usually 2-pinnate-pinnatifid, pentagonal-ovate or broadly ovate-triangular, 715(20) cm long and wide, thinly herbaceous or nearly membranous, base broadly cuneate, apex acuminate; basal pair of pinnae nearly as large as others portion of lamina, narrowly triangular, (3.5)59(12) Χ 2.54(7) cm, pinnate-pinnatifid, base subtruncate, with stalk (0.8)11.5(2.5) cm, portion of rachis between basal pinnae and central lamina ca. 3 cm; pinnules 5 or 6 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, 1.52(4) Χ 0.52 cm, base rounded-cuneate, sessile, apex acute or acuminate, opposite or subopposite, spreading; largest pinnules with 610 pairs of segments, segments approximate, oblong to narrowly ovate, ca. 4 mm, lobed to narrow costular wing, entire to shallowly lobed at margin, rounded-obtuse at apex; second basal pair of pinnae 1.54 cm apart from basal pair, sometimes shortly stalked, upper pinnae sessile; veins pinnate in segment, simple, oblique, visible abaxially; rachis and costae slender, eglandular. Sori small, exindusiate, round, abaxial on veins. Spore wall surface rugate, foveolate. 2n = 160.
Damp areas in coniferous forests; 3002900 m. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Xinjiang [Japan, Korea; Europe, North America].
American Gymnocarpium dryopteris is an allotetraploid species that arose following polyploidization and hybridization between G. disjunctum and G. appalachianum.
Sarvela (1976) noted that a specimen of Gymnocarpium dryopteris from Japan was indusiate; the indusia were reniform, ca. 0.5 mm in diam., hyaline, glabrate, erose at margin. It may be an example of atavism.
细裂羽节蕨 xi lie yu jie jue
Dryopteris remotepinnata Hayata, Suppl. Icon. Pl. Formosan. 6: 108. 1917; Gymnocarpium remotum (Hayata) Ching, p.p. [basionym is nom. superfl.]; Thelypteris remote-pinnata (Hayata) Alston.
Rhizomes slender, creeping, with sparse brownish ovate-lanceolate scales. Fronds distant; fertile fronds 2030 cm; stipe stramineous, (10)1220 cm, slender, fragile, sparsely scaly at base; lamina 3-pinnate or 3-pinnate-pinnatifid, triangular, 1014 Χ 69 cm, thinly herbaceous, base nearly truncate, apex acuminate; pinnae 5 or 6 pairs, opposite, basal 2 pairs shortly stalked, upper pinnae sessile, basal pinnae largest, narrowly triangular, 68 Χ 56 cm, base nearly truncate, stalk 12.2 cm, articulate to rachis, 2-pinnate, apex acuminate, spreading; pinnules 5 or 6 pairs, opposite, oblong-lanceolate, 1.52 Χ ca. 1 cm, base broadly rounded, sessile, apex acuminate, spreading; pinnule segments or secondary pinnules narrowly oblong, separate or lobed to costular wings, entire but lobed on basiscopic side, apex rounded-obtuse; second basal pair of pinnae 23 cm apart from basal pinnae, smaller, ascending, oblong, falcate, base rounded and equilateral, sessile; upper pinnae gradually smaller than second basal pinnae; veins pinnate in segment, simple, very oblique, visible abaxially; lamina glabrate, abaxial surface of rachis and costae eglandular. Sori small, brown, round, exindusiate, abaxial on veins. 2n = 80@.
* Coniferous forests, on rocks at forest margins; 25003400 m. Taiwan, NW Yunnan.
蹄盖蕨亚科 ti gai jue ya ke
Plants small to large; rhizomes erect, ascending, or creeping, dictyostelic; stipe scaly, with 2 vascular strands seahorse-shaped uniting upward into single U-shaped strand in cross section; rachis and costae grooved adaxially; lamina simple, pinnate, imparipinnate to 3-pinnate-pinnatifid, in some genera/species unicellular- or multicellular-hairy; veins free, occasionally reticulate; sori variable, horseshoe-shaped, J-shaped, shortly linear, lunate, reniform, or oblong, round, sometimes different sori occurring in same plant, lamina or even segment, crossing over [??veins], abaxial on lamina segments; indusia similar to sori or absent; base chromosome number x = 40.
Of the genera recognized in Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 3(2) (1999), Rhachidosorus and Diplaziopsis were recently segregated as families Rhachidosoriaceae and Diplaziopsidaceae, respectively. Subfamily Athyrioideae s.s. comprises Anisocampium (including Kuniwatsukia), Athyrium (including Pseudocystopteris), Cornopteris (including Neoathyrium), Deparia (which should include Athyriopsis, Dictyodroma, Diplazium, p.p. as defined here or Triblemma, Dryoathyrium, and Lunathyrium), and Diplazium (including Allantodia, Callipteris, and Diplazium, p.p.). Athyriaceae subfamily Cystopteridoideae was raised to family Cystopteridaceae.
[here and throughout, there is bold font in synonymies and comments. Are these the coauthors preferred way of treating these??, and if so, should a brief sentence be added in a comment at the end of each respective treatment to say, that treats this as ?? Or maybe this is all fine as is with the existing comments]
安蕨属 an jue shu
Athyrium sect. Niponica Ching & Y. T. Hsieh, p.p.; Kuniwatsukia Pichi-Sermolli; Microchlaena Ching (1938), non Wight & Arnott (1833).
Plants terrestrial, medium-sized to small. Rhizomes long creeping, erect, or shortly creeping with ascending apex, clothed with brown lanceolate or linear scales. Fronds distant or caespitose; stipe usually stramineous, long, with sparse scales at base, upper part glabrate, grooved adaxially, groove open to rachis groove; lamina pinnate, oblong-lanceolate, ovate-oblong, or deltoid-ovate; pinnae pinnatifid at apex or terminal pinna similar to lateral pinnae; basal pinnae opposite or subopposite, shortly stalked; upper pinnae alternate, falcate or ascending, lanceolate, margin shallowly lobed, segments toothed, acuminate. Veins pinnate, lateral veins 35 pairs, simple or occasionally forked, free or connected to form 1 or 2 pairs of rhomboid areolae. Lamina papery when dried, glabrate adaxially, costae and midribs abaxially with brown linear-lanceolate small scales and short pale hairs. Sori round, medial or subbasal on veins; indusia small, round-reniform, membranous, ciliate at margin, fugacious. Spores bilateral, perispore surface with lophate ridges. x =40.
Four species: distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of SE Asia and temperate areas of E Asia; all four species in China.
A recent molecular and systematic study shows that Anisocampium includes Kuniwatsukia and Athyrium niponicum, and is basal in the Athyium complex (Liu et al. Taxon 60: 824828. 2011).
1a. Lamina pinnate, apex of lamina pinnatifid, not similar to lateral pinnae.
2a. Lamina pinnate throughout; pinnae usually shallowly lobed; sori round ............ 1. A. sheareri
2b. Lamina bipinnate; pinnules free, lobed; sori oblong, J-shaped, or round ........ 2. A. niponicum
1b. Lamina terminated by a pinna similar or subsimilar to lateral pinnae.
3a. Pinnae up to 7 pairs, lanceolate, base cuneate or rounded; veins anastomosing 3. A. cumingianum
3b. Pinnae 10 pairs or more, linear, base truncate; veins free .......................... 4. A. cuspidatum
华东安蕨 hua dong an jue
Nephrodium sheareri Baker, J. Bot. 13: 200. 1875; Aspidium otarioides H. Christ; Athyrium sheareri (Baker) Ching; Dryopteris otarioides (H. Christ) C. Christensen; D. polypodiforme (Makino) C. Christensen; D. sheareri (Baker) C. Christensen; D. subsagenioides H. Christ; N. isolatum Baker; N. polypodiforme Makino.
Rhizomes long creeping, with sparse brownish lanceolate scales. Fronds approximate or distant; fronds 2560 cm; stipe upward stramineous (occasionally pale red-purple), 1530 cm, base ca. 2 mm in diam., sparsely scaly, upper part glabrate; lamina pinnate, ovate-oblong or ovate-triangular, 1530 Χ 1218 cm at middle, papery when dried, base subtruncate or rounded-cuneate, apex acuminate and pinnatifid; lateral pinnae 27 pairs, falcate, lanceolate, 610 Χ 1.52 cm, base rounded, often cuneate on acroscopic side in basal 1 or 2 pairs of pinnae, pinnatilobate to pinnatisect, apex long acuminate; segments broadly orbicular or oblong, margin long toothed and cartilaginous. Veins free, pinnate, lateral veins 3 or 4 pairs, simple or occasionally forked, ending in teeth, basal pair of veins reaching lobe sinuses. Lamina glabrate adaxially, costae and costules abaxially with brownish small scales and pallid short hairs. Sori 3 or 4 pairs per segment; round; indusia brown, round-reniform, membranous, ciliate at margin, fugacious. Spore surface with lophate ridges. 2n = 160, 120 (3x apogamous).
Forests in valleys, streamsides, shaded mountain slopes; sea level to 1900 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Sichuan, Yunnan [Japan, S Korea].
日本蹄盖蕨 ri ben ti gai jue
Asplenium niponicum Mettenius, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 2: 240. 1865; A. niponicum var. longipes Franchet & Savatier; A. niponicum var. minus Franchet & Savatier, A. niponicum var. uropteron Franchet & Savatier; A. uropteron Miquel; Athyrium biondii H. Christ; A. faberi H. Christ[??]; A. fissum H. Christ; A. matsumurae H. Christ ex Matsumura; A. niponicum (Mettenius) Hance; A. niponicum (Mettenius) Hance var. pachyphlebium (C. Christensen) Kitagawa; A. oshimense H. Christ; A. pachyphlebium C. Christensen; A. sylvestrii H. Christ; A. uropteron (Miquel) C. Christensen; A. yunnanense H. Christ.
Plants summer-green. Rhizomes shortly creeping, ascending, densely clothed with brownish, narrowly lanceolate scales at apex and stipe bases. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds (25)3075(120) cm; stipe blackish brown at base, upward stramineous, 1035(50) cm, base (1.5)23(5) mm in diam., with sparse small scales; scales pale brown, lanceolate, entire; lamina 2- or 3-pinnate, ovate-oblong, (15)2330(70) Χ (11)1525(50) cm at middle, broadly rounded at base, abruptly narrowed at apex; pinnae under abruptly narrowed apex 57(14) pairs, alternate, ascending, with stalk (315 mm), slightly curved upward; basal pair slightly longer and larger, oblong-lanceolate, (5)715(25) Χ (2)2.56(12) cm at middle, broadly cuneate or rounded at base, abruptly narrowed, long acuminate, somewhat caudate at apex; middle pinnae lanceolate, pinnate to 2-pinnate; pinnules (8)1215 pairs, alternate, ascending or spreading, shortly stalked or subsessile, usually broadly lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sometimes lanceolate, 14(6) Χ 12 cm, inequilateral at base, acroscopic side subtruncate, auriculate, parallel to costae, basiscopic side cuneate, dentate or pinnatipartite almost cut to wings of costules at margin, acuminate at apex; segments 810 pairs, lanceolate, oblong, or linear-lanceolate, deeply serrate at margin, acute at apex. Veins visible abaxially, pinnate in segments, lateral veins 4 or 5 pairs, oblique, simple. Lamina herbaceous or thinly papery when dried, pale green or yellow-green, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae on abaxial surface pale purplish red, with sparse brownish linear small scales. Sori oblong, hooked, J-shaped, or horseshoe-shaped, 412 pairs per ultimate segment; indusia similar to sori in shape, brown, membranous, somewhat erose at margin, persistent or partly caducous. Perispore surface with prominent low folds. 2n = 80.
Forest understories, streamsides, shaded and wet mountain slopes, shrubby and grassy slopes; near sea level to 2600 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Japan, Korea, Nepal, Myanmar, Vietnam].
Athyrium niponicum f. cristato-flabellatum (Makino) Nemegata & Kurata (Enum. Jap. Pterid. 279, 338. 1961) 鸡冠蹄盖蕨 ji guan ti gai jue (syn. Athyrium niponicum monstr. cristato-flabellatum Nakaike; A. niponicum var. cristato-flabellatum Makino), is a malformed plant, with the pinnae or segments narrowed to flattened cristate apices. It is cultivated in. Shandong (Qingdao). The type is from Japan.
安蕨 an jue
Aspidium otaria Kunze[??Mettenius]; Athyrium cumingianum (C. Presl) Ching[??Milde]; Nephrodium otaria Baker.
Rhizomes short, erect, densely clothed with brown lanceolate scales at apex. Fronds caespitose; fronds 2770 cm; stipe upward stramineous, 1245 cm, base 22.5 mm in diam., densely scaly, upper part glabrate; lamina imparipinnate or nearly so, broadly ovate or oblong, 1525 Χ ca. 10 cm at middle, thinly papery when dried, base subtruncate or rounded-cuneate, apex acuminate; terminal pinna similar to lateral pinnae, lateral pinnae 48 pairs, stalked, falcate, lanceolate, 610 Χ 1.52 cm, base rounded-cuneate, margin shallowly lobed or serrate, apex acuminate; segments triangular, with several sharp teeth at apex; veins free, pinnate in segment, lateral veins 4 or 5 pairs, simple, reaching teeth, basal 1 or 2 pairs of veins reaching segment sinuses, often connecting to form rhomboid areoles. Lamina glabrate adaxially, costae, and midribs abaxially with sparse brown small scales and pale short glandular hairs. Sori 3 or 4(or 5) pairs per segment, round, inframedial; indusia brown, round-reniform, membranous, ciliate at margin, fugacious. Perispore with lophate ridges, sometimes connected and reticulate or ornate. 2n = 80, 160.
Damp areas in evergreen forests, on limestone rocks; 7001000 m. Taiwan, S Yunnan [S India, Indonesia (Java), Laos, S Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka].
拟鳞毛蕨 ni lin mao jue
Aspidium cuspidatum Mettenius, Abh. Senckenberg. Naturf. Ges. (Frankfurt) 2(2): 376. 1858, non Desvaux (1827), nom. nud.; A. yunnanense H. Christ; Athyrium cuspidatum (Mettenius) Kato; Dryopteris cuspidata (Mettenius) H. Christ; D. elongata (Wallich ex Hooker) Kuntze; D. khasiana C. Christensen; D. trinidadensis (Jenman) C. Christensen; D. yunnanensis (H. Christ) Copeland; Kuniwatsukia cuspidata (Mettenius) Pichi Sermolli; Lastrea cuspidata (Mettenius) Beddome; L. elongata (Wallich ex Hooker) Beddome ex C. B. Clarke; Microchlaena cuspidata (Mettenius) Ching; M. yunnanensis (H. Christ) Ching; Nephrodium cuspidatum (Mettenius) Baker (1867), not C. Presl (1825); Phegopteris elongata (Wallich ex Hooker) J. Smith (1875), not E. Fournier (1872); Polypodium elongatum Wallich ex Hooker (1862), not Aiton (1789), nor Desvaux (1827), nor Goldmann (1843); P. trinidadensis Jenman.
Plants terrestrial, medium-sized. Rhizomes short or shortly creeping with ascending apex, woody, densely clothed with brown linear scales at apex. Fronds caespitose, with radial phyllotaxis; fronds up to 1 m; stipe upward pale purple or brownish, 3065 cm, base up to 5 mm in diam., triangular in cross section, sparsely scaly, upper part glabrate; lamina imparipinnate, oblong-lanceolate, 3570 Χ 1630 cm, base rounded-cuneate, apex acuminate; lateral pinnae 723 pairs, alternate, stalked, ascending, lanceolate, 1218 Χ 1.52 cm, rounded-cuneate or inequilaterally cuneate at base, incised-serrulate or sharply serrate with beaklike tips at margin, also with few small teeth, apex long acuminate; terminal pinna similar to lateral pinnae, slightly larger, usually with lower part shallowly lobed and segments obtuse-rounded and minutely toothed. Veins free, visible on surfaces, lateral veins pinnate, 36 pairs, simple, catadromic, except basal basiscopic veins branched directly from costa, not reaching sinuses between teeth, acroscopic veins branched from base of lateral veins, ending halfway. Lamina papery when dry, dark green, adaxially glabrate, costae occasionally with few brown small scales abaxially; costae grooved adaxially, protuberant abaxially. Sori dense, cinnamon-colored, small, round, abaxial near base or in proximal, occasionally medial places of veins; indusia brown, small, round-reniform, thinly membranous, lacerate as ciliate at margin, fugacious. Spore bilateral, perispore with lophate ridges. 2n = 80.
Damp areas in evergreen broad-leaved forests, among shrubs; 5001800(2000) m. Guangxi, Guizhou, SE Xizang, SE Yunnan [Bhutan, N India, N Myanmar, Nepal, N Thailand, W Himalaya].
Hooker & Baker (1868 [??citation]) thought that the type specimen collected from the Kew Garden originated from Sri Lanka, but C. B. Clarke (1880 [??citation]) disagreed.
蹄盖蕨属 ti gai jue shu
Plants terrestrial, medium-sized. Rhizomes short, mostly erect, occasionally creeping or ascending, rarely long creeping; fronds caespitose, rarely approximate or distant. Stipe grooved abaxially, terete adaxially, often shortly glandular hairy in groove, base often swollen, with uniserial tuberculate pneumathodes on lateral sides, narrowed toward very base, sometimes without pneumathodes, not narrowed to base, with vascular bundles 2, upward connected abaxially into U-shaped single bundle in section, scaly at base; scales red-brown, brown, or blackish brown, ovate-lanceolate, linear-subulate, or linear-lanceolate, entire, membranous, basifixed; lamina ovate, oblong, or broadly lanceolate, 13-pinnate; lamina segments inequilateral at base; groove of rachis and costae continuous to grooves of costae and costules, respectively; spines at base of costae, costules, and midribs on adaxial side present or absent, spines continuous from ridges on both sides of groove. Veins free, forked or pinnate, extending to tooth tips at lamina margin. Lamina usually herbaceous when dried, in a few cases papery or leathery, usually glabrate, rarely scaly or hairy, or shortly glandular hairy adaxially. Sori round, round-reniform, horseshoe-shaped, J-shaped, oblong, or shortly linear, abaxial, lateral to or crossing over veins; indusia brown, round-reniform, horseshoe-shaped, J-shaped, lunate, oblong or shortly linear, membranous, erose or ciliate, rarely entire at margin, usually persistent, rarely exindusiate or indusia undeveloped. Spores bilateral, elliptic in polar view, bean-shaped in equatorial view, and perispore surface with or without folds. x = 40.
About 160 species: distributed mainly in the temperate zone and understories of subtropical mountain forests; 116 (probably more) species plus a number of hybrids in all provinces of China (70 endemic). The distribution center is located in the mountainous areas of SE China.
Athyrium is one of the largest genera of the pteridophytes and one of the taxonomically most difficult genera. Molecular data shows Athyrium as defined here is not monophyletic; Athyrium niponicum is transferred to Anisocampium, while Pseudocystoperis is nested within Athyrium. Hybridization makes the taxonomy of this genus more difficult. More than 60 hybrids have been known in Japan, and many additional hybrids are possible in China, requiring further analysis.
1a. Sori round or elliptic; exindusiate or indusia caducous; spore perispore with folds.
2a. Stipe and rachis dark brown, throughout with dense castaneous-black or dark brown, ovate-lanceolate scales and fibrous scales; basal pinnae tapering to base; pinna apex obtuse; stipe much shorter than lamina 1. A. wallichianum
2b. Stipe and rachis stramineous or pale purplish red, scales dense, brown at base; basal pairs of pinnae slightly abbreviated; stipe slightly shorter than lamina; pinna apex acuminate.
3a. Lamina 1-pinnate, pinnae pinnatilobate to pinnatipartite, occasionally 2-pinnate; pinnae sessile or subsessile (stalk less than 3 mm); teeth at lobe margin short and pointing outward 2. A. dissitifolium
3b. Lamina 2-pinnate; pinnae prominently stalked (stalk up to 10 mm or more); teeth at lobe margin long and ascending ....................................................................................... 3. A. exindusiatum
1b. Sori elliptic, shortly linear, J-shaped, or horseshoe-shaped, or reniform; indusia persistent, rarely incomplete but visible, at least when young; spore perispore with or without folds.
4a. Rhizomes long or shortly creeping with fronds distant or approximate, or erect.
5a. Rhizomes long creeping; costae and costules with prominent spines at base on adaxial side.
6a. Middle plant, more than 20 cm tall; lamina 3-pinnate or more divided; sori not close to costae or costules, indusia not overlaying midribs and veins; spore perispore with folds ... 4. A. pectinatum
6b. Small plant, less than 20 cm tall; lamina 1-pinnate, pinnae pinnatipartite; sori close to costae or costules, indusia often overlaying costae or costules; perispore without folds 99. A. chingianum
5b. Rhizomes creeping or erect; costae and costules without spines at base adaxially; spore perispore with folds.
7a. Rhizomes long creeping; fronds distant.
8a. Lamina subdimorphic, stipe of sterile frond shorter than lamina, but stipe of fertile frond much longer than lamina; lamina deltoid-ovate, pinnae 35 pairs; basal pinnae not abbreviated 5. A. ruilicola
8b. Lamina monomorphic, stipe shorter than lamina or equal; lamina ovate-oblong; pinnae 1520 pairs; basal pair of pinnae abbreviated.
9a Lamina 2-pinnate, adaxial surface glabrate; teeth not long apiculate 6. A. biserrulatum
9b. Lamina 3-pinnate, adaxial surface pubescent; teeth long apiculate 7. A. wumonshanenicum
7b. Rhizomes shortly creeping (occasionally long creeping); fronds approximate, or rhizome erect.
10a. Lamina ovate to narrowly ovate, apex cuspidate; pinnae stalked; stipe only slightly shorter than lamina; scales at stipe base pale brown; sori shortly linear, oblong, or narrowly J-shaped.
11a. Pinnae usually 1-pinnate or more dissected; pinnules ovate, oblong-lanceolate, or falciform-lanceolate, shallowly lobed to pinnatipartite, basal pinnules usually shortly stalked (see Anisocampium niponicum=Athyrium niponicum).
11b. Pinnae usually pinnatipartite to pinnatisect; lobes falciform-lanceolate, at most shallowly lobed, decurrent to broad wings of costa on basiscopic side .............. 8. A. brevisorum
10b. Lamina lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or oblanceolate, apex acuminate; pinnae sessile or occasionally shortly stalked (stalk up to 5 mm); stipe much shorter than lamina; scales at stipe base red-brown or castaneous; sori subspherical, elliptic, reniform, or shortly J-shaped.
12a. Indusia pale brown, entire; basal pinnae not shortened or nearly so; rhizome erect.
13a. Scales at stipe base yellow-brown; lamina pinnate with pinnae pinnatipartite or 2-pinnate with pinnule pinnatilobate; pinnae narrowly lanceolate ............... 9. A. yokoscense
13b. Scales at stipe base red-brown, central part black-brown; lamina pinnate, pinnae pinnatilobate to pinnatipartite, broadly ovate ................................................... 10. A. fauriei
12b. Indusia pallid, margin ciliate; many basal pinnae gradually shortened to base or only 1 or 2 pairs of basal pinnae prominently shortened; rhizome shortly creeping.
14a. Teeth at lamina margin obtuse ........................................ 11. A. fallaciosum
14b. Teeth at lamina margin sharp and long.
15a. Rachis and costae glabrate abaxially ............................... 12. A. rupicola
15b. Rachis and costae pubescent abaxially ..................... 13. A. glandulosum
4b. Rhizomes erect or ascending; fronds caespitose.
16a. Costae (or costules and midribs) without spines at base on adaxial side, at most larger plants rarely with extremely short processes in distal part of costa; spore perispore with or without folds.
17a. Pinnae prominently broadened at base, inequilateral, auriculate at acroscopic base, usually cuneate basiscopically; in pinnate or more divided lamina, all lobes or pinnules anadromic; costae without spines on adaxial side; spore perispore with folds (rarely without folds).
18a. Fertile fronds less than 10 cm, spore perispore without folds .......... 14. A. minimum
18b. Fertile fronds more than 10 cm, spore perispore with folds.
19a. Lamina pinnate, pinnae repand or shallowly deltoid-lobed, occasionally acroscopic basal lobes of basal pinnae pinnatisect; rachis glandular pubescent.
20a. Pinna obtuse at apex, basal acroscopic auricles entire or slightly repand to dentate, rachis with sparse black or brown glandular hairs .................................. 15. A. nakanoi
20b. Pinna acute at apex, basal acroscopic auricles denticulate at apex, rachis with sparse brown glandular hairs ........................................................... 16. A. zhenfengense
19b. Lamina pinnate to 2-pinnate or more divided, if pinnate, lobes of pinnae not deltoid; rachis without glandular hairs (occasionally with pale brown, short unicellular hairs).
21a Lamina ovate to ovate, basal pinnae largest, narrowly ovate, basal 1 or 2 pairs of pinnules of basal pinnae slightly shortened; ultimate pinnules or lobes obtuse 17. A. bucahwangense
21b. Lamina narrowly lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, basal pinnae slightly shortened, deltoid-ovate to deltoid-lanceolate, basal pair of pinnules of basal pinnae largest; ultimate pinnules or lobes acute or rounded.
22a. Rachis without glandular hairs on adaxial side ......... 18. A. erythropodum
22b. Rachis glandular pubescent adaxially.
23a. Lamina thickly papery or thinly leathery, dark green, surface splendent[??]; indusia small, partly fugacious when mature ......................... 19. A. drepanopterum
23b. Lamina papery or herbaceous, green, surface not splendent[??]; indusia prominent, persistent.
24a. Lamina 2- or 3-pinnate; stipe pale purplish red, scales at base reddish brown; pinnae and ultimate pinnules acute at apex; sori less than 1 mm in diam. 20. A. fimbriatum
24b. Lamina 1- or 2-pinnate; stipe stramineous, scales at base brown or dark brown; pinnae and ultimate lobes rounded at apex; sori 12 mm in diam.
25a. Lamina usually lanceolate, pinnate, at most 2-pinnate at base, but free pinnules not more than 5 pairs ....................................... 21. A. anisopterum
25b. Lamina usually ovate-lanceolate, 2-pinnate, free pinnules of middle pinnae more than 10 pairs ................................................. 22. A. foliolosum
17b. Pinnae narrowed at base, not or slightly broadened, equilateral or subequilateral; at least pinnules or lobes of upper pinnae catadromic or opposite; costae of larger plants rarely with very short processes adaxially; spore perispore without folds.
26a. Lamina densely pubescent on adaxial surface.
27a. Rachis and costae pubescent on abaxial side; pinna lobes obtuse at apex 23. A. sericellum
27b. Rachis and costae glabrate on abaxial side; pinna lobes rounded at apex 24. A. suprapubescens
26b. Lamina glabrate.
28a. Basal pinnae prominently constricted at base; sori mostly shortly linear; rachis and costae glabrate or with short straight glandular hairs abaxially.
29a. Lamina deltoid-ovate, apex cuspidate; basal several pairs of pinnae subopposite, basiscopic lobes of basal pinnae longer than acroscopic ones ............ 25. A. hainanense
29b. Lamina lanceolate or ovate-oblong, apex acuminate; pinnae alternate, basiscopic lobes of basal pinnae nearly as long as acroscopic ones.
30a. Indusia poorly developed, visible only when young, teeth at lobe margin cuspidate 26. A. pachyphyllum
30b. Indusia well developed, persistent, teeth at lobe margin not cuspidate 27. A. wangii
28b. Basal pinnae slightly broadened or slightly constricted at base; sori mostly reniform, horseshoe-shaped, J-shaped, or oblong; rachis and costae with sparse squarrose-glandular hairs abaxially.
31a. Lamina broadly ovate or ovate, basal 1 or 2 pairs of pinnae slightly shortened or not shortened.
32a. Scales at stipe base black, splendent .......................... 28. A. melanolepis
32b. Scales at stipe base brown or dark brown, not splendent.
33a. Plant up to 120 cm; lamina herbaceous, stipe and rachis stramineous or pale purplish red, not splendent ......................................................... 29. A. brevifrons
33b. Plant to 65 cm; lamina thinly herbaceous, stipe and rachis pale reddish, splendent 30. A. rubripes
31b. Lamina narrowly ovate, elliptic-lanceolate, or oblanceolate, more than 2 or 3 pairs of basal pinnae gradually shortened.
34a. Lamina narrowly ovate, basal 2 or 3 pairs of pinnae shortened, but basal pinnae not shortened as auricles ...................................................................... 31. A. sinense
34b. Lamina elliptic-lanceolate or oblanceolate, more than 4 pairs of basal pinnae gradually shortened, basal pinnae often shortened as auricles.
35a. Scales at stipe base lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, less than 1.5 mm wide; lamina pinnate-pinnae pinnatipartite, lobes serrate, lateral veins usually simple 32. A. attenuatum
35b. Scales at stipe base ovate or deltoid-ovate, more than 35 mm wide; lamina usually 2-pinnate, pinnules shallowly lobed or biserrate, lateral veins usually 24-furcate.
36a. Lamina black when dried; scales at stipe base castaneous at middle, brown in marginal part; pinnule rounded-truncate at apex ............ 33. A. tarulakaense
36b. Lamina not black when dried; scales at stipe base brown or dark brown; pinnule obtuse at apex.
37a. Pinnae deltoid-ovate or deltoid-lanceolate, less than 34 cm, approximate 34. A. contingens
37b Pinnae linear-lanceolate, more than 4 cm, spaced apart from each other.
38a. Pinnae shortly stalked, slightly constricted toward base, pinnules up to 2.53 cm ................................................................. 35. A. nudifrons
38b. Pinnae subsessile, not constricted toward base, pinnules usually less than 2.53 cm.
39a. Middle pinnae ca. 1 cm wide, separated from each other by space more than width of pinna ................................ 36. A. nephrodioides
39b. Middle pinnae more than 1 cm wide, separated from each other by space much less than width of pinna.
40a. Pinnae 36 cm Χ less than 1.8 cm, prominently ascending 37. A. adscendens
40b. Pinnae up to 1618 cm Χ up to 3 cm, spreading or slightly ascending ....................................................... 38. A. dentigerum
16b. Costae (or also costules and midribs) with long or short spines at base on adaxial side; perispore without folds.
41a. Lamina pinnate, oblanceolate, pinnae pinnatilobate to pinnatipartite, many pairs of basal pinnae gradually shortened, basal pinnae often auricles ................................................. 39. A. mehrae
41b. Lamina 13-pinnate, not oblanceolate, basal pinnae not shortened, or at most one to several pairs slightly shortened, basal pinnae never auricles.
42a. Lamina narrowly lanceolate, pinnae more than 2025 pairs.
43a. Lamina usually less than 35 cm, 1- or 2-pinnate, lobe margin dentate, costae with short spines on adaxial side ...................................................................... 40. A. multipinnum
43b. Lamina up to 35 cm or more, 2-pinnate, lobe margin long serrulate, costae with long spines adaxially ........................................................................................... 41. A. elongatum
42b. Lamina broader, not narrowly lanceolate, pinnae less than 2025 pairs.
44a. Indusia various, J-shaped, horseshoe-shaped, reniform, elliptic, or shortly linear; scales at stipe base often yellow-brown, brown, or dark brown.
45a. Pinnules or lobes of upper pinnae anadromic, occasionally catadromic or subopposite; rachis and costae stramineous, rarely pale purplish red, glabrate or sparsely pubescent on abaxial side; margin of narrow wings along costae or sinus between lobes glabrate.
46a. Pinnules or lobes of upper pinnae opposite or subopposite.
47a. Pinnules or lobes downward reflexed or subspreading 42. A. oppositipennum
47b. Pinnules or lobes spreading ....................................... 43. A. crassipes
46b. Pinnules or lobes of upper pinnae anadromic, alternate, or only basal pair subopposite.
48a. Pinnae (especially also lamina tip) or pinnules ascending or at most subspreading.
49a. Lower pinnae alternate, at most basal pinnae subopposite; rachis and costae pale purplish red, spines prominent on adaxial side, but costules without spines 44. A. tripinnatum
49b. Basal pinnae to several pairs of lower pinnae opposite or subopposite; rachis and costae stramineous, with very short spines adaxially, costules also with spines.
50a. Basal pinnules subopposite, rachis and costae sparsely pubescent abaxially 45. A. deltoidofrons
50b. Basal pinnules anadromic, rachis and costae glabrate abaxially 46. A. delicatulum
48b. Pinnae (especially also lamina tip) or pinnules downward reflexed.
51a. Lamina pinnate, pinnae at most pinnatipartite, sessile, downward reflexed, upper pinnae spreading........................................... 47. A. reflexipinnum
51b. Lamina 1- or 2-pinnate, pinnae shortly stalked, usually spreading or ascending, distal pinnae downward reflexed; pinnules pinnatisect, reflexed downward or spreading.
52a. Sori horseshoe-shaped; pinnules lanceolate, subsessile 48. A. devolii
52b. Sori oblong or J-shaped; pinnules ovate-deltoid or oblong, prominently stalked or adnate to narrow wing of costa.
53a. Pinnules ovate-deltoid, acute at apex, prominently stalked (stalk ca. 1 mm) ......................................................... 49. A. baishanzuense
53b. Pinnules oblong, rounded-obtuse at apex, adnate to narrow wing of costa 50. A. maoshanense
45b. Pinnules or lobes of upper pinnae catadromic or subopposite; rachis and costae usually pale purplish red, occasionally stramineous, pubescent on abaxial side; margin of narrow wings of costa or sinus between lobes sparsely pubescent or glabrate.
54a. Indusia usually reniform, spherical-reniform, or elliptic; lamina broadly ovate, apex acuminate, basal pinnae largest; scales yellow-brown ...... 51. A. omeiense
54b. Indusia usually oblong, J-shaped or horseshoe-shaped; lamina usually oblong-ovate, apex cuspidate or acuminate, basal pinnae subequal to second basal pinnae or slightly larger; scales brown or dark brown.
55a. Pinnae prominently stalked, stalk usually more than 2 mm, alternate, basal pinnae subopposite; margin of narrow wings of costa or sinus between lobes glabrate or sparsely pubescent; indusia subentire or erose.
56a. Margin of narrow wings of costae sparsely pubescent, costae densely pubescent abaxially.
57a. Adaxial surface of lamina and lobe margin sparsely pubescent; pinnules narrowly deltoid to deltoid-oblong, acute at apex ........... 57. A. ludingense
57b. Adaxial surface of lamina and lobe margin glabrate; pinnules oblong to deltoid-ovate, obtuse at apex .......................... 58. A. hirtirachis
56b. Margin of narrow wings of costae glabrate, rachis and costae glabrate or sparsely pubescent.
58a. Pinnules oblong, rounded-obtuse at apex ....... 52. A. intermixtum
58b. Pinnules ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute at apex.
59a. Lamina apex usually acuminate; rachis and costae glabrate on abaxial side; pinnules of middle and basal pinnae pinnatipartite to pinnatisect.
60a. Scales pale brown, linear-lanceolate; costae pale purplish red on abaxial side ..................................................... 53. A. costulalisorum
60b. Scales dark brown, ovate to ovate-lanceolate; costae stramineous 54. A. dentilobum
59b. Lamina apex often cuspidate; rachis and costae sparsely pubescent abaxially; pinnules of middle and basal pinnae pinnatilobate to pinnatipartite.
61a. Costae pale purplish red; lamina thinly herbaceous, apex cuspidate prominently ................................................ 55. A. vidalii
61b. Costae stramineous; lamina papery, apex cuspidate often not prominently ......................................................... 56. A. mackinnonii
55b. Pinnae usually sessile, occasionally shortly stalked, stalk less than 2 mm, basal 3 or more pairs of pinnae often opposite or subopposite; margin of narrow wings of costa or sinus between lobes usually sparsely pubescent, occasionally glabrate; indusia usually ciliate, occasionally lacerate or erose.
62a. Rachis and costae stramineous, with dense unicellular straight hairs on abaxial side, with very short spines on adaxial side; midribs without spines 59. A. himalaicum
62b. Rachis and costae usually pale purplish red, occasionally stramineous; sparsely pubescent or glabrate abaxially, with long or short spines adaxially; costules or midribs with or without spines.
63a. Spines on adaxial surface of costae very short, but if long, costules or midribs without spines.
64a. Plant less than 30 cm tall; pinnae less than 5 cm, pinnatipartite; rachis and costae pale purplish red or stramineous; margin of narrow wings of costae sparsely pubescent.
65a. Basal pinnae prominently shortened; spines on adaxial surface of costae very short; rachis and costae stramineous; adaxial surface of lamina glabrate .............................................................. 60. A. emeicola
65b. Basal pinnae not shortened; spines on adaxial surface of costae sharp and long; rachis brown-stramineous, costae pale purplish red abaxially, adaxial surface of lamina with sparse pallid short hairs 61. A. bomicola
64b. Plant more than 30 cm tall; pinnae more than 7 cm, pinnate; rachis and costae stramineous; margin of narrow wings of costae sparsely pubescent or glabrate.
66a. Spines on adaxial surface of costae sharp and long; margin of narrow wings of costae glabrate ............................ 62. A. flabellulatum
66b. Spines on adaxial surface of costae very short; margin of narrow wings of costae sparsely hairy.
67a. Plants less than 50 cm tall; pinnules oblong, ca. 7 mm, apex rounded, margin crenate ....................... 63. A. daxianglingense
67b. Plants to 1 m tall; pinnules broadly lanceolate, 2227 mm, apex obtuse, margin incised.
68a. Middle pinnae more than 20 cm; pinnules more than 20 pairs, oblong-lanceolate or oblong-ovate 64. A. obtusilimbum
68b. Middle pinnae less than 12 cm; pinnules ca. 14 pairs, deltoid-ovate or broadly deltoid-lanceolate ......... 65. A. baoxingense
63b. Spines on adaxial surface of costae long, narrowly deltoid; if lamina 2-pinnate or more dissected, costules or midribs also spinous.
69a. Margin of narrow wings of costae and rachis glabrate.
70a. Lamina thinly herbaceous, teeth at lobe margin long and ascending, sori 24 pairs per pinnule .......................... 66. A. jinshajiangense
70b. Lamina papery or firm-herbaceous, lobe margin dentate, sori 47 pairs per pinnule ............................................... 67. A. interjectum
69b Margin of narrow wings of costae and rachis ± with unicellular short hairs.
71a. Adaxial surface of lamina with unicellular short hairs 68. A. suprapuberulum
71b. Adaxial surface of lamina glabrate.
72a. Pinnae less than 1 cm wide, apex rounded-truncate; scales at stipe base black in center, sharply with narrow pale brown margin 69. A. zayuense
72b. Pinnae usually more than 2 cm wide, apex obtuse; scales at stipe base dark brown in center, gradually paler toward margin.
73a. Basal pinnules often reflexed ............ 70. A. lineare
73b. Pinnules spreading or ascending.
74a. Lamina 2-pinnate with pinnules pinnatisect to 3-pinnate with secondary pinnules pinnatilobate; basal pinnae much larger than upper pinnae, oblong-ovate; costae and costules with short spines on adaxial side ................. 71. A. chungtienense
74b. Lamina 1-pinnate with pinnae pinnatisect to 2-pinnate with pinnules pinnatilobate; basal pinnae equal to upper pinnae or slightly shorter, narrowly lanceolate or narrowly oblanceolate; only in large pinnae costules with spines adaxially.
75a. Base of middle pinnae inequilateral; teeth at pinnule- or lobe margin sharp and long 72. A. austro-orientale
75b. Base of middle pinnae subequilateral; teeth at pinnule- or lobe margin short ........................... 73. A. dubium
44b. Indusia usually shortly linear or oblong; scales at stipe base often black or dark brown.
76a. Costae with subulate, short spines on adaxial side; costules or midribs without spines, occasionally with very short spines.
77a. Lamina broadly ovate or ovate, apex often cuspidate, occasionally narrowly ovate, apex shortly acuminate; pinnae usually prominently stalked (stalk usually more than 23 mm).
78a. Pinnules of basal 2 or 3 pairs of pinnae anadromic, pinnae prominently stalked (stalk 35 mm); rachis and costae glabrate on abaxial side .......... 74. A. clivicola
78b. Pinnules of basal pinnae anadromic, pinnules of other pinnae subopposite or catadromic, pinnae shortly stalked; rachis and costae pubescent on abaxial side, rarely glabrate.
79a. Pinnules shallowly lobed, lobes up to 1 mm, or duplicato-dentate 75. A. infrapuberulum
79b. Pinnules subentire, or serrate or lobed.
80a. Pinnules lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, 3 or more Χ as long as wide; sori subparallel to midrib; indusia erose ..................... 76. A. criticum
80b. Pinnules deltoid, oblong-ovate, or ovate, occasionally narrowly ovate, less than 3 Χ as long as wide; sori not parallel to midrib; indusia entire or subentire.
81a. Lamina narrowly deltoid-ovate, narrowly ovate or ovate, pinnae 7 pairs or more except pinnae of cuspidate apex; pinnules narrow, usually less than 5 mm wide at middle, subentire; pinna rachis sparsely pubescent on abaxial side.
82a. Lamina ovate-oblong, cuspidate at apex; pinnae up to 18 cm, pinnules more than 10 pairs ....................................... 77. A. brevistipes
82b. Lamina narrowly deltoid-ovate, acuminate at apex; pinnae 511 cm, pinnules less than 10 pairs ............................ 78. A. kenzo-satakei
81b. Lamina deltoid or deltoid-ovate, pinnae ca. 5 pairs below cuspidate apex; pinnules usually more than 5 mm wide at middle, serrate; costae densely pubescent on abaxial side.
83a. Base of basal pinnae broadened with basal pinnules largest; pinnules auriculate at base on both sides .................. 79. A. longius
83b. Lower pinnules of basal pinnae shortened; pinnules auriculate only at acroscopic base.
84a. Pinnules of middle pinnae ascending, oblong, serrulate at margin 80. A. wardii
84b. Pinnules of middle pinnae broadly deltoid-lanceolate, shallowly lobed to pinnatifid ......................................... 81. A. venulosum
77b. Lamina oblong-ovate or lanceolate, occasionally ovate, acuminate at apex, occasionally cuspidate; pinnae usually sessile, or shortly stalked (stalk less than 2 mm).
85a. Pinnules or pinnule lobes rounded-obtuse or truncate at apex, margin round-lobed or crenate; sori usually medial ................................. 82. A. christensenii
85b. Pinnules or pinnule lobes acute or obtuse at apex, lobed or toothed at margin, not crenate; sori usually close to costule.
86a. Basal pinnules overlaying rachis.
87a. Pinnae acuminate at apex; pinnules obtuse at apex, teeth at margin spreading 83. A. delavayi
87b. Pinnae caudate-acuminate at apex; pinnule acute or obtuse at apex, teeth at margin oblique.
88a. Pinnae 1416 cm, caudate or long acuminate at apex; pinnules shortly acuminate, long auriculate at acroscopic base, midrib without spines on adaxial side ........................................................ 84. A. caudiforme
88b. Pinnae 1012 cm, shortly caudate at apex; pinnules acute, shortly auriculate at acroscopic base, midrib with spines on adaxial side 85. A. subrigescens
86b. Basal pinnules not overlaying rachis.
89a. Scales at stipe base ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate; pinnules of upper pinnae anadromic or subopposite; sori ca. 1 mm, close to midrib, almost parallel to midrib ....................................................................... 86. A. decorum
89b. Scales at stipe base linear to linear-lanceolate; pinnules of upper pinnae catadromic or subopposite; sori more than 1.5 mm, ascending to midrib.
90a. Pinnae often shortly stalked; pinnules narrowly oblong, broadly cuneate at base; costae and distal part of rachis with very short spines adaxially 87. A. uniforme
90b. Pinnae sessile or very shortly stalked; pinnules not narrowly oblong, cuneate at basiscopic base, truncate and parallel to costa at acroscopic base; spines of costae and distal part of rachis on adaxial surface prominent.
91a. Lamina narrowly ovate or lanceolate, acuminate at apex.
92a. Costules with prominent spines on adaxial side.
93a. Rachis and costae shiny, glabrate abaxially; pinnules and lobes usually obtuse at apex, almost not lobed, minutely toothed at margin 88. A. roseum
93b. Rachis and costae densely pubescent abaxially; pinnules and lobes usually rounded-obtuse at apex, shallowly lobed or prominently serrate at margin ................................. 89. A. mengtzeense
92b. Costules without or with very short spines adaxially.
94a. Stipe, rachis, and costae pale purplish red; pinnae shortly stalked (stalk 13 mm) or subsessile ................... 90. A. epirachis
94b. Stipe, rachis and costae stramineous; pinnae sessile 91. A. pubicostatum
91b. Lamina ovate or deltoid-ovate, occasionally narrowly ovate, slightly cuspidate or shortly acuminate at apex.
95a. Rachis and costae glabrate abaxially; pinnae sessile.
96a. Basal pinnae narrowly lanceolate, acroscopic pinnules subequal to basiscopic pinnules ..................... 92. A. otophorum
96b. Basal pinnae ovate-lanceolate, basiscopic pinnules longer than acroscopic pinnules ......................... 93. A. kuratae
95b. Rachis and costae pubescent abaxially; pinnae shortly stalked.
97a. Rachis and costae with short spines on adaxial side, sparsely glandular pubescent abaxially; pinnules separate, short and obtuse at apex 94. A. arisanense
97b. Rachis and costae with long spines adaxially, with dense, pale brown, short glandular hairs abaxially; pinnules dense, acute at apex 95. A. caudatum
76b. Costae and costules with long spines adaxially, ultimate midribs often also with spines.
98a. Lamina 3-pinnate or more divided; secondary pinnules prominently stalked; rachis and costae glabrate abaxially.
99a. Lamina deltoid or ovate-deltoid; ultimate lobes broad, suboblong, usually more than 23 mm wide ............................................................... 96. A. adpressum
99b. Lamina elliptic; ultimate lobes slender and long, linear or narrowly subulate, usually ca. 1 mm wide.
100a. Ultimate lobes linear, ascending; sori costular, straight 97. A. rhachidosorum
100b. Ultimate lobes narrowly subulate, spreading; sori subcostular, often curved 98. A. araiostegioides
98b. Lamina 1- or 2-pinnate with pinnules at most pinnatifid; rachis and costae pubescent or glabrate abaxially.
101a. Sori oblong or shortly linear, straight, close to midribs, often partly overlaying them when mature; rachis and costae glabrate abaxially, at most costae slightly pubescent at base.
102a. Fronds less than 25 cm; lamina narrowly deltoid or deltoid-ovate, glabrous or glandular hairy on adaxial surface.
103a. Rhizome creeping; lamina glabrous adaxially . 99. A. chingianum
103b. Rhizome erect; lamina glandular hairy adaxially.
104a. Lamina deltoid, basal pinnae not shortened; pinna lobes subentire; sori close to costa .......................................... 100. A. supraspinenscens
104b. Lamina ovate-deltoid, basal pinnae slightly shortened; pinnules crenate or serrate-lobed; sori distant from costa ....... 101. A. medogense
102b. Fronds more than 30 cm; lamina broadly ovate to linear-lanceolate; lamina adaxial surface glabrate.
105a. Lamina pinnate; pinnae deltoid-lanceolate, less than 3.5 cm, at most pinnatisect, pinna lobes approximate .......................................... 102. A. yui
105b. Lamina 2-pinnate; pinnae lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 520 cm, pinnules separate from each other.
106a. Lamina ovate to oblong-lanceolate; pinnule lobes subentire or only slightly serrulate at margin ......................................... 103. A. fangii
106b. Lamina broadly ovate to ovate; pinnule lobes with prominently long or short teeth at margin.
107a. Pinnae 1316 pairs; pinnules oblong; rachis and costae glabrate abaxially ........................................................ 104. A. nyalamense
107b. Pinnae 6 or 7 pairs; pinnules obovate or oblong; rachis and costae densely pubescent abaxially ...................... 105. A. yuanyangense
101b. Sori curved or straight, not close to midribs, not overlaying them when mature; rachis and costae pubescent abaxially, rarely glabrate.
108a. Lamina lanceolate to linear-lanceolate; pinnae usually more than 18 pairs; rachis usually with bulblets below apex, occasionally without bulblets.
109a. Lamina narrowly lanceolate to linear-lanceolate; many basal pinnae shortened; pinnae 34 cm, subsessile; pinna lobes less than 10 pairs, minutely toothed at margin; bulblets usually large ............................. 106. A. clarkei
109b. Lamina lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate; only 1 or 2 pairs of basal pinnae slightly shortened; pinnae 611 cm, usually shortly stalked; pinna lobes more than 10 pairs, biserrate or lobed at margin; bulblets small.
110a. Pinnules deltoid-broadly lanceolate; lobes minutely toothed at margin 107. A. viviparum
110b. Pinnules ovate-oblong; lobes prominently toothed, teeth ca. 1 mm 108. A. strigillosum
108b. Lamina broadly ovate, ovate, or lanceolate; pinnae less than 15 pairs; rachis usually without bulblets below apex, occasionally bulbiferous.
111a. Plants less than 30 cm tall; lamina lanceolate, less than 6 cm wide; pinnae narrow and small, less than 1 cm wide; sori close to midribs 109. A. nigripes
111b. Plants usually more than 30 cm tall; lamina broadly ovate or ovate, more than 6 cm wide; pinnae more than 1 cm wide; sori medial or inframedial.
112a. Pinnules pinnatilobate to pinnatifid, rarely pinnatipartite, apex obtuse, margin crenate; sori straight; lamina papery when dry.
113a. Lamina oblong-ovate; basal several pairs of pinnae opposite or subopposite; stipe and rachis stramineous ......... 110. A. guangnanense
113b. Lamina subdeltoid; basal pinnae subopposite, most other pinnae alternate; stipe and rachis usually pale purplish red . 111. A. silvicola
112b. Pinnules pinnatifid to pinnatisect, apex acute or obtuse, margin with sharp teeth; sori curved and straight or straight; lamina herbaceous when dried.
114a. Lamina ovate to narrowly ovate, occasionally lanceolate; pinnules or lobes separate from each other; pinnules oblong-ovate, inequilateral; sori straight, curved or variously shaped; rachis often bearing bulblets below apex.
115a. Pinnules of middle pinnae anadromic 112. A. cryptogrammoides
115b. Pinnules of middle pinnae subopposite . 113. A. iseanum
114b. Lamina broadly ovate or ovate; pinnules or lobes approximate; pinnules oblong-ovate to narrowly deltoid-ovate, subequilateral; sori straight, rarely curved; rachis without bulblets below apex.
116a. Stipe and rachis pale purplish red, fragile; costae densely pubescent on abaxial side .................................. 114. A. imbricatum
116b. Stipe and rachis stramineous, tough; costae glabrate abaxially.
117a. Stipe usually longer than lamina; lamina ovate, apex cuspidate; pinnae less than 10 pairs ..................... 115. A. xichouense
117b. Stipe usually shorter than lamina; lamina oblong, apex acuminate; pinnae ca. 13 pairs .................. 116. A. nanyueense
黑秆蹄盖蕨 hei gan ti gai jue
Aspidium brunonianum Wallich ex Mettenius; Dryopteris brunoniana ([Wallich ex Mettenius??]) Kuntze; Lastrea brunoniana C. Presl; Nephrodium brunonianum Hooker.
Rhizomes short, ascending, apex along with stipes densely scaly; scales brown or somewhat chestnut-black, shiny, ovate-lanceolate or fibriform. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds (14)4060 cm; stipe usually (4)510(15) cm, (1)34 mm in diam., stipes and rachises blackish brown; lamina pinnate, oblanceolate, (10)2050 Χ (3)57 cm at middle, narrowed toward base, base 22.5 cm wide, obtuse at apex; pinnae (12)2030 pairs, pinnatilobate to pinnatipartite, lower pinnae opposite, upper pinnae alternate, approximate, slightly ascending, sessile, lower (2)610 pairs of pinnae gradually shortened; basal pinnae ovate-triangular, ca. 1 cm; middle pinnae oblong, 23.5 Χ 11.5 cm, equilateral, subtruncate, sessile or adnate, pinnatipartite, apex obtuse-rounded and shortly serrate; pinna segments 68 pairs, spreading, approximate, ovate, basal segments slightly larger, 45 mm long and wide, often revolute when dried, duplicato-dentate, teeth triangular, acute at apex, spreading. Veins visible abaxially, pinnate in segments, 3 or 4 pairs, mostly simple, extending into teeth. Lamina thickly papery when dried, brown, glabrate, with dense red-brown or chestnut-black, lanceolate or linear scales only on rachis. Sori round or broadly ovate, abaxial on acroscopic veins (often on both veins of basal acroscopic forked veins), 24 pairs per segment, median, exindusiate. Spore perispore surface with folds, obscurely granulate.
Rock crevices of forest understories, alpine shrub meadows; 35004800 m. Sichuan, SE Xizang, NW Yunnan [Bhutan, N India, Kashmir, N Myanmar, Nepal, N Pakistan].
The type is from Nepal.
疏叶蹄盖蕨 shu ye ti gai jue
Rhizomes, shortly creeping or ascending, densely scaly at apex and stipe bases; scales brown, linear-lanceolate, fibriform at apex. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 2065 cm; stipe stramineous, (5)2030 cm, up to 2.5 mm in diam.; lamina pinnate-pinnatilobate to 2-pinnate, broadly lanceolate, 1540 Χ 512 cm, base as wide as above, apex long acuminate; pinnae 1225 pairs, alternate, subspreading, nearly sessile, lanceolate, 2.514 Χ 0.74 cm, base truncate, pinnatipartite to pinnate, apex long acuminate; pinnules or pinna segments ca. 12 pairs, alternate, approximate, oblong to broadly lanceolate, 0.52 Χ 25 mm, margin entire or serrate, apex obtuse, obtusely pointed, or acute. Veins inconspicuous adaxially, visible abaxially, pinnate, ca. 7 pairs, oblique, simple. Lamina thickly papery when dried, greenish brown, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae on abaxial surface stramineous, glabrate. Sori round or elliptic, supra-medial, 5 or 6 pairs per pinnule or segment, exindusiate. Perispore surface with prominent folds. 2n = ca. 80.
Forest understories, among shrubs at roadsides; 6002700 m. Common. Guangxi, Guizhou, Guizhou, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan [Bhutan, N India, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam].
The type is from Yunnan (Mentzi).
1a. Pinnules acute at apex; lamina 2-pinnate ................................................. 2c. var. kulhaitense
1b. Pinnules obtuse or obtusely pointed at apex.
2a. Lamina 2-pinnatilobate or 2-pinnate, pinna segments or pinnules obtuse at apex 2a. var. dissitifolium
2b. Lamina 2-pinnate, pinnules obtusely pointed at apex .................................. 2b. var. funebre
疏叶蹄盖蕨(原变种) shu ye ti gai jue (yuan bian zhong)
Polypodium dissitifolium Baker, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1895: 54. 1895; Athyrium drepanopterum A. Brown var. brevicaudatum H. Christ; A. fasciculatum Handel-Mazzetti; Dryopteris apicidens (Baker) C. Christensen; D. cristulata Rosenstock; D. dissitifolia (Baker) C. Christensen; D. incrassata C. Christensen; Phegopteris incrassata H. Christ; Polypodium apicidens Baker.
Fronds with less dissected (2-pinnatilobate or 2-pinnate) lamina with obtuse pinna segments.
Common, forest understories, among shrubs at roadsides; 6002700 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Guizhou, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan [Bhutan, N India, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam (Mentzi)].
二回疏叶蹄盖蕨 er hui shu ye ti gai jue
Athyrium drepanopterum (Kuntze) A. Brown var. funebre H. Christ in Lecomte, Notul. Syst. 1: 46. 1909.
Fronds with 2-pinnate lamina with pinnules obtusely pointed at apex.
* Mixed forest margins; ca. 2300 m. Yunnan (Kunming, Xi Shan).
库尔海蹄盖蕨 ku er hai ti gai jue
Asplenium oxyphyllum Wallich ex Hooker var. kulhaitense W. S. Atkinson ex C. B. Clarke, Trans. Linn. Soc., London, Bot. 1: 494. 1880; Polypodium kulhaitense Atkinson ex C. B. Clarke, nom. inval., in syn.
Lamina 2-pinnate; pinnae stalked; pinnules broadly lanceolate, base inequilaterally cuneate, shallowly lobed or serrate at margin, acute at apex.
Forest understories; 13002100 m. SW Yunnan [N India, Myanmar, Nepal].
The type is from Yunnan (Kulhaite).
无盖蹄盖蕨 wu gai ti gai jue
Fertile fronds up to 1 m; stipe upward stramineous, ca. 50 cm, 34 mm in diam., base clothed with brownish, lanceolate large scales, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate, oblong, ca. 65 Χ 2030 cm, base as wide as above, with pinnatifid pinnules, apex long acuminate; pinnae 2022 pairs, alternate, ascending, shortly stalked (stalk ca. 1.4 mm); basal pinnae not shortened and not narrowed toward base, lanceolate, (15)2528 Χ 58 cm, base rounded-cuneate, pinnate-pinnatifid, apex long acuminate; pinnules ca. 25 pairs, alternate, ascending, nearly falcate-lanceolate, 3.54 cm Χ 810 mm at base, base inequilateral, acroscopic side truncate, somewhat auriculate, parallel to costae, basiscopic side cuneate, adnate to costa, pinnatilobate to pinnatipartite (to 2/3 to costule), apex acuminate; pinnule segments 8 or 9 pairs, oblong, basiscopic basal segments smaller, long toothed, often deltoid at apex; upper pinnae lanceolate, acroscopic base truncate, parallel to rachis, basiscopic base broadly cuneate, sessile, slightly curved upward, margin biserrate, apex long acuminate. Veins inconspicuous adaxially, visible abaxially, pinnate in segments, 3 or 4 pairs, oblique, simple. Lamina papery when dried, glabrate, dark green adaxially, pale green abaxially. Rachis and costae stramineous, glabrate abaxially, with very short spines on adaxial surface. Sori round, abaxial on veins, 13 pairs per segment; exindusiate. Perispore surface with prominent folds.
Grassy areas of forest understories; 10002300 m. Xizang, Yunnan [India, Myanmar, Nepal].
The type is from Yunnan (Tengchong).
篦齿蹄盖蕨 bi chi ti gai jue
Asplenium pectinatum Wallich ex Mettenius, Abh. Senckenberg. Naturf. Ges. (Frankfurt) 3(1): 241. 1859; A. filix-femina (Linnaeus) Bernhardi var. pectinatum Wallich ex C. B. Clarke; Athyrium filix-femina (Linnaeus) Roth subsp. pectinatum (Wallich ex Mettenius) A. Lφve & D. Lφve; A. filix-femina var. pectinatum (Wallich ex Mettenius) Beddome.
Rhizomes slender, long creeping, apex ascending, densely clothed with dark brown, lanceolate scales. Fronds approximate; fertile fronds 3055 cm; stipe brown-stramineous, 1525 cm, 12 mm in diam., base similarly scaly, upward glabrate; lamina 3-pinnate to 3-pinnate-pinnatifid, oblong-lanceolate, 1535 Χ 825 cm at middle, base slightly narrowed, apex caudate-acuminate; pinnae ca. 20 pairs, lower pinnae opposite; upper pinnae subopposite, ascending, shortly stalked (stalk ca. 1.5 mm) or subsessile; basal pinnae slightly shortened, lower pinnae slightly shortened; middle pinnae deltoid-lanceolate, 1015 Χ ca. 3.5 cm at base, base truncate, parallel to rachis, 2-pinnate, apex acuminate; pinnules ca. 20 pairs, basal pinnules opposite, upper pinnules alternate, spreading, separate from each other, broadly lanceolate, up to 2.5 cm Χ 810 mm at base, base equilateral, rounded-truncate, pinnate, apex acute or acuminate; ultimate pinnules 8 or 9 pairs, lower pinnules opposite; upper pinnules alternate, subspreading or ascending, linear, 46 Χ ca. 2 mm, base decurrent and adnate to wing of costule, dissected, apex obtuse; segments 3 or 4, teethlike, ascending. Veins inconspicuous adaxially, visible abaxially, pinnate in ultimate pinnules, lateral veins 3 or 4 pairs, oblique, simple, only 1 vein per tooth. Lamina submembranous when dried, yellow-green, glabrate; rachis, costae, costules (or midribs) stramineous, glabrate, with needlelike spines on adaxial side. Sori small, elliptic, 3 or 4 pairs per ultimate pinnule, 1 sorus per segment; indusia oblong, brown, membranous, erose at margin, persistent. Perispore surface with prominent folds. 2n = 80.
Understories of coniferous forests; ca. 2100 m. SE Xizang [N India, Nepal].
The type is from Nepal.
瑞丽蹄盖蕨 rui li ti gai jue
Rhizomes creeping, densely clothed with brown, lanceolate scales. Fronds approximate; fertile fronds 2340 cm; stipe brown at base, upward stramineous, 1626 cm, 0.51.5 mm in diam., base with sparse dark brown lanceolate scales, upward glabrate; lamina deltoid-ovate, 822 Χ 3.58 cm, 2-pinnate; free pinnae 36 pairs, basal pinnae not shortened or slightly longer, subopposite, shortly stalked, subspreading or slightly ascending, ovate, 1.55.5 cm; middle pinnae ovate-oblong, 1.54.5 Χ 12 cm, base ± rounded, auriculate at acroscopic side, very shortly stalked, oblique, pinnate, apex acuminate or acute, alternate; pinnules or pinna segments 35 pairs, anadromic, deltoid-oblong, 110Χ 27 mm, margin shallowly toothed, apex obtuse; free pinnules subequilateral, segments on acroscopic side often auriculate and parallel to costa, basiscopic side broadly cuneate, slightly decurrent and adnate to wing of costa. Veins visible on both surfaces, pinnate in pinnules, lateral veins 36 pairs, simple or forked. Lamina thinly herbaceous when dried, yellow-green, glabrate; rachis and costae stramineous, glabrate abaxially. Sori oblong, J-shaped, or horseshoe-shaped across basal acroscopic veins, biserial along both sides of costule; indusia large, similar to sori, pallid, membranous, ciliate at margin, persistent. Spore perispore surface with folds.
* 13001400 m. Yunnan.
The type is from Yunnan (Ruili).
Athyrium ruilicola is similar to Asplenium biserrulatum, but differs by the fronds narrower, subdimorphic, stipes of sterile fronds shorter than lamina, stipes of fertile fronds longer than lamina, lateral pinnae 35 pairs, and basal pinnae not shortened or slightly longer.
苍山蹄盖蕨 cang shan ti gai jue
Asplenium filix-femina (Linnaeus) Bernhardi var. polyspora C. B. Clarke; Athyrium filix-femina (Linnaeus) Roth var. polysporum (C. B. Clarke) Beddome; A. polysporum (C. B. Clarke) Ching ex Mehra & Bir.
Rhizomes slender, long creeping, densely clothed with brownish, lanceolate scales. Fronds distant; fertile fronds 5065 cm; stipe brown at base, upward stramineous, 1520 cm, 1.52 mm in diam., base with sparse dark brown lanceolate scales, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate, oblong, 3045 Χ 1418 cm; pinnae 1520 pairs, basal 2 or 3(or 4) pairs of pinnae gradually shortened, opposite or subopposite, subspreading or slightly drooping, basal pinnae triangular, ca. 2.5 cm; middle pinnae lanceolate, 810 Χ ca. 3 cm, base ± rounded, shortly stalked, pinnate, apex acuminate, alternate, ascending; pinnules 1012 pairs, deltoid-oblong, 11.5 cm Χ 57 mm, base somewhat inequilateral, acroscopic side often auriculate and parallel to costa, basiscopic side broadly cuneate, slightly decurrent, apex rounded and toothed; basal pinnules separated widely from each other; upper pinnules approximate, adnate to wing of costa, shallowly lobed; pinnule segments with spinelike teeth at apex. Veins visible adaxially, inconspicuous abaxially, pinnate in pinnules, lateral veins ca. 6 pairs, simple or forked. Lamina thinly herbaceous when dried, pale green or dark green, glabrate; abaxial surface of rachis and costae stramineous, with pallid short hairs. Sori oblong, J-shaped, or horseshoe-shaped, on basal acroscopic veins, biserial along both sides of costule (often 24 in basal acroscopic segment); indusia pallid, large, oblong, J-shaped, or horseshoe-shaped, membranous, margin ciliate, persistent. Perispore with folds connected into large areoles. 2n = 80.
Forest understories, forest margins; 20003000 m. W Guizhou, Sichuan, SE Xizang, C and NW Yunnan [Bhutan, N India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan].
The type is from Yunnan (Cang Shan, Dali).
Athyrium biserrulatum is very similar to African (Ethiopian) A. schimperi Mougeot ex Fee; whether they are species or subspecies requires further analysis.
乌蒙山蹄盖蕨 wu meng shan ti gai jue
Rhizomes slender, long creeping, clothed with brown, narrowly lanceolate scales at apex and stipe bases. Fronds approximate; fertile fronds up to 60 cm; stipe brown at base, upward stramineous, ca. 17 cm, ca. 2 mm in diam. at base, upward glabrate; lamina 3-pinnate, ovate-oblong, ca. 40 Χ16 cm at middle, base hardly narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnae ca. 14 pairs, opposite, ascending, shortly stalked (stalk ca. 2.5 mm), basal pinnae hardly shortened; second basal pair of pinnae oblong-lanceolate, up to 13 Χ ca. 5 cm, base subtruncate, 2-pinnate, apex acuminate; pinnules ca. 12 pairs, alternate, subspreading, sessile, oblong-lanceolate, up to 2.5 Χ ca. 1 cm, base rounded-cuneate, slightly decurrent and ± adnate to wing of costa, pinnatipartite, almost cut to costules, apex acuminate; secondary pinnules 5 or 6 pairs, ascending, oblong-lanceolate, basal secondary pinnules up to 7 Χ ca. 3 mm, upper pinnules gradually shortened, margin toothed, apex acute and with 3 or 4 long spinelike teeth. Veins thick, slightly impressed adaxially, protuberant abaxially, pinnate in secondary pinnule, lateral veins 4 pairs, oblique, simple. Lamina herbaceous when dried, pale green, with sparse pale hairs adaxially, abaxial side of costae and costules with sparse short hairs. Sori large, oblong, 26 sori per secondary pinnule; indusia pale brown, large, oblong or J-shaped, membranous, margin unequally toothed, persistent. Perispore surface prominently with folds.
* About 1800 m. N Yunnan (Luquan, Wumeng Shan).
Athyrium wumonshanicum is similar to A. biserrulatum in the frond shape. However, its lamina is 3-pinnate, with short hairs on the adaxial side, and with aristate teeth on the margin.
中缅蹄盖蕨 zhong mian ti gai jue
Asplenium brevisorum Wallich ex Hooker, Sp. Fil. 3: 229. 1860.
Rhizomes shortly creeping, ascending. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 8090 cm; stipe brown at base, upward stramineous, 4555 cm, 23 mm in diam., base with sparse brown, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate scales, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate, ovate or oblong-ovate, 3545 Χ to 25 cm at middle, base not narrowed, apex abruptly narrowed; pinnae ca. 12 pairs, alternate, ascending, with stalk 48 mm; basal pinnae not shortened, lanceolate, ca. 19 Χ 34 cm, base rounded-truncate, acroscopic side parallel to rachis, basiscopic side narrowly cuneate, pinnate, apex long acuminate; pinnules 1618 pairs, ascending, lanceolate, 23 cm Χ 8 mm at middle, base adnate to costa, margin dentate (sometimes basal pinnules shallowly lobed, with 2 or 3 small teeth at apex of segments), apex acuminate; lamina apex abruptly narrowed like lateral pinna, pinnatipartite. Veins visible on both surfaces, pinnate in pinnules, lateral veins forked. Lamina herbaceous when dried, pale yellow-brown, rachis and costae abaxially with sparse pallid unicellular glandular hairs. Sori shortly linear or J-shaped, 810 pairs per pinnule (if pinnules pinnatilobate, 2 or 3 pairs per pinnule segment); indusia pale brown, large, shortly linear or J-shaped, membranous, margin slightly erose, persistent. Perispore surface with prominent folds.
Forest understories; 8001500 m. W Yunnan (Yingjiang Valley) [Myanmar, Pakistan].
The type is from Nepal.
禾秆蹄盖蕨 he gan ti gai jue
Asplenium yokoscense Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 225. 1877; Aspidium subspinulosum H. Christ; Athyrium coreanum H. Christ, p.p.; A. demissum H. Christ; A. flaccidum H. Christ; A. pachysorum H. Christ; Dryopteris subspinulosa (H. Christ) C. Christensen.
Rhizomes short, stout, erect, densely clothed with yellow-brown, apex with narrowly lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds (30)4060 cm; stipe dark brown at base, upward stramineous, (10)1220(25) cm, ca. 2.5 mm in diam., base densely scaly, upward glabrate; lamina oblong-lanceolate, 1845 Χ (8)1115 cm, base not narrowed, pinnate-pinnatipartite to 2-pinnate with pinnules shallowly lobed, apex acuminate; pinnae 1218 pairs, lower pinnae subopposite, upper pinnae alternate, spreading or slightly ascending, sessile, lanceolate; middle pinnae (3.5)79 Χ (1.2)1.52 cm, base truncate on acroscopic side, cuneate on basiscopic side, pinnate, apex long acuminate; pinnules ca. 12 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, up to 1 cm Χ ca. 5 mm, acroscopic base auriculate, basiscopic base decurrent and often adnate to wing of costa, margin shallowly lobed or dentate, apex acute; pinnule segments with 2 or 3 short teeth at apex. Veins visible abaxially, pinnate in pinnules, lateral veins forked. Rachis and costae abaxially stramineous, with sparse brownish, lanceolate small scales, with short thick spines on adaxial side at base of costae or costules. Sori spherical or elliptic, medial; indusia brownish, elliptic, J-shaped, or horseshoe-shaped, membranous, entire, persistent. Perispore surface with prominent folds. 2n = 80.
Rock crevices of forest understories; 1002400 m. Anhui, Chongqing, NE Guizhou, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea, E Russia].
The type is from Japan (Yokosuka).
The Key to the Plants from NE China (ed. Peiyun Fu) records Athyrium yokoscense (Franchet & Savatier) H. H. Christ var. kirisimaense (Tagawa) Li & J. Z. Wang in Peiyun Fu (ed.), Clavis Plantarum Chinae Boreali-Orientalis, Editio Seunda. 36, Beijing: Science Press, 1995. It differs from var. yokoscense by the lamina 1-pinnate to 2-pinnate-pinnatifid, most pinnules stalked, and scales on rhizomes lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate. Further investigations are necessary to understand the infraspecific variation.
佛瑞蹄盖蕨 fo rui ti gai jue
Nephrodium fauriei H. Christ, Bull. Herb. Boissier 4: 671. 1896; Aspidium fauriei H. Christ; Athyrium yokoscense H. Christ var. fauriei (H. Christ) Tagawa.
This species is similar to Athyrium yokoscense, but is recognized by the lamina pinnate, pinnae broader and larger than A. yokoscense, less dissected (pinnatilobate to pinnatipartite), scales red-brown, blackish brown in center, rachis subglabrate, pinnae sparsely with short hairs only at base, and indusia large.[??make parallel to other descriptions]
China [??provinces] [Japan, Philippines].
The type is from Japan.
麦秆蹄盖蕨 mai gan ti gai jue
Asplenium mongolicum Franchet; Athyrium mongolicum (Franchet) Diels var. purdomii C. Christensen.
Rhizomes shortly creeping, ascending at apex, densely clothed with dark brown, subulate-lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 3050 cm; stipe brown at base, upward stramineous, 57 cm, 12 mm in diam., base slightly swollen, densely scaly, upward gradually becoming glabrate; lamina pinnate, suboblanceolate, 2540 Χ 68 cm, base narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnae pinnatipartite, 2024 pairs, lower 6 or 7 pairs of pinnae gradually shortened into triangular, auriculate small lobes, subopposite, sessile, spreading or slightly inclined, basal pinnae 11.2 cm Χ ca. 7 mm; middle pinnae broadly lanceolate, 34 Χ 1.21.5 cm at base, base truncate, sessile, pinnatipartite to costa, apex obtuse or acute, spreading, slightly curved; pinna segments ca. 8 pairs, basal acroscopic segments larger, oblong, 78 Χ ca. 5 mm, margin dentate, apex obtuse-rounded and crenate; upper segments shorter, approximate. Veins visible on both surfaces, pinnate in segments, lateral veins 3 or 4 pairs, simple, occasionally forked. Lamina herbaceous when dried, green or greenish brown, glabrate; rachis stramineous, occasionally with brown lanceolate scales. Sori large, mostly round-reniform or horseshoe-shaped, 2 or 3 pairs per segment; indusia pallid, large, round-reniform or horseshoe-shaped, membranous, margin ciliate or erose, persistent. Spore perispore with low folds. 2n = 80@.
Valleys, forest understories, wet rock crevices; 12002200 m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, N Sichuan [Korea].
The type is from Beijing.
岩生蹄盖蕨 yan sheng ti gai jue
Asplenium rupicola Edgeworth ex C. Hope, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 12: 531. 1899; A. filix-femina (Linnaeus) Bernhardi var. retusa subvar. elongata C. B. Clarke ex Blanford.
Rhizomes shortly creeping, apex ascending, densely clothed with chestnut-colored or dark brown, narrowly subulate-lanceolate, fibriform-tipped scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 2555 cm; stipe brown at base, upward stramineous, 515 cm, 1.22.5 mm in diam., base densely clothed with similar scales as those on rhizomes, upward glabrate; lamina pinnate, narrowly or broadly lanceolate, 2035 Χ 58.5 cm, base gradually narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnae pinnatipartite, 2030 pairs, many lower pairs of pinnae gradually shortened into triangular auricles, ca. 1 cm, subopposite, slightly inclined; middle pinnae narrowly deltoid-lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, 2.54 cm Χ 816 mm, base truncate, sessile, pinnatipartite to narrow wing of costa, apex acuminate, subopposite or alternate, spreading or slightly curved upward; pinnules 812 pairs, basal acroscopic pinnules larger, other pinnules oblong, 45 Χ 1.53 mm, adnate to narrow wing of costa, margin serrate or biserrate, apex obtuse or acute. Veins inconspicuous adaxially, visible abaxially, pinnate in segments, lateral veins ca. 6 pairs, simple or forked. Lamina herbaceous when dried, greenish brown, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae on abaxial surface stramineous, glabrate, or occasionally with few brownish, fibrous scales. Sori round, abaxial on acroscopic veins, 25 pairs per pinnule; indusia pale brown, large, round-reniform or nearly ovate, erose at margin, persistent. Perispore with prominent folds, surface granuliferous. 2n = 80.
Forest understories in valleys, rock crevices, damp areas at roadsides; 18003800 m. Sichuan, SE Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Kashmir, Nepal, N Pakistan].
The type is from NW India.
腺毛蹄盖蕨 xian mao ti gai jue
Rhizomes short, erect or ascending, densely clothed with red-brown, narrowly lanceolate scales at apex and stipe bases. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds ca. 50 cm; stipe dull brown at base, upward brownish stramineous, 1416 cm, ca. 2 mm in diam. at base, upward glabrate; lamina pinnate-pinnatifid, lanceolate, 3035 cm, ca. 6 cm wide at middle, gradually narrowed toward base, acuminate at apex; pinnae ca. 25 pairs, alternate, ascending, sessile, 4 or 5 lower pairs of pinnae gradually shortened, inclined, basal pinnae ca. 1 cm; middle pinnae falcate-lanceolate, 34 Χ 1.21.8 cm at base, base subtruncate, slightly auriculate on acroscopic side, pinnatipartite nearly to costae, apex acuminate; segments ca. 10 pairs, slightly ascending, approximate, oblong-lanceolate, 78 Χ ca. 2 mm, base decurrent to narrow costal wing, with up to 4 or 5 pairs of lobes or dentate, apex acute. Veins visible on both surfaces, pinnate in pinnules, lateral veins 4 or 5 pairs, very oblique, simple or forked. Lamina herbaceous when dried, brown, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae brown-stramineous abaxially, with dense pale, short glandular hairs. Sori round, medial, 4 or 5 pairs per pinnule; indusia pale, large, broadly ovate, membranous, suberose at margin, persistent. Perispore surface with prominent folds.
* Forest margins, shrub groves; 15003500 m. Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
The type is from Yunnan (Heqing).
Athyrium glandulosum is quite similar to A. rupicola in the frond shape, but differs from it by the rachis and costae with dense pale, short glandular hairs abaxially, and middle pinnae falcate-lanceolate.
小蹄盖蕨 xiao ti gai jue
Rhizomes short small, erect, with sparse brownish, lanceolate scales at apex and stipe bases. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds ca. 10 cm; stipe stramineous, 23 cm, ca. 0.5 mm in diam.; lamina pinnate, lanceolate, 46 Χ 11.5 cm, base hardly narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnae stalked (stalk ca. 1 mm), pinnatifid, spreading or ascending; basal pinnae slightly shortened, subovate or ovate-triangular, reflexed; middle pinnae unequally ovate or rhomboid, 810 Χ 3.54 mm, base inequilateral, auriculate at acroscopic side (auricle free, broadly ovate or oblong, with triangular teeth at margin), broadly cuneate at basiscopic base, pinnatipartite nearly to costae, apex obtuse; pinna segments small, 2 pairs, obovate or oblong, apex with 1 or 2 sharp teeth. Veins visible abaxially, pinnate in segments, lateral veins forked, with 1 veinlet per tooth. Lamina papery when dried, glabrate, dark brown adaxially, pale brown abaxially; rachis and costae stramineous abaxially, occasionally with 1 or 2 brownish, linear small scales. Sori J-shaped or horseshoe-shaped, 1 per segment, but sometimes 2 on auriculate lobes; indusia brownish, J-shaped or horseshoe-shaped, membranous, erose at margin, persistent. Perispore surface without folds.
* Forest understories in valleys, wet places. Taiwan (Danshui).
红苞蹄盖蕨 hong bao ti gai jue
Asplenium macrocarpum (Beddome) C. Hope var. unipinnatum C. B. Clarke; Athyrium macrocarpum (Blume) Beddome var. unipinnatum (C. B. Clarke) Beddome; A. obtusifolium Rosenstock; A. tenuissimum Kodama; Nephrolepis tenuissima Hayata.
Plants evergreen. Rhizomes erect or shortly ascending, clothed with dark brown, lanceolate scales at apices and stipe bases. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds (10)3038(50) cm; stipe dark brown at base, upward stramineous, 814(18) cm, 11.5 mm in diam. at base, clothed with blackish brown short glandular hairs and brown small scales; lamina pinnate, lanceolate, (7)2228(32) Χ (2.5)34.5(7) cm, base slightly narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnae 1618 pairs, alternate, subspreading, stalked (stalk ca. 1 mm), basal 1 or 2 pairs of pinnae slightly shortened, inclined or recurved; middle pinnae oblong, (1)22.5(3.5) cm Χ (5)67(12) mm, base extremely inequilateral, prominently auriculate on acroscopic side, shortly toothed, obtuse at apex; auricles lingulate-oblong or subtriangular, 47 mm, cuneate on basiscopic side of pinna, deltoid-lobed or repand-toothed at margin, entire or somewhat repand to dentate, obtuse at apex. Veins inconspicuous adaxially, visible abaxially, pinnate in pinnae, lateral veins 810 pairs, usually forked, but pinnate in auriculate lobes. Lamina papery when dried, yellowish brown or greenish brown, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis stramineous, with sparse blackish brown or dark brown short glandular hairs. Sori large, mostly horseshoe-shaped or round-reniform, sometimes J-shaped at pinna apex, supramedial on acroscopic veins, biserial along both sides of costa, frequently 25 in auriculate lobes; indusia large, horseshoe-shaped or round-reniform, sometimes J-shaped, brown, membranous, erose at margin, persistent. Perispore with few folds, slightly spinulate on surface. 2n = 160.
Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests, shrub groves, on rocks, streamsides in valleys; 13003400 m. Taiwan, SE Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, N India, Japan, Nepal].
The type is from S Japan (Kyushu).
贞丰蹄盖蕨 zhen feng ti gai jue
Rhizomes short, stout, erect, clothed with brown, lanceolate scales at apex and stipe bases. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 2025 cm; stipe brown at base, upward brown-stramineous, 610 cm, 11.5 mm in diam. at base, upward with sparse small scales and brownish short glandular hairs; lamina pinnate, lanceolate, 1417 Χ 34 cm at middle, base not narrowed, apex acuminate, slightly caudate; pinnae 1315 pairs, alternate, ascending, with stalk 11.5 mm, basal 1 or 2 pairs of pinnae falcate-oblong, similar to upper pinnae; middle pinnae 22.5 cm Χ 68 mm, apex shortly acute and shortly toothed, base markedly inequilateral, auriculate on acroscopic side, parallel to rachis, auricles 67 Χ ca. 3 mm, basiscopic side of pinnae cuneate, cut into triangular teeth at margin, apex rounded and with few small teeth. Veins visible adaxially, clearly visible abaxially, pinnate or 2- or 3-forked on auricles or segments, simple. Lamina papery when dried, glabrate, brown adaxially, yellow-green abaxially; rachis brown-stramineous, with sparse brownish small scales and short glandular hairs. Sori subround, inframedial on acroscopic veins, 13 sori per segment, often 2 or 3 pairs in auriculate lobes; indusia dark brown, J-shaped or horseshoe-shaped, membranous, erose at margin, persistent. Perispore surface with prominent folds.
* Forest understories in valleys; 15001600 m. SW Guizhou (Zhenfeng).
Athyrium zhenfengense is very similar to A. nakanoi, but differs from it by the pinnae acute at apex, auriculate lobes with small teeth at apex, and short glandular hairs on rachis brown, but not blackish or dark brown.
圆果蹄盖蕨 yuan guo ti gai jue
Rhizomes short, stout, ascending, apex clothed with brown, lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 2080 cm; stipe brown, up to 25 cm, 2.53 mm in diam., base scaly, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate to 3-pinnate-pinnatifid, ovate-triangular, ca. 35 Χ 30 cm at base, base broadly ovate, apex shortly acuminate; pinnae 1012 pairs, alternate, ascending, stalked (stalk 512 mm), basal 2 or 3 pairs of pinnae equal in size, oblong-lanceolate, 1516 Χ 58 cm, base equilateral, truncate, 2-pinnate-pinnatifid, apex long acuminate; pinnules ca. 15 pairs, alternate, spreading, stalked (stalk 12 mm), deltoid-lanceolate, middle pinnules 2.34 Χ 1.42 cm, base inequilateral, auriculate on acroscopic side, cuneate on basiscopic side, pinnate, apex obtuse; secondary pinnules 7 or 8 pairs, basal acroscopic one larger, ovate, 89 mm, pinnatilobate; others oblong, ca. 4 Χ 1.52.5 mm, subentire or slightly toothed, obtuse-rounded at apex; segments entire or sparsely crenulate with 1 or 2 teeth; upper pinnae gradually narrower, lower pinnules not shortened; distal pinnae lanceolate, auriculate at acroscopic base. Veins ± visible adaxially, clearly visible abaxially, pinnate on ultimate pinnules, lateral veins simple or forked on basal acroscopic side. Lamina herbaceous when dried, blackish brown adaxially, pale brown abaxially; rachis and costae brown, glabrate. Sori small, round, on top[??] of basal acroscopic veinlets in segments or supramedial on acroscopic veins, 1 sorus per segment; indusia brown, round-reniform, elliptic or horseshoe-shaped, membranous, entire, persistent. Perispore surface with few folds.
* Understories of coniferous forests, shrub groves; 19003800 m. SE Xizang, NW Yunnan.
The type is from Yunnan (Gongshan, Chalong-Chaluo Watershed).
红柄蹄盖蕨 hong bing ti gai jue
Rhizomes moderately stout, erect, clothed with pale brown lanceolate scales at apex. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds ca. 70 cm; stipe (8)1540 cm, 12 mm in diam., base with sparse lanceolate scales; lamina 2-pinnate, ovate-lanceolate, 2535 Χ 1023 cm, base rounded, apex somewhat abruptly narrowed and acuminate; pinnae ca. 8 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, 1015 Χ 2.55 cm, with stalk 57 mm, basal pinnae subopposite, upper pinnae alternate, ascending, basal pinnae equal to second basal pinnae, base subrounded, equilateral, apex long acuminate; pinnules pinnatipartite, ca. 12 pairs, sessile, separated by uniform space, ascending, deltoid-oblong, ca. 3 cm Χ 7 mm, base slightly auriculate on acroscopic side, parallel to costae, cuneate on basiscopic side, pinnatipartite almost to costules, apex shortly acuminate; pinnule segments ca. 6 pairs, oblong, oblique; basal acroscopic segments slightly larger, oblong, ca. 8 Χ 3 mm, apex acute; veins pinnate in segments, simple, sometimes forked at basal large segments. Lamina herbaceous when dried, rachis on adaxial surface without spines. Sori oblong, sometimes hooked, sitting on acroscopic veins in segments, 13 sori per segment; indusia oblong or hooked, membranous, somewhat erose at margin, persistent.
Taiwan [S Japan].
The type is from Taiwan.
多变蹄盖蕨 duo bian ti gai jue
Polypodium drepanopterum Kunze, Linnaea 23: 278, 318. 1850, [drepanopteron]; Aspidium drepanopterum (Kunze) A. Brown ex Mettenius, [drepanopteron]; A. drepanopterum var. decompositum H. Christ; A. eburneum Wallich ex Kunze; Asplenium drepanopterum A. Brown[??A. Braun]; A. eburneum J. Smith; A. oxyphyllum Wallich ex Hooker (1860), not J. Smith (1841); Athyrium eburneum J. Smith, [eburnum]; A. micans Tagawa; A. moupperense H. Christ; A. niponicum (Mettenius) Hance var. elatius H. Christ; A. oxyphyllum (Wallich ex Hooker) T. Moore ex Beddome; A. veitchii H. Christ; A. woodsioides H. Christ; Dryopteris takeoi Hayata.
Rhizomes short, ascending, apex densely clothed with brown subulate lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds (10)2590 cm; stipe blackish brown at base, upward stramineous, (2.5)1030 cm, 1.53 mm in diam., base similarly densely scaly; lamina pinnate or 2-pinnate, oblong-lanceolate, (10)1755 Χ 530 cm at middle, apex acuminate; pinnae ca. 16 pairs, alternate, with stalk 14 mm, basal pinnae not shortened, spreading, middle pinnae oblong-lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, base inequilateral, auriculate on acroscopic side, parallel to rachis, rounded-truncate on basiscopic side, pinnate to pinnate-pinnatipartite, apex acuminate or long acuminate; pinnules pinnatisect, 610 pairs, alternate, ascending, approximate or separated by narrow space; basal acroscopic pinnules largest, deltoid-oblong, pinnatilobate or pinnatipartite; other pinnules oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 715 Χ 37 mm at base, base inequilateral, auriculate on acroscopic side, parallel to costa, adnate to costa, subentire or pinnatisect nearly to costule at margin, apex acute and shortly toothed; pinnule segments oblong, 56 Χ 23 mm, with 1 or 2 small teeth, acute at apex; veins inconspicuous, lateral veins pinnate, simple. Lamina subherbaceous when dried, glabrate, dark green, shiny adaxially. Sori nearly round or round-reniform, abaxial, medial on acroscopic veins, 15 pairs per segment; indusia brown, small, round-reniform or horseshoe-shaped, membranous, erose at margin, often partly fugacious. Perispore surface prominently with low folds. 2n = 80, 160.
Valleys, forest understories, wet granite crevices; 7002300 m. Guizhou, W Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, C Yunnan [Bhutan, N India, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Vietnam].
Athyrium drepanopterum is very similar to A. dissitifolium var. kulhaitense, but differs by the lamina shiny adaxially and indusiate sori.
喜马拉雅蹄盖蕨 hi ma la ya ti gai jue
Asplenium fimbriatum Wallich ex Hooker Sp. Fil. 3: 234. 1860, non Kunze (1844); Aspidium fimbriatum Wallich (1828), nom. nud., non Willdenow (1810).
Rhizomes short, stout, erect, apex densely clothed with dull brown or red-brown, linear-lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds (25)6080(130) cm; stipe often pale purplish red, (10)2025(40) cm, (1)23.5(8) mm in diam., base similarly densely scaly; lamina pinnate, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, (15)4050(80) Χ (4)1530(40) cm, base ± rounded, apex long acuminate; pinnae pinnatisect to 3-pinnate with secondary pinnules pinnatilobate; pinnae 1012(20) pairs, alternate, ascending or slightly curved, with stalk 510 mm, lower 1 or 2 pairs of pinnae slightly or hardly shortened, middle pinnae lanceolate, 1530 Χ 23(10) cm, base inequilateral, auriculate and parallel to rachis on acroscopic side, truncate on basiscopic base, 2-pinnate, apex acuminate, caudate; pinnules 1214(22) pairs, alternate, anadromic, ascending, shortly stalked; basal acroscopic pinnules larger, nearly deltoid-lanceolate, ca. 3 cm, base parallel to costa; other pinnules oblong-lanceolate, 1.22.5 cm Χ 812 mm, base inequilateral, auriculate on acroscopic side and parallel to costa, narrowly cuneate on basiscopic base, pinnatipartite nearly to costule, apex shortly acuminate; secondary pinnules 4 or 5 pairs, oblong, 56 Χ 23 mm, entire or shortly toothed, apex obtuse, connate to each other by narrow costular wing; veins pinnate in secondary pinnule, lateral veins simple. Lamina papery when dried, pale greenish brown, glabrate; rachis, costae, and costules often pale purplish red, with lanceolate or fibrous scales on abaxial surface. Sori elliptic and horseshoe-shaped, rarely J-shaped, medial on acroscopic veins, 13 sori per pinnule, often 3 pairs in basal acroscopic pinnule; indusia brown, large, elliptic and horseshoe-shaped, rarely J-shaped, membranous, erose at margin, persistent. Spore perispore with few folds. 2n = 80.
Under mixed forests; 16003800 m. Hunan, Sichuan, SE Xizang, Yunnan [N India, N Myanmar, Nepal].
The type is from Nepal.
宿蹄盖蕨 su ti gai jue
Aspidium fauriei (H. Christ) H. Christ var. elatius H. Christ; Athyrium kumaonicum Punetha; A. thysanocarpum Hayata, comb. inval. in syn.; A. woodsioides H. Christ; Dryopteris thysanocarpa Hayata.
Rhizomes short, stout, erect, apex densely clothed with dark brown linear-lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 1555 cm; stipe brown at base, upward stramineous, 2025 cm, 1.52 mm in diam., base similarly scaly, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate, pinnate-pinnatifid at middle, upward pinnatifid, narrowly lanceolate, 2535 Χ 912 cm, base slightly broadened, apex acuminate; pinnae 1012 pairs, alternate, ascending, with stalk 12.5 mm, basal pinnae nearly narrowly triangular, 4.55 Χ ca. 2 cm, base inequilateral, auriculate on acroscopic base, cuneate on basiscopic base, pinnate, apex shortly acute or acute; pinnules ca. 6 pairs, approximate, ascending; basal acroscopic pinnules largest, broadly ovate, ca. 1.5 cm, base nearly rounded, shallowly pinnatilobate, apex obtuse; pinnule segments entire, other pinnules similar to each other; upper pinnules gradually smaller, connate to each other by narrow wing, subentire; veins visible abaxially, pinnate in pinnules, simple. Lamina herbaceous when dried, yellow-greenish brown, glabrate; rachis and costae abaxially with sparse brown linear-lanceolate scales. Sori large, horseshoe-shaped or J-shaped, uniserial on each side of midrib, close to costule; indusia pale brown, large, horseshoe-shaped or J-shaped, membranous, erose at margin, persistent. Spore perispore hyaline, with few folds. 2n = 80, 160.
Rock crevices in forest understories, damp areas at streamsides; 11002500 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan [India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam].
The type is from Yunnan (Mengzi).
大盖蹄盖蕨 da gai ti gai jue
Aspidium squarrosum Wallich (1828), nom. nud., non D. Don (1825); Asplenium fimbriatum Wallich var. foliolosum Wallich ex C. B. Clarke [??foliosum]; A. foliolosum Wallich, nom. nud.; Athyrium austroyunnanense Ching; A. fimbriatum (Wallich ex Hooker) T. Moore var. foliolosum (Wallich ex C. B. Clarke) Beddome [??foliosum]; A. submacrocarpum Ching & S. K. Wu.
Rhizomes short, erect, apex densely clothed with dark brown, lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 5075 cm; stipe dark brown at base, upward stramineous, 2223 cm, 1.22 mm in diam., base similarly scaly, upward sparsely scaly, scales small or glabrate; lamina pinnate to 2-pinnate, oblong-lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, 3056 Χ 726 cm, base gradually narrowed, apex long acuminate; pinnae 1518 pairs, alternate, ascending or subspreading, slightly falcate, stalked (stalk 2.53 mm), 3 or 4 pairs of lower pinnae gradually shortened; basal pinnae narrowly ovate, 1.49 cm, pinnatifid; middle pinnae broadly lanceolate, somewhat falcate, 515 cm, base broadened, base inequilateral or subequilateral, subtruncate, auriculate, often overlapping rachis on acroscopic side, narrowly cuneate on basiscopic base, pinnate, apex long acuminate; pinnules 815 pairs, alternate, ascending or subspreading, subsessile; basal acroscopic pinnules largest, ovate-oblong, up to 1.32.5 Χ 0.61.2 cm, base equilateral, ± rounded, adnate to costa, or inequilateral, truncate, auriculate on acroscopic side, narrowly cuneate on basiscopic side, pinnatilobate to pinnatipartite, apex obtuse-acute or acute; pinnule segments 46 pairs, ascending, deltoid-oblong, subentire, apex obtuse or acute, with 3 or 4 crenations; upper pinnules reduced, 510 mm, usually decurrent and connate to wings of costa, sinuate or crenate at margin; veins somewhat visible adaxially, visible abaxially, pinnate in pinnules, lateral veins simple or forked. Lamina herbaceous or near papery when dried, glabrate, dark green adaxially, green abaxially; rachis and costae abaxially stramineous or slightly brownish, with sparse short hairs. Sori large, round or rotund[??spherical or globose], 1 or 2 sori per segment, medial or inframedial; indusia large, mostly horseshoe-shaped or J-shaped, distal indusia pale brown, oblong, membranous, slightly ciliate or subentire at margin, persistent. spore perispore hyaline, with few folds. 2n = 80, 160.
Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests, rock crevices on mountain slopes; 17002900 m. Taiwan, SE Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, N India, Myanmar, Nepal].
The type is from Nepal.
The name Asplenium foliolosom Wallich (1829), nom. nud. was based on a syntype including several specimens with different collection numbers or different specimens with the same collection number. Some of them are similar to the type of Aspidium fimbriatum Wallich (1828), nom. nud., with purplish rachises and small indusia. T. Moore designated lectotype (K!) for Asplenium foliolosom with stramineous rachises and large indusia. But, R. Sim did not notice these differences when he validated the name of Athyrium foliolosum T. Moore in 1859. Moreover, when T. Moore validated the name of Athyrium fimbriatum (Hooker) T. Moore (1860), its type was the type of Aspidium fimbriatum Wallich with purplish rachises and small indusia. It was clearly indicated that T. Moore knew the differences between the two species. Here, we adopt T. Moores typification.
绢毛蹄盖蕨 juan mao ti gai jue
Rhizomes short, erect, apex densely clothed with thick, lanceolate, brown scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 3442 cm; stipe stramineous, up to 14 cm, ca. 2 mm in diam., base similarly densely scaly, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate, broadly lanceolate, 2028 Χ 811 cm at middle, base slightly narrowed, apex acuminate and toothed; pinnae 1418 pairs, lower pinnae opposite; upper pinnae alternate, spreading, subsessile, 1 or 2 pairs of lower pinnae slightly shortened, 3.55 cm, slightly reflexed; middle pinnae lanceolate, 56.5 Χ 1.21.5 cm, base equilateral, subtruncate or rounded-truncate, broadened, pinnatipartite 1/22/3 to costa or almost to costa, apex acuminate; pinna segments ca. 13 pairs, approximate, slightly ascending, oblong, ca. 7 Χ ca. 3.7 mm, decurrent to wing of costa, margin toothed 1/2 from costa and upward, apex obtuse; veins visible abaxially, pinnate in segments, lateral veins ca. 5 pairs, simple. Lamina papery when dried, brown-green, densely sericeous adaxially, abaxially glabrate except costae densely sericeous. Rachis stramineous, grooved adaxially, densely pilose. Sori oblong, basal acroscopic ones often horseshoe-shaped, inframedial; indusia brownish, oblong, horseshoe-shaped, membranous, erose at margin, persistent. Perispore surface without folds, with granular ornamentation.
* Shrubby woods; ca. 1700 m. Chongqing (Jinfo Shan, Nanchuan).
上毛蹄盖蕨 shang mao ti gai jue
Rhizomes short, erect, apex densely clothed with dark brown, linear-lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds ca. 35 cm; stipe blackish brown at base, upward stramineous, ca. 12 cm, ca. 2.5 mm in diam., base similarly scaly, upward glabrate; lamina nearly 2-pinnate, oblong-lanceolate, up to 25 Χ ca. 12 cm at middle, base not narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnae ca. 16 pairs, lower pinnae subopposite; upper pinnae alternate, spreading, sessile, basal pair slightly shortened, narrowed toward base; middle pinnae falcate-lanceolate, up to 7 Χ ca. 1.5 cm at base, base equilateral, truncate, pinnatipartite almost to costa, apex acuminate; pinnules ca. 15 pairs, alternate, approximate, spreading, decurrent to wing of costa; lower pinnae nearly oblong, ca. 8 Χ 45 mm, base slightly decurrent on basiscopic side, margin subentire, apex broadly rounded and with small teeth; veins inconspicuous adaxially, visible abaxially, pinnate in pinnules, lateral veins ca. 5 pairs, usually simple, basal acroscopic veins often forked. Lamina papery when dried, greenish brown, densely pubescent with brown short hairs on adaxial surface, glabrate abaxially. Rachis stramineous, grooved and with dense pallid short hairs adaxially, costae pale purplish red, glabrate abaxially. Sori oblong, on basal acroscopic veins, 3 or 4 pairs per pinnule, biserial on both sides of costule, inframedial; indusia brownish, oblong, membranous, entire, persistent. Perispore surface without folds.
* Forest understories; 18001900 m. N Guizhou, SW Sichuan.
The type is from Sichuan (Ebian).
海南蹄盖蕨 hai nan ti gai jue
Rhizomes ascending, apex densely clothed with dark brown, linear-lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds (30)4050 cm; stipe blackish brown at base, upward stramineous, 2530 cm, ca. 3.5 mm in diam., base similarly scaly, slightly swollen, but not sharpened toward very base, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate, deltoid-ovate, 1624 Χ 1220 cm at base, base almost not narrowed, rounded-truncate, apex abruptly narrowed; pinnae under abruptly narrowed apex 6 or 7 pairs, opposite or subopposite, slightly ascending, with short stalk ca. 1.5 mm or sessile; basal pinnae slightly shortened, oblong-lanceolate, up to 13 Χ ca. 4.5 cm, base abruptly narrowed, pinnate, apex acuminate; pinnules ca. 14 pairs, basal pinnae subopposite, upper pinnae alternate, spreading, approximate; basal 1 or 2 pairs of pinnules free, others adnate to costa; basal third to fifth basiscopic pinnules longest, oblong-lanceolate, 2.8 cm Χ ca. 8 mm at middle, pinnatilobate, apex acute or obtuse-rounded; pinnule segments toothed at margin, acroscopic pinnules slightly shorter, narrowly oblong, ca. 1.5 cm Χ 5 mm at middle, apex obtuse-rounded; second basal pinnae slightly longer than basal pinnae; third basal pinnae subequal to basal pinnae, but broader, not narrowed at base; veins inconspicuous adaxially, visible abaxially, pinnate in pinnules, lateral veins 1013 pairs, basal veins forked, upper veins simple, but pinnate in basal acroscopic pinnule segments. Lamina thickly papery when dried, brown-green, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae abaxially brown-stramineous, with dense brownish short glandular hairs. Sori oblong, on basal acroscopic veins, only 1 per segment, biserial on both sides of midrib, single, occasionally double, inframedial; indusia brown, similar to sori in shape, membranous, entire, persistent. Perispore surface without folds, with granular ornamentation.
* Forest understories on mountain slopes; 15001800 m. Hainan (Wuzhi Shan).
裸囊蹄盖蕨 luo nang ti gai jue
Athyrium xiangxiense S. F. Wu.
Rhizomes short, erect or ascending, apex densely scaly; scales red-brown, linear-lanceolate, apex fibriform. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds (20)3578 cm; stipe brown at base, upward stramineous, shiny, (8)1530 cm, (1)22.5 mm in diam., base similarly densely scaly, upward glabrate; lamina pinnate, oblong-lanceolate, (12)2035 Χ (3.5)79 cm, base slightly narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnae (7 or)812 pairs, alternate, ascending, subsessile, basal 1 or 2 pairs of pinnae slightly shortened, base slightly narrowed; middle pinnae oblong-lanceolate, (1.8)5.56 Χ 1.52 cm, base subequilateral, rounded-truncate, broadened, pinnatipartite to 1/22/3, apex shortly acuminate; pinna segments 1012 pairs, basal segments subopposite, upper segments alternate, approximate, slightly ascending, oblong, 34 Χ 2.53 mm, minutely toothed, apex obtuse-rounded; veins inconspicuous adaxially, visible abaxially, pinnate in segments, lateral veins 3 or 4 pairs, oblique, simple. Lamina papery when dried, brown, glabrate, rachis stramineous, rachis and costae with sparse brownish short glandular hairs abaxially. Sori shortly linear or oblong, occasionally J-shaped or elliptic, 2 or 3 pairs per segment; indusia degenerate. Perispore surface without folds, with granular ornamentation.
* Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests; 4001500 m. N Guangxi, S Guizhou, Hunan, SE Yunnan.
The type is from Guangxi (Lingyun).
Athyrium pachyphyllum is very similar to A. wangii Ching in frond morphology. However, A. pachyphyllum is different from A. wangii by the nearly exindusiate mature sori (it was wrongly described as "exindusiate" by the original author).
启无蹄盖蕨 qi wu ti gai jue
Rhizomes short, erect, apex densely clothed with dark brown, linear-lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 3055 cm; stipe stramineous, 1520 cm, 23 mm in diam., base similarly scaly, upward glabrate; lamina oblong-lanceolate, 2035 Χ 714 cm, pinnate or pinnate-pinnatifid, apex pinnatifid-acuminate; pinnae 814 pairs, alternate, shortly stalked, lanceolate, 3.58 Χ ca. 1.5 cm at middle, base rounded-truncate, slightly inequilateral, ± adnate to costa, slightly decurrent, pinnatipartite to 1/21/3, apex acuminate; pinna segments 1015 pairs, densely closed, ascending, oblong, 34(8) Χ 2.54 mm, margin toothed, apex obtuse; veins visible invisible[??which or both ??adaxially], visible abaxially, pinnate in segments, lateral veins 2 or 3 pairs, oblique, simple. Lamina papery when dried, greenish brown, glabrate; rachis and costae on abaxial side with sparse brownish glandular hairs. Sori shortly linear, sometimes J-shaped, rarely horseshoe-shaped, 25 pairs per segment, medial; indusia shortly linear, J-shaped, rarely horseshoe-shaped, thickly membranous, entire, persistent. Perispore surface without folds.
* Understories of evergreen forests; 10001500 m. S Yunnan.
The type is from Yunnan (Pingbian).
黑鳞蹄盖蕨 hei lin ti gai jue
Asplenium melanolepis Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 226, 625. 1879; Athyrium filix-femina (Linnaeus) Roth subsp. melanolepis Lφve & Lφve var. melanolepis (Franchet & Savatier) A. Lφve & D. Lφve (1977); A. filix-femina var. melanolepis Makino (1899); A. filix-femina var. nigropaleaceum Makino.
Rhizomes erect or ascending. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 70100 cm; stipe blackish brown at base, upward stramineous, 2535 cm, base ca. 4 mm in diam., densely clothed with black, lanceolate thickly membranous scales. upward with sparse black, shiny, ovate-lanceolate thickly membranous scales; lamina 2-pinnate-pinnatifid, oblong, 6065 Χ 2025 cm at middle, base gradually narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnae ca. 22 pairs, basal pinnae subopposite, upper pinnae alternate, ascending, subsessile, basal 26 pairs of pinnae gradually shortened, basal pinnae 45 cm; middle pinnae linear-lanceolate, 1719 Χ 2.53 cm, base equilateral, rounded-truncate, pinnate-pinnatifid, apex long acuminate; pinnules ca. 22 pairs, subopposite, subspreading, broadly lanceolate, 1.21.5 cm Χ ca. 4 mm at base, base rounded-cuneate, slightly adnate to costa, pinnatipartite to 2/3, apex acute; pinnule segments rectangular, oblique, apex obtuse-rounded and with 35 teeth; veins inconspicuous adaxially, visible abaxially, 1 or 2 pairs per segment, simple. Lamina herbaceous when dried, pale greenish brown, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae on abaxial surface stramineous, rarely with brown lanceolate small scales. Sori oblong or J-shaped, inframedial, on basal acroscopic veins (but often 2 or 3 in basal pinnule segments), 57 pairs per pinnule, biserial on both sides of costules; indusia brown, oblong or J-shaped, membranous, somewhat eroselike at margin, persistent. Perispore surface without folds. 2n = 80.
Forest understories, rare. Heilongjiang, Jilin [Japan, Korea].
The type is from Japan.
东北蹄盖蕨 dong bei ti gai jue
Athyrium acutidentatum Ching; A. changbaishanense Ching & J. J. Chien; A. dailingense Ching; A. extensum Ching, nom. nud.; A. filix-femina (Linnaeus) Roth var. longipes Hara; A. filix-femina subsp. melanolepis (Franchet & Savatier) Lφve & Lφve var. longipes Hara; A. filix-femina var. multidentatum Fomin (1930), non Dφll (1855); A. hebeiense Ching; A. multidentatum (Dφll) Ching.
Rhizomes short, erect or ascending, apex densely clothed with dark brown, lanceolate, large scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 35120 cm; stipe blackish brown at base, upward stramineous or pale purplish red, 1555 cm, base 2.54(6) mm in diam., similarly densely scaly, upward glabrate, with sparse brownish small scales; lamina 2-pinnate, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 2065 Χ 2035 cm at middle, base rounded-truncate and hardly narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnae 1518 pairs, bases 1 or 2 pairs of pinnae opposite, upper pinnae alternate, ascending, subsessile or shortly stalked (stalk ca. 2 mm), 1 or 2 pairs of pinnae not or slightly shortened, 1020 cm; middle pinnae lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 1220 Χ 36 cm, base subequilateral, truncate or rounded-cuneate on basiscopic side, pinnate, apex long acuminate; pinnules 1828 pairs, basal pinnules subopposite, broadly lanceolate; upper pinnules alternate, subspreading, subsessile, lanceolate to falcate-lanceolate, 1.53 cm Χ 59 mm at base, base subequilateral, slightly auriculate on acroscopic side, broadly cuneate on basiscopic side, decurrent and slightly adnate to costae, pinnatipartite to 1/22/3, shortly toothed, acuminate or acute at apex; pinnule segments 1015 pairs, subtriangular, oblong, or lanceolate, oblique, toothed at apex and margin; veins inconspicuous adaxially, visible abaxially, pinnate in segments, lateral veins 24 pairs, oblique, simple. Lamina thickly herbaceous when dried, greenish brown, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae brownish stramineous or pale purplish red, with sparse brownish, with squarrose glandular hairs abaxially. Sori oblong, J-shaped, or horseshoe-shaped, inframedial on basal acroscopic veins, single per segment, often 2 or 3 pairs per basal large segments; indusia brownish, oblong, J-shaped, or horseshoe-shaped, membranous, erose at margin, persistent. Perispore surface without folds, with granular ornamentation. 2n = 80@.
Understories of broad-leaved forests, mixed forests; 3002100 m. Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, N Shandong, Shanxi [Japan, Korea, E Russia].
The type is from NE China.
Athyrium brevifrons is very close to A. rubripes (Komarov) Komarov, but their relationship is still in need of investigation.
黑龙江蹄盖蕨 hei long jiang ti gai jue
Athyrium filix-femina (Linnaeus) Roth var. rubripes Komarov, Izv. Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 16: 149. 1916.
Rhizomes short, stout, erect, apex clothed with dark brown, broadly lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 5065 cm; stipe blackish brown at base, upward pink, shiny, 2028 cm, base 1.52 mm in diam., similarly scaly, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate, oblong-lanceolate, 3040 Χ 1214 cm at middle, base slightly narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnae ca. 15 pairs, nearly alternate, ascending, subsessile, basal 2 or 3 pairs of pinnae slightly shortened, basal pinnae ca. 3 cm; middle pinnae lanceolate, 810 Χ 1.72 cm, base truncate or narrowly cuneate on basiscopic side, pinnate, apex acuminate; pinnules 1220 pairs, subopposite, subspreading, oblong, 812 Χ 34 mm, base subtruncate on acroscopic side, narrowly cuneate on basiscopic side, decurrent and adnate to wing of costa (sometimes basal 1 or 2 pairs of pinnules free), cut to 1/3, shortly toothed, acute or obtuse at apex; pinnule segments 57 pairs, suboblong, with 3 or 4 small teeth at apex; veins visible on both surfaces, costules impressed adaxially, protuberant abaxially, lateral veins 2- to 3-forked in segments, pinnate in basal acroscopic segments, single per tooth, extending to tooth tip. Lamina thinly herbaceous when dried, green or yellow-green, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae stramineous, slightly pink, abaxially with sparse small scales and squarrose-glandular hairs. Sori oblong, 4 or 5 pairs per pinnule, inframedial, uniserial on each side of midrib; indusia brownish, mostly oblong, occasionally J-shaped or horseshoe-shaped, membranous, erose at margin, persistent. Perispore surface without folds.
Understories of coniferous forests; ca. 800 m. NE Heilongjiang [E Russia].
The type is from Russia (Ussuri area).
中华蹄盖蕨 zhong hua ti gai jue
Athyrium brevifrons Nakai ex Kitagawa var. angustifrons (Kodama) T. Mori; A. huhsienense Ching & Hsu; A. melanolepis (Franchet & Savatier) H. Christ var. angustifrons Kodama; A. shaanxiense Ching & Y. T. Hsieh, [shaaxiense].
Rhizomes short, erect, apex densely clothed with dark brown, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 3592 cm; stipe blackish brown at base, upward stramineous, 1026 cm, base 1.52 mm in diam., similarly densely scaly, upward with sparse small scales; lamina 2-pinnate, oblong-lanceolate, 2565 Χ 1525 cm, base slightly narrowed, apex shortly acuminate; pinnae ca. 15 pairs, basal pinnae subopposite, upper pinnae alternate, ascending, sessile, basal 2 or 3 pairs of pinnae slightly shortened; basal pinnae oblong-lanceolate, 712 Χ ca. 2.5 cm, base equilateral, truncate or ± rounded, pinnate, apex long acuminate; pinnules ca. 18 pairs, basal pinnules narrowly deltoid-oblong, 810 Χ 34 mm, base inequilateral, truncate on acroscopic side, basiscopic side broadly cuneate, decurrent and adnate to wing of costa, pinnatilobate, shortly toothed, obtuse at apex; pinnule segments 4 or 5 pairs, ± rounded, margin with several short teeth; veins visible on both surfaces, pinnate in pinnules, lateral veins ca. 7 pairs, 3-forked or pinnate in basal segments, forked or simple in upper segments. Lamina herbaceous when dried, pale greenish brown, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae stramineous, with sparse small scales and squarrose-glandular hairs abaxially. Sori mostly oblong, occasionally J-shaped or horseshoe-shaped, inframedial on basal acroscopic veins, 6 or 7 pairs per pinnule, uniserial on each side of midrib; indusia brownish, oblong, occasionally J-shaped or horseshoe-shaped, membranous, erose at margin, persistent. Perispore surface without folds.
* Understories of mountain forests; 3002600 m. SE Gansu, Hebei, W Henan, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi.
The type is from Beijing.
Athyrium sinense is very similar to Athyrium dentigerum (Wallich ex C. B. C. B. Clarke) Mehra & Bir in frond morphology; it differs from A. dentigerum by the 2 or 3(or 4) pairs of shortened basal pinnae.
"Athyrium filix-femina (Linnaeus) Roth" sensu lato of China occurs widely from NE to SW China. In fact, it included A. brevifrons, A. sinense, and A. dentigerum. Mature plants of the three species differ morphologically and geographically. A. brevifrons occurs in NE and N China, and only the basal 1 or 2 pairs of pinnae are slightly shortened and the stipes are relatively markedly long. A. dentigerum occurs in SW China, and its numerous lower pinnae are gradually shortened toward the base, and the stipes are very short. Qinling Shan plants of A. sinense are morphologically and geographically intermediate between A. brevifrons and A. dentigerum: in A. sinense several pairs of pinnae are slightly shortened toward the base. The three are probably subspecies of one species, pending further analysis. All three species are different from European A. filix-femina.
剑叶蹄盖蕨 jian ye ti gai jue
Asplenium filix-femina (Linnaeus) Bernhardi var. attenuata Wallich ex C. B. Clarke, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 1: 492. 1880; Athyrium ensiferum Ching & H. S. Kung; A. filix-femina (Linnaeus) Roth var. attenuata (Wallich ex C. B. Clarke) Beddome.
Rhizomes short, erect, apex densely clothed with red-brown, broadly lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 3560 cm; stipe upward stramineous, 517 cm, base ca. 2 mm in diam., similarly densely scaly, upward glabrate; lamina pinnate or 2-pinnate, lanceolate, up to 44 Χ 79 cm at middle, base gradually narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnae ca. 30 pairs, alternate, spreading, sessile, 7 or 8 pairs of lower pinnae gradually shortened, basal pinnae ca. 1.2 cm, apex obtuse, slightly reflexed; middle pinnae longest, linear-lanceolate, up to 4.5 Χ ca. 1 cm, base subtruncate, slightly widened, pinnatipartite almost to costae, apex acuminate; pinna segments ca. 14 pairs, subspreading, oblong, ca. 4.5 Χ 2.2 mm, basal segments slightly larger, connate to each other by narrow wing along costa, subentire at margin, apex obtuse and with 4 or 5 long teeth; veins visible abaxially, forked in segments. Lamina papery when dried, pale green, glabrate; rachis and costae stramineous abaxially, with very short subulate processes on adaxial side in upper part, squarrose-glandular hairs sparse abaxially. Sori oblong, basal acroscopic 2 or 3 pairs often horseshoe-shaped, 2 or 3 pairs per pinna segment; indusia brownish, oblong or horseshoe-shaped, membranous, erose at margin, persistent. Perispore surface without folds, with granular ornamentation. 2n = 80.
Meadows on gentle mountain slopes; 20002400 m. W Sichuan, Yunnan [N India, Pakistan].
The type is from Sikkim.
It remains to be clarified whether Athyrium attenuatum is distinct from A. dentigerum or its ecotype in alpine meadows.
察陇蹄盖蕨 cha long ti gai jue
Rhizomes ascending, apex densely scaly; scales chestnut-brown in center, brown at margin, lanceolate. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 6070 cm; stipe blackish brown at base, upward brown-stramineous, 2025 cm, base 56.5 mm in diam., similarly scaly, upward occasionally with small scales; lamina bipinnatipartite, broadly lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 4050 Χ 912 cm, base abruptly narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnae 2022 pairs, subopposite or alternate, spreading or ascending, sessile, 3 or 4 pairs of lower pinnae gradually shortened; basal pinnae often deltoid-auriculate, 12 cm; middle pinnae lanceolate, 78 Χ ca. 1.5 cm, base truncate, pinnatipartite nearly to costae, apex acuminate; pinnules or pinna segments 1518 pairs, basal pinnules subopposite, upper pinnules alternate, spreading, narrowly oblong, 68 Χ ca. 3 mm, margin lobate, apex rounded and crenate; segments with inconspicuous teeth at apex; veins visible adaxially, clearly visible abaxially, pinnate in pinnules or pinna segments, lateral veins 4 or 5 pairs, simple. Lamina firmly papery when dried, brown, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae on abaxial surface brown-stramineous, with sparse brown small scales and squarrose-glandular hairs. Sori oblong, occasionally J-shaped or horseshoe-shaped, inframedial on acroscopic veins, 25 pairs per pinnule or segment; indusia brownish, oblong, occasionally J-shaped or horseshoe-shaped, membranous, erose at margin, persistent. Perispore surface without folds, with granular ornamentation.
* Margins of coniferous forests, rock crevices of forest understories, rare; 28003400 m. NW Yunnan.
短羽蹄盖蕨 duan yu ti gai jue
Rhizomes erect. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds ca. 35 cm; stipe blackish brown at base, upward stramineous, up to 13 cm, ca. 2 mm in diam., base clothed with brown, narrowly ovate scales, upward glabrate; lamina pinnate or pinnate-pinnatifid, narrowly rhombic, 2226 Χ 6.57 cm at middle, gradually narrowed toward both ends, apex acuminate; pinnae 2426 pairs, alternate, spreading, sessile, lower 6 pairs of pinnae gradually shortened; basal pinnae oblong, less than 1 cm; middle pinnae broadly lanceolate, 1113 Χ ca. 1 cm at middle, base equilateral, truncate, broadened, pinnatipartite, apex shortly acuminate; pinna segments 1214 pairs, spreading, approximate, oblong, ca. 5 Χ 2.5 mm, margin lobed or biserrate, apex rounded and with 2 or 3 small teeth; veins visible abaxially, pinnate in segments, lateral veins 3 or 4 pairs, forked or simple. Lamina herbaceous when dried, greenish brown, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis stramineous, adaxial surface with short glandular hairs, costae pale purplish red, with squarrose-glandular hairs abaxially. Sori oblong, occasionally hooked, 3 or 4 in lower segments, 1 or 2 in upper segments, medial; indusia pallid, oblong, occasionally hooked, thinly membranous, ciliate at margin, persistent. Perispore surface without folds.
* Meadows at mountain summits, among rocks, streamsides in alpine mountains; 31004200 m. W Sichuan, Xizang.
The type is from Xizang (Zayu).
Athyrium contingens is similar to A. filix-femina, but differs by the lamina rhombic or elliptic, middle pinnae broadly lanceolate and approximate; and indusia pallid, thinly membranous.
滇西蹄盖蕨 dian xi ti gai jue
Rhizomes short, erect or ascending. Fertile fronds up to 1.5 m; stipe chestnut-black at base, upward stramineous, 5060 cm, ca. 4 cm in diam., base densely clothed with brown, lanceolate large scales, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate-pinnatifid, oblong, up to 85 Χ 4045 cm, base narrowed, apex long acuminate; pinnae ca. 25 pairs, lower pinnae subopposite, upper pinnae alternate, ascending, subsessile; basal 2 or 3 pairs of pinnae slightly shortened, basal pinnae ca. 9 Χ 2.5 cm; middle pinnae lanceolate, 2328 Χ 56 cm at middle, base equilateral, truncate, pinnate-pinnatifid, apex long acuminate; pinnules 2226 pairs, alternate, spreading, oblong-lanceolate, 2.53 cm Χ 810 mm at base, base nearly equilateral, ± decurrent and connate to each other by wing of costa, pinnatifid to 1/2, apex acute; pinnule segments 8 or 9 pairs, oblong, dentate at apex; veins visible adaxially, clearly visible abaxially, pinnate in segments, lateral veins 2 or 3 pairs, oblique, simple. Lamina firmly herbaceous when dried, greenish brown adaxially, yellow-green abaxially, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae abaxially stramineous, with sparse short hairs. Sori nearly round or elliptic, inframedial on basal acroscopic veins, single per segment, often 2 or 3 in basal acroscopic larger segments, biserial on both sides of costule, 610 pairs per pinnule; indusia pale brown, somewhat J-shaped or horseshoe-shaped, sometimes shortly linear, membranous, erose at margin, occasionally ciliate, persistent. Perispore surface without folds.
* In shrubs, streamsides, damp areas; ca. 3200 m.
The type is from NW Yunnan (Heqing).
疏羽蹄盖蕨 shu yu ti gai jue
Asplenium nephrodioides Baker, J. Bot. 25: 170. 1887; Athyrium filix-femina (Linnaeus) Roth var. filipes H. Christ.
Rhizomes short, erect, apex densely clothed with chestnut-brown, subulate-lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 4555 cm; stipe chestnut-black at base, upward brown-stramineous, 1015 cm, base ca. 2.5 mm in diam., similarly densely scaly, upward glabrate; lamina bipinnatipartite, linear-lanceolate, 3555 Χ 1114 cm, base narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnae 2025 pairs, alternate, spreading or subascending, widely separated from each other, sessile, lower 6 or 7 pairs of pinnae gradually shortened into narrow triangular, basal pinnae 1.72 cm; middle pinnae linear-lanceolate, 69 Χ 11.2 cm, base subtruncate or slightly auriculate on basiscopic side, pinnatipartite nearly to costae, apex long acuminate; pinna segments 2025 pairs, basal segments opposite, upper segments alternate, subspreading, narrowly separated from each other, oblong, 46 Χ ca. 2 mm, apex obtuse or acute and toothed; veins inconspicuous adaxially, visible abaxially, pinnate in segments, lateral veins 4 or 5 pairs, oblique, forked or simple. Lamina firmly papery when dried, yellowish brown, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis brown-stramineous, with sparse few small scales, costae with sparse squarrose-glandular hairs abaxially. Sori elliptic or round, 35 pairs per segment, often borne in all segments; indusia brownish, round, J-shaped or horseshoe-shaped, membranous, erose or ciliate at margin, partly caducous. Perispore surface without folds, but with granular ornamentation.
* Forest understories; 25003200 m. Gansu (Xinglong Shan), Hubei (Badong), Sichuan, Yunnan.
The type is from Hubei (Badong).
斜羽蹄盖蕨 xie yu ti gai jue
Rhizomes erect, apex densely clothed with dark brown, narrowly lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 6070 cm; stipe blackish brown at base, upward brown-stramineous, shiny, 1827 cm, ca. 3 mm in diam., base similarly scaly, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate, lanceolate, 3640 Χ 67 cm, base slightly narrowed, apex shortly acuminate; pinnae 2025 pairs, alternate, ascending, sessile; basal 2 or 3 pairs of pinnae slightly shortened, broadly lanceolate, 35 cm; middle pinnae lanceolate, falcate, 5.56 Χ ca. 1.8 cm at base, base equilateral, truncate, pinnate, apex acuminate; pinnules ca. 16 pairs, spreading; basal pinnules slightly larger, narrowly oblong, 710 Χ ca. 3 mm, obtuse, with 2 or 3 short teeth at apex, nearly equilateral, decurrent and adnate to wing of costa; upper pinnules gradually reduced, somewhat auriculate on basal acroscopic side; veins visible abaxially, pinnate in pinnules, lateral veins 5 pairs, simple, sometimes lower veins forked. Lamina papery when dried, glabrate, dark brown adaxially, pale brown abaxially; rachis brown-stramineous, with squarrose-glandular hairs abaxially, costae brown, glabrate abaxially. Sori oblong, distal sori J-shaped or horseshoe-shaped, inframedial on acroscopic veins, 46 pairs per pinnule, indusia pale brown, oblong, J-shaped, or horseshoe-shaped, membranous, subentire, erose or ciliate at margin, persistent. Perispore surface without folds, with granular ornamentation.
* Shrub groves, meadows; 30003200 m. W Sichuan (Daxiangling, Emei Shan).
The type is from Sichuan (Emei Shan).
希陶蹄盖蕨 xi tao ti gai jue
Asplenium filix-femina (Linnaeus) Bernhardi var. dentigera Wallich ex C. B. Clarke, Trans. Linn. Soc., London, Bot. 1: 491. 1880; A. filix-femina f. dentigera (Wallich ex C. B. Clarke) Hope; Athyrium attenuatum (Wallich ex C. B. Clarke) Tagawa f. dentigerum (Wallich ex C. B. Clarke) Khullar & Fraser-Jenkins[??auth. order]; A. dentatum Ching (1986), not A. Gray (1821); A. filix-femina (Linnaeus) Roth var. dentigera (Wallich ex C. B. Clarke) Beddome; A. lancipinnulum Ching; A. leiboense Ching & Y. T. Hsieh; A. oblongum Ching; A. squamipes Ching; A. supranigrescens Ching; A. tsaii Ching; Polypodium dentigerum Wallich, nom. nud.
Rhizomes short, erect, apex densely clothed with brown, broadly lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds (30)65120 cm; stipe blackish brown at base, upward brown-stramineous, (5)2767 cm, (2.5)67 mm in diam., base similarly scaly, upward with sparse smaller scales; lamina 2-pinnate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, (25)7085 Χ (7)2028 cm at middle, base narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnae 1825 pairs, alternate, ascending, shortly stalked or sessile, numerous pairs of lower pinnae gradually shortened; middle pinnae lanceolate, (3.5)1618 Χ (1.2)2.73 cm, base truncate, nearly equilateral, parallel to rachis on acroscopic side, narrowly cuneate on basiscopic side, pinnatifid to pinnate, apex long acuminate; pinnules pinnatipartite, 1030 pairs, basal pinnules opposite, upper pinnules alternate, subspreading, narrowly lanceolate, 1.21.6 cm Χ 35 mm at middle, base nearly equilateral and rounded-truncate, decurrent and adnate to costa on basiscopic side, pinnatifid to 1/2, apex acuminate; pinnule segments 68 pairs, subtriangular, approximate, oblique, with 2 or 3 short teeth at apex; veins visible on both surfaces, lateral veins 1 or 2 pairs per segment, simple. Lamina subpapery or herbaceous when dried, greenish brown adaxially, pale green abaxially, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae brown-stramineous, with sparse small scales and squarrose-glandular hairs abaxially. Sori mostly oblong or elliptic, inframedial on acroscopic veins, 58 pairs per pinnule, biserial on both sides of costule; indusia brownish, oblong, J-shaped or horseshoe-shaped, membranous, erose or somewhat ciliate at margin, persistent. Perispore surface without folds. 2n = 80.
Forest understories, grassy slopes in mountains; 20003900 m. SE Gansu, Guizhou, W Sichuan, Xizang, N Yunnan [N India, Myanmar].
The type is from Sikkim.
狭基蹄盖蕨 xia ji ti gai jue
Athyrium stenopodum Ching & S. K. Wu; A. tibeticum Ching.
Rhizomes erect, apex densely clothed with brown, lanceolate to broadly lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds (20)3548(80) cm; stipe blackish brown at base, upward brown-stramineous, (3)820 cm, base (1)1.42(5) mm in diam., similarly densely scaly, upward glabrate; lamina pinnate-pinnatipartite, oblanceolate, (18)2638(60) Χ (3.5)5.57(15) cm above middle, base gradually narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnae 2530 pairs, alternate, subspreading, sessile, lower 69(12) pairs of pinnae gradually shortened, basal pinnae often reduced to triangular auricles, 57(20) mm, deflexed, middle pinnae lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, up to 3.56.5 Χ 11.4 cm, base broadened, equilateral, truncate or nearly cuneate, pinnatipartite to 1 mm to winged costa, apex shortly acuminate to caudate-acuminate; pinna segments 1012(17) pairs, basal segments opposite, upper segments alternate, slightly ascending or subspreading, approximate, oblong to lanceolate, basal segments larger, 46 Χ 1.83 mm, dentate at margin, apex obtuse-rounded and toothed; veins inconspicuous adaxially, visible abaxially, pinnate in segments, lateral veins 4 or 5 pairs, oblique, lower veins forked, upper veins simple, thin. Lamina herbaceous when dried, greenish brown, glabrate on both surfaces, with subulate spines at base of pinnae and pinna segments on adaxial side. Sori small, round, 1 or 2(or 3) per segment, inframedial on basal acroscopic veins, close to midrib; indusia brown, small, round-reniform, membranous, entire or erose at margin, persistent. Spore perispore surface without folds, with granular ornamentation. 2n = 80.
Forest understories, shrub meadows, on rocks of mountain slopes; 31004100 m. SE Xizang, Yunnan [India (Sikkim)].
The type is from N Sikkim.
J. Z. Wang and S. H. Li [in P. Y. Fu et al. (eds.) Clavis Plant. Chin. Bor.-Orient. Ed. 2, 35, 1995] considered that Athyrium rupestre Kodama occurs in Jilin. It is characterized by the perispore surface without folds and the pinnae pinnatipartite to pinnatisect, less than 1 cm wide, and long acuminate. Athyrium rupestre is distributed in Hokkaido and northern Honshu, Japan and E Russia. If the identification by J. Z. Wang and S. H. Li (1995) is correct, the species should be new to China.
多羽蹄盖蕨 duo yu ti gai jue
Rhizomes erect, apex densely clothed with red-brown, ovate-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 1835 cm; stipe stramineous, 26.5 cm, 0.51.5 mm in diam., flattened when dried, base similarly scaly; lamina pinnate, linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, 1326 Χ 2.85.2 cm, base slightly narrowed, apex long acuminate; pinnae 2030 pairs, lower pinnae opposite, upper pinnae alternate, subspreading or ascending, sometimes falcate, sessile; basal 1 or 2 pairs of pinnae shortened, deltoid-ovate or ovate-oblong, ca. 1.4 cm Χ ca. 8 mm, base truncate, pinnatilobate or pinnatipartite, apex obtuse-rounded; lobes 2 or 3 pairs, suboblong, with variably short broad teeth at margin; middle pinnae deltoid-lanceolate or narrowly oblong, 1.52.4 cm Χ 910 mm at middle, base inequilateral, truncate, auriculate on acroscopic side, parallel to rachis, narrowly cuneate on basiscopic side, pinnatipartite, apex obtuse-rounded or obtuse; pinna segments 58 pairs, oblong, with 4 or 5 teeth at acroscopic margin; veins visible on both surfaces, pinnate in segments, lateral veins 2 or 3 pairs, simple, 4 pairs in basal segments, and sometimes 2- or 3-forked. Lamina thinly herbaceous when dried, yellow-green, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis stramineous, slightly brownish, somewhat subulate spines at base of pinnae on adaxial side, costae concolorous with lamina, with short spines on adaxial side at base of distal pinna segments. Sori elliptic, J-shaped, or horseshoe-shaped, 1 per segment, often 3 in basal segments; indusia brownish, elliptic, J-shaped or horseshoe-shaped, membranous, subentire, persistent. Perispore surface without folds, with granular ornamentation.
* Forest understories in valleys, streamsides, wet rock crevices; 1001500 m. Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang.
The type is from Zhejiang (Changhua).
长叶蹄盖蕨 chang ye ti gai jue
Rhizomes short, erect, apex densely clothed with brown, lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds ca. 70 cm; stipe pale stramineous at base, upward dark stramineous, shiny, ca. 15 cm, ca. 3 mm in diam., base similarly scaly; lamina 2-pinnate, narrowly lanceolate, ca. 55 Χ 11 cm at middle, base slightly narrowed, apex caudate or long acuminate; pinnae ca. 45 pairs, lower pinnae opposite, upper pinnae alternate, approximate, spreading or ascending, sessile, lower pinnae slightly shortened, basal pinnae ca. 4 cm; middle pinnae larger, falcate-lanceolate, 68 Χ ca. 1.8 cm, base rounded-truncate, abutting against rachis on acroscopic side, pinnate, apex caudate-acuminate; pinnules 1012 pairs, lower pinnules opposite; upper pinnules alternate, ascending; basal pinnules largest, narrowly oblong, 89 Χ 56 mm, base somewhat cuneate, decurrent and adnate to wing of costules, pinnatilobate, apex obtuse; segments with long acute teeth at apex; upper pinnae gradually smaller, approximate, base decurrent and adnate to wing of rachis, margin dentate, apex caudate. Veins pinnate in pinnules, lateral veins 3 or 4 pairs, oblique, lower veins 2- or 3-forked, upper veins simple. Lamina herbaceous when dried, near black adaxially, brown abaxially, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae pale purplish red abaxially, ± hairy in adaxial groove, hairs brown short glandular hairs, spinous at base of costules on adaxial side. Sori shortly linear, 3 or 4 pairs per pinnule, borne on acroscopic veins, inframedial; indusia pale brown, shortly linear, membranous, subentire, persistent. Perispore surface without folds.
* On rocks of forest understories; 10001200 m. N Guangxi, Jiangxi.
The type is from Guangxi (Longsheng).
对生蹄盖蕨 dui sheng ti gai jue
[??Athyrium oppositipennum var. pubescens (Tagawa) Y. C. Liu, W. L. Chiou & H. Y. Liu]; A. oreopteris Copeland; A. taiwanense Tagawa; [??A. taiwanense var. pubescens Tagawa].
Rhizomes short, erect, apex densely scaly; scales lanceolate, blackish brown in center, brown in marginal part. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 6080 cm; stipe brown-stramineous at base, 3040 cm, 3.55 mm in diam., base similarly scaly; lamina 2-pinnate, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 3545 Χ 2025 cm, base not narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnae 1215 pairs, basal pinnae opposite, upper pinnae alternate, subspreading, sessile; lower pinnae linear-lanceolate, 1520 Χ 22.5 cm at middle, base truncate, slightly overlaying rachis, pinnate-pinnatifid, apex caudate; pinnules 2635 pairs, opposite or subopposite, usually recurved or slightly spreading, distal pinnules ascending; middle pinnules linear-lanceolate, 1115 Χ ca. 4 mm, base rounded-truncate and adnate to costae, somewhat auriculate on acroscopic side, somewhat decurrent on basiscopic side, pinnatilobate, apex acute or obtuse; pinnule segments ca. 5 pairs, subsquare, ascending, with 24 broadly triangular teeth at apex, usually basal acroscopic segments larger; veins somewhat visible adaxially, visible abaxially, pinnate in pinnules, lateral veins 69 pairs, oblique, often forked in upper segments. Lamina thickly papery when dried, dark brown adaxially, greenish brown abaxially, glabrate on both surfaces. Rachis and costae brownish stramineous, glabrate abaxially, with subulate spines at base of costae and costules on adaxial side. Sori elliptic, usually 1 per segment, biserial on both sides of costule; indusia dark brown, elliptic, membranous, erose at margin. Perispore surface without folds. 2n = 120* (3X, apogamous).
* Forest understories in valleys, shaded wet areas; 20002500 m. Taiwan.
粗柄蹄盖蕨 cu bing ti gai jue
Rhizomes short, erect, apex densely clothed with red-brown, linear scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 6268 cm; stipe blackish brown at base, upward brown-stramineous, 3437 cm, 2.55 mm in diam., base similarly scaly, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate, ovate-oblong, 3040 Χ 1418 cm at middle, base rounded-cuneate, apex shortly acuminate; pinnae 1416 pairs, alternate, ascending, with short stalk ca. 1.5 mm or sessile; basal pinnae not shortened, lanceolate, 1315 Χ ca. 4 cm at middle, base narrowed, pinnate, apex acuminate; pinnules ca. 17 pairs, basal pinnules opposite, upper pinnules alternate, spreading, approximate, sessile, oblong, up to 2 cm Χ 78 mm at middle, base subequilateral, broadly cuneate, auriculate on acroscopic side, decurrent on basiscopic side, pinnatifid to 1/2, apex obtuse; pinnule segments 68 pairs, oblong, approximate, ascending, apex obtuse and with 2 or 3 teeth; second basal and upper pinnae similar to basal pinnae, gradually smaller, second basal pinnae ca. 3.2 cm wide at middle, base not narrowed, widest; veins inconspicuous adaxially, somewhat visible abaxially, pinnate in pinnule segments, lateral veins 2 or 3 pairs, oblique, simple. Lamina firmly papery when dried, greenish brown, occasionally with short hairs adaxially, glabrate abaxially; rachis and costae abaxially stramineous, with sparse short hairs, with subulate short spines at base of costae and costules on adaxial side. Sori large, elliptic, 1 per segment, 79 pairs per pinnule, biserial on both sides of costule, inframedial; indusia brown, elliptic or horseshoe-shaped, thickly membranous, entire, persistent. Perispore surface without folds, with granular ornamentation.
* Understories of bamboo forests; 22002300 m. W Sichuan (Daxiangling, Niba Shan).
三回蹄盖蕨 san hui ti gai jue
Rhizomes short, stout, erect, apex densely clothed with brownish, subulate-lanceolate or lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 3770 cm; stipe slightly pale red-purple, 1530 cm, base similarly scaly, 1.52 mm in diam., glabrate; lamina 2- or 3-pinnate, ovate-lanceolate, 2450 Χ 1025 cm, base slightly narrowed, apex long acuminate; pinnae 1217 pairs, alternate, ascending, stalked (stalk ca. 3 mm); basal pinnae slightly shortened, deltoid-lanceolate, 57 Χ ca. 2.5 cm at base, base equilateral, broadly cuneate, pinnate or pinnate-pinnatisect, apex long acuminate, slightly caudate; ultimate pinnules pinnatipartite; pinnules 1015 pairs, basal pinnules opposite, upper pinnules alternate, spreading, shortly stalked or subsessile, subrhomboid, ca. 1.4 cm Χ ca. 7 mm at base, base inequilateral, somewhat auriculate on acroscopic side, cuneate on basiscopic side, free or decurrent and adnate to wing of costa, pinnatipartite to pinnatisect, apex obtuse or acute with several small teeth; pinnule segments 3 or 4 pairs, basal acroscopic segments larger, oblong, with long teeth, obtuse at apex; middle pinnae longer, lanceolate, up to 15 Χ 44.5 cm at base, apex caudate-acuminate; veins visible on both surfaces, pinnate on segments, lateral veins simple, basal acroscopic veins often forked. Lamina herbaceous when dried, greenish brown, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae stramineous, purplish red, glabrate abaxially, with subulate short spines adaxially at base of costules. Sori mostly J-shaped, sometimes horseshoe-shaped or oblong, medial or inframedial on acroscopic veins, 1 or 2 pairs per segment; indusia pale brown, J-shaped, sometimes horseshoe-shaped or oblong, membranous, erose at margin or ciliate, persistent. Perispore surface without folds.
* About 2000 m. Taiwan (Ali Shan, Nantou).
According to C. M. Kuo (1985), Athyrium tripinnatum is conspecific with A. foliolosum T. Moore ex Sim.
溪边蹄盖蕨 xi bian ti gai jue
Rhizomes short, erect, apex densely clothed with brownish, subulate lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds (35)4575(95) cm; stipe brown at base, upward stramineous, slightly pale purplish red, 2555 cm, 1.52.5 mm in diam., base scaly, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate, broadly ovate or ovate-oblong, 4570 Χ 3055 cm at base, rarely much narrower, apex acuminate; pinnae 1520 pairs, basal pinnae subopposite, upper pinnae alternate, ascending, with stalk 35 mm, basal 1 or 2 pairs of pinnae slightly shortened, base slightly narrowed; middle pinnae broadly lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 2535 Χ 2.55 cm, base truncate and parallel to rachis on acroscopic side, narrowly cuneate on basiscopic side, bipinnatipartite, apex acuminate; pinnules pinnatipartite, ca. 14 pairs, alternate, ascending, subsessile, lanceolate; basal pinnae shorter, 1.52.5 cm; middle pinnae up to 4 Χ 1.2 cm at base, base subequilateral, broadly cuneate, pinnatipartite, apex acuminate; pinnule segments ca. 10 pairs, oblique, basal acroscopic segment larger, others 46 Χ ca. 2 mm, with short teeth, rarely apiculate and curved teeth, apex acute; veins inconspicuous adaxially, visible abaxially, pinnate in segments, simple or forked. Lamina herbaceous when dried or fragile, greenish brown or pale green, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae abaxially stramineous, with sparse pallid short hairs, with short spines adaxially, costules also spiny. Sori horseshoe-shaped, oblong, or J-shaped, 15 per segment (usually to 7 in basal acroscopic segments); indusia pale brown, horseshoe-shaped, oblong, or J-shaped, membranous, erose at margin, persistent. Perispore surface without folds, with granular ornamentation. 2n = 240.
Valleys, damp areas, streamsides, wet grasslands; 8002000 m. Fujian, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].
The type is from Japan.
1a. Lamina broadly ovate or ovate-oblong, herbaceous .............................. 45a. var. deltoidofrons
1b. Lamina slender, fragile ......................................................................... 45b. var. gracillinum
溪边蹄盖蕨(原变种) xi bian ti gai jue (yuan bian zhong)
Athyrium acutissimum Kodama; A. faberi H. Christ[??not in IPNI or Tropicos]; A. filix-femina var. deltoideum Makino; A. giganteum de Vol; A. jiulungshanense Ching; A. rotundilobum Ching.
Lamina broadly ovate or ovate-oblong, herbaceous, with short teeth at segment margin.
Valleys, damp areas, streamsides, wet grasslands; 8002000 m. Fujian, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].
瘦叶蹄盖蕨 shou ye ti gai jue
Athyrium gracillinum Ching, Acta Bot. Boreal. Occid. Sin. 6(3): 149. 1986.
Plants very slender and fragile; teeth on segment margin apiculate and curved upward.
* Valleys, damp areas. W Jiangxi (Mufushan, Xiushui).
薄叶蹄盖蕨 bau ye ti gai jue
Athyrium aridum Ching; A. austro-occidentale Ching; A. bambusicola Ching; A. filix-femina Roth var. deltoidea H. Christ, p.p.; A. filix-femina Roth var. fissidens H. Christ (1905), non Dφll (1855); A. nitidum Ching; A. oxyphyllum (Wallich ex Hooker) T. Moore ex Beddome var. funebre H. Christ, p.p.; A. praticola Ching; A. remotisorum Ching & H. S. Kung; A. remotum Ching; A. yaanense Ching.
Fertile fronds 30100 cm; stipe stramineous, shiny, slightly longer than lamina, ca. 2 mm in diam.; lamina bipinnatipartite to tripinnatipartite, ovate, up to 48 Χ to 35 cm, base hardly narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnae ca. 12 pairs, basal pinnae opposite or subopposite, upper pinnae alternate, slightly ascending, with stalk 34 mm; basal pinnae broadly lanceolate, up to 15 cm Χ ca. 4 cm at middle, base slightly narrowed, pinnate (bipinnatipartite), apex shortly acuminate; pinnules ca. 15 pairs, anadromic, alternate, separated from each other, spreading, shortly stalked (stalk 11.5 mm), ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 1.82.2 Χ 0.81.2 cm at base, base inequilateral, broadly cuneate, pinnatipartite, apex obtuse; pinnule segments 5 or 6 pairs, slightly ascending, oblong, ca. 5 Χ 2.5 mm, margin dentate, apex obtuse-rounded; second basal and upper pinnae similar to basal pinnae, gradually shortened, base not narrowed or broadened; veins visible adaxially, clearly visible abaxially, pinnate in segments, lateral veins 3 or 4 pairs, oblique, simple. Lamina herbaceous when dried, dark green, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae stramineous, glabrate abaxially, with spines adaxially in distal part of lamina and pinnae. Sori elliptic or round, 35 in lower segments, 1 in upper segments; indusia brown, oblong, sometimes round-reniform or J-shaped, membranous, erose and ciliate at margin, persistent. Perispore surface without folds, with granular ornamentation.
* Understories of coniferous forests, bamboo forests; 7003000 m. Chongqing, Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, SE Xizang, Yunnan.
The type is from Xizang (Medog).
Athyrium delicatulum is very similar to A. deltoidofrons, but differs by the pinnules prominently anadromic and glabrate.
逆叶蹄盖蕨 ni ye ti gai jue
Rhizomes short, stout, ascending or erect, apex densely scaly; scales dark brown, narrowly lanceolate, up to 7 mm, less than 1 mm wide; fronds caespitose. Fertile fronds 2035 cm; stipe blackish brown at base, upward stramineous or purplish red, (5)1020 cm, 11.5 mm in diam., base densely scaly, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate, lanceolate, (10)1518(20) Χ (2)45 cm, apex acuminate; pinnae 1215 pairs, basal 1 or 2 pairs of pinnae hardly shortened, opposite, reflexed; middle pinnae lanceolate, (2)2.53(4) Χ 11.2 cm, base inequilateral, broadly cuneate, sessile, pinnate, apex shortly acuminate, alternate, spreading or slightly reflexed; pinnules 68 pairs, alternate, ascending; basal acroscopic pinnules prominently larger, oblong, 57 Χ 23 mm, adnate to costae or somewhat free, dentate at margin, apex obtuse-rounded and toothed; veins visible abaxially, pinnate in pinnules, lateral veins 3 or 4 pairs, forked, single per tooth. Lamina papery when dried, greenish brown, glabrate; rachis with sparse brown lanceolate small scales, stramineous. Sori oblong or shortly linear, inframedial on basal acroscopic veins, 1 per pinnule, often 2 pairs in basal acroscopic pinnule, on both sides of costule; indusia brown, nearly round-reniform, J-shaped, or shortly linear, membranous, erose at margin, persistent. Perispore surface without folds. 2n = 80, 160, 80 (2X apogamous).
Understories of coniferous forests, wet areas; 25003500 m. Taiwan [Japan (Kyushu), Korea, Philippines].
The type is from Taiwan.
湿生蹄盖蕨 shi sheng ti gai jue
Athyrium filipes H. Christ[??not in Tropicos]; A. filix-femina Roth var. filipes H. Christ; A. fujianense Ching; A. nanchuanense Ching & Z. Y. Liu.
Rhizomes short, suberect, clothed with brownish, ovate-lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 4585 cm; stipe blackish brown at base, upward stramineous, 2040 cm, 11.5 cm in diam., base sparsely scaly, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate-pinnatipartite, narrowly oblong, 2545 Χ 1625 cm, base not narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnae 1215 pairs, subopposite, stalked (stalk ca. 1.5 mm), spreading or slightly ascending; basal pinnae slightly or hardly shortened, broadly lanceolate, 910 Χ ca. 1.5 cm; middle and upper pinnae broadly lanceolate, 1012 Χ 2.53.5 cm, base truncate or sometimes slightly overlaying rachis on acroscopic side, pinnate-pinnatipartite, apex acuminate; pinnules ca. 12 pairs, alternate, often reflexed, lanceolate, basal pinnules 11.5 cm Χ 56 mm, base inequilateral, truncate, parallel to rachis on acroscopic side, narrowly cuneate on basiscopic side, subsessile, pinnatipartite to wing of costules, apex acuminate; pinnule segments 69 pairs, acroscopic segment usually larger than basiscopic segment, oblong, margin with irregular teeth, apex obtuse; veins visible abaxially, pinnate in pinnule segments; lateral veins 2 or 3 pairs, simple, extending to tooth tip. Lamina herbaceous when dried, pale green, glabrate. Sori round or horseshoe-shaped, 13 per segment (often 2 or 3 pairs in basal segments); indusia pale brown, horseshoe-shaped, thickly membranous, ciliate at margin, persistent. Perispore surface without folds, with granular ornamentation.
* Understories of sparse forests, streamsides, grassy damp areas; 5002100 m. Chongqing, N Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang.
The type is from Jiangxi.
百山祖蹄盖蕨 bai shan zu ti gai jue
Fertile fronds 5075 cm; stipe upward stramineous, 3038 cm, ca. 1.5 mm in diam., base clothed with brownish, narrowly lanceolate scales, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate, ovate-lanceolate, 3242 Χ 1620 cm, base slightly narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnae ca. 12 pairs, basal 1(or 2) pairs of pinnae nearly opposite, upper pinnae alternate, slightly ascending, with stalk ca. 3 mm; basal pinnae slightly shortened, 810 Χ 2.43 cm, base slightly narrowed; second basal pinnae lanceolate, 911 Χ 2.63.6 cm at base, base broadened, pinnate, apex caudate-acuminate; pinnules 912 pairs, alternate, stalked (stalk ca. 1 mm), anadromic, reflexed, ovate-triangular; basal acroscopic pinnules larger, 1.32 Χ 11.2 cm, base nearly equilateral, rounded-cuneate, pinnatipartite nearly to costae, apex acute; pinnule segments 46 pairs, suboblong, ascending, with 2 or 3 teeth at apex; veins visible on both surfaces, pinnate in segments, 2 or 3 pairs, oblique, simple. Lamina herbaceous when dried, dark green, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae stramineous, glabrate abaxially, very shortly spiny adaxially. Sori oblong or J-shaped, often covering entire surface of pinnules when mature; indusia brown, oblong or J-shaped, membranous, subentire or somewhat ciliate, persistent. Perispore surface without folds.
* Forest understories in valleys; ca. 1000 m. S Zhejiang (Baishanzu, Qingyuan).
Athyrium baishanzuense is very similar to A. devolii, but differs by the pinnules ovate-triangular, acute at apex, pinnatipartite nearly to costules, and prominently stalked (stalk ca. 1 mm).
昴山蹄盖蕨 mao shan ti gai jue
Fertile fronds up to 68 cm; stipe upward brownish stramineous, ca. 30 cm, base ca. 2.5 mm in diam., clothed with brownish, lanceolate scales, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate, ovate, up to 38 Χ ca. 26 cm, base slightly narrowed, apex abruptly narrowed; pinnae 9 pairs under abruptly narrowed apex, basal pinnae opposite or subopposite, upper pinnae alternate, subspreading, subsessile; basal pinnae prominently shortened, 89 Χ ca. 2.8 cm, base narrowed; third to fifth pairs of pinnae subequal, lanceolate, up to 13 Χ 3.2 cm, base slightly narrowed, subequilateral, truncate, pinnate, apex acuminate; pinnules 1516 pairs, alternate, reflexed, sessile, oblong, ca. 1.5 cm Χ 78 mm, base inequilateral, rounded-cuneate on acroscopic side, narrowly cuneate and decurrent on basiscopic side, pinnatilobate, with several triangular small teeth, obtuse-rounded at apex; pinnule segments 4 or 5 pairs, with 2 or 3 short teeth at apex, basal acroscopic pinnules often overlaying rachis; veins inconspicuous adaxially, visible abaxially, pinnate per pinnule, basal acroscopic veins often pinnate, basiscopic veins usually simple. Lamina herbaceous when dried, greenish brown adaxially, dark green abaxially, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae brownish stramineous, glabrate abaxially, with short spines adaxially. Sori elliptic or J-shaped, 4 or 5 pairs per pinnule, biserial on both sides of costule; indusia brown, elliptic or J-shaped, membranous, ciliate at margin, persistent. Perispore surface without folds.
* Forest understories in valleys; ca. 1200 m. S Zhejiang (Longquan, Maoshan).
Athyrium maoshanense is very similar to A. devolii, but differs by the pinnules oblong, rounded-obtuse at apex, connate to each other by a narrow wing, and sori mostly oblong, sometimes J-shaped.
峨嵋蹄盖蕨 e mei ti gai jue
Athyrium amplissimum Ching, Boufford & K. H. Shing (1983), not (Baker) Holttum (1955); A. filix-femina (Linnaeus) Roth var. flavicoma H. Christ; A. flavicoma (H. Christ) Ching; A. parapellucidum Ching; A. pellucidum Ching.
Rhizomes short, stout, erect, apex densely scaly; scales brown or red-brown, shiny, linear, linear-lanceolate, or lanceolate. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 50150 cm; stipe blackish brown at base, upward brown-stramineous, (20)4060 cm, 35 mm in diam., base similarly densely scaly; lamina 2- or 3-pinnate, oblong-ovate or broadly ovate, (24)4566 Χ (20)3040 cm, base not narrowed or slightly narrowed, rounded-cuneate, apex acuminate; pinnae 1215 pairs, lower pinnae subopposite, upper pinnae alternate, slightly ascending, with stalk ca. 1 cm or subsessile; basal pinnae slightly larger than subbasal 2 or 3 pairs of pinnae, broadly lanceolate, 1225 Χ (4)610 cm, base slightly narrowed, apex acuminate; middle pinnae narrowly lanceolate, pinnate; pinnules pinnatipartite to 2-pinnate; second basal and upper pinnae gradually shortened, not narrowed toward base; pinnules ca. 20 pairs, alternate; basal pinnules subopposite, ascending, lower 2 or 3 pairs of pinnae slightly shortened; middle pinnae longer, falcate-lanceolate, (1.5)3.55 Χ (0.6)11.2 cm, base equilateral, rounded-truncate, acroscopically close to costae, basiscopically cuneate, or base inequilateral, truncate on acroscopic side, somewhat auriculate, cuneate on basiscopic side, subsessile or shortly stalked, pinnate or pinnatipartite nearly to costules, apex acuminate or acute; pinnule segments (8)1215 pairs, oblique, basal segments larger, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 69 Χ 1.52 mm, margin toothed or pinnatilobate, apex acute, with few small teeth; segments dense, basal acroscopic and basiscopic segments almost equal or acroscopic segments larger; veins visible abaxially, slightly visible adaxially, pinnate in segments, lateral veins 25 pairs, oblique, lower veins forked, upper veins simple. Lamina firmly herbaceous when dried, greenish brown, glabrate; rachis, costae, and costules brown-stramineous, with subulate spines on adaxial side at base of costa or costule, abaxially with sparse brownish lanceolate scales. Sori round or horseshoe-shaped, 16 per segment, biserial on both sides of costule; indusia brown, nearly round-reniform or horseshoe-shaped, membranous, entire, persistent. Perispore surface without folds.
* Wet areas of forest understories, forest margins, streamsides, rock crevices; 9003000 m. Chongqing, SE Gansu, NW Guizhou, NW Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, N Yunnan.
The type is from Sichuan (Emei Shan).
中间蹄盖蕨 zhong jian ti gai jue
Rhizomes erect, apex densely clothed with castaneous or brown, narrowly lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 7085 cm; stipe brown-stramineous at base, upward shiny, 2833 cm, ca. 3 mm in diam., base similarly scaly, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate, ovate, 2830 Χ 2026 cm, base broadly cuneate, apex somewhat abruptly narrowed; pinnae ca. 13 pairs, basal 2(or 3) pairs of pinnae subopposite; upper pinnae alternate, ascending, stalked (stalk ca. 3 mm); lower 3 or 4 pairs of pinnae subequal, oblong-lanceolate, ca. 15 Χ 33.5 cm, base slightly narrowed, pinnate, apex shortly acuminate; upper pinnae gradually smaller; pinnules ca. 20 pairs, alternate, spreading, basal pinnules shortly stalked; upper pinnules sessile, oblong, ca. 1.8 cm Χ 68 mm, base broadly cuneate, auriculate on acroscopic side, pinnatilobate, apex obtuse-rounded; pinnule segments 46 pairs, with 2 or 3 teeth at margin, apex subrounded; veins somewhat visible adaxially, visible abaxially, 2- or 3-forked in segments. Lamina herbaceous when dried, dark brown, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae abaxially brown-stramineous, with sparse short glandular hairs, with subulate spines on adaxial side at base of costa or costule. Sori elliptic, inframedial on acroscopic veins, 46 pairs per pinnule, biserial on both sides of costule; indusia brown, elliptic, membranous, entire, persistent. Perispore surface without folds, with granular ornamentation.
* Roadsides on mountain slopes; 9001600 m. Anhui, Zhejiang.
The type is from Anhui (Huang Shan).
川西蹄盖蕨 chuan xi ti gai jue
Rhizomes erect, apex densely clothed with brown, narrowly lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds up to 1.2 m; stipe blackish brown at base, upward brown-stramineous, shiny, ca. 40 cm, base ca. 5 mm in diam., similarly scaly, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate, ovate-oblong, 5060 Χ 1820 cm, base narrowly cuneate, apex acuminate; pinnae more than 20 pairs, alternate, lower pinnae strongly ascending, upper pinnae ascending, subsessile or shortly stalked (stalk ca. 2 mm); basal pinnae larger, linear-lanceolate, up to 27 Χ ca. 5 cm at middle, base narrowed, pinnate, apex caudate-acuminate; second basal and upper pinnae similar to basal pinnae but gradually shortened, but not narrowed or broader at base; pinnules ca. 28 pairs, alternate, spreading or subspreading, lower pinnules gradually shortened, basal pinnules ca. 1.2 cm; middle pinnules broadly lanceolate, 2.43 cm Χ 912 mm at base, base broadened, subequilateral, broadly cuneate, subsessile, pinnatipartite to 3/4 to costule, apex shortly acuminate; pinnule segments 810 pairs, slightly oblique, approximate, oblong, 2.53 Χ ca. 2 mm, margin entire or sparsely serrulate, apex obtuse-rounded, with 36 triangular teeth; veins visible on both surfaces, pinnate in segments, lateral veins 2 or 3 pairs, oblique, simple. Lamina thickly papery when dried, grass green, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae abaxially stramineous, slightly pale purplish red, glabrate, with subulate spines on adaxial side at base of costa or costule, midribs of pinnules also with subulate short spines. Sori elliptic, round-reniform, J-shaped, or horseshoe-shaped, 1 per segment, 24 in basal segment, subcostular; indusia orange-brown, elliptic, round-reniform, J-shaped, or horseshoe-shaped, membranous, somewhat erose at margin, persistent. Perispore surface without folds.
* Grassy mountain slopes; ca. 2800 m. W Sichuan (Baoxing).
齿尖蹄盖蕨 jian chi ti gai jue
Rhizomes short, erect, apex densely clothed with dark brown or blackish brown, shiny, broadly lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds ca. 60 cm; stipe blackish brown at base, upward pale green-stramineous, shiny, 3035 cm, base ca. 1.5 mm in diam., similarly densely scaly, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate, oblong, 2830 Χ 1822 cm, base not narrowed, broadly rounded, apex acuminate; pinnae ca. 12 pairs, alternate, ascending, with stalk up to 5 mm; basal pinnae narrowly oblong, up to 12 cm Χ ca. 5 cm, base subequilateral, rounded-cuneate, pinnate, apex long acuminate; pinnules ca. 12 pairs, alternate, anadromic, subspreading, separate from each other, lower pinnules shortly stalked (stalk ca. 1.5 mm), upper pinnules sessile; basal basiscopic pinnules longer, narrowly oblong, up to 3.5 Χ ca. 1.3 mm, base inequilateral, truncate and somewhat auriculate on acroscopic side, cuneate on basiscopic side, decurrent, pinnatipartite, apex obtuse; pinnule segments 7 or 8 pairs, slightly oblique, approximate, narrowly oblong, basal acroscopic segments larger, nearly free, 78 Χ ca. 3 mm, pinnatilobate, small segments with 2 or 3 teeth at apex; upper segments smaller, 56 Χ ca. 2 mm, obtuse-truncate and with 46 teeth at apex, margin subentire; other pinnules smaller, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, apex obtuse-rounded or acute; second basal pinnae slightly narrowed, ca. 4 cm wide at base; pinnules ca. 2 cm, base subequilateral, truncate on acroscopic side, cuneate on basiscopic side, pinnatipartite, apex obtuse-rounded or acute; pinnule segments 4 or 5 pairs, oblong, truncate and with 46 teeth at apex; third basal and upper pinnae similar to second basal pinnae but gradually shortened; veins visible on both surfaces, pinnate in segments, lateral veins 24 pairs, simple. Lamina herbaceous when dried, greenish brown, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae stramineous, glabrate abaxially, with subulate spines on adaxial side at base of costae or costules. Sori oblong, 1 per segment, 35 sori on basal acroscopic segments, costular; indusia brown, oblong, occasionally J-shaped, membranous, margin erose, persistent. Perispore surface without folds.
* Understories of coniferous forests; ca. 2600 m. SE Xizang (Medog, Namjagbarwa).
The type is from Xizang (Medog).
尖头蹄盖蕨 jian tou ti gai jue
Rhizomes short, erect, apex densely clothed with dark brown or red-brown, linear-lanceolate, fibriform-tipped scales. Fronds caespitose; stipe blackish brown at base, upward stramineous, as long as lamina, base densely scaly, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate, narrowly ovate or deltoid-ovate, base not narrowed, apex abruptly narrowed, long acuminate; pinnae ca. 912 pairs, lower pinnae subopposite, upper pinnae alternate, ascending, stalked, lanceolate, middle pinnae 1015 Χ 24 cm, base equilateral, rounded-truncate and slightly narrowed, pinnate, apex long acuminate, sometimes caudate; pinnules ca. 15 or 16 pairs, alternate, subspreading, sessile, lower pinnules oblong-lanceolate or oblong, 1.22.2 cm Χ 410 mm at middle, base inequilateral, truncate and auriculate on acroscopic side, cuneate on basiscopic side, margin often shallowly lobed or toothed, apex acute; veins inconspicuous adaxially, visible abaxially, pinnate in pinnules, lateral veins ca. 7 pairs, oblique, lower veins forked, pinnate in auriculate lobes and segments. Lamina papery when dried, greenish brown, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis stramineous, sometimes pale purplish red, costae usually pale red-purple or brown-stramineous abaxially, glabrate or glandular hairy, with subulate spines on adaxial side at base of costae or costules. Sori oblong or shortly linear, 37 pairs per pinnule, biserial on both sides of costule, inframedial; indusia brownish, oblong, sometimes J-shaped at pinnular base, membranous, margin entire or irregularly toothed, erose or occasionally ciliate, persistent. Perispore surface without folds. 2n = 160.
Understories of valley forests, damp areas at streamsides; 5002700 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, S Henan, Hubei, Hunan, W Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].
The type is from Japan.
1a. Pinnules oblong-lanceolate, 1.22 cm Χ 45 mm; costae usually pale red-purple abaxially, glabrate or hairy 55a. var. vidalii
1b. Pinnules oblong, 22.2 Χ ca. 1 cm; costae brown-stramineous, slightly pale purplish red, with dense brown short glandular hairs abaxially ............................................................................. 55b. var. amabile
尖头蹄盖蕨(原变种) jian tou ti gai jue (yuan bian zhong)
Asplenium vidalii Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 229, 624. 1879; Athyrium commixtum Koidzumi; A. glabrescens Ching, [glabrescense]; A. kanghsienense Ching & Y. P. Hsu; A. mabianense Ching & Y. T. Hsieh; A. neowardii Ching; A. taipaishanense Ching; A. vidalii var. confusum Miyabe & Kudτ; A. vidalii var. yamadae Miyabe & Tatewaki; A. wugongshanense Ching & Y. T. Hsieh; A. yamadae Miyabe & Kudτ.
Pinnules oblong-lanceolate, 1.22 cm Χ 45 mm; costae usually pale red-purple abaxially, glabrate or hairy. 2n = 160.
Understories of valley forests, damp areas at streamsides; 6002700 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, S Henan, Hubei, Hunan, W Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].
松谷蹄盖蕨 song gu ti gai jue
Athyrium amabile Ching, Acta Bot. Boreal.-Occid. Sin. 6(1): 16. 1986.
Pinnules oblong, 22.2 Χ ca. 1 cm; costae brown-stramineous, slightly pale purplish red, with dense brown short glandular hairs abaxially.
* Understories of valley forests, wet areas; 5001500 m. Zhejiang.
Athyrium vidalii var. amabile is very similar to A. hirtirachis, but differs by the wing of costae glabrate at margin and lamina broadly ovate.
川滇蹄盖蕨 chuan dian ti gai jue
Rhizomes short, erect, apex densely scaly; scales blackish brown in central part, brown in marginal part, narrowly lanceolate. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds (25)5085(120) cm; stipe blackish brown at base, upward stramineous, (12)2540(60) cm, (1.5)2.53.5(7) mm in diam., base similarly densely scaly, upward glabrate; lamina pinnate, narrowly triangular or deltoid-oblong, (13)3545(60) Χ (15)2430(50) cm, base not narrowed, apex somewhat abruptly narrowed; pinnae pinnatisect to 2-pinnate and pinnules pinnatipartite; pinnae (10)1420 pairs, alternate, ascending, shortly stalked (stalk 35 mm), in small plants basal pinnae shortened, in larger plants basal pinnae nearly as long as second basal pinnae or slightly longer, subopposite, oblong-lanceolate, (3)2230 Χ (1.5)57 cm at middle, shortly acuminate to caudate-acuminate at apex, abruptly narrowed at base, pinnatisect to pinnate-pinnatipartite; pinnules up to 2024 pairs, alternate, ascending, oblong-lanceolate, lanceolate, or ovate-oblong, middle pinnules 2.23.5(4) cm Χ 512 mm, base subequilateral, subtruncate, somewhat auriculate on acroscopic side, rounded-cuneate on basiscopic side, slightly adnate to costae, pinnatilobate to pinnatipartite, apex obtuse, acute, or acuminate; pinnule segments up to 810 pairs, oblong, 36 Χ ca. 2.5 mm, apex rounded and with few short teeth; upper pinnae similar to basal pinnae and gradually smaller, but slightly narrowed or broadened at base; veins visible on both surfaces, pinnate in segments, lateral veins 2 or 3 pairs, oblique, simple. Lamina papery when dried, pale green, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae stramineous, with sparse pallid short hairs, densely pubescent or glabrate abaxially, with subulate spines on adaxial side at base of costa or costule. Sori shortly linear, J-shaped, sometimes horseshoe-shaped, only 1 per segment, 24 on basal acroscopic segments; indusia brown, shortly linear, J-shaped, sometimes horseshoe-shaped, membranous, subentire, persistent. Perispore surface without folds. 2n = 80, 160, 240.
Forest understories, wet areas, common; 8003800 m. Chongqing, SE Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, NW Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, SE Xizang, Yunnan [Afghanistan, N India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand, Vietnam].
The type is from NW India.
1a. Costae glabrate; pinnules obtuse at apex .................................................. 56a. var. glabratum
1b. Costae pubescent abaxially; pinnules acuminate, acute, or obtuse at apex.
2a. Costae with sparse pallid short hairs abaxially; pinnules oblong-lanceolate, 2.23.5(4) cm Χ 912 mm, apex obtuse or acute .............................................................................. 56a. var. mackinnonii
2b. Costae densely pubescent abaxially; pinnules lanceolate, 57 mm wide, apex acuminate 56b. var. yigongense
川滇蹄盖蕨(原变种) chuan dian ti gai jue (yuan bian zhong)
Asplenium mackinnonii C. Hope, J. Bot., London, 34: 124. 1896; Athyrium caudipinna Ching; A. varians Ching & Z. Y. Liu.
Costae with sparse pallid short hairs abaxially; pinnules oblong-lanceolate, 2.23.5(4) cm Χ 912 mm, apex obtuse or acute.
Forest understories, wet areas, common; 8003800 m. Chongqing, SE Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, NW Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, SE Xizang, Yunnan [Afghanistan, N India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand, Vietnam].
易贡蹄盖蕨 yi gong ti gai jue
Costae densely pubescent abaxially; pinnules lanceolate, 57 mm wide, acuminate at apex.
* Forest understories; 23002400 m. SE Xizang.
The type is from Xizang (Yigong).
光轴蹄盖蕨 guang zhou ti gai jue
Costae glabrate abaxially; pinnules ovate-oblong, 810 mm wide, obtuse at apex.
* Forest understories; ca. 2400 m. SE Xizang.
The type is from Xizang.
泸定蹄盖蕨 lu ding ti gai jue
Rhizomes short, erect, apex densely clothed with dark brown, membranous, linear-lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds up to 68 cm; stipe pale stramineous, ca. 25 cm, ca. 4 mm in diam. at base, base similarly densely scaly, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate, deltoid-ovate, 43 Χ 23 cm at base, base slightly narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnules pinnatipartite; pinnae 16 pairs, basal 1 or 2 pairs of pinnae subopposite, upper pinnae alternate, ascending, very shortly stalked (stalk ca. 1 mm), oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, 3 or 4 pairs of lower pinnae slightly narrowed at base, pinnules anadromic or subopposite; upper pinnae not narrowed or broadened at base, pinnules catadromic; middle pinnules 1014 cm Χ 24 cm at middle, base subequilateral, truncate, somewhat auriculate on acroscopic side, cuneate on basiscopic side, pinnate, apex long acuminate to somewhat caudate; pinnules 1520 pairs, lower pinnules opposite, upper pinnules alternate, oblong to deltoid-ovate; middle pinnules 1.21.7 cm Χ 35 mm, sessile, spreading or slightly ascending, base inequilateral, cuneate on basiscopic side, auriculate on acroscopic side, dentate or pinnatifid at margin, apex acute; pinnule segments 5 or 6 pairs, oblong, apex dentate; veins visible abaxially, slightly visible adaxially, pinnate in pinnules, lateral veins 4 or 5 pairs, oblique, 1 or 2 veins forked per segment. Lamina herbaceous when dried, pale green; rachis and costae stramineous, with sparse brownish short hairs abaxially, margin of wing of costae, both surfaces of lamina, and margin of segments similarly shortly hairy, with subulate spines on adaxial side at base of costa or costule. Sori oblong, elliptic, shortly linear, or J-shaped, sometimes horseshoe-shaped, 12.5 mm, 46 pairs per pinnule, biserial on both sides of costule, 1 per segment, inframedial on basal acroscopic veins, but often 2 or 3 in basal acroscopic pinnule segments; indusia brown, oblong, elliptic, or shortly linear, sometimes horseshoe-shaped, rarely J-shaped, membranous, erose at margin, persistent. Perispore surface without folds.
* Forest understories; ca. 2700 m. Sichuan (Hailuogou, Luding).
Athyrium ludingense is very close to A. hirtirachis, but differs by the adaxial surface of lamina and the margin of segments sparsely shortly hairy, the abaxial surface of costae and the margin of costa wings rather densely shortly hairy, and the pinnules narrowly triangular to deltoid-oblong, and acute at apex.
毛轴蹄盖蕨 mao zhou ti gai jue
Athyrium gonggaense Z. R. Wang & L. B. Zhang.
Rhizomes short, erect, apex densely clothed with dark brown, membranous, linear-lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds up to 65106 cm; stipe pale stramineous, 3040 cm, 34 mm in diam. at base, base similarly densely scaly, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate-pinnatipartite, oblong or deltoid-oblong, 3361 Χ (7)2246 cm at base, base slightly narrowed or almost not narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnae (8)1418 pairs, basal 1 or 2 pairs subopposite, upper pinnae alternate, ascending, shortly stalked (stalk ca. 3 mm), oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, basal pinnae slightly narrowed at base, pinnules anadromic; upper pinnae not narrowed or broadened at base, pinnules catadromic; middle pinnae (3.5)1322 Χ (1.5)46 cm at middle, base subequilateral, truncate or somewhat auriculate on acroscopic side, cuneate on basiscopic side, pinnate, apex long acuminate to somewhat caudate; pinnules (5)1422 pairs, lower pinnules opposite, upper pinnules alternate, oblong to deltoid-ovate; middle pinnules 1.82.2 cm Χ ca. 7 mm, sessile, spreading or slightly ascending, base inequilateral, auriculate on acroscopic side, cuneate on basiscopic side, dentate or pinnatilobate to 1/2 at margin, apex obtuse-rounded to obtuse; pinnule segments 5 or 6 pairs, oblong, dentate at apex; veins visible abaxially, slightly visible adaxially, pinnate in pinnules, lateral veins 36 pairs, oblique, 24 veins forked per segment. Lamina herbaceous when dried, pale green; rachis and costae stramineous, slightly purplish red, with sparse brownish short hairs abaxially, hairs rather dense on middle and lower parts of costae on abaxial side, short hairs sparse on margin of costa wings, costules, and veins, with subulate spines on adaxial side at base of costa or costule. Sori oblong, elliptic, shortly linear, or J-shaped, sometimes horseshoe-shaped, 13 mm, 46 pairs per pinnule, biserial on both sides of costule, 1 per segment, inframedial on basal acroscopic veins, often 24 on basal acroscopic pinnule segments; indusia brown, oblong, elliptic, or shortly linear, sometimes horseshoe-shaped, rarely J-shaped, membranous, erose at margin, persistent. Perispore surface without folds.
* Forest understories; 18003200 m. SE Gansu, Sichuan.
The type is from Gansu (Kangxian).
Athyrium hirtirachis morphologically is intermediate between A. mackinnonii and A. dubium. It differs from the former in the distal part of costae rather densely shortly hairy abaxially, and the margin of wings ± hairy. It also differs from the latter in the pinnae shortly stalked, the lowest pinnae broader, sori longer, and the scales at stipe base linear-lanceolate.
中锡蹄盖蕨 zhong xi ti gai jue
Rhizomes short, erect, apex densely clothed with dark brown, narrowly lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds (12)75100 cm; stipe stramineous, 432 cm, 13.6 mm in diam., base similarly densely scaly, upward sparsely scaly; lamina pinnate-pinnatipartite to 2-pinnate, oblong, 1240(60) Χ 523(32) cm at middle, base hardly narrowed, apex acuminate and pinnatifid; pinnae 1018 pairs, basal 24 pairs opposite, separated from each other, upper pinnae alternate, spreading, sessile; basal pinnae slightly shortened, (1.5)910 cm, slightly narrowed at base, reflexed; middle pinnae lanceolate, up to 1216 Χ 23 cm, base equilateral, truncate, slightly broadened, pinnatipartite nearly to costae, apex acuminate and toothed; pinnules (or pinna segments) up to 24 pairs, usually deltoid-oblong, basal pinnules longer, ca. 1 cm Χ 3.5 mm, connate with each other by narrow wing of costa, dentate at margin, apex subacute to acuminate; veins somewhat visible, pinnate in pinnules, lateral veins 47 pairs, simple (basal acroscopic veins frequently forked). Lamina papery when dried, brown, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae stramineous, with very short spines on adaxial surface in distal part of costa, often with rather dense pallid unicellular hairs abaxially, with hairs also at sinus between segments. Sori large, oblong, 5 or 6 pairs per pinnule, supramedial on veins, reaching pinna margin; indusia brown, oblong, thickly membranous, subentire, persistent, often hidden under sporangia at maturity. Perispore surface without folds. 2n = 80.
Understories of bamboo and coniferous forests on gentle mountain slopes; 23003600 m. W Sichuan, Xizang, NW Yunnan [N India].
The type is from Sikkim.
石生蹄盖蕨 shi sheng ti gai jue
Rhizomes erect, apex densely clothed with red-brown, lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 2030 cm; stipe stramineous, 915 cm, ca. 1.5 mm in diam., base similarly scaly, upward glabrate; lamina pinnate-pinnatifid, lanceolate, 1015 Χ 3.55 cm at middle, base slightly narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnae 1315 pairs, lower pinnae opposite, upper pinnae alternate, spreading, sessile, basal pinnae shortened, 23 cm Χ 79 mm at base, base not narrowed or slightly broadened, pinnatipartite, apex shortly acuminate; pinna segments 68 pairs, basal segments opposite or subopposite, upper segments alternate, spreading or slightly ascending, approximate, oblong, middle segments ca. 3 Χ 1.5 mm, margin dentate, apex truncate or rounded with 3 or 4 teeth; veins inconspicuous on both surfaces, pinnate in segments, lateral veins 3 or 4 pairs, simple, sometimes forked on basal acroscopic segments. Lamina herbaceous when dried, brown-green, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis stramineous, glabrate abaxially, wing of costae with short hairs at margin; rachis and costae with short spines adaxially. Sori round, 1 per segment, sometimes 2 or 3 in lower segments, on basal acroscopic veins; indusia brown, horseshoe-shaped, thickly membranous, entire, persistent. Perispore surface without folds.
* Rock crevices; ca. 3200 m. Sichuan (Emei Shan, Jinding).
波密蹄盖蕨 bo mi ti gai jue
Fertile fronds 3640 cm; stipe blackish brown at base, upward brown-stramineous, 1720 cm, 1.53.5 mm in diam. at base, upward glabrate; lamina bipinnatipartite, oblong-lanceolate, up to 20 Χ ca. 10 cm at middle, base not narrowed and subtruncate, apex shortly acuminate; pinnae 1618 pairs, basal pinnae opposite, upper pinnae alternate, spreading, sessile, basal pinnae slightly shortened, not narrowed, broader, subtruncate at base, subbasal pinnae linear-lanceolate, 4.34.8 Χ ca. 1.2 cm at middle, base widened, truncate, pinnatipartite, apex shortly acuminate; pinna segments ca. 14 pairs, spreading, separate from each other, rhomboid, ca. 4.5 Χ 2 mm, margin subentire, apex rounded-truncate, with 35 teeth; upper pinnae similar to second basal pinnae, gradually shortened. Veins inconspicuous adaxially, visible abaxially, pinnate in segments, lateral veins 2 or 3 pairs, oblique, simple. Lamina thickly papery when dried, greenish brown, with sparse pale short hairs on adaxial surface, subglabrate abaxially; rachis brownish stramineous, wing of costae with short hairs at margin, purplish red abaxially, rachis and costa with needle-shaped thick spines on adaxial side at base of costa or costule. Sori round or elliptic, 15 per segment, often up to 6 in basal acroscopic segments; indusia brown, horseshoe-shaped or elliptic, rarely round-reniform, membranous, entire, persistent. Perispore surface without folds.
* Shrub groves; ca. 4100 m. SE Xizang.
The type is from Xizang (Bomi).
狭叶蹄盖蕨 xia ye ti gai jue
Asplenium filix-femina var. flabellulata C. B. Clarke, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 1: 493. 1880; Athyrium filix-femina Roth var. deltoidea H. Christ, p.p.; A. filix-femina var. flabellulata (C. B. Clarke) Beddome; A. tenuifolium Y. T. Hsieh & C. R. Wang (1983), non Copeland (1929).
Rhizomes short, erect, apex densely clothed with brown or chestnut-brown, ovate or ovate-lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 3740 cm; stipe blackish brown at base, upward stramineous, 1013 cm, 1.52.5 mm in diam. at base, base similarly densely scaly, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate, lanceolate, 2732 Χ 79 cm at middle, base gradually narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnae ca. 18 pairs, lower pinnae opposite, upper pinnae alternate, ascending, lowest 4 pairs of pinnae gradually shortened; basal pinnae ovate-oblong, 22.5 Χ 1.42 cm; middle pinnae lanceolate, 4.56.5 Χ 1.52 cm at middle, base truncate and broadened, basal acroscopic base overlaying rachis, pinnate, apex acuminate; pinnules 811 pairs, basal pinnules subopposite, upper pinnules alternate; middle pinnules spreading, sessile, oblong or narrowly ovate, 810 Χ 45 mm at middle, base broadly cuneate, slightly inequilateral, somewhat auriculate on acroscopic side, cuneate on basiscopic side, pinnatifid to 1/31/2, apex obtuse or acute, toothed; pinnule segments oblong, toothed at margin; veins pinnate in pinnules, 5 pairs, lower veins forked, upper veins simple. Lamina herbaceous when dried, brown-green adaxially, yellow-green abaxially, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae pale purplish red abaxially, with subulate short spines adaxially. Sori oblong, sometimes J-shaped, 1 per segment, uniserial on each side of midrib, slightly more close to midrib; indusia brown, oblong, sometimes J-shaped, firmly membranous, subentire or ciliate, persistent. Perispore surface without folds, with granular ornamentation. 2n = 80.
Understories of coniferous forests; (2800)3700(4000) m. SE Xizang [Himalaya, India, Nepal].
The type is from Sikkim.
Athyrium flabellulatum is morphologically intermediate between A. mehrae and Pseudocystopteris davidii, and has erect rhizomes and subulate short spines on the adaxial side of the rachis and costae.
大相岭蹄盖蕨 da xiang ling ti gai jue
Rhizomes short, erect, apex clothed with red-brown, linear scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 3750 cm; stipe blackish brown at base, upward stramineous, shiny, 1828 cm, ca. 2.2 mm in diam. at base, base similarly scaly, upward glabrate; lamina nearly 2-pinnate, narrowly ovate, ca. 25 Χ 13 cm at middle, base slightly narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnae ca. 16 pairs, basal pinnae opposite, upper pinnae alternate, subspreading, subsessile, base slightly narrowed; middle pinnae lanceolate, up to 7 Χ ca. 1.5 cm, base equilateral, truncate, slightly broadened, nearly pinnate, apex acuminate; pinnules ca. 15 pairs, basal pinnae opposite, upper pinnae alternate, spreading, approximate, oblong, ca. 7 Χ 3.5 mm, base decurrent and adnate to costa wing, somewhat crenate at margin, apex rounded and with 35 teeth; veins visible abaxially, pinnate in pinnules, lateral veins 5 or 6 pairs, oblique, simple, or forked on basal acroscopic side. Lamina papery when dried, yellow-green, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis stramineous, with short hairs, costae pale red-purple, with sparse short hairs abaxially, with subulate spines on basiscopic margin of adaxial groove at costa or costule bases. Sori elliptic, 3 or 4 pairs per pinnule (or segments), inframedial on costules; indusia brown, similar to sori in shape, occasionally J-shaped, membranous, erose at margin, persistent. Perispore surface without folds, with granular ornamentation.
* Meadows on mountain slopes; 22002500 m. W Sichuan, Yunnan.
The type is from Sichuan (Daxiangling).
钝顶蹄盖蕨 dun ding ti gai jue
Rhizomes erect, apex densely clothed with brown, linear-lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 48100 cm; stipe blackish brown at base, upward stramineous, 2244 cm, up to 4 mm in diam. at base, base similarly densely scaly, upward with sparse small scales; lamina 2-pinnate, oblong or ovate-oblong, 2854 Χ 1836 cm, base slightly narrowed, apex somewhat abruptly narrowed; pinnae 79 pairs below abruptly narrowed tip, basal 1 or 2 pairs of pinnae subopposite, upper pinnae alternate, subspreading or ascending, with short stalk 12 mm or sessile, basal pinnae slightly shortened, narrowed to base; middle pinnae narrowly lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 922 Χ 2.84.8 cm, base subequilateral, truncate and parallel to rachis on acroscopic side, broadly cuneate on basiscopic side, pinnate, apex long acuminate or somewhat caudate; pinnules 1025 pairs, basal pinnules subopposite, upper pinnules alternate, spreading, shortly stalked or sessile, narrowly oblong, 12.5 cm Χ 410 mm, base widened, subtruncate, auriculate and parallel to rachis on acroscopic side, broadly cuneate on basiscopic side, decurrent and sometimes adnate to wing of costae, cut to 1/2, apex obtuse-rounded or acute; pinnule segments 49 pairs, subsquare, ascending, margin with 2 or 3 small teeth; upper pinnae similar to middle pinnae and gradually smaller, base not narrowed; veins visible on both surfaces, slightly protuberant and pale red-purple abaxially, forked or pinnate in segments. Lamina papery when dried, greenish brown, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae stramineous, with sparse small scales and short hairs abaxially, with subulate spines on adaxial side at base of costa or costule. Sori round-reniform, J-shaped, horseshoe-shaped, or oblong, inframedial on basal acroscopic veins, 1 per segment, biserial on both sides of costule; indusia brown, round-reniform, J-shaped, horseshoe-shaped, or oblong, membranous, ciliate at margin, persistent. Perispore surface without folds, with reticulate ornamentation, reticulation size unequal.
* Understories of shrub forests; 25003400 m. NW Yunnan.
The type is from Yunnan (Yezhi, Weixi).
宝兴蹄盖蕨 bao xing ti gai jue
Rhizomes short, erect, apex densely clothed with dark brown, linear-lanceolate, fibriform-tipped scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 80100 cm; stipe blackish brown at base, upward stramineous, 3550 cm, ca. 4 mm in diam. at base, base similarly densely scaly, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate, oblong-lanceolate, 4050 Χ 1215 cm at middle, base slightly narrowed, apex long acuminate; pinnae 1216 pairs, lower pinnae subopposite, upper pinnae alternate, slightly ascending, subsessile or shortly stalked (stalk ca. 1.5 mm), lower 2 or 3 pairs of pinnae subequal in size, lanceolate, slightly curved upward, 1215 Χ 2.53 cm, long caudate-acuminate, base subcordate, pinnate; pinnules 1517 pairs, basal pinnules subopposite, slightly larger, ovate-oblong, alongside rachis, pinnatilobate; upper pinnules alternate, subspreading; basal 2 or 3 pairs of pinnules deltoid-oblong, 11.3 cm Χ 57 mm, base inequilateral, truncate, auriculate on acroscopic side, cuneate on basiscopic side, decurrent and slightly adnate to costae, biserrate at margin, apex acute; fourth basal and upper pinnules gradually smaller, decurrent and adnate to wing of costae; veins somewhat visible adaxially, protuberant abaxially, pinnate in pinnules, lateral veins ca. 6 pairs, oblique, forked, but pinnate on basal acroscopic side. Lamina subleathery when dried, greenish brown, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae stramineous, with short glandular hairs abaxially, with subulate spines on adaxial side. Sori oblong, sometimes J-shaped, 4 or 5 pairs per pinnule, inframedial; indusia brownish, oblong, sometimes J-shaped, membranous, entire, partly fugacious when mature. Perispore surface without folds, ornate, net ridge disconnect, sometimes granular.
* Forest understories in alpine mountains; ca. 2500 m. SW Sichuan.
The type is from Sichuan (Baoxing).
金沙江蹄盖蕨 jin sha jiang ti gai jue
Rhizomes short, erect, apex clothed with red-brown, lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds to 55 cm; stipe blackish brown, upward stramineous, up to 25 cm, base ca. 1.8 mm in diam., densely clothed with scales, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate, oblong, 2530 Χ ca. 16 cm at middle, base slightly narrowed, subrounded, apex acuminate; pinnae ca. 15 pairs, lower pinnae opposite, upper pinnae alternate, subspreading, subsessile, basal pinnae slightly shortened, up to 7 cm, base slightly narrowed; third basal pinnae lanceolate, up to 10 cm Χ 22.4 cm, base equilateral, subtruncate, pinnate, apex acuminate; pinnules ca. 14 pairs, basal pinnules opposite, upper pinnules alternate, spreading, approximate, subsessile, oblong, 1.21.4 cm Χ ca. 7 mm, base inequilateral, truncate, parallel to costae on acroscopic side, cuneate on basiscopic side, decurrent and adnate to wing of costae, pinnatipartite to 1/2, apex obtuse-rounded and with lacerate long teeth; pinnule segments 3 or 4 pairs, rhomboid, ca. 2.5 Χ 1.5 mm, apex obtuse, with long teeth; veins visible on both surfaces, pinnate in segments, lateral veins 1 or 2 pairs, oblique, simple. Lamina thinly herbaceous when dried, pale yellow-green, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis stramineous, costae pale red-purple, with sparse short hairs abaxially, with needle-shaped spines on adaxial side at base of costa, costule, or midrib. Sori oblong, occasionally J-shaped, 1 per segment, 3 or 4 pairs per pinnule, close to costules; indusia brown, oblong, occasionally J-shaped, membranous, entire, persistent. Perispore surface without folds.
* Understories of evergreen forests in valleys; ca. 3000 m. C Yunnan.
The type is from Yunnan (Jizu Shan, Binchuan)
居中蹄盖蕨 ju zhong ti gai jue
Athyrium acutiserratum Ching.
Rhizomes short, erect, apex densely clothed with dark brown, linear-lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 3542 cm; stipe blackish brown, upward stramineous, shiny, 1822 cm, base ca. 3 mm in diam., similarly densely scaly; lamina nearly 2-pinnate, ovate-oblong, 2025 Χ 1315 cm at middle, base slightly narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnae ca. 12 pairs, basal 13 pairs subopposite, upper pinnae alternate, spreading, sessile; basal pinnae shortened, 5.57 cm, base slightly narrowed; middle pinnae lanceolate, 78 Χ ca. 2 cm at middle, base equilateral, truncate alongside rachis, nearly pinnate, apex shortly acuminate; pinnules ca. 15 pairs, adnate to costae, oblong, 810 Χ 45 mm at middle, base decurrent and adnate to wing of costae, pinnatilobate or biserrate, apex obtuse; veins inconspicuous adaxially, visible on abaxial surface, pinnate in pinnules, lateral veins ca. 5 pairs, oblique, lower veins forked, upper veins simple. Lamina firmly herbaceous when dried, greenish brown, sometimes sparsely shortly hairy adaxially, glabrate abaxially; rachis and costae stramineous abaxially, glabrate or shortly hairy, with subulate spines on adaxial side at base of costa or costule, wing of costae shortly hairy at margin. Sori mostly oblong, slightly curved, J-shaped, inframedial on basal acroscopic veins, 4 or 5 pairs per pinnule; indusia pale brown, J-shaped, often horseshoe-shaped on basal acroscopic veins, membranous, ciliate at margin, persistent. Perispore surface without folds, with reticulate ornamentation, areoles unequal in size, ridges sometimes disconnected.
* Understories of valley forests; 27003500 m. NW Yunnan.
The type is from Yunnan (Lijiang).
毛叶蹄盖蕨 mao ye ti gai jue
Athyrium muliense Ching.
Rhizomes erect, apex densely scaly; scales brown, linear-lanceolate, fibriform-tipped, but scales above base of stipe often broadly lanceolate, chestnut-colored in central part, brown in marginal part. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 6088 cm; stipe blackish brown, upward brown-stramineous, 2045 cm, 46 mm in diam. at base, base similarly scaly, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate, ovate-oblong, 3035 Χ 2025 cm at base, base ± rounded, apex acuminate; pinnae ca. 16 pairs, lower pinnae opposite, upper pinnae alternate, subspreading or falcate, sessile; basal pinnae almost equal to upper pinnae, lanceolate, 1113 Χ 2.53.5 cm, base narrowed, equilateral, truncate, pinnate, apex acuminate; pinnules ca. 20 pairs, basal pinnules opposite, upper pinnules alternate, spreading, approximate; lower pinnules oblong, 1.21.5 cm Χ 56 mm at base, gradually narrowed to pointed toothed tip, base rounded-truncate, nearly equilateral at base, pinnatifid; pinnule segments 7 or 8 pairs, oblong, ca. 3 Χ 1.5 mm, apex acute and toothed; veins protuberant adaxially, visible abaxially, pinnate in segments, lateral veins 24 pairs, oblique, simple. Lamina herbaceous when dried, yellowish brown, with sparse pallid short hairs adaxially, glabrate abaxially; rachis and costae brownish stramineous, with dense short hairs abaxially, with subulate spines on adaxial side at base of costa or costule. Sori mostly oblong, sometimes J-shaped, 58 pairs per pinnule, inframedial on basal acroscopic veins, often 35 on lower segments; indusia brownish, oblong, sometimes J-shaped, membranous, erose at margin, persistent. Perispore surface without folds, with granular ornamentation.
* Understories of coniferous forests in valleys; 28003500 m. Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
The type is from Yunnan (Weixi).
察隅蹄盖蕨 cha yu ti gai jue
Athyrium chayuense Z. R. Wang, nom. seminud.[without latin descr. or type]
Rhizomes short, erect, apex densely scaly; scales chestnut-black in central part, dark brown in marginal part, linear-lanceolate, fibriform-tipped. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 3840 cm; stipe stramineous, 1214 cm, 11.5 mm in diam., base densely scaly, upward subglabrate; lamina 2-pinnate, ovate-oblong, ca. 28 cm Χ 1112 cm at middle, base hardly narrowed, apex long acuminate; pinnae ca. 15 pairs, sessile, lower pinnae subopposite, upper pinnae alternate, basal 13 pairs of pinnae slightly shortened, reflexed, base slightly narrowed, but slightly prominent, subspreading-ascending, linear-lanceolate, 56 cm Χ 910 mm at middle, base truncate, equilateral, pinnate, apex long acuminate; pinnules ca. 15 pairs, lower pinnules opposite, upper pinnules alternate, spreading, oblong, 34 Χ 22.5 mm at base, base subequilateral, decurrent and adnate to wing of costa, somewhat auriculate on acroscopic side, biserrate at margin, apex rounded-truncate and toothed; veins visible abaxially, pinnate in pinnules, lateral veins ca. 5 pairs, oblique, forked. Lamina herbaceous when dried, greenish brown, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae stramineous, with brownish short glandular hairs abaxially, margin of wings sparsely hairy, with subulate spines on adaxial side at base of costa or costule. Sori oblong, ca. 3 pairs per pinnule, basal acroscopic sori often J-shaped; indusia pale brown, oblong or J-shaped, membranous, erose, persistent. Spores bilateral, perispore surface without folds.
* Understories of coniferous forests on mountain slopes; 33003400 m. Xizang (Zayu).
Athyrium zayuense is very similar to A. dubium in appearance, but differs by the pinnae and segments much smaller, pinnae less than 1 cm wide, pinnules oblong, subtruncate, 23 mm wide, and scales at stipe base black in central part with prominent brown narrow margin.
线羽蹄盖蕨 xian yu ti gai jue
Rhizomes short, erect, apex densely clothed with dark red-brown, linear-lanceolate, fibriform-tipped scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 6070 cm; stipe stramineous, ca. 30 cm, ca. 3.5 mm in diam., base densely scaly, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate-pinnatifid, ovate-oblong, ca. 40 Χ 2025 cm at middle, base hardly narrowed, apex long acuminate; pinnae ca. 16 pairs, lower pinnae subopposite, upper pinnae alternate, basal pinnae slightly shortened, reflexed, base narrowed, subspreading-ascending, sessile, linear-lanceolate, 1214 Χ 22.5 cm at middle, base truncate, equilateral, pinnate-pinnatifid, apex long acuminate; pinnules ca. 20 pairs, lower pinnules opposite, reflexed, upper pinnules alternate, spreading, oblong, 11.2 cm Χ 45 mm at base, base subequilateral, somewhat auriculate, decurrent and adnate to wing of costae, pinnatifid to 1/31/2, apex acute and toothed; veins visible abaxially, pinnate in pinnules, lateral veins ca. 8 pairs, oblique, forked, but pinnate in basal segments. Lamina papery when dried, greenish brown, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae stramineous, with brownish short glandular hairs abaxially, narrow wings hairy at margin, with subulate spines on adaxial side at base of costa or costule. Sori oblong, ca. 6 pairs per pinnule, inframedial; indusia pale brown, oblong, sometimes lower indusia reniform or hooked, membranous, subentire or somewhat erose, persistent. Spores bilateral, perispore surface without folds.
* Forest understories; 28003700 m. NW Yunnan.
The type is from Yunnan (Gongshan).
中甸蹄盖蕨 zhong dian ti gai jue
Athyrium habaense Ching.
Rhizomes short, erect, apex densely clothed with red-brown, linear-lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 5590 cm; stipe blackish brown, upward pale stramineous, 2535 cm, 1.52.5 mm in diam., base densely scaly, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate with pinnules pinnatipartite, or nearly 3-pinnate, narrowly deltoid-ovate, 3560 Χ 3045 cm, base broadened, apex acuminate; pinnae 1416 pairs, alternate, subspreading, sessile (basal pinnae sometimes shortly stalked), basal pinnae largest, oblong-lanceolate, up to 25 Χ ca. 12 cm at middle, base narrowed, truncate, alongside rachis, bipinnatipartite, apex acuminate; pinnules ca. 18 pairs, basal pinnules subopposite, catadromic, upper pinnules alternate, subspreading, broadly lanceolate, basal 2 or 3 pairs of pinnules shortened (basal pinnules 1.52.2 cm); middle pinnules largest, 56 Χ 1.92.1 cm at base, base equilateral, subtruncate, alongside costae, somewhat adnate to costae, but not decurrent, pinnatipartite nearly to costule, apex acuminate; pinnule segments ca. 12 pairs, subspreading, acroscopic and basiscopic segments subequal, oblong, basal segments slightly larger, 910 Χ 45 mm, pinnatilobate, apex rounded-obtuse; ultimate segments with 2 or 3 small teeth or biserrate at margin; second or third basal pinnule segments nearly equal in size to basal segments, but not narrowed to base; upper pinnule segments gradually smaller, distal part of pinnule pinnatifid; veins visible adaxially, clearly visible abaxially, pinnate in segments, lateral veins 5 or 6 pairs, oblique, lower veins 2- or 3-forked. Lamina herbaceous when dried, green, glabrate; rachis, costae, and costules stramineous abaxially, with subulate spines on adaxial side at base of costa and costule, and sometimes also in distal part of midrib. Sori round-reniform, J-shaped, or horseshoe-shaped, 35 pairs per segment, biserial on both sides of costules; indusia brown, round-reniform, J-shaped, or horseshoe-shaped, membranous, erose at margin, persistent. Perispore surface without folds, reticulate.
* Understories of coniferous forests on alpine mountains; 30004000 m. NW Yunnan.
The type is from Yunnan (Zhongdian).
藏东南蹄盖蕨 zang dong nan ti gai jue
Athyrium aculeatum Ching; A. dajinense Ching.
Fertile fronds ca. 66 cm; stipe blackish brown, upward pale red-purple, 2428 cm, 2.53.5 mm in diam. at base, base densely clothed with brownish, narrowly lanceolate scales, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate, ovate-lanceolate, up to 40 Χ ca. 22 cm above base, base hardly narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnae ca. 15 pairs, basal pinnae opposite, upper pinnae alternate, subspreading or ascending, sessile; basal pinnae slightly shortened, up to 13 cm, base narrowed; middle pinnae narrowly lanceolate, up to 14 Χ ca. 3 cm at middle, base inequilateral, truncate, parallel to rachis on acroscopic side, broadly cuneate on basiscopic side, pinnate, apex acuminate; pinnules 1517 pairs, basal pinnules subopposite, upper pinnules alternate, spreading, widely separated from each other, ovate-oblong, middle pinnules 1.21.5 cm Χ 67 mm at base, base inequilateral, rounded-truncate on acroscopic side, narrowly cuneate on basiscopic side, decurrent and adnate to wing of costae, pinnatifid to 1/2, apex obtuse-rounded or acute; pinnule segments 5 or 6 pairs, with 2 or 3 stretched teeth at apex; veins somewhat visible adaxially, visible abaxially, pinnate in pinnules, lateral veins 2- or 3-forked, sometimes pinnate in basal acroscopic segments. Lamina herbaceous when dried, dark green, with sparse short hairs adaxially; rachis and costae pale purplish red, with subulate short spines adaxially, wings of costae with short hairs at margin. Sori mostly elliptic, occasionally curved, 1 per segment, inframedial; indusia brown, elliptic, occasionally J-shaped, membranous, subentire, persistent. Perispore surface without folds.
* Understories of coniferous forests; 24003800 m. Sichuan, SE Xizang, Yunnan.
The type is from Xizang (Bomi).
Athyrium austroorientale is very similar to A. suprapuberulum, but differs by the stipes and rachis pale red-purple abaxially, lower pinnules separated from each other by 35 mm, and pinnule segments shortly toothed at apex.
毛翼蹄盖蕨 mao yi ti gai jue
Asplenium filix-femina var. retusa subvar. rubricaule Edgeworth ex C. B. Clarke; Athyrium acutum Ching; A. aequilaterale Ching; A. filix-femina var. retusa subvar. rubricaule (Edgeworth ex C. B. Clarke) Beddome, comb. inval.[not a comb. ref., delete]; A. longipinnum Ching; A. machangense Ching; A. rubricaule (Edgeworth ex C. B. Clarke) Bir; A. serratodentatum Ching; A. sublineare Ching; A. uniseriatum Ching.
Rhizomes short, erect, apex densely clothed with brown or dark brown, lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 4570 cm; stipe blackish brown, upward pale stramineous, 2025 cm, 23 mm in diam., base densely clothed with scales, upward glabrate; lamina pinnate, oblong, 3040 Χ ca. 16 cm at middle, base hardly narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnae pinnatipartite or nearly 2-pinnate, ca. 15 pairs, lower pinnae subopposite, upper pinnae alternate, spreading or slightly ascending, sessile, lanceolate, basal pinnae slightly shortened, middle pinnae 812 Χ 1.82.2 cm at base, base truncate, equilateral, pinnate, apex acuminate; pinnules ca. 20 pairs, basal pinnules opposite, upper pinnules alternate, spreading, oblong, 1.3 cm Χ ca. 6 mm, base inequilateral, subtruncate, slightly auriculate on acroscopic side, cuneate on basiscopic side, decurrent and adnate to wing of costules, pinnatilobate, apex obtuse; pinnule segments ca. 6 pairs, obtuse-rounded, toothed (occasionally laciniate) at apex; veins inconspicuous, visible abaxially, pinnate in pinnules, lateral veins pinnate in larger segments, 2- or 3-forked in small segments. Lamina papery when dried, pale green, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae brownish stramineous, sparsely shortly hairy abaxially, with subulate spines on adaxial side at base of costa or costule. Sori elliptic, 4 or 5 pairs per pinnule, inframedial on basal acroscopic veins; indusia brownish, elliptic, membranous, entire, fugacious when mature. Perispore surface without folds, with granular ornamentation. 2n = 80@.
Understories of coniferous or mixed forests, wet areas; (1000)25003900 m. Guizhou, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [India (Sikkim)].
The type is from Sichuan (Emei Shan).
坡生蹄盖蕨 po sheng ti gai jue
Rhizomes short, erect, apex densely clothed with dark brown, linear-lanceolate, fibriform-tipped scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile frond 3040 cm; stipe blackish brown, upward stramineous, 1525 cm, 22.5 mm in diam., base densely scaly, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate, deltoid-ovate, 2025 Χ 1620 cm at base, apex abruptly narrowed; pinnae 6 or 7 pairs, alternate, approximate, ascending, with stalk up to 5 mm, basal pinnae not shortened, prominently narrowed toward base, lower pinnae broadly lanceolate, 812 Χ 2.53.5 cm at middle, base truncate, equilateral, pinnate, apex long acuminate; pinnules ca. 12 pairs, alternate, subspreading, shortly stalked or sessile, lower pinnules oblong-triangular or ovate, (1)1.52.2 cm Χ (5)810 mm at middle, apex obtuse-rounded to obtuse, base truncate and auriculate on acroscopic side, auricles overlaying or parallel to costa, rounded at apex, cuneate on basiscopic side, apex small-toothed; veins slightly visible adaxially, visible abaxially, lateral veins ca. 7 pairs, oblique, pinnate in segments. Lamina herbaceous when dried, pale green, glabrate; rachis and costae stramineous, sometimes pale purplish red, glabrate abaxially, with subulate spines on adaxial side at base of costa or costule. Sori oblong or shortly linear, 5 pairs per pinnule, biserial on both sides of costule, subcostular, occasionally 1 or 2 in auriculate lobes; indusia brownish, oblong or shortly linear, sometimes reniform at base of pinnule, membranous, entire, persistent. Perispore surface without folds. 2n = 160.
Understories of valley forests, wet areas; 5002500 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].
The type is from Japan.
1a. Pinnules oblong-triangular, 1.52.2 cm Χ 810 mm, basal acroscopic auricular base of pinnule often overlaying costa ........................................................................................................ 74a. var. clivicola
1b. Pinnules ovate-oblong, 11.8 cm Χ 58 mm, basal acroscopic auricular base of pinnule nearly parallel to costa, not overlaying costa ...................................................................................... 74b. var. rotundum
坡生蹄盖蕨(原变种) po sheng ti gai jue (yuan bian zhong)
Athyrium auriculatum Serizawa; A. wardii (Hooker) Makino var. clivicola (Tagawa) Kurata; A. wardii var. majus Ohwi (1957), p.p., non Makino (1899).
Pinnules oblong-triangular, 1.52.2 cm Χ 810 mm, basal acroscopic auricular base of pinnule often overlaying costa. 2n = 160.
Understories of valley forests, wet areas; 5002500 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].
圆羽蹄盖蕨 yuan yu ti gai jue
Athyrium rotundum Ching, nom. nud.
Pinnules ovate-oblong, 11.8 cm Χ 58 mm, basal acroscopic auricular base of pinnule nearly parallel to costa, not overlaying costa.
* About 2100 m. Chongqing (Jinfo Shan, Nanchuan).
Athyrium clivicola var. rotundum differs from var. clivicola in the pinnules short and ovate-oblong, rounded at apex, entire or with small teeth at margin, and the acroscopic basal pinnules nearly parallel to costae, not overlapping costae at base.
凌云蹄盖蕨 ling yun ti gai jue
Rhizomes erect, apex densely clothed with yellow-brown, linear-lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 4070 cm; stipe blackish brown, upward brown-stramineous to purplish red, 2028 cm, 24 mm in diam. at base, base similarly densely scaly, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate, broadly ovate, 2242 Χ 1825 cm, base hardly narrowed, apex acuminate, slightly cuspidate; pinnae 1217 pairs, spreading or slightly ascending, lower pinnae with stalk 13 mm, upper pinnae sessile, basal pinnae hardly shortened, broadly lanceolate, base prominently narrowed; middle pinnae oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, 818 Χ 24.5 cm at middle, base slightly narrowed, subtruncate on acroscopic side, broadly cuneate on basiscopic side, pinnate, apex acuminate; pinnules 2022 pairs, basal pinnules subopposite, upper pinnules alternate, ascending, sessile; middle pinnules oblong, somewhat falcate, 13 cm Χ 410 mm, base decurrent and adnate to wing of costa, pinnatilobate, apex rounded or obtuse; pinnule segments dentate at margin; lower pinnae similar to middle pinnae but slightly smaller; veins inconspicuous adaxially, visible abaxially, pinnate in pinnules, lateral veins 410 pairs, middle and lower veins forked or pinnate. Lamina papery when dried, greenish brown, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae pale red-purple, with dense brownish short glandular hairs abaxially, with subulate spines on adaxial side at base of costa or costule. Sori oblong, frequently J-shaped in distal part of pinna or basal acroscopic part of pinnule, inframedial on basal acroscopic veins, 68 pairs per pinnule, biserial on both sides of costules, inframedial; indusia brownish, oblong, or J-shaped, membranous, erose at margin, persistent. Perispore surface without folds, with granular ornamentation.
* Mountain slopes, forest understories, wet areas; 500600 m. NW Guangxi (Baise, Lingyun).
The type is from Guangxi (Lingyun).
蒿坪蹄盖蕨 hao ping ti gai jue
Rhizomes short, stout, erect, apex densely clothed with dark brown, lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 4285 cm; stipe pale stramineous, 2045 cm, ca. 2.5 mm in diam., base densely scaly, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate-pinnatifid, broadly ovate, 2545 Χ 2430 cm, base not narrowed, apex abruptly narrowed; pinnae ca. 15 pairs, alternate, approximate, oblique, stalked, basal pinnae larger, 2024 Χ ca. 7 cm at middle, broadly lanceolate, base slightly narrowed, pinnate-pinnatifid, apex long acuminate; pinnules ca. 20 pairs, ascending, lower pinnules conspicuously shortened, 1.52 cm Χ 46 mm; middle pinnules lanceolate, 2.52.8 cm Χ ca. 6 mm, base narrowly truncate, somewhat auriculate on acroscopic side, pinnatifid 1/22/3 at margin, apex long acuminate; pinnule segments 812 pairs, oblong, 2.53 Χ 1.82.2 mm, apex acute with long teeth; veins visible on both surfaces, 2- or 3-forked or simple in segments, but pinnate on basal acroscopic segments. Lamina herbaceous when dried, pale green, glabrate; rachis and costae abaxially stramineous, with sparse linear-lanceolate small scales, usually glabrous, sometimes sparsely shortly hairy, with subulate spines on adaxial side at base of costa or costule. Sori elliptic, biserial on both sides of costules; indusia brown, elliptic, occasionally J-shaped, membranous, erose at margin, persistent. Perispore surface without folds, with granular ornamentation.
* Forest understories; 11002300 m. Shaanxi, W Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
The type is from Shaanxi (Taibai Shan).
短柄蹄盖蕨 duan bing ti gai jue
Rhizomes short, erect, apex densely clothed with brownish, linear-lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds ca. 50 cm; stipe blackish brown, upward stramineous to slightly purplish red, ca. 20 cm, ca. 3 mm in diam. at base, base similarly densely scaly, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate, ovate-oblong, ca. 35 Χ 20 cm at middle, base slightly narrowed, apex abruptly narrowed; pinnae under abruptly narrowed tip 8 or 9 pairs, alternate, ascending, with stalk ca. 5 mm, lower pinnae subequal to above, lanceolate, up to 18 Χ 33.5 cm, base equilateral, somewhat auriculate (acroscopic auricles larger, triangular), crenulate at margin, apex caudate-acuminate; upper pinnae sessile, falcate-lanceolate, base inequilateral, truncate, somewhat auriculate on acroscopic side, base cuneate, slightly decurrent on basiscopic side, apex acute; veins inconspicuous adaxially, visible abaxially, pinnate in pinnules, lateral veins 7 or 8 pairs, oblique, forked or simple (pinnate in basal acroscopic segment). Lamina subherbaceous when dried, pale green, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae pale red-purple, with short brownish glandular hairs abaxially, with subulate spines on adaxial side at base of costa or costule. Sori oblong or shortly linear, 7 pairs per pinnule (2 pairs per basal acroscopic auriculate lobes), inframedial; indusia brownish, oblong or shortly linear, membranous, entire, persistent. Perispore surface without folds, with ornate ornamentation, reticulations different in size, ridges usually disconnected.
* Understories of valley forests; ca. 1300 m. Chongqing, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, S Shaanxi, Sichuan.
The type is from Chongqing (Chengkou).
紫柄蹄盖蕨 zi bing ti gai jue
Plants evergreen. Rhizomes erect or ascending, apex densely clothed with blackish brown, linear-lanceolate, fibriform-tipped scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 4262 cm; stipe blackish, upward purple, 2230 cm, 1.52 mm in diam., base similarly densely scaly, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate, narrowly triangular, 2030 Χ 1018 cm at base, base hardly narrowed, truncate, apex acuminate; pinnae up to 16 pairs, basal pinnae opposite or subopposite, upper pinnae alternate, lower pinnae spreading, upper pinnae ascending, with stalk (1.5)23 mm, basal pinnae slightly shortened, 4.59.5 cm, base narrowed; basal 24 pairs of pinnae subequal in size, lanceolate, 4.511 Χ 23 cm at middle, base equilateral, subtruncate, broadened, pinnate (or pinnatipartite), apex caudate-acuminate; pinnules 812 pairs, basal pinnules subopposite, upper pinnules alternate, subspreading, sessile, catadromic, deltoid-lanceolate or oblong, 11.6 cm Χ 59 mm at base, base inequilateral, rounded-truncate, auriculate on acroscopic side, auricles oblong, subentire, cuneate on basiscopic side, shallowly lobed or repand, apex obtuse-rounded; fifth basal and upper pinnae gradually shortened; veins inconspicuous adaxially, visible abaxially, pinnate in pinnules, lateral veins 47 pairs, lower veins forked, upper veins simple, but pinnate in basal acroscopic segments. Lamina thickly papery when dried, blackish brown adaxially, brownish green abaxially, both surfaces glabrate; rachis and costae purplish, with short hairs abaxially, with subulate spines on adaxial side at base of costa or costule. Sori oblong, biserial on both sides of costules on acroscopic veinlet, subcostular; indusia brown, oblong, rarely J-shaped, membranous, entire, persistent. Perispore surface without folds. 2n = 160.
Forest understories, wet areas; 8002100 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan [Japan].
The type is from Japan.
Athyrium kenzo-satakei differs from related species in the lamina narrowly triangular; pinnae 1216 pairs or 6 pairs under abruptly narrowed apex, up to 11 cm; pinnules deltoid-lanceolate or oblong except auriculate base, 11.5 Χ 59 mm (at base with acroscopic auriculate segments), usually less than 5 mm wide at middle, less than 3 Χ as long as wide at middle, subentire or minutely toothed; sori oblique to midrib; and indusia entire.
1a. Lamina gradually narrowed to apex, pinnae 1216 pairs, lower pinnae stalked (stalk 23 mm), rachis and costae with sparse short hairs ...................................................................... 78a. var. kenzo-satakei
1b. Lamina abruptly narrowed to apex, pinnae up to 6 pairs below narrowed apex, lower pinnae shortly stalked (stalk ca. 1.5 mm), rachis and costae with dense brownish short glandular hairs 78b. var. jieguishanense
紫柄蹄盖蕨(原变种) zi bing ti gai jue (yuan bian zhong)
Athyrium arisanense var. kenzo-satakei (Sa. Kurata) Serizawa, J. Jap. Bot. 45: 117. 1970.
Lamina gradually narrowed to apex, pinnae 1216 pairs, lower pinnae stalked (stalk 23 mm), rachis and costae with sparse short hairs. 2n = 160.
Forest understories, wet areas; 8002100 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan [Japan].
介贵山蹄盖蕨 jie gui shan ti gai jue
Athyrium jieguishanense Ching, Acta Bot. Boreal.-Occid. Sin. 6(3): 157. 1986.
Lamina abruptly narrowed to apex, pinnae up to 6 pairs below narrowed apex, lower pinnae shortly stalked (stalk ca. 1.5 mm); rachis and costae with dense brownish short glandular hairs.
* Understories of open forests. Guangxi (Dingpu, Jiegui Shan, Jinxiu).
长柄蹄盖蕨 chang bing ti gai jue
Rhizomes short, erect, apex densely clothed with blackish brown, linear-lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 5060 cm; stipe blackish brown, upward stramineous, 2530 cm, 2.53 mm in diam., base densely scaly, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate, broadly ovate, ca. 25 Χ 15 cm, apex acuminate; pinnae ca. 8 pairs, basal pinnae opposite, upper pinnae alternate, stalked (stalk 615 mm), broadly lanceolate, 1315 Χ 44.5 cm at middle, base subcordate, pinnate, apex acuminate; pinnules ca. 12 pairs, alternate, subspreading, lower pinnules shortly stalked (stalk 12 mm), oblong-triangular, 22.5 Χ ca. 1 cm at base, base slightly inequilateral, ± auriculate (acroscopic side larger), pinnatilobate, apex acute and serrulate; veins visible abaxially, inconspicuous adaxially, pinnate in segments, lateral veins oblique, simple. Lamina papery when dried, dark greenish brown, glabrate; rachis and costae with brownish short glandular hairs abaxially. Sori oblong, ca. 7 pairs per pinnule, inframedial, uniserial on both sides of midrib, often 1 or 2 pairs in basal auriculate lobe of pinnule; indusia brownish, elongated, sometimes horseshoe-shaped in auriculate lobes, membranous, entire, persistent. Perispore surface without folds.
* Wet areas of forest understories on mountain slopes; 8001800 m. Guizhou, Hunan.
The type is from Guizhou (Fanjing Shan).
华中蹄盖蕨 huang zhong ti gai jue
Rhizomes short, erect, apex densely clothed with dark brown, linear-lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds (30)4560 cm; stipe blackish brown, upward pale stramineous, (20)2530 cm, (1)2.53 mm in diam., base densely clothed with scales, upward glabrate; lamina lower part pinnate-pinnatifid to 2-pinnate, apical part pinnatipartite, deltoid-ovate or ovate-oblong, sometimes lanceolate in small plants, (22)2535 Χ (8)2025 cm at base, apex abruptly narrowed, long acuminate; pinnae 58 pairs, alternate, ascending, stalked (stalk 26 mm), broadly lanceolate, 315 Χ (1.2)33.5 cm at middle, base truncate, pinnate, apex obtuse to long acuminate; pinnules 1014 pairs, alternate, ascending, sessile, oblong, ca. 2 cm Χ 8 mm, slightly narrowed toward apex, base inequilateral, truncate, slightly auriculate on acroscopic side, decurrent on basiscopic side, serrulate at margin, apex acute or subobtuse; upper pinnae sessile, oblong, base truncate or rounded-cuneate on acroscopic side, slightly decurrent on basiscopic side, apex acute or obtuse; middle pinnae pinnatilobate; veins visible abaxially, somewhat visible adaxially, pinnate in pinnules, lateral veins ca. 8 pairs, oblique, forked, but pinnate in basal acroscopic lobe (second basal veins 3-forked). Lamina papery when dried, pale brown, glabrate; rachis stramineous, sparsely scaly; costae and costules pale purple on abaxial surface, with dense brownish short glandular hairs or glabrate. Sori oblong or shortly linear, ca. 5 pair per pinnule, inframedial, biserial on both sides of costule; indusia brownish, oblong or shortly linear, membranous, entire, persistent. Perispore surface without folds. 2n = 160.
Understories of valley forests, streamsides, damp areas; 5001900(3600) m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].
The type is from Japan.
Athyrium wardii differs from related species in the lamina deltoid or deltoid-ovate with abruptly narrowed apex; the pinnae ca. 5 pairs below cuspidate apex; the lower pinnules of basal pinnae shortened; the pinnules of middle pinnae ascending, oblong, inequilateral, auriculate only at acroscopic base, ca. 8 mm wide, serrate; and the costae densely pubescent on abaxial side.
1a. Costae glabrate abaxially ........................................................................ 80c. var. glabratum
1b. Costae glandular hairy abaxially.
2a. Pinnae moderately separated from each other; costae with dense brownish short glandular hairs 80a. var. wardii
2b. Pinnae and pinnules approximate .................................................... 80b. var. densipinnum
华中蹄盖蕨(原变种) hua zhong ti gai jue (yuan bian zhong)
Asplenium wardii Hooker, Sp. Fil. 3: 189. 1860; Athyrium tsusimense Koidzumi.
Pinnae moderately separated from each other; costae with dense brownish short glandular hairs. 2n = 160.
Understories of valley forests, streamsides, damp areas; 5001900(3600) m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].
密羽华中蹄盖蕨 mi yu hua zhong ti gai jue
Pinnae and pinnules approximate.
* About 3600 m. Sichuan (Kangding).
无毛华中蹄盖蕨 wu mao hua zhong ti gai jue
Costae without glandular hairs abaxially.
* 5001500 m. Fujian, Hunan, Zhejiang.
粗脉蹄盖蕨 cu mai ti gai jue
Rhizomes short, erect, apex clothed with brown, subulate lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 4260 cm; stipe blackish brown, upward stramineous, shiny, 3036 cm, ca. 3 mm in diam. at base, base similarly scaly, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate, deltoid-ovate, 2226 Χ 2125 cm at base, base rounded-cuneate, apex abruptly narrowed, shortly acuminate; pinnae ca. 15 pairs, subopposite, ascending, with stalk 23 mm, pinnae under abruptly narrowed tip 5 pairs, basal pinnae largest, broadly lanceolate, 1115 Χ 3.24.6 cm at middle, base equilateral, subtruncate, alongside rachis, pinnate, apex long acuminate; pinnules 1618 pairs, basal pinnules opposite, upper pinnules alternate, ascending, sessile, several lower pinnae slightly shortened, broadly lanceolate, middle pinnules 1.83 cm Χ 812 mm at base, base inequilateral, truncate, somewhat auriculate and parallel to costae on acroscopic side, cuneate on basiscopic side, ± adnate to costae or decurrent and adnate to wing of costa, pinnatipartite, apex shortly acuminate; pinnule segments 46 pairs, basal acroscopic segments larger, oblong, up to 7 Χ ca. 4 mm, margin with small teeth, apex obtuse-rounded; upper segments gradually smaller; second basal and upper 4 pairs of pinnae similar to basal pinnae, but gradually shallowly pinnatilobate; veins visible on both surfaces, protuberant abaxially, pinnate in segments, lateral veins 35 pairs, mostly simple, oblique, thick. Lamina thickly papery when dried, yellow-green, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae stramineous, with sparse short hairs abaxially, with subulate spines on adaxial side at base of costa or costule. Sori oblong, only 1 per segment, 2 or 3 in basal acroscopic segments, lateral on basal acroscopic vein; indusia pale brown, oblong, membranous, erose at margin, persistent. Perispore surface without folds.
* Valleys, damp areas, by rocks; 16001700 m. NW Hubei (Xingshan).
中越蹄盖蕨 zhong yue ti gai jue
Lunathyrium christensenii (Tardieu) Ching.
Rhizomes short, erect, apex densely scaly; scales dark brown, linear-lanceolate, fibriform-tipped. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 4075 cm; stipe blackish brown, upward green-stramineous, 1830 cm, 22.5 mm in diam. at base, base similarly densely scaly, upward with sparse small scales; lamina 2-pinnate, ovate-oblong, (28)3555 Χ 1216 cm, base narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnae 1520 pairs, basal pinnae subopposite, upper pinnae alternate, spreading or slightly ascending, with short stalk ca. 1.5 mm or subsessile, basal pinnae conspicuously shortened, broadly lanceolate, 1012 Χ ca. 2 cm, base inequilateral, narrowly cuneate on basiscopic base, pinnate, apex acuminate; pinnules 812 pairs, alternate, slightly ascending, sessile, narrowly elliptic, ca. 1.2 cm Χ ca. 4 mm, base adnate to costae, decurrent on basiscopic side, shallowly repand-lobed or crenate at margin, apex rounded or obtuse-acute; middle pinnae larger, up to 13 Χ ca. 2.5 cm, base equilateral, subtruncate, pinnate, apex long acuminate, somewhat caudate; pinnules similar to pinnules of basal pinna, slightly larger; veins slightly visible adaxially, visible abaxially, pinnate in pinnules, lateral veins 68 pairs, basal veins forked (sometimes pinnate), upper veins simple. Lamina herbaceous when dried, light greenish brown, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae on abaxial surface stramineous, with dense brown short glandular hairs, with subulate spines on adaxial side at base of costa or costule. Sori shortly linear or oblong, ca. 7 pairs per pinnule, biserial on both sides of costules, medial or supramedial; indusia brown, shortly linear or oblong, membranous, entire, persistent. Perispore surface without folds, with granular ornamentation.
* Understories of evergreen forests; 10002300 m. SW Guangxi, SE Yunnan.
The type is from Vietnam.
翅轴蹄盖蕨 chi zhou ti gai jue
Athyrium costale T. Moore var. polystichoides T. Moore, nom. nud.; A. latibasis Ching; A. mairei Rosenstock; A. neodelavayi Ching & H. S. Kung.
Rhizomes short, stout, erect, apex densely clothed with brown, linear-lanceolate, fibriform-tipped scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 3565 cm; stipe blackish brown, upward stramineous, 1530 cm, 23 mm in diam., base densely scaly, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate, ovate-oblong or lanceolate, 2535 Χ 1425 cm at middle, abruptly narrowed to caudate apex; pinnae 1618 pairs, lower pinnae subopposite, sessile, gradually shortened, reflexed, base slightly narrowed, middle pinnae spreading, upper pinnae ascending; pinnae linear-lanceolate, 813 Χ 1.21.5 cm, caudate or long acuminate, toothed at apex, base truncate, not narrowed, pinnate; pinnules 1820 pairs, alternate, often approximate, spreading, free, basal pinnules slightly larger, usually ± overlaying rachis, subsquare, 57 Χ 46 mm, base inequilateral, truncate and slightly auriculate on acroscopic side, cuneate on basiscopic side, dentate at margin, apex obtuse, occasionally acute; veins slightly visible adaxially, visible abaxially, pinnate in pinnules, lateral veins ca. 5 pairs, very oblique, forked or simple (3-forked or pinnate in basal acroscopic veins). Lamina thinly papery when dried, greenish brown, ± with short glandular hairs on abaxial surface; rachis and stipe abaxially with brown lanceolate scales. Sori oblong or shortly linear, ca. 3 pairs per pinnule, inframedial; indusia brownish, oblong or shortly linear, thinly membranous, entire, persistent. Perispore surface without folds.
Wet areas of forest understories, among shrubs in valleys; 6002100 m. Chongqing, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan [India, Myanmar].
The type is from Sichuan (Emei Shan).
长尾蹄盖蕨 chang wei ti gai jue
Rhizomes short, erect, apex densely scaly; scales dark brown, linear-lanceolate, fibriform-tipped. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 5060 cm; stipe blackish brown, upward stramineous, 2530 cm, ca. 3 mm in diam. at base, base similarly densely scaly, stipe and rachis with dense brownish short glandular hairs; lamina 2-pinnate, ovate-oblong, 3035 Χ up to 25 cm, base narrowed, apex shortly acuminate; pinnae 1820 pairs, lower pinnae opposite, reflexed, upper pinnae alternate, spreading, basal 2 pairs of pinnae slightly shortened, slightly narrowed at base; middle pinnae linear-lanceolate, 1416 Χ 22.5 cm at middle, base subequilateral, truncate, pinnate, apex long acuminate or caudate; pinnules 1820 pairs, basal pinnules opposite, upper pinnules alternate, spreading, sessile, basal pinnules larger, ± pinnatilobate, overlaying rachis; pinnules other than basal pinnules oblong-triangular, up to 1.2 cm Χ ca. 4 mm at middle, base inequilateral, truncate, auriculate on acroscopic side, auricles long, narrowly cuneate on basiscopic side, with 2 or 3 shallow segments or duplicate teeth, apex shortly acuminate; veins inconspicuous adaxially, visible and protuberant abaxially, pinnate in pinnules, lateral veins 5 or 6 pairs, oblique, lower veins forked, upper veins simple, pinnate in auriculate lobes. Lamina firmly papery, brown-green, glabrate on both surfaces; costae abaxially brown-stramineous, with dense brownish short glandular hairs, with subulate spines on adaxial side at base of costa or costule. Sori oblong, 4 or 5 pairs per pinnule, biserial on both sides of costule, inframedial; indusia brownish, oblong, membranous, entire, persistent. Perispore surface without folds.
* Forest understories, among shrubs; 10001600 m. Hunan, W Sichuan.
The type is from Sichuan (Emei Shan).
Athyrium caudiforme looks very similar to A. subrigescens, but differs by being larger, and pinnae longer, long acuminate and caudate at apex, pinnules basal acroscopic side prominently auriculate at base, and midrib on adaxial surface without spines.
姬蹄盖蕨 ji ti gai jue
Diplazium subrigescens Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 4: 219, f. 149. 1914; Athyrium elegans Tagawa; A. subrigescens var. pubigerum Sa. Kurata.
Rhizomes short, erect or ascending, apex densely scaly; scales brown, linear-lanceolate, fibriform-tipped. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds up to 55 cm; stipe blackish brown, upward pale stramineous, 1526 cm, ca. 2.5 mm in diam. at base, base similarly scaly, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate, ovate-oblong, ca. 25 Χ 20 cm, base slightly narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnae ca. 15 pairs, alternate, subspreading, sessile, basal 2 or 3 pairs of pinnae slightly shortened, middle pinnae lanceolate, 1012 Χ ca. 2 cm, base equilateral, truncate, pinnate, apex shortly caudate; pinnules ca. 18 pairs, alternate, approximate, ascending, sessile, basal pinnules ± overlaying rachis, middle pinnules oblong-triangular, ca. 1 cm Χ ca. 6 mm at base, base inequilateral, truncate, auriculate on acroscopic side, auricles rounded at apex, narrowly cuneate on basiscopic base, with short teeth at margin, apex acute; veins slightly visible adaxially, visible and protuberant abaxially, pinnate in pinnules, lateral veins 5 or 6 pairs, oblique, lower veins forked, upper veins simple, pinnate in auriculate lobes. Lamina nearly herbaceous when dried, greenish brown, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis stramineous, glabrate abaxially, with dense brown short glandular hairs adaxially, costae densely hairy abaxially, with subulate spines on adaxial side at base of costa or costule. Sori shortly linear or oblong, 4 or 5 pairs per pinnule, biserial on both sides of costules, subcostular; indusia brownish, shortly linear or oblong, membranous, entire, persistent. Perispore surface without folds.
* Forest understories. Taiwan [Japan].
The type is from Taiwan (Ali Shan).
Athyrium subrigescens is very close to A. delavayi and was treated as a synonym of A. delavayi by C. M. Kuo (1985). The relationship between these needs further investigation.
林光蹄盖蕨 lin guang ti gai jue
Rhizomes short, erect, apex with dense broadly lanceolate dark brown scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 2565 cm; stipe stramineous, 2530 cm, ca. 2 mm in diam., base densely scaly, upward glabrate; lamina pinnate-pinnatipartite to 2-pinnate, oblong, (15)3035 Χ (5)1517 cm at middle, base slightly narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnae 815 pairs, basal pinnae subopposite, upper pinnae alternate, ascending, shortly stalked (stalk 12 mm), lanceolate; lower pinnae 28 Χ 1.22 cm at base, base rounded-truncate, subequilateral, sometimes slightly auriculate on acroscopic side, pinnate, apex acuminate; pinnules ca. 12 pairs, basal pinnules subopposite, upper pinnules alternate, ascending, sessile, lower pinnules subrhomboid, 810 mm (basal acroscopic one larger, 1.21.5 cm, pinnatilobate), ca. 4 mm wide at base, base inequilateral, truncate on acroscopic side, narrowly cuneate and decurrent on basiscopic side, lobed, dentate, or serrate at margin, apex ca. 2-crenate and obtuse; veins visible abaxially, pinnate in pinnules, lateral veins 7 pairs, oblique, lower veins 2- or 3-forked, upper veins simple. Lamina thinly herbaceous when dried, light greenish brown, glabrate; rachis and costae stramineous, glabrate abaxially, with subulate spines on adaxial side at base of costa or costule. Sori shortly linear or oblong, 3 or 4 pairs per pinnule, costular, biserial on both sides of costule; indusia brownish, shortly linear or oblong, membranous, entire, persistent. Perispore surface without folds.
* Forest understories, wet areas; 27003300 m. NW Yunnan.
The type is from Yunnan (Gongshan).
Athyrium decorum looks like A. fangii in frond appearance, but differs by the spines on the adaxial surface of rachis, and costae and midribs thick, shortly subulate, not needlelike.
同形蹄盖蕨 tong xing ti gai jue
Athyrium bijiangense Y. T. Hsieh & W. M. Chu; A. gongshanense Ching.
Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds (40)65110 cm; stipe stramineous, (18)2850 cm, ca. 2.5 mm in diam., base sparsely scaly; scales dark brown and narrowly lanceolate, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate, deltoid-oblong, (25)3560 Χ (9)1830 cm, base broadly cuneate, apex acuminate; pinnae 1018 pairs, basal pinnae opposite, upper pinnae alternate, obliquely spreading, shortly stalked or sessile, several basal pinnae equal in size, broadly lanceolate, (5)1114 Χ 23(4) cm, base not narrowed, rounded-truncate, equilateral, with very short stalk ca. 1 mm, pinnate, apex long acuminate; pinnules ca. 15 pairs, lower pinnules subopposite, upper pinnules alternate, subspreading, basal pinnules oblong-lanceolate, somewhat falcate, separated from each other, 22.2 cm Χ ca. 5 mm, base subequilateral, slightly auriculate on acroscopic side, adnate to costae on basiscopic side, but not decurrent, pinnatilobate to 1/3, apex subobtuse or obtuse-acute and serrate; small pinnule segments rounded and with 1 or 2 teeth at apex; upper pinnae gradually shortened, lanceolate, somewhat falcate, separate from each other; veins visible abaxially, 2- or 3-forked in segments. Lamina papery when dried, pale green, glabrate; rachis and costae stramineous abaxially, with subulate spines on adaxial side at base of costa or costule. Sori oblong or shortly linear, 710 pairs per pinnule, biserial on both sides of costules; indusia dark brown, oblong or shortly linear, membranous, entire, persistent. Perispore surface without folds.
* Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests, wet areas; 12002600 m. NW Yunnan.
The type is from Yunnan (Gongshan).
Athyrium uniforme is very close to A. mengtzeense and sympatric with it, but differs by the lamina and pinnules usually narrower and longer, the pinnae usually shortly stalked, and the spines on the upper costae and rachis very short.
玫瑰蹄盖蕨 mei gui ti gai jue
Rhizomes short, erect, apex densely scaly; scales dark brown, linear-lanceolate. Fronds caespitose; fronds ca. 50 cm; stipe blackish brown, upward light red-purple, ca. 22 cm, ca. 2 mm in diam., base similarly scaly, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate, ovate-lanceolate, up to 35 Χ ca. 15 cm, base slightly narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnae ca. 10 pairs, alternate, spreading, sessile, lower pinnae falcate-lanceolate, up to 10 Χ ca. 1.7 cm, base truncate, alongside rachis, pinnate, apex caudate-acuminate; pinnules 1620 pairs, alternate, approximate, ascending, sessile; lower pinnules suboblong, 89 Χ 34 mm at middle, base inequilateral, truncate, somewhat auriculate on acroscopic side, cuneate on basiscopic side, prominently or finely toothed or shallowly lobed at margin, apex obtuse, obtuse-rounded, or acute; veins inconspicuous adaxially, visible abaxially, pinnate in pinnules, lateral veins ca. 7 pairs, lower veins forked, upper veins simple, but pinnate in auriculate lobes. Lamina papery when dried, pale greenish brown, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae pale red-purple, glabrate abaxially, with subulate spines on adaxial side at base of costa or costule. Sori oblong, 3 or 4 pairs per pinnule, subcostular; indusia brownish, oblong, membranous, entire, persistent. Perispore surface without folds.
* Understories of mountain forests; 16002400 m. Yunnan (Fugong, Mengzi).
Athyrium roseum differs from related species in the lamina narrowly ovate or lanceolate, acuminate; the pinnae sessile or very shortly stalked; the pinnules suboblong, obtuse or acute at apex, unlobed or shallowly lobed, toothed at margin, inequilateral at base, cuneate on the basiscopic side, subauriculate, truncate and parallel to costa on the acroscopic side; spines prominent on the adaxial side of costae and the distal part of rachis; and the rachis and costae shiny, glabrate abaxially. Athyrium roseum is most similar to A. mengtzeense, but differs by the lamina and costae glabrate on the abaxial surface.
1a. Pinnules obtuse or obtuse-rounded at apex, prominently toothed or shallowly lobed at margin 88a. var. roseum
1b. Pinnules acute or obtuse at apex, finely toothed at margin ....................... 88b. var. fugongense
玫瑰蹄盖蕨(原变种) ti gai jue (yuan bian zhong)
Pinnules obtuse or obtuse-rounded at apex, prominently toothed or shallowly lobed at margin.
* Understories of mountain forests; ca. 1600 m. Yunnan (Mengzi).
福贡蹄盖蕨 fu gong ti gai jue
Pinnules acute or obtuse at apex, finely toothed at margin.
* Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests on mountain slopes; ca. 2400 m. Yunnan (Fugong).
蒙自蹄盖蕨 meng zi ti gai jue
Asplenium sinense Baker; Athyrium confertipinnum Ching; A. liangwangshanicum Ching; A. sinense (Baker) C. Christensen (1913), not Ruprecht (1845); A. thelypterioides (Michaux) Desvaux var. henryi H. Christ.
Rhizomes short, erect, apex densely scaly; scales dark brown, linear-lanceolate, fibriform-tipped, crimping[??]. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds (30)5084 cm; stipe blackish brown, upward light red-purple, (8)2228 cm, base 23.5 mm in diam., similarly scaly, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate-pinnatilobate, ovate or oblong-ovate, (25)3550 Χ 1524 cm at middle, base not narrowed or slightly narrowed, apex acuminate or slightly abruptly narrowed; pinnae 1020 pairs, alternate, spreading or slightly ascending, subsessile, falcate-lanceolate, lower pinnae opposite, basal 2 or 3(or 4) pairs of pinnae slightly shortened, 715 Χ 1.74 cm, base slightly narrowed, truncate, alongside rachis, apex caudate-acuminate, descending or spreading; middle pinnae linear-lanceolate, 1213 Χ 2.23 cm, base equilateral, truncate, broader, pinnate, apex long acuminate; pinnules 1620 pairs, alternate, basal pinnules subopposite, approximate, ascending or subspreading, subsessile; basal pinnules oblong-lanceolate or deltoid-oblong, 816 Χ 37 mm at middle, base inequilateral, truncate, somewhat auriculate on acroscopic side, cuneate on basiscopic side, with small teeth or pinnatilobate to 1/2 at margin, apex obtuse to acute; pinnule segments with small teeth at apex; veins inconspicuous adaxially, visible abaxially, pinnate in pinnules, lateral veins 7 or 8 pairs, lower veins forked, upper veins simple, pinnate in auriculate lobes. Lamina thinly papery when dried, pale greenish brown, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae pale red-purple abaxially, with dense brownish short glandular hairs, with thick spines on adaxial side at base of costa or costule. Sori oblong or shortly linear, 37 pairs per pinnule (sometimes with 1 or 2 pairs in auriculate lobes), biserial on both sides of costules, inframedial; indusia brownish, oblong or shortly linear, membranous, entire, persistent. Perispore surface without folds, with granular ornamentation.
* Understories of mountain forests, forest margins, shrub groves at streamsides; 15003000 m. W Guizhou, SW Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan.
The type is from Yunnan (Mengzi).
轴果蹄盖蕨 zhou guo ti gai jue
Diplazium epirachis H. Christ, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(Mιm. 1): 51. 1905; Athyrium eremicola Oka & Kurata; A. lilacinum Ching; A. muticum H. Christ; A. subcoriaceum Ching; A. wardii (Hooker) Makino var. elongatum H. Christ.
Rhizomes short, erect, apex densely scaly; scales dark brown in central part, brownish in marginal part, linear-lanceolate, fibriform-tipped. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 3080 cm; stipe blackish brown, upward brown-stramineous to pale purplish red, 1825 cm, 23 mm in diam. at base, base similarly scaly, upward glabrate; lamina pinnate or 2-pinnate, oblong-lanceolate, 2050 Χ 727 cm, apex acuminate; pinnae 2022 pairs, alternate, subspreading, stalked (stalk ca. 1.5 mm), lanceolate, 414 Χ 13.5 cm, with acute long teeth at apex, base subequilateral, rounded-truncate, auriculate on acroscopic side, variably pinnatifid (up to 1/22/3 to costa) or pinnate; in 2-pinnate lamina, pinnules ca. 20 pairs, basal pinnules opposite, upper pinnules alternate, spreading, subsessile, suboblong, 1.21.8 cm Χ 57 mm, base inequilateral, rounded-cuneate, somewhat auriculate or not on acroscopic side, narrowly cuneate, decurrent on basiscopic side, crenate at margin, apex obtuse or obtuse-rounded and toothed; veins inconspicuous adaxially, visible abaxially, pinnate in pinnules or segments, lateral veins 35 pairs, forked or simple, considerably oblique. Lamina thickly papery when dried, yellowish brown or greenish brown, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae abaxially brown- or red-stramineous, purplish, with dense brown short glandular hairs, with subulate spines on adaxial side at base of costa or costule. Sori shortly linear or oblong, 1 per segment or 35 pairs per pinnule, costular or costal; indusia shortly linear or oblong, membranous, entire, persistent. Perispore surface without folds, with granular ornamentation. 2n = 80.
Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests and bamboo forests; 8001900 m. Chongqing, Fujian, S Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, SW Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan [Japan].
The type is from Guizhou (Guiyang).
贵州蹄盖蕨 gui zhou ti gai jue
Athyrium guizhouense Ching; A. hirtirachis Ching & Z. Y. Liu (1984), [??not Ching & Hsu (1974)]; A. kweichowense Ching, nom. nud.; A. pseudoepirachis Ching; A. sessile Ching; A. subpubicostatum Ching & Z. Y. Liu.
Rhizomes short, erect, apex densely scaly; scales dark brown, linear-lanceolate, fibriform-tipped. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 3545 cm; stipe blackish brown, upward stramineous, 1518 cm, 2.53 mm in diam. at base, base similarly densely scaly, clothed with brownish short glandular hairs in distal part; lamina 2-pinnate, narrowly subtriangular, 2530 Χ 1520 cm, base not narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnae 1316 pairs, lower pinnae subopposite, upper pinnae alternate, subspreading, sessile, basal pinnae slightly shortened, frequently reflexed, narrowed at base; lower pinnae lanceolate, ca. 10 Χ 2.53 cm, base equilateral, truncate, apex long acuminate; upper pinnae falcate-lanceolate, gradually shortened upward, base slightly unequally sided, auriculate, cuneate and slightly decurrent on basiscopic side, pinnate, apex acuminate; pinnules 1216 pairs, basal pinnules opposite, larger and alongside rachis; upper pinnules alternate, approximate, subspreading; basal 2 or 3 pairs of pinnules deltoid-oblong, 11.3 cm Χ 57 mm, base unequally sided, subtruncate, prominently auriculate on acroscopic side, cuneate, slightly decurrent on basiscopic side, crenate at margin, apex acute; veins inconspicuous adaxially, visible abaxially, pinnate in pinnules, lateral veins ca. 7 pairs, lower veins forked, upper veins simple, basal acroscopic veins often pinnate. Lamina papery when dried, pale greenish brown, glabrate; rachis and costae stramineous, with dense brownish short glandular hairs on adaxial surface, with subulate spines on adaxial side at base of costa or costule. Sori oblong or shortly linear, 36 pairs per pinnule, biserial on both sides of costules, inframedial; indusia brown, oblong or shortly linear, membranous, entire, persistent. Perispore surface without folds, reticulate. 2n = 80@.
* Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests, bamboo forest margins; 2002600 m. Chongqing, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan.
The type is from Chongqing (Jinfo Shan, Nanchuan).
光蹄盖蕨 guang ti gai jue
Asplenium otophorum Miquel, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3: 175. 1867; Athyrium erythrocaulon Ching; A. nigripes sensu H. Christ ([??year]), not (Blume) T. Moore (1857), nor Beddome (1863); A. rigescens Makino; A. sinovidalii Ching & Z. Y. Liu; A. vidalii Nakai var. chinense Koidzumi; A. violascens Diels; A. wardii (Hooker) H. Christ (1905), [??not (Hooker) Makino (1899)]; Diplazium otophorum (Miquel) C. Christensen.
Rhizomes short, ascending, apex densely clothed with brown or blackish brown, linear-lanceolate, fibriform-tipped scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 4570(85) cm; stipe blackish brown, upward slightly purplish red, (15)2535 cm, 2.53 mm in diam., base densely clothed with scales, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate, narrowly ovate or deltoid-ovate, 2535(50) Χ 2025 cm at middle, base not narrowed, apex abruptly narrowed; pinnae ca. 15 pairs, pinnae under abruptly narrowed tip ca. 7 pairs, basal pinnae opposite, upper pinnae alternate, subspreading, sessile or very shortly stalked, lanceolate; middle pinnae 1012(25) Χ 2.53.5 cm, base truncate, pinnate, apex long acuminate; pinnules 1417 pairs, alternate, subspreading, sessile, lower pinnules subtriangular to oblong-lanceolate, 11.7 cm Χ 46 mm at middle, base inequilateral, truncate, parallel to costae, auriculate on acroscopic side, auricles triangular, cuneate on basiscopic side, subentire or with small tooth at acroscopic margin, apex acute; veins visible abaxially, inconspicuous adaxially, pinnate in pinnules, lateral veins 7 or 8 pairs, oblique, lower veins forked, basal acroscopic veins 2 pinnate or 3-forked. Lamina papery when dried, pale brown, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae pale red-purple, glabrate abaxially, with subulate spines on adaxial side at base of costa or costule. Sori oblong or shortly linear, 35 pairs per pinnule, inframedial; indusia brownish, oblong or shortly linear, membranous, entire, persistent. Perispore surface without folds, with granular ornamentation. 2n = 160.
Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests and bamboo forests, wet areas; 4001400(2100) m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].
The type is from Japan.
仓田蹄盖蕨 cang tian ti gai jue
Rhizomes erect, moderately stout, scaly at apex; scales dark brown, narrowly lanceolate, fibriform-tipped. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds ca. 60 cm; stipe purplish red, slightly shiny, 1550 cm; lamina 2-pinnate, ovate, 2040 Χ 1525 cm, base rounded-truncate, apex slightly abruptly narrowed; pinnae 810 pairs, basal 1 or 2 pairs of pinnae subopposite, spreading; upper pinnae alternate, oblique, lanceolate, acuminate; basal pinnae ovate-lanceolate, nearly as long as second basal pinna, shortly stalked, base narrowed; pinnules anadromic or subopposite, pinnules on basiscopic side of pinna longer than those on acroscopic side; pinnae above basal and subbasal pinnae sessile, base not narrowed, pinnules catadromic; middle pinnae ca. 15 Χ 4 cm, pinnate; pinnules 1012 pairs, oblong, 1530 Χ 58 mm, sessile, base inequilateral, auriculate, parallel to costa on acroscopic side, cuneate on basiscopic side, crenate at margin, basiscopic pinnules of basal pinnae sometimes pinnatilobate, apex obtuse. Lamina papery when dried, rachis and costae hairy in adaxial groove, costae with spines adaxially, but costules without spines adaxially. Sori shortly linear or oblong, occasionally J-shaped, biserial on both sides of costules; indusia shortly linear, oblong, or J-shaped, persistent. 2n = 160.
Understories of mountain forests; 24002500 m. Taiwan, Yunnan [S Japan].
The type is from Japan.
C. M. Kuo (1985) thought Athyrium kuratae to be conspecific with A. otophorum. Their relationship requires further investigation.
阿里山蹄盖蕨 a li shan ti gai jue
Diplazium arisanense Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 4: 212, f. 144. 1914.
Rhizomes short, erect, apex densely clothed with pale brown, linear-lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 4560 cm; stipe blackish brown, upward light purplish red, 2530 cm, ca. 2.5 mm in diam., base densely scaly, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate, deltoid-ovate, 3035 Χ ca. 18 cm at base, base broader, apex slightly abruptly narrowed, long acuminate; pinnae ca. 10 pairs, alternate, ascending, shortly stalked (stalk ca. 2 mm), basal pinnae not shortened, slightly narrowed toward base, lower pinnae nearly falcate-lanceolate, ca. 13 Χ 33.5 cm at middle, base rounded-truncate, slightly unequally sided, pinnate, apex long acuminate; pinnules ca. 14 pairs, basal pinnules opposite, upper pinnules alternate, ascending, sessile; lower pinnules oblong, 1.31.5 Χ 56 mm at base, base inequilateral, truncate, somewhat auriculate on acroscopic side, cuneate, almost not decurrent on basiscopic side, margin entire or somewhat repand, with small teeth toward apex, apex obtuse and mucronate; veins inconspicuous adaxially, visible abaxially, pinnate in pinnules, lateral veins ca. 7 pairs, oblique, mostly forked, but pinnate in auriculate lobes. Lamina papery when dried, pale green, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae abaxially slightly purplish, sparsely shortly hairy, with subulate spines on adaxial side at base of costa or costule. Sori elliptic, 3 or 4 pairs per pinnule, biserial on both sides of costules, subcostular; indusia brownish, oblong, sometimes reniform at base of pinnules, membranous, entire, often fugacious at maturity. Perispore surface without folds. 2n = 160.
Taiwan [Japan].
The type is from Taiwan (Ali Shan).
尾羽蹄盖蕨 wei yu ti gai jue
Fertile fronds up to 68 cm; stipe brown, upward pale red-purple, shiny, ca. 30 cm, ca. 3 mm in diam., base densely clothed with dark brown, linear-lanceolate scales, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate, ovate-triangular, up to 35 Χ ca. 25 cm, base hardly narrowed, apex abruptly narrowed; pinnae under abruptly narrowed tip 8 or 9 pairs, basal pinnae subopposite, basal and subbasal pinnae slightly shortened, base not narrowed; middle pinnae broadly lanceolate, 1315 Χ 2.53 cm, base equilateral, rounded-truncate, pinnate, apex caudate-acuminate; pinnules 1618 pairs, alternate, approximate, subspreading, basal pinnules slightly larger, acroscopic pinnules close to rachis, basal 2 or 3 pairs of pinnules adnate to costae, separate from each other, suboblong, 1016 Χ 57 mm, base unequally sided, auriculate on acroscopic side, slightly decurrent on basiscopic side, toothed at margin, apex acute; veins inconspicuous, visible abaxially, pinnate in pinnules, lateral veins 58 pairs, lower veins forked, upper veins simple, but pinnate in auriculate lobes. Lamina firmly herbaceous when dried, pale greenish brown adaxially, grass-green abaxially, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae abaxially brown-stramineous, slightly purplish red, with dense brownish short glandular hairs, with subulate spines on adaxial side of costa or costule. Sori oblong or shortly linear, 24 pairs per pinnule, biserial on both sides of costules, subcostular; indusia brownish, oblong or shortly linear, thinly membranous, entire, often fugacious at maturity. Perispore surface without folds.
* Forest understories, streamsides; 19002600 m. NW Yunnan.
The type is from Yunnan (Lijiang).
Athyrium caudatum is very similar to A. epirachis, but differs by the lamina deltoid-ovate, abruptly narrowed at apex, pinnae long acuminate-caudate at apex, and basal pinnules prominently auriculate on the acroscopic side.
金平蹄盖蕨 jin ping ti gai jue
Rhizomes short, stout, erect, apex densely clothed with brown, lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 3075 cm; stipe blackish brown, upward brown-stramineous, ca. 38 cm, ca. 3 mm in diam. at base, base similarly scaly, upward glabrate; lamina 3-pinnate, deltoid-ovate, 38 Χ ca. 34 cm, base subtruncate, apex acuminate; pinnae ca. 12 pairs, alternate, ascending, with stalk ca. 1 cm, basal pinnae larger, oblong-ovate, ca. 19 Χ 8 cm at middle, base rounded-cuneate, 2-pinnate, apex long acuminate; pinnules ca. 12 pairs, alternate, ascending, basiscopic pinnules usually slightly longer than acroscopic pinnules, basal pinnules slightly shortened, middle pinnules ovate-oblong, up to 4.6 Χ ca. 2 cm at base, base inequilateral, truncate, parallel to costae on acroscopic side, narrowly cuneate on basiscopic side, with stalk 23 mm, pinnate, apex obtuse or obtuse-acute; secondary pinnules 7 or 8 pairs, alternate, subspreading, very shortly stalked or sessile, acroscopic secondary pinnules usually larger than basiscopic pinnules, basal acroscopic secondary pinnules largest, oblong-ovate, ca. 1.4 cm Χ 57 mm at base, base broadly cuneate, inequilateral, pinnatipartite, apex obtuse-rounded; tertiary segments ca. 3 pairs, oblong, up to 4 Χ ca. 3 mm, apex rounded with teeth; veins visible on both surfaces, pinnate in segments, lateral veins 2 or 3 pairs, simple. Lamina herbaceous when dried, greenish brown, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae stramineous on abaxial surface, sometimes pale purplish red, glabrate, with needle-shaped spines on costa, costule, and midrib adaxially. Sori elliptic, 1 per segment, but 2 or 3 pairs in basal acroscopic segments, subcostular; indusia yellow-brown, elliptic, membranous, erose at margin, persistent. Perispore surface without folds, with granular ornamentation.
* Mossy understories of forests; 17002600 m. S Yunnan.
The type is from Yunnan (Jinping).
轴生蹄盖蕨 zhou sheng ti gai jue
Asplenium rhachidosorum Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 6: 33. 1929; Athyrium amoenum C. Christensen; A. densisorum X. C. Zhang; A. wuliangshanense Ching.
Rhizomes short, erect, apex densely clothed with dark brown, lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds (25)4080 cm; stipe blackish brown, upward stramineous, (10)1530 cm, 1.52.5 mm in diam., base sparsely scaly, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate to 3-pinnate-pinnatifid, oblong-lanceolate or oblong, (12)2045 Χ (6)918 cm at middle, base almost not narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnae (8)1524 pairs, basal pinnae subopposite, upper pinnae alternate, oblique, with stalk (2)47 mm, basal pinnae slightly shortened, second basal pinnae lanceolate or somewhat falcate, (3)714 Χ 1.53.8 cm, base rounded-cuneate, 2-pinnate-pinnatifid, apex acuminate; pinnules (6)1020 pairs, alternate, anadromic, oblique, separate from each other, stalked, lanceolate, 1.22.5 cm Χ 59 mm, base inequilateral, rounded-cuneate, pinnate, apex acuminate; secondary pinnules 38 pairs, alternate, oblique, broadly linear or oblong, 36 Χ 12 mm, ± connate to each other by narrow wing of costule, pinnatipartite, apex obtuse, cuneate; ultimate segments 24 pairs, oblique, linear; veins visible on both surfaces, pinnate in ultimate pinnules, lateral veins 14 pairs, oblique, simple or forked in basal acroscopic veins. Lamina thinly herbaceous when dried, greenish brown, glabrate; rachis and costae stramineous abaxially, with needle-shaped spines on adaxial side at base of costa and costule. Sori small, elliptic, round-reniform, or horseshoe-shaped, 1 per segment or ultimate pinnules, costular; indusia brownish, elliptic, round-reniform, or horseshoe-shaped, membranous, subentire or erose, partly fugacious at maturity. Perispore surface without folds.
Understories of mixed alpine forests; 19003700 m. SW Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [N Myanmar].
The type is from Yunnan (Nujiang basin).
鹿角蹄盖蕨 lu jiao ti gai jue
Rhizomes short, erect, apex with sparse brown or blackish brown, lanceolate small scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 3045 cm; stipe stramineous, 1422 cm, 12 mm in diam., base similarly scaly, upward glabrate; lamina 3-pinnate-pinnatifid, oblong-lanceolate, 2028 Χ ca. 9 cm at middle, base hardly narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnae ca. 15 pairs, alternate, ascending, with stalk ca. 2 mm, basal pinnae slightly shortened, second basal pinnae lanceolate, up to 6.5 Χ ca. 2.2 cm at base, base rounded-cuneate, 2-pinnate-pinnatifid, acuminate at apex; pinnules 1012 pairs, alternate, ascending, lower pinnules stalked (stalk ca. 1 mm), oblong, up to 1.2 cm Χ 56 mm, base inequilateral, rounded-cuneate, pinnate, apex obtuse; secondary pinnules 35 pairs, alternate, ascending, acroscopic pinnules usually slightly larger than basiscopic pinnules; basal acroscopic secondary pinnules largest, oblong, ca. 3 Χ 1.52 mm, base cuneate, decurrent and adnate to wing of costule on basiscopic side, pinnatipartite, apex acute; ultimate segments up to 5, ascending, subulate or linear, apex acute or acuminate, sometimes deeply 2-parted; veins inconspicuous adaxially, visible abaxially, pinnate in secondary pinnules, lateral veins 13 pairs, oblique, simple or forked. Lamina thinly herbaceous when dried, greenish brown, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis, costae, and costules stramineous, glabrate abaxially, with needle-shaped spines on adaxial side at base of costae, costules, or midribs. Sori elliptic, reniform or nearly horseshoe-shaped, inframedial, close to midrib, 1 per segment or ultimate pinnules; indusia yellow-brown, elliptic, reniform, or nearly horseshoe-shaped, membranous, erose at margin or subentire, persistent. Perispore surface without folds.
* Understories of broad-leaved and mixed forests; 17002600 m. SW Sichuan, Yunnan.
The type is from Sichuan (Tianquan).
秦氏蹄盖蕨 qin shi ti gai jue
Rhizomes slender, creeping, 12 mm in diam., with sparse dark brown ovate-lanceolate scales. Fronds distant; fertile fronds 1025 cm; stipe stramineous, 515 cm, ca. 1 mm in diam., base with sparse dark brown lanceolate scales, upward glabrate; lamina pinnate, ovate-oblong, 613 Χ 46 cm, apex acuminate; lower pinnae narrowly lanceolate, ascending, sessile, pinnatipartite, basal acroscopic pinna segments slightly larger; pinna segments 510 pairs, subopposite, slightly ascending, oblong, toothed at margin; veins pinnate in segments. Lamina herbaceous when dried, green, glabrate, with needle-shaped spines on adaxial side at base of costule, midrib, and lateral veins. Sori lateral on base of midribs; indusia erose at margin. Perispore surface without folds.
* Shrub groves, evergreen broad-leaved forest margins; 30003660 m. Yunnan.
The type is from Yunnan (Gongshan).
Athyrium chingianum is somewhat similar to A. nigripes in the shape of lamina. It is frequently sympatric with A. yui, which is also morphologically similar to it, but is different in the rhizomes long creeping, pinnae longer, fewer (610 pairs), sori not close to costae at pinnae, but often leaning on midribs of segments.
腺叶蹄盖蕨 xian ye ti gai jue
Rhizomes short, erect, apex densely clothed with brown, subulate or lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds up to (20)30(40) cm; stipe blackish brown, upward stramineous, 1020 cm, 1.52 mm in diam., base with sparse scales, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate (or pinnate, pinnae pinnatifid), nearly deltoid-lanceolate, 812 Χ 46 cm, base not narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnae 1215 pairs, lower pinnae opposite, upper pinnae alternate, spreading or slightly ascending, sessile (or lower pinnae shortly stalked), basal pinnae lanceolate, somewhat falcate, 34 cm Χ 913 mm, base rounded-truncate, parallel alongside rachis on acroscopic side, pinnate, apex acuminate; pinnules 810 pairs, basal pinnules subopposite, upper pinnules alternate, ascending; basal pinnules larger, oblong, 56 Χ ca. 3 mm, base cuneate and adnate to costa, long toothed, apex rounded-truncate and toothed; suprabasal pinnules similar to basal pinnules but gradually smaller, decurrent and adnate to narrow wing of costule on basiscopic side; upper pinnae similar to basal pinnae but gradually smaller, inequilateral, auriculate on acroscopic side, cuneate on basiscopic side; veins visible on both surfaces, pinnate in pinnules, lateral veins ca. 4 pairs, oblique, simple; rachis and costae stramineous, glabrate abaxially, with needle-shaped spines on adaxial side at base of costa and costule. Fronds papery when dried, greenish brown, with lucent glandular hairs on both surfaces (particularly on adaxial surfaces). Sori large, ovate or round, 13 pairs per pinnule, subcostular on basal acroscopic veins; indusia brown, small, oblong, membranous. Perispore surface without folds.
* Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests, wet areas; 24002800 m. SW Yunnan.
The type is from Yunnan (east of Tengchong).
墨脱蹄盖蕨 mo tuo ti gai jue
Rhizomes erect, apex densely clothed with subulate lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 3045 cm; stipe blackish brown, 1020 cm, 1.52 mm in diam., base with sparse lanceolate scales, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate, nearly ovate-deltoid, 2025 Χ 610 cm, base slightly narrowed or broadened, apex caudate-acuminate; pinnae ca. 15 pairs, lanceolate, lower pinnae opposite, upper pinnae alternate, spreading or slightly ascending, lower pinnae shortly stalked (stalk 12 mm), base rounded-truncate, parallel alongside rachis on acroscopic side, pinnate, apex acuminate or obtuse; pinnules 1013 pairs, base auriculate on acroscopic side, cuneate on basiscopic side, ascending; basal pinnules larger, oblong, margin crenate or shallowly lobed, apex rounded-obtuse; upper pinnules similar to basal pinnules but gradually smaller, decurrent and adnate to narrow wing of costule on basiscopic side; veins visible on both surfaces, pinnate in pinnules, lateral veins ca. 4 pairs, oblique, simple; rachis and costae stramineous, with needle-shaped spines on adaxial side at base of costa and costule, with glandular hairs or subglabrate abaxially. Sori oblong, 13 pairs per pinnule, on basal acroscopic veins, close to midrib; indusia pale brown, small, oblong, membranous, shallowly lobed at margin. Perispore surface without folds.
* Wet areas of forest understories; 17002200 m. Xizang.
The type is from Xizang (Medog).
俞氏蹄盖蕨 yu shi ti gai jue
Rhizomes short, erect, apex clothed with dark brown, lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds (20)4055 cm, stipe dark brown, upward stramineous, shiny, (8)2030 cm, (0.5)1.5 mm in diam., base similarly scaly, with sparse lanceolate scales, upward glabrate; lamina pinnate-pinnatifid to pinnate-pinnatipartite, lanceolate, (12)2035 Χ (3)57 cm at middle, base slightly narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnae (10)1620 pairs, alternate, spreading, with short stalk ca. 1 mm or subsessile; middle pinnae nearly falcate-lanceolate, ca. 3.5 Χ (0.7)11.3 cm at base, base rounded-truncate or subtruncate, slightly unequally sided, pinnatipartite, apex acuminate; pinnules ca. 10 pairs, alternate, approximate, oblique; lower pinnules oblong-ovate, ca. 4 Χ 2.5 mm (basal acroscopic pinnules larger), base decurrent on basiscopic side, margin subentire, apex obtuse and with small teeth; veins inconspicuous adaxially, visible abaxially, pinnate in pinnules, lateral veins oblique, simple, basal acroscopic veins forked. Lamina herbaceous when dried, greenish brown, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae pale stramineous, glabrate abaxially, with needle-shaped spines on adaxial side at base of costa and costule. Sori oblong, 2 or 3 pairs in lower pinnules, close and subparallel to costules, 1 pair in upper pinnules; indusia brownish, oblong, membranous, entire, persistent. Perispore surface without folds.
* Margins of mixed forests, understories of bamboo forests, shrub-meadows, rare; 26003700 m. NW Yunnan.
The type is from Yunnan (Gongshan).
方氏蹄盖蕨 fang shi ti gai jue
Rhizomes short, erect, apex densely clothed with brown, lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 6080 cm; stipe dark brown, upward pale green-stramineous, 2540 cm, 2.53 mm in diam., base similarly scaly, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate or 2-pinnate-pinnatifid, narrowly oblong, 3040 Χ 1420 cm at middle, base slightly narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnae ca. 15 pairs, alternate, ascending, with short stalk 24 mm; middle pinnae lanceolate, 810 Χ 22.5 cm at base, base subequilateral, subtruncate, pinnate, apex caudate-acuminate; pinnules 1216 pairs, basal pinnules opposite, upper pinnules alternate, ascending, separate from each other, subsessile; basal pinnules larger, deltoid-oblong, 11.2 cm Χ 34 mm, base inequilateral, truncate, auriculate, parallel to rachis on acroscopic side, cuneate on basiscopic side, cut to 1/2, apex obtuse; pinnule segments 5 or 6 pairs, acroscopic segments longer, basal acroscopic segment largest, entire or with few teeth at apex; upper pinnules similar to basal pinnules but gradually smaller, lower pinnules subsessile, upper pinnules decurrent and adnate to wing of costa; veins inconspicuous adaxially, visible abaxially, pinnate in pinnules, lateral veins 2 or 3 pairs, oblique, simple. Lamina herbaceous when dried, pale yellow-green, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae stramineous abaxially, with sparse short hairs at base, with needle-shaped spines on adaxial side at base of costa, costule, and midrib. Sori oblong or elliptic, on acroscopic veins, usually 1 per segment, biserial on both sides of costules, costular; indusia brown, oblong or elliptic, membranous, entire, persistent, often partly overlapping costules. Perispore surface without folds.
* Understories of mixed forests; 22003100 m. W Sichuan, Yunnan.
The type is from Sichuan (Emei Shan).
聂拉木蹄盖蕨 nie la mu ti gai jue
Rhizomes erect, apex densely clothed with brown, subulate lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 3460 cm; stipe blackish brown, upward stramineous, 1726 cm, 1.52 mm in diam. at base, base similarly scaly, upward glabrate; lamina 2- or 3-pinnate, or 3-pinnate-pinnatifid, ovate, 2134 Χ 1724 cm, base rounded-cuneate, apex acuminate, slightly abruptly narrowed; pinnae 1316 pairs, basal pinnae subopposite, upper pinnae alternate, slightly ascending, with stalk 13 mm; basal pinnae slightly shortened, broadly lanceolate, 710 Χ ca. 2.5 cm, base inequilateral, truncate, auriculate and parallel to rachis on acroscopic side, narrowly truncate on basiscopic side, pinnate, apex long caudate-acuminate, slightly narrowed; pinnules 1014 pairs, alternate, subspreading, basal pinnules with short stalked ca. 1 mm, upper pinnules sessile, subrhomboid, 12 cm Χ ca. 8 mm (acroscopic pinnules larger than basiscopic pinnules), base inequilateral, subtruncate, somewhat auriculate on acroscopic side, narrowly cuneate on basiscopic side, pinnatilobate to pinnatipartite or biserrate at margin, apex obtuse-rounded or obtuse, toothed; middle pinnae similar to basal pinnae but slightly larger, up to 15 Χ 2.5 cm, base hardly narrowed; pinnules pinnatipartite to pinnatipartite, pinnule segments long toothed; sixth to seventh and upper pinnae abruptly narrowed at apex, pinnatipartite, pinna segments subrhomboid, biserrate at margin and apex; veins visible on both surfaces, pinnate in pinnules, lateral veins 5 or 6 pairs, lower veins pinnate, upper veins forked. Lamina thinly herbaceous when dried, green, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae stramineous, glabrate or with short hairs abaxially, with needlelike or subulate spines on adaxial side at base of costa, costule, and midrib. Sori oblong, on basal acroscopic veins, close to costules, 24(or 5) pairs per pinnule; indusia brownish, oblong, membranous, erose at margin, persistent, often partly overlapping costules. Perispore surface without folds, with granular ornamentation.
Understories of broad-leaved forests; 14002400 m. SE Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal].
The type is from Xizang (Nyalam).
Athyrium nyalamense differs from related species in the lamina ovate, 2- pinnate or 3-pinnate; pinnae 1316 pairs, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 515 cm or more; pinnules oblong, separate from each other; pinnule lobes with prominently long or short teeth at margin; rachis and costae glabrate or shortly hairy abaxially.
1a. Lamina 2-pinnate; spines on adaxial side at base of costa, costule, and midrib needlelike; rachis and costae glabrate abaxially ............................................................................................ 104a. var. nyalamense
1b. Lamina to 3-pinnate or 3-pinnate-pinnatifid; spines on adaxial side at base of costae and costules subulate; rachis, costae and costules with short hairs abaxially .......................................................................... 104b. var. puberulum
聂拉木蹄盖蕨(原变种) nie la mu ti gai jue (yuan bian zhong)
Lamina 2-pinnate; spines on adaxial side at base of costa, costule, and midrib needlelike; rachis and costae glabrate abaxially.
Understories of broad-leaved forests; 14002400 m. SE Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal].
The type is from Xizang (Nyalam).
毛聂拉木蹄盖蕨 mao nie la mu ti gai jue
Lamina to 3-pinnate or 3-pinnate-pinnatifid; spines on adaxial side at base of costae and costules subulate; rachis, costae and costules with short hairs abaxially.
* Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests; ca. 2000 m. Yunnan (Gongshan).
元阳蹄盖蕨 yuan yang ti gai jue
Rhizomes somewhat ascending, apex densely clothed with brown, lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds up to 65 cm; stipe brown, upward pale green-stramineous, up to 28 cm, ca. 3 mm in diam. at base, base similarly densely scaly, upward with sparse small scales; lamina 2-pinnate, ovate, up to 38 Χ ca. 28 cm, base rounded, apex abruptly narrowed; pinnae under abruptly narrowed tip 6(or 7) pairs, alternate, stalked (stalk 23 mm), ascending, basal pinnae hardly shortened, base not narrowed, second basal pinnae lanceolate, up to 18 Χ ca. 5 cm at base, base subequilateral, truncate, pinnate, apex caudate-long-acuminate; pinnules ca. 15 pairs, alternate, spreading, with short stalk 11.5 mm, basal acroscopic pinnules nearly pinnate, others pinnatipartite; basal acroscopic pinnule segments larger, obovate, with short teeth at margin; veins visible abaxially, somewhat visible adaxially, pinnate in segments, lateral veins 24 pairs, oblique, forked or simple. Lamina herbaceous when dried, green, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae pale stramineous, densely shortly hairy abaxially, with needlelike spines on adaxial side at base of costa, costule, and midrib. Sori elliptic or oblong, on basal acroscopic veins, 1 per segment (but 1 or 2 pairs in basal acroscopic 1(or 2) segment), biserial on both sides of costules (or midribs), subcostular; indusia brown, elliptic or oblong, membranous, subentire, persistent. Perispore surface without folds.
* Understories of mossy forests; ca. 2600 m. S Yunnan (Yuanyang).
Athyrium yuanyangense is similar to A. clivicola in frond appearance, but differs by the fronds larger (to 65 cm), pinnules more (ca. 15 pairs), more dissected (pinnatifid), basal acroscopic pinnules much larger, obovate, almost free, and costae more shortly pubescent abaxially, and needlelike spines on the adaxial side at the base of costa, costule, and midrib.
芽胞蹄盖蕨 ya pao ti gai jue
Asplenium clarkei Atkinson ex C. B. Clarke; Athyrium nigripes T. Moore var. clarkei (Beddome) Beddome.
Rhizomes short, stout, erect, apex densely clothed with brown lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate scales at apices and stipe bases. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 2080 cm; stipe blackish brown, upward stramineous, 220 cm, 1.52 mm in diam., base sparsely scaly, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate, narrowly lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 2560 Χ 712(18) cm at middle, base slightly narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnae 2024 pairs, opposite or subopposite, subspreading, subsessile; basal pinnae 1.83 cm, narrowly triangular, apex obtuse; middle pinnae broadly lanceolate, 3.54.2 Χ 1.62 cm at base, base equilateral, truncate, parallel to rachis, pinnate, apex acuminate; pinnules 8 or 9 pairs, subopposite, slightly ascending, approximate; basal pinnules largest, oblong-ovate, up to 1 cm Χ 56 mm, base cuneate, adnate to costa, serrulate at margin; upper pinnules gradually smaller, decurrent and connate with each other by wing of costule, apex rounded; veins visible on both surfaces, pinnate in pinnules, lateral veins 35 pairs, oblique, 2- or 3-forked, but pinnate in basal acroscopic lobes. Lamina herbaceous when dried, greenish brown, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis stramineous, upward gradually becoming brownish stramineous, costae brownish stramineous, sparsely shortly hairy abaxially, with needlelike spines on adaxial side at base of costa and costule; distal part of rachis with scaly bulblets usually single per frond. Sori shortly linear or lunate, 13 pairs per pinnule, on acroscopic veins (rarely also on basiscopic veins), biserial on both sides of costule; indusia brown, shortly linear or lunate, membranous, erose at margin, persistent. Perispore surface without folds. 2n = 80.
Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests in valleys, wet areas, watersides; 15002700 m. Guizhou, S Yunnan [India, Myanmar, Nepal].
The type is from Sikkim.
胎生蹄盖蕨 tai sheng ti gai jue
Athyrium spinosissimum Ching; A. tianzishanense S. F. Wu & L. F. Zhang; A. yindeense Ching.
Rhizomes short, erect, apex densely clothed with brown, lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds (23)5080 cm; stipe blackish brown, upward green-stramineous, 1525(32) cm, 23 mm in diam. at base, base similarly scaly, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate-pinnatifid, oblong-lanceolate, 3045 Χ 1222 cm at middle, base slightly narrowed, rounded, apex acuminate; pinnae 1518 pairs, several pairs of lower pinnae subopposite; upper pinnae alternate, ascending, with stalk 13 mm, basal 1 or 2 pairs of pinnae slightly shortened, base hardly narrowed; middle pinnae lanceolate, 811 Χ ca. 3 cm at base, base equilateral, rounded-truncate, pinnate, apex long acuminate; pinnules 15(20) pairs, basal pinnules opposite, upper pinnules alternate, ascending; basal pinnules larger, oblong-lanceolate, 1.62 Χ ca. 1 cm at base, base inequilateral, truncate, parallel to costa, somewhat auriculate on acroscopic side, cuneate on basiscopic side, pinnatifid 1/31/2 to costa, apex obtuse-acute; acroscopic pinnule segments larger, oblique, with few short dentate teeth at apex; upper pinnules similar to basal pinnules but gradually smaller, base decurrent and connate to each other by wing of costa; veins somewhat visible adaxially, visible abaxially, pinnate in pinnules, lateral veins 57 pairs, oblique, lower veins forked, upper veins simple. Lamina thinly herbaceous when dried, grass-green, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae stramineous, sparsely glandular hairy abaxially, with needlelike spines on adaxial side of rachis, costae and costules; scaly bulblets, usually 1[??] per frond, borne in upper portion of rachis. Sori oblong or shortly linear, lateral on acroscopic veins, costular, 1 per segment, 1 or 2 pairs in basal acroscopic segments; indusia brownish, oblong or shortly linear, membranous, entire, persistent. Perispore surface without folds.
* Damp areas of forest understories, streamsides; 2001700 m. Chongqing, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan.
The type is from Guizhou (Anshun).
软刺蹄盖蕨 ran ci ti gai jue
Asplenium strigillosum T. Moore ex Lowe, Ferns Brit. & Exot. 5: 107108, t. 36. 1858; A. tenellum C. Hope, p.p. (1899), not Roxburgh (1816), nor Fιe (1850); Athyrium clarkei Beddome var. membranaceum Rosenstock; A. nigripes var. tenuifrons (Wallich ex Sim) Beddome; A. petiolosum H. Christ (1907), not Milde (1870); A. setiferum C. Christensen; A. tenuifrons Wallich ex T. Moore ex Sim.
Rhizomes short, stout, erect, apex with sparse blackish brown or brown, lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 5590 cm; stipe blackish brown, upward stramineous, 2535 cm, 23 mm in diam., base similarly scaly, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate, oblong-lanceolate, 2545 Χ 1015 cm at middle, base hardly narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnae ca. 18 pairs, lower pinnae opposite or subopposite, upper pinnae alternate, ascending, with short stalk 24 mm, basal 13 pairs of pinnae slightly shortened, base not narrowed; middle pinnae lanceolate, somewhat falcate, 6.510 Χ 2.53.5 cm, base broadly rounded, pinnate, apex acuminate; pinnules 1216 pairs, alternate, ascending, approximate, basal pinnules larger, oblong-ovate, 11.5 cm Χ 68 mm, base inequilateral, ± adnate to costae, truncate, parallel to costae on acroscopic side, cuneate and decurrent on basiscopic side, cut to 1/2, apex acute, with long teeth; upper pinnules similar to basal pinnules, but gradually smaller, widened, decurrent and adnate to wing of costule; veins visible on both surfaces, pinnate in small segments, lateral veins 46 pairs, oblique. Lamina herbaceous when dried, greenish brown or green, glabrate; rachis and costae stramineous, with needle-shaped spines on adaxial side at base of costa and costule, scaly bulblets, usually 1 per lamina, borne at upper portion of rachis. Sori oblong, 1 per segment (sometimes 2 or 3 in basal segments), 4 or 5 per pinnule, lateral on acroscopic veins; indusia brown, oblong, membranous, entire, fugacious at maturity. Perispore surface without folds. 2n = 80, 160.
Wet areas of forest understories, streamsides in valleys; (600)17002600 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan [N India, Japan, Myanmar, Nepal].
The type is from Nepal.
黑足蹄盖蕨 hei zu ti gai jue
Aspidium nigripes Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae 2: 162. 1828; Asplenium nigripes (Blume) Hooker; A. tozanense Hayata; Athyrium aristulatum Copeland; A. tozanense (Hayata) Hayata.
Rhizomes shortly erect, apex clothed with brown, lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds up to (15)35(50) cm; stipe stramineous, (8)10(18) cm, 13 mm in diam., base similarly scaly; lamina 2-pinnate with pinnatipartite pinnules, narrowly ovate to oblong-lanceolate, (8)1525(35) Χ (3.5)6(14) cm at middle, base hardly narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnae 1015 pairs, alternate, spreading or ascending, shortly stalked, deltoid-lanceolate, up to (2)3(7) Χ 11.2(3) cm at base, apex obtuse to acuminate; pinnules 58 pairs, spreading or oblique, lower 2 or 3 pairs of pinnules separate from each other, upper pinnules decurrent and adnate to wing of costa, ovate, base subcuneate, somewhat inequilateral, apex obtuse-rounded; basal acroscopic pinnules larger, 6(26) Χ 4.58 mm, biserrate to shallowly lobed at margin; other pinnae smaller, with triangular teeth at margin; veins pinnate in pinnules, lateral veins 3 or 4 pairs, simple (often forked in basal acroscopic pinnules). Lamina thinly herbaceous when dried, greenish brown, glabrate; rachis and costae stramineous, sometimes slightly purplish, with dense brownish short hairs abaxially, with needlelike spines on adaxial side at base of costa and costule. Sori round-reniform, horseshoe-shaped, J-shaped, or elliptic, 2 or 3 pairs per pinnule, medial; indusia brown, round-reniform, horseshoe-shaped, J-shaped, or elliptic, membranous, ciliate at margin, persistent. Perispore surface without folds, with granular ornamentation. 2n = 80, 160 (4x apogamous).
Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests in valleys, wet areas; 12002800 m. Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan [N India, Indonesia, Japan, Sri Lanka, N Vietnam].
The type is from Indonesia (Java).
广南蹄盖蕨 guang nan ti gai jue
Athyrium acrocarpum W. M. Chu (1992), nom. illeg., not (Rosenstock) Copeland (1951); [??A. guangnanense var. acrocarpum W. M. Chu]; A. yunnanicum Ching.
Rhizomes short, erect, apex with sparse blackish brown, lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 3555 cm; stipe blackish brown, upward stramineous, ca. 22 cm, ca. 1.5 mm in diam. at base, base similarly scaly, with sparse scales, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate, narrowly oblong, up to 30 Χ ca. 16 cm at middle, base slightly narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnae 1517 pairs, opposite, subspreading, with short stalk 12 mm; basal pinnae slightly shortened, ca. 7 cm; middle pinnae lanceolate, 8.59 Χ 2.22.5 cm at base, base subequilateral, rounded-truncate, pinnate, apex caudate-acuminate; pinnules 1618 pairs, lower pinnules opposite; upper pinnules alternate, ascending, approximate; basal pinnules slightly larger, oblong, 1.11.3 cm Χ ca. 5 mm at base, base subequilateral, truncate, parallel to costae on acroscopic side, cuneate on basiscopic side, subsessile, pinnatifid, apex obtuse-rounded, with 2 or 3 triangular teeth; veins visible on both surfaces, pinnate in pinnules, lateral veins ca. 5 pairs, oblique, forked, often pinnate in basal acroscopic segments. Lamina papery when dried, yellow-green, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis stramineous, costae pale purplish red, with sparse short hairs abaxially, with pale brown needlelike spines on adaxial side at base of costa, costule, or midrib. Sori oblong, lateral on basal acroscopic veins, 1 per segment, close to costule; indusia brown, oblong, membranous, entire, persistent. Perispore surface without folds.
* Forest understories; (600)11001800(2300) m. Guizhou, SE Yunnan.
The type is from Yunnan (Guangnan).
Athyrium guangnanense is very close to A. viviparum, but differs by the absence of bulblets on the rachis. The relationship between them requires further investigation.
高山蹄盖蕨 gao shan ti gai jue
Rhizomes short, erect, apex densely clothed with brown, linear-lanceolate scales at apices and stipe bases. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds (25)5060(90) cm; stipe pale stramineous, (15)3540(45) cm, 2.5(5) mm in diam., base similarly scaly, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate-pinnatifid, deltoid-ovate, (15)2530(45) Χ (12)1520(40) cm, base broadest, apex acuminate; pinnae (8)13 pairs; lower pinnae opposite, upper pinnae alternate, ascending, with stalk (2)5(10) mm; basal pinnae larger, ovate-lanceolate, up to (5)12(20) Χ (2)4(5) cm, base subequilateral, slightly narrowed (upper pinnae not narrowed at base), pinnate-pinnatifid, apex acuminate; pinnules (8)15 pairs, alternate, ascending, lower pinnules with short stalk ca. 2 mm, ovate-oblong, 1.52.5(3) Χ ca. 1 cm at base, base inequilateral, truncate and somewhat auriculate on acroscopic side, cuneate on basiscopic side, pinnatifid to 1/2 or more, apex obtuse-rounded; pinnule segments 59 pairs, oblique, oblong or ovate-oblong, basal acroscopic segments larger, ca. 7 Χ 34 mm, with few shallow teeth at apex; veins inconspicuous adaxially, visible abaxially, pinnate in lower segments, forked in upper segments. Lamina thinly papery when dried, pale greenish brown, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae stramineous, with sparse brownish short glandular hairs abaxially, with needlelike spines on adaxial side at base of costa, costule and midrib. Sori oblong or shortly linear, 3 or 4 pairs per pinnule, close to midrib; indusia brownish, oblong or shortly linear, membranous, entire, persistent. Perispore surface without folds. 2n = 160.
Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests in valleys, rain forests, shaded shrub groves; 5002600 m. Guangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan [N India, Japan].
The type is from Taiwan (Ali Shan).
合欢山蹄盖蕨 he huan shan ti gai jue
Athyrium dissectifolium Ching; A. iseanum Rosenstock f. angustisectum (Tagawa) Sa. Kurata; A. iseanum var. angustisectum Tagawa.
Rhizomes short, erect, apex densely clothed with brown, ovate-lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose, up to 3555 cm; stipe blackish brown, upward stramineous, 1025 cm, ca. 2 mm in diam. at base, base similarly scaly, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate, with finely pinnate pinnules, ovate-lanceolate, 2535 Χ 1218 cm, base ± rounded, apex long acuminate; pinnae 1012 pairs, alternate, slightly ascending, stalked (stalk 24 mm), lanceolate, middle pinnae to 10 Χ ca. 3 cm at base, base nearly rounded-cuneate, pinnate-pinnatifid, apex acuminate; pinnules 1012 pairs; basal pinnules of middle pinnae anadromic, alternate, subspreading, subsessile, broadly lanceolate; middle pinnules ca. 2 cm Χ ca. 7 mm at base, base inequilateral, narrowly cuneate on basiscopic side, pinnatipartite nearly to costule, apex obtuse; pinnule segments ca. 4 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, ca. 5 Χ 2 mm, margin biserrate, apex obtuse. Veins inconspicuous adaxially, visible abaxially, pinnate in segments, lateral veins 35 pairs, oblique, forked or simple. Lamina thinly herbaceous when dried, brownish green, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae abaxially stramineous, subbasal part of costae with dense short glandular hairs, with needlelike spines on adaxial side at base of costa, costule, or midrib. Sori oblong or round-reniform, lateral on acroscopic veins, 14 sori per segment; indusia brown, oblong or round-reniform, membranous, erose at margin, persistent. Perispore surface without folds. 2n = 80, 160.
Understories valley forests, wet areas; (600)15002000 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Japan].
The type is from Taiwan (Hehuan Shan).
长江蹄盖蕨 chang jiang ti gai jue
Rhizomes short, erect, apex densely clothed with brown, lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 2570 cm; stipe blackish brown, upward pale green-stramineous, 1025 cm, 12.5 mm in diam., base similarly scaly, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate-pinnatipartite, oblong or oblong-ovate, (10)1845 Χ (6)1114 cm at middle, base rounded, hardly narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnae 1020 pairs, alternate, ascending, with stalk 34 mm; basal pinnae slightly shortened, 25 cm; second basal pinnae lanceolate, 610 Χ 22.5 cm at base, base equilateral, subtruncate, pinnate-pinnatifid to 2-pinnate, apex long acuminate; pinnules 1014 pairs, basal pinnules opposite; upper pinnules alternate, ascending, narrowly separate from each other, basal pinnules slightly larger, ovate-oblong, 11.3 cm Χ 45 mm at base, base inequilateral, truncate, parallel to costae on acroscopic side, cuneate on basiscopic side, pinnatipartite nearly to costule, apex acute; pinnule segments 46 pairs, oblong, acroscopic segments larger than basiscopic segments; basal acroscopic segments largest, with few short teeth; veins visible abaxially, pinnate in lower segments, lateral veins 2 or 3(5) pairs, upper veins forked. Lamina herbaceous when dried, pale greenish brown, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae stramineous abaxially, with dense short glandular hairs at base of costa, with needlelike spines on adaxial side at base of costa, costule, or midrib. Sori usually oblong, sometimes J-shaped, horseshoe-shaped, or round-reniform, 1 per segment, but 2 or 3 sori in basal acroscopic segments; indusia yellow-brown, polymorphic, membranous, entire, persistent. Perispore surface without folds, with granular ornamentation. 2n = 80, 160.
Understories of valley forests, wet areas; near sea level to 2800 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, S Korea].
Athyrium iseanum differs from related species in the lamina oblong or oblong-ovate; pinnules oblong-ovate, pinnatipartite into 46 pairs of segments with few short sharp teeth; prominent needlelike spines present on rachis, costae, costules, and midribs; sori oblong, J-shaped, horseshoe-shaped or round-reniform, indusia entire; bulblets absent or present in distal part of rachis and also costa.
The type is from Japan.
1a. Lamina oblong, bulblet usually absent, indusia usually oblong, sometimes J-shaped, horseshoe-shaped, or round-reniform ........................................................................................ 113a. var. iseanum
1b. Lamina usually oblong-ovate, bulblets usually 12 per lamina, in upper portion of rachis, frequently present also in costae, indusia polymorphic, i.e., hooked, reniform, or oblong ........... 113b. var. chuanqianense
长江蹄盖蕨(原变种) chang jiang ti gai jue (yuan bian zhong)
Athyrium filix-femina var. filipes H. Christ; A. wuyishanense Ching.
Lamina oblong, bulblet usually absent, indusia usually oblong, sometimes J-shaped, horseshoe-shaped, or round-reniform. 2n = 80, 160.
Understories of valley forests, wet areas; near sea level to 2800 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, S Korea].
西南蹄盖蕨 xi nan ti gai jue
Lamina usually oblong-ovate; indusia polymorphic, i.e., hooked, reniform, or oblong; bulblets usually 1 or 2 per lamina, large, in upper portion of rachis, frequently present in upper portion of costae also.
Damp understories of mixed forests; 8001900 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.
The type is from Sichuan (Emei Shan).
密羽蹄盖蕨 mi yu ti gai jue
Athyrium frangulum Tagawa; A. iseanum Rosenstock var. fragile Tagawa.
Rhizomes short, erect, apex densely clothed with blackish brown, narrowly lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 6090 cm; stipe greenish stramineous, 2836 cm, 23 mm in diam., base sparsely scaly, upward glabrescent; lamina 2-pinnate-pinnatipartite, broadly ovate or oblong, 3550 Χ 1535 cm, base cuneate, not narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnae ca. 12 pairs, alternate, markedly oblique, approximate, stalked (stalk 56 mm), lanceolate; basal 1 or 2 pairs of pinnae larger, 1422 Χ 45 cm, base broadly cuneate, parallel to rachis on acroscopic side, pinnate, apex acuminate; pinnules ca. 20 pairs, alternate, oblique, approximate, narrowly deltoid-lanceolate, 22.8 cm Χ 812 mm, base inequilateral (but basal pinnule nearly equilateral), truncate, parallel to costae on acroscopic side, cuneate on basiscopic side, pinnatipartite nearly to costule, apex acute; pinnule segments 810 pairs, oblique, approximate, oblong, with long teeth at margin; third and upper pinnae gradually smaller, pinnatifid; veins visible abaxially, pinnate in segments, lateral veins 24 pairs, oblique, simple (occasionally forked). Lamina papery when dried, grass-green, glabrate; rachis and costae pale red-purple, with pale or pale brown needlelike spines on adaxial side at base of costa, costule, or midrib bases. Sori narrowly elliptic, biserial on both sides of costules or midribs, usually inframedial; indusia yellow-brown, narrowly elliptic, membranous, erose at margin, persistent. Perispore surface without folds, with granular ornamentation. 2n = 80@.
Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests in valleys; 8001800 m. Chongqing, Guizhou, Sichuan [Japan].
The type is from Sichuan (Emei Shan).
西畴蹄盖蕨 xi chou ti gai jue
Rhizomes short, erect, apex densely clothed with brown, lanceolate scales at apices and stipe bases. Fronds caespitose, up to 75 cm; stipe blackish brown, upward stramineous, shiny, 4048 cm, ca. 3 mm in diam. at base, base similarly scaly, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate, ovate, 2730 Χ 1820 cm, base rounded, apex slightly abruptly narrowed; pinnae 5 or 6 pairs, alternate or basal pinnae subopposite, stalked (stalk 310 mm) ascending; basal pinnae not shortened, broadly lanceolate, up to 12 Χ ca. 4 cm; middle pinnae lanceolate, up to 10 Χ 2.53 cm, base nearly equilateral, rounded-cuneate, parallel to rachis on acroscopic side, narrowly cuneate on basiscopic side, pinnate, apex long acuminate and somewhat caudate; pinnules 1417 pairs, alternate, basal pinnules with stalk ca. 1 mm, upper pinnules sessile, ascending; basal pinnules slightly larger, oblong-lanceolate, somewhat falcate, 1.41.6 cm Χ 67 mm, base inequilateral, subtruncate, auriculate, somewhat parallel to rachis on acroscopic side, narrowly cuneate on basiscopic side, pinnatilobate, apex obtuse-acute, with 35 small teeth; pinnule segments ca. 6 pairs, suboblong, with 2 or 3 short teeth at apex; upper pinnules equal to basal pinnules but gradually smaller, decurrent at base; veins visible abaxially, somewhat visible adaxially, pinnate in segments, lateral veins 2 or 3 pairs, oblique, simple. Lamina herbaceous when dried, pale green, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae stramineous, occasionally with few brownish, linear small scales abaxially, with pale needlelike spines on upper part of rachis and midrib adaxially. Sori oblong, lateral on basal acroscopic veins, 1 per segment (24 in basal acroscopic segments), biserial on both sides of costules, inframedial; indusia brown, oblong, membranous, entire, persistent or partly fugacious. Perispore surface without folds.
* Damp understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests; 14002600 m. NW and SE Yunnan.
The type is from Yunnan (Fadou, Xichou).
南岳蹄盖蕨 nan yue ti gai jue
Rhizomes short, erect, apex with sparse dark brown, lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds up to 50 cm; stipe dark brown, upward brownish stramineous, 1720 cm, ca. 2.4 mm in diam., base similarly scaly, upward glabrate; lamina 2-pinnate-pinnatipartite, with pinnatipartite pinnules, oblong, 2530 Χ ca. 15 cm, base ± rounded, apex acuminate; pinnae ca. 13 pairs, alternate, ascending, with stalk 45 mm, basal pinnae not shortened, broadly lanceolate, up to 10 Χ ca. 3.5 cm, shortly acuminate at apex, equilateral, rounded at base, pinnate; pinnules ca. 12 pairs, alternate, ascending; basal pinnules shortly stalked (stalk ca. 1 mm), oblong-lanceolate, up to 2 cm Χ 78 mm, base nearly equilateral, truncate, not auriculate on acroscopic side, cuneate on basiscopic side, pinnatipartite nearly to costule, apex obtuse; pinnule segments 5 or 6 pairs, approximate, oblong; basal acroscopic segments larger, ca. 1 cm Χ ca. 5 mm, with 35 long teeth, obtuse at apex; veins inconspicuous adaxially, visible abaxially, pinnate in segments, lateral veins 3 or 4 pairs, oblique, lower veins forked, upper veins simple. Lamina thinly herbaceous when dried, dark green, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae dark brown, glabrate abaxially, with needlelike spines on adaxial side at base of costa, costule, or midrib. Sori oblong or round, 1 per segment (24 in basal acroscopic one), 5 or 6 pairs per pinnule, close to costule; indusia brown, oblong or round, membranous, entire, persistent. Perispore surface without folds.
* Shrub groves; ca. 800 m. Hunan (Heng Shan).
Athyrium nanyueense is very similar to A. imbricatum in appearance, but differs by the rachis and costae glabrate abaxially, and pinnules nearly equilateral at base, not auriculate on acroscopic side, obtuse-acute at apex.
假冷蕨属 jia leng jue shu
Athyrium Milde, p.p.[??not Roth (1799)]; Cystopteris Maximowicz, p.p. [??not Bernhardi (1805)]
Rhizomes long creeping, forked-branched, blackish brown, bearing remaining stipe bases, sparsely scaly, scaly at apex; scales brownish, ovate to ovate-lanceolate. Fronds separate; stipe black, long, rarely short, sparsely scaly, slightly attenuate, but not swollen and tapering to base; lamina 3- or 4-pinnate, rarely 2-pinnatifid, broadly ovate-triangular, or oblong-ovate, rarely oblanceolate; pinnae lanceolate, broadly oblanceolate, rarely ovate or elliptic, basal pinnae not shorter or only slightly shorter than upper pinnae, ± narrowed toward base, shortly stalked, in a few cases lower pinnae gradually shorter, not narrowed toward base, subsessile, ultimate segments serrate; veins pinnate at segment, lateral veins free, usually forked, upward simple, 1 veinlet per tooth; lamina herbaceous or firmly herbaceous when dried; rachis with short glandular hairs or subglabrate, rarely with sparsely long multicellular hairs abaxially; costules and midribs without spines on adaxial surface. Sori small, oblong or round, abaxial on veins, often lateral on veins at top[??] of pinnule; indusia round-reniform or oblong, laciniate or ciliate at margin. Spores bilateral, perispore with folds. x = 40.
About seven species: distributed in China, N India, Japan, Korea, and E Russia: all in China occurring in the temperate zone and subtropical mountains and the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau (two endemic).
Pseudocystopteris was proposed by Ching (1964) based on Cystopteris spinulosa Maximowicz from northeast Asia, and includes most other species confined in W China and the Himalaya. It appears intermediate between Cystopteris and Athyrium in some morphological characters. However, molecular data show that Pseudocystoperis is paraphyletic, forming a monophyletic clade with Athyrium vidalii (and others). Furthermore, recognition of Pseudocystopteris leads to paraphyly of the genus Athyrium, so inclusion of Pseudocystopteris in Athyrium is strongly recommended.
1a. Large to medium-sized plants; fronds usually more than 6070 cm, up to 23 m, all pinnae stalked 1. P. atkinsonii
1b. Medium-sized to small plants; fronds usually less than 6070 cm, second basal pair of pinnae and all upper pinnae subsessile or very shortly stalked.
2a. Lamina triangular; basal pinnae largest, narrowly elliptic to elliptic-oblanceolate with lower pinnules gradually shorter to base, prominently narrowed at base, pinnules of upper pinnae often catadromic; (mostly in mountains below 3000 m).
3a. Rachis and costae glabrate abaxially, pinnules ± rounded at base, distant from costae, teeth at segment margin long, pointed ............................................................................. 2. P. spinulosa
3b. Rachis and costae ± glandular hairy abaxially, pinnules subtruncate at base, often close to costae, teeth short and narrow ................................................................................. 3. P. subtriangularis
2b. Lamina ovate to oblanceolate; basal pinnae ± shorter than upper, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, rarely nearly auriculiform, not gradually shortened toward base, at most 1 or 2 basal pairs of pinnules slightly shortened, pinnules or segments of all pinnae anadromic or subopposite.
4a. Lamina ovate to ovate-oblong, usually 2- or 3-pinnate; pinnules inequilateral at base, shortly stalked; rachis and costae without long multicellular hairs.
5a Fronds less than 35 cm; ultimate segments approximate, teeth at segment margin short 4. P. schizochlamys
5a. Fronds up to 55 cm; ultimate segments separate, teeth at segment margin long, thin 5. P. atunzeensis
4b. Lamina oblanceolate or ovate-oblong, 2-pinnatifid to 2-pinnate; segments adnate to costae by narrow wing, if bipinnate, pinnules nearly equilateral at base, sessile; rachis, costae, and veins with sparse long multicellular hairs.
6a. Lamina oblanceolate, many pairs of lower pinnae gradually shorter than upper pinnae 6. P. davidii
6b. Lamina ovate-oblong, basal 2 pairs of pinnae slightly shortened ............... 7. P. repens
大叶假冷蕨 da ye jia leng jue
Athyrium atkinsonii Beddome, Ferns Brit. S. Ind. Suppl. 2, t. 359. 1876; Araiostegia yaklaensis (Beddome) B. K. Nayar & S. Kaur; Aspidium fargesii H. Christ; A. senanense Franchet & Savatier; Asplenium andersonii C. B. Clarke; A. atkinsonii (Beddome) C. B. Clarke; A. atkinsonii var. andersonii C. B. Clarke; A. fimbriatum Wallich ex Hooker var. sphaeropteroides C. B. Clarke; A. lastreoides Baker; Athyrium andersonii (C. B. Clarke) Panigr. & Basu[??not in Tropicos]; A. filix-femina Roth var. deltoidea H. Christ; A. fimbriatum var. sphaeropteroides (C. B. Clarke[??Baker]) Beddome; A. lastreoides (Baker) Diels; A. microsorum Makino; A. monticola Rosenstock; A. senanense (Franchet & Savatier) Koidzumi & Tagawa; Cystopteris grandis C. Christensen; Davallia athyriifolia Baker; D. yaklaensis (Beddome) C. Christensen; Dryopteris fargesii (H. Christ) C. Christensen; D. gracilifrons C. Christensen; D. senanensis (Franchet & Savatier) C. Christensen; Leucostegia yaklaensis Beddome; Polypodium foliolosum Wallich, nom. nud.; P. leptophyllum Baker (1891), not Linnaeus (1753); Pseudocystopteris andersonii (C. B. Clarke) Ching.
Rhizomes shortly creeping, 0.51 cm in diam., bearing remaining stipe bases, apex together with stipe bases, closed with brownish or brown ovate scales. Fronds approximate or distant; fertile fronds (15)60100(200) cm; stipe blackish brown at base, upper part stramineous or pale purplish red, 2050(100) cm, 310 mm in diam., occasionally with thin scales; lamina (24)3550(100) cm, nearly as broad as long or slightly narrower, broadly ovate or ovate-triangular, in small plants lamina often ovate, in large plants lamina often subtriangular, 24-pinnate, acuminate; rachis and costae slightly tortuous; pinnae 1012(20) pairs, alternate, ascending, stalk 0.51(3) cm, separate from each other, sometimes imbricate; basal pinnae as large as second basal pinnae, 515 cm apart, 1520(50) Χ up to 68(28) cm at middle, slightly narrowed toward base, narrowly ovate to narrowly ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, nearly truncate at base, 2-pinnate-pinnatifid to 3-pinnate; pinnules 10 pairs or more, anadromic, alternate, with stalk ca. 2 mm, 1.42 cm apart, subspreading, basal pair of pinnules slightly shortened, middle pinnules 3.55 Χ 1.22 cm, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, truncate at base; secondary pinnules 68 pairs, oblong or nearly ovate, 58 Χ 23 mm, obtuse-rounded, crenate at apex, base broadly cuneate, basiscopic base slightly decurrent; ultimate segments ovate-oblong, rounded-obtuse, or nearly square, with 2 or 3 unequal short teeth at apex, broadly cuneate and slightly inequilateral at base. Veins visible on surfaces, more prominent abaxially, pinnate with 4 or 5 pairs of lateral veins, simple, rarely forked. Lamina herbaceous when dried, blackish brown or greenish brown, glabrate; adaxial groove of costule open to groove of midribs, rachis and costae occasionally with membranous, small-lanceolate scales abaxially, without spines at base of pinnules and segments. Sori round or elliptic, abaxial or semilateral on basal acroscopic veins; indusia pale brown, small, round-reniform, occasionally oblong, or J-shaped, membranous, slightly erose at margin, fugacious, apparently exindusiate when mature. Perispore folded. 2n = 80.
Damp areas in coniferous forests and shrubs; 12004000 m. Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, S Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, SE Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, Himalaya, N India, Japan, Kashmir, S Korea, N Myanmar, Nepal, N Pakistan].
假冷蕨 jia leng jue
Cystopteris spinulosa Maximowicz, Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pιtersbourg 9: 340. 1859; Asplenium spinulosum (Maximowicz) Baker ([??year]), not Mettenius (1859), nor Miquel (1867); Athyrium spinulosum (Maximowicz) Milde.
Rhizomes long creeping, ca. 2.5 mm in diam., blackish brown, with sparse broadly ovate membranous scales. Fronds distant; fertile fronds 4550 cm; stipe blackish brown at base, upward stramineous, shiny, 2226 cm, 23 mm in diam. at base, base clothed with broadly ovate to lanceolate scales, often densely yellow long pubescent, upper part glabrate, occasionally scaly; lamina triangular to ovate-triangular, 2028 cm, nearly as broad as long or slightly broader, shortly acuminate or almost acute, 2- or 3-pinnate, with ca. 12 pairs of pinnae; basal pinnae longest, 1720 Χ 68 cm at middle, elliptic to elliptic-oblanceolate, gradually narrowed toward base, nearly equilateral at base, with stalk 58 mm, acuminate, subopposite, 23.5 cm apart from upper pinnae, ascending; basal pinnae with pinnules 1214-paired, anadromic, ascending or spreading, oblong-lanceolate to ovate-triangular; lower pinnules gradually shorter, obtuse or acuminate, equilateral, rounded or rounded-cuneate at base, sessile or slightly adnate to costae, rarely very shortly stalked, with long pointed teeth at margin; middle pinnules longest, 45 cm Χ 815 mm; secondary pinnules 10 pairs or fewer, ascending, oblong or narrowly ovate, 58 Χ 2.53.5 mm, usually decurrent to costular wings, sharply lobed or with thin, long, sharp teeth; segments sharply toothed; second basal and upper pinnae lanceolate, narrower, subopposite or alternate, not narrowed toward base, shortly stalked or sessile; basal pair of pinnules catadromic or subopposite; pinnule segments with pointed, long, sharp teeth. Veins visible on surfaces, pinnate, simple, terminating in tooth tip. Lamina herbaceous when dried, green or greenish brown, costule and midrib bases with some short spinulose processes on adaxial surface, rachis, and costae with sparse short hairs adaxially, glabrate abaxially. Sori round, abaxial on veins, 1 to several pairs per every ultimate segment; indusia brownish, almost round-reniform, membranous. Perispore thin, hyaline, folded. 2n = 80.
Damp areas in coniferous and mixed forests, in shrubs, bamboo groves; 8003000 m. Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Sichuan [Japan, Korea, E Russia].
三角叶假冷蕨 san jiao ye jia leng jue
Asplenium subtriangulare Hooker in Hooker & Baker, Syn. Fil. 225. 1867; A. spinulosum C. B. Clarke ([??year]), not Mettenius (1859), nor Miquel (1867), nor Dulac (1867); A. spinulosum var. subtriangulare (Hooker) C. B. Clarke; Athyrium hookerianum T. Moore; A. longipes H. Christ; A. sikkimense (Bir) A. Lφve & D. Lφve; A. spinulosum sensu Beddome (??year), not (Maximowicz) Milde (1866); A. spinulosum var. subtriangulare (Hooker) C. Christensen; A. subtriangulare (Hooker) Beddome; A. subtriangulare var. sikkimensis Bir; Pseudocystopteris decipiens Ching & S. K. Wu; P. longipes (H. Christ) Ching; P. purpurascens Ching & S. K. Wu; P. reflexipinnula Ching & S. K. Wu; P. remota Ching; P. sparsa Ching & S. K. Wu; P. spinulosa var. taipaishanensis Ching; P. tibetica Ching.
Rhizomes long creeping, 34 mm in diam., blackish brown, sparsely scaly; scales brownish, ovate-lanceolate. Fronds distant; fertile fronds (13)6070(90) cm; stipe brownish at base, upward stramineous, (5)3040(55) cm, (1)34(5) mm in diam. at base, base densely scaly, often densely long yellow pubescent, upper part occasionally with brownish lanceolate membranous scales; lamina 2- or 3-pinnate, broadly ovate-triangular to ovate-triangular, (8)2535(40) Χ (10)2030(45) cm, acuminate; pinnae (10)1520 pairs, subalternate, ascending, approximate; basal pinnae largest, 1420(28) Χ 59(12) cm at middle, elliptic to elliptic-oblanceolate, acuminate, base gradually narrowed, nearly equilateral at base, with stalks 58 mm, subopposite, (1)45 cm apart from upper pinnae; pinnules of basal pinnae anadromic, (10)1420 pairs, spreading or slightly ascending, upper pinnules gradually shortened to base, oblong-lanceolate or ovate-triangular, obtuse, usually with patulous teeth; pinnules of middle pinnae oblong-lanceolate, 2.54.5(7) Χ 11.5 cm at base, shortly acuminate or acute, sessile, subtruncate, separate or partly adnate to costae, approximate; secondary pinnules 1012 pairs, spreading or slightly ascending, oblong, 58 Χ 2.54 mm, obtuse, decurrent to costular wings, dissected or with patulous teeth; second basal pinnae similar to but slightly smaller than basal pinnae, oblong; upward pinnae lanceolate, acuminate, not narrowed toward base; ultimate segments serrate. Veins visible on surfaces, pinnate in ultimate pinnule, simple, terminating into teeth. Lamina herbaceous when dried, green or brown-green, costules and midribs with very short spines on adaxial surface, rachis, costae, and costules ± shortly hairy, veins with sparse glandular short hairs or multicellular hairs abaxially, costa base occasionally with few small scales. Sori round, abaxial on veins, 1 to several pairs per ultimate segment; indusia brownish, membranous, round-reniform. Spore-perispore thin, hyaline, folded. 2n = 80@, 160.
Damp area in forests; (500)20004100 m. Chongqing, Gansu, Hubei, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan, SE Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, N India, Nepal].
睫毛盖假冷蕨 jie mao gai jia leng jue
Athyrium schizochlamys (Ching) K. Iwatsuki; Pseudocystopteris lanpingensis Ching; P. laterepens Ching; P. sinica Ching.
Rhizomes long creeping, 23 mm in diam., densely clothed with brown ovate-lanceolate membranous scales at apex. Fronds distant; fertile fronds (9)2025(40) cm; stipe upward stramineous, shiny, often pale purplish red, (4)610(23) cm, 13 mm in diam., with sparse scales at base; lamina pinnate 13-pinnate, ovate to ovate-oblong, (5)1117(25) Χ (3)59(20) cm, acuminate; pinnae 1013(16) pairs, alternate, lower pinnae sometimes subopposite, basal 1 or 2 pairs slightly shorter, with stalk (stalk 12(4) mm), ascending, curved upward, (1)1.52(4) cm apart; middle pinnae (1.5)36(11) Χ (0.8)1.52.4(4) cm, oblong-lanceolate, nearly equilateral at base; pinnules less than 610 pairs, broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, approximate; basal pinnules 810 Χ 58 mm, sharply toothed, inequilateral at base, acroscopic side parallel to costae, basiscopic side narrowly cuneate, slightly decurrent to costa wings, all anadromic, basal 1 or 2 pairs pinnules of lowest pinnae sometimes slightly shorter; secondary pinnules or segments 3 or 4(8) pairs, elliptic to oblong, 34(7) Χ ca. 2 mm, oblong, toothed, dissected at margin; ultimate segments with 2 or 3 teeth. Veins visible abaxially, pinnate per pinnule or segment, terminating in teeth. Lamina herbaceous or near papery when dried, dark green, rachis and costae usually pale purplish red, glabrate or shortly glandular hairy. Sori small, round or round-reniform, 13 sori per ultimate pinnule, abaxial on or semilateral to basal acroscopic veins; indusia brownish, round-reniform, lacerate with ciliate margin. Spore-perispore thin and hyaline, slightly folded. 2n = ca. 80.
Damp areas in forests; 30004500 m. Sichuan, SE Xizang, Yunnan [Nepal].
阿墩子假冷蕨 a dun zi jia leng jue
Rhizomes long creeping, ca. 2 mm in diam., blackish brown, sparsely scaly, but densely scaly at apex and stipe bases; scales brown, broadly lanceolate. Fronds distant; fertile fronds 3055 cm; stipe stramineous, 1223 cm, 12 mm in diam., upper part with very sparse small lanceolate scales; lamina 3-pinnate-pinnatifid, 1532 cm, nearly as broad as long or slightly narrower, ovate-oblong or broadly ovate-triangular, acuminate with shortly caudate apex; pinnae 810 pairs, ascending, lowest pinnae 1016 Χ 35 cm at middle, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, base rounded-cuneate, anadromic, acroscopic base often imbricating[??adnate to] rachis, basiscopic base oblique, with stalks 1.53 mm, nearly opposite or alternate, 2.55 cm apart; pinnules ca. 9 pairs, shortly stalked, alternate, subspreading, separate from each other, basal 1 or 2 pairs often slightly shortened, ovate-triangular; middle pinnules oblong, 1.53 cm Χ 712 mm, with 2 or 3 thin long teeth, broadly cuneate, subequilateral or inequilateral, acroscopic base parallel to costae; secondary pinnules ca. 5 pairs, oblique, distant, oblong or rhomboid, 47 Χ 23 mm, with 2 or 3 long, acuminate teeth at apex, base broadly cuneate, decurrent and adnate to costular wings, dissected into segments with 2 or 3 acuminate teeth. Veins visible on surfaces, pinnate in ultimate pinnule, terminating into teeth. Lamina herbaceous when dried, pale green and glabrate; rachis and costae pale purplish red adaxially. Sori small, round, suprabasally abaxial on veins near sinuses between segments; indusia pale green, nearly round-reniform, lacerate with ciliate margin.
* Grassy slopes; 36003700 m. NW Yunnan (Deqen).
大卫假冷蕨 da wei jia leng jue
Polypodium davidii Franchet, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, sιr. 2, 10: 119. 1887; Asplenium duthiei Beddome; Athyrium davidii (Franchet) H. Christ; A. duthiei (Beddome) Beddome; Phegopteris davidii (Franchet) Beddome; Polypodium dentigerum Wallich, p.p.[??nom. nud.]
Rhizomes long creeping, with remaining stipe bases, chestnut-black, glabrate, slightly shiny, 12 mm in diam., with sparse red-brown, ovate-lanceolate scales at apices and stipe bases. Fronds approximate or distant; fertile fronds 2035 cm; stipe dark brown at base, upward stramineous, slightly pale purplish red, 2.512 cm, 12 mm in diam., upper part with few scales; lamina 2-pinnatifid, oblanceolate or narrowly oblanceolate, broadest 1/3 from apex, 1425 Χ 3.58 cm, gradually narrowed toward base usually 12(3) cm wide, acuminate; pinnae 1324 pairs, sessile or subsessile, spreading or slightly ascending, subopposite; basal pinnae acroscopically somewhat auriculate, usually 0.31.3 cm; longest pinnae slightly ascending, alternate, costae 0.53 cm from neighboring pinnae, lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, 1.54 cm Χ 514 mm, base subtruncate, nearly equilateral, or acroscopic segments slightly large, deeply pinnatifid to narrow wings, apex shortly acuminate; pinna segments or pinnules 10 pairs or fewer, ovate to ovate-triangular, 28 Χ 25 mm, slightly inequilateral at base, margin with sharp teeth or shallowly lobed, obtuse; ultimate segments with 2 or 3 short teeth. Veins visible abaxially, purplish red, lateral veins simple or 2- or 3-forked, ending into tooth tips. Lamina herbaceous or near papery when dried, dark greenish brown adaxially, pale green abaxially. Rachis and costae with few long scalelike hairs abaxially, costae and veins with sparse long multicellular hairs, costae abaxially ± hairy with short glandular hairs. Sori elliptic or reniform, 17 sori per segment, medial or supramedial; indusia small, thinly membranous, round-reniform or narrowly ovate, lacerate at margin, hidden by sporangia at maturity. Spores bilateral, perispore folded. 2n = 80.
Cool alpine areas on mountains, grassy slopes, under shrub groves, rock crevices; 30004300 m. W Sichuan, SE Xizang, NW Yunnan [Himalaya, N India, N Myanmar, Nepal].
长根假冷蕨 chang gen jia leng jue
Rhizomes long creeping, 2.53 mm in diam., blackish brown, almost without scales, apex clothed with brownish, membranous, broadly ovate-lanceolate scales. Fronds distant; fertile fronds 2030 cm; stipe blackish brown at base, upward gradually becoming purplish red, 710 cm, 1.52 mm in diam. at base, base with similar scales, upper part with sparse broadly lanceolate scales; lamina 2-pinnate, ovate-oblong, 1417 Χ 710 cm at middle, base subtruncate, slightly narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnae 1315 pairs, lowest two pairs of pinnae slightly shortened, slightly pendulous, 2.31.5 cm apart; middle pinnae 45 Χ ca. 1.5 cm at base, broadly lanceolate, shortly acuminate, base truncate, sessile; pinnules 1012 pairs, spreading, approximate, ca. 7 Χ ca. 4 mm, oblong-ovate, base subequilateral and broadly cuneate, basiscopic base decurrent to narrow costal wing, margin duplicato-serrate, lobed, apex obtuse with triangular short teeth; segments with 2 or 3 short teeth; veins visible abaxially, pinnate in pinnule, 1 veinlet per tooth. Lamina herbaceous when dried, green, rachis and costae with sparse long multicellular hairs and short glandular hairs on surfaces. Sori small, elliptic or round-reniform, abaxial on veins, 16 per ultimate pinnule or segment, medial; indusia brownish, round-reniform or narrowly ovate, lacerate at margin.
* Azalea forests; 32003700 m. Sichuan.
角蕨属 jiao jue shu
Neoathyrium Ching & Z. R. Wang.
Plants hygrophytic, evergreen or summer-green. Rhizome mostly creeping, ascending or erect, few thinly creeping, apex like bases of stipes scaly; scales brown or red-brown, lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, or ovate, entire; fronds approximate or caespitose, occasionally distant. Stipe fleshy or herbaceous, flattened when dry, base thickened and often warty, deeply grooved on adaxial side, nearly glabrous; lamina variably dissected from 2-pinnatilobate to 3-pinnate or more, elliptic to ovate-deltoid, apex acuminate; pinnae lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, or lower pinnae ovate-lanceolate, sessile or shortly stalked, nearly spreading, asymmetric or subsymmetric, apex acuminate or long acuminate; pinnules often pinnatilobate; rachis and costae broadly grooved between narrow ridges on adaxial side, fleshy hornlike corni borne in grooves at base of costae and costules; veins free, pinnate, veinlets simple, bifurcate to pinnate, not reaching lamina margin. Lamina brown-green, dark brown, or black brown, glabrous, or rachis or costae abaxially with multicellular short nodose hairs and sparsely lanceolate brown scales, rarely with unicellular short hairs. Sori linear, elliptic or round, on veinlets, exindusiate. Spores bilateral, elliptic in polar view, semicircular or reniform in equatorial view, perispore prominent, surface with few-rugate ornamentation. x = 40.
About 16 species: mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical Asia; 12 species in China (six endemic), including C. crenulatoserrulata, which has been assigned to the monotypic genus Neoathyrium as recognized in Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 3(2): 94. 1999.
1a. Sori round; lamina 2- or 3-pinnate, pinnules or secondary pinnules pinnatilobate.
2a. Rhizome long creeping.
3a. Projections absent from lateral ridges of stipe base, pinnules up to 9 Χ 3 cm; rachis, costae, and costules abaxially with glandular unicelluar hairs ....................................................... 9. C. pseudofluvialis
3b. Projections present on lateral ridges of stipe base, pinnules up to 46 Χ 1.5 cm; rachis, costae, and costules abaxially with eglandular unicellular hairs ............................... 12. C. crenulatoserrulata
2b. Rhizome ascending to erect.
4a. Lamina 2-pinnate, at most nearly 3-pinnate; ultimate lobes entire or shallow crenate at apex 10. C. banahaoensis
4b. Lamina 3-pinnate, ultimate pinnule usually pinnatilobate; ultimate lobes acute or serrate at apex 11. C. badia
1b. Sori elliptic or linear; lamina 1-pinnate to 2-pinnate.
5a. Lamina 1-pinnate, pinnae pinnatilobate with at most basal 1 (few 2) pairs of free adnate[??connate] pinnules.
6a. Lamina narrowly elliptic-lanceolate; all pinnae sessile.
7a. Rhizome erect; pinnae contiguous, base shallowly cordate, middle part of pinna as wide as or slightly narrower than base; rachis and costae abaxially with dense curly multicellular short nodose hairs 1. C. approximata
7b. Rhizome creeping, pinnae prominently spaced, base truncate and prominently broader; rachis and costae glabrous abaxially .............................................................................. 2. C. latibasis
6b. Lamina ovate; lower pinnae shortly stalked.
8a. Rhizome creeping ................................................................. 6. C. decurrenti-alata
8b. Rhizome ascending or erect.
9a. Middle and upper pinnae usually pinnatifid, rarely pinnatipartite; veinlets mostly simple, rarely forked, forked veinlets mostly supra-medial .............................................. 3. C. omeiensis
9b. Middle and upper pinnae pinnatipartite to pinnatisect; veinlets mostly bifurcate or pinnate, forked veinlets mostly infra-medial.
10a. Basal acroscopic lobes of upper pinnae narrower and longer than basiscopic ones 4. C. latiloba
10b. Basal acroscopic pinna lobes shorter than basiscopic ones ............. 5. C. opapa
5b. Lamina 2-pinnate, pinnules pinnatilobate.
11a. Rhizome ascending to erect ....................................................................... 5. C. opaca
11b. Rhizome creeping.
12a. Pinnules of lower pinnae usually obtuse-rounded at apex, rarely pointed, pinnatilobate to pinnatifid or dentate ................................................................................. 6. C. decurrenti-alata
12b. Pinnules of lower pinnae pointed, pinnatifid to pinnatipartite.
13a. Pinnules of basal pinnae oblong-lanceolate, base not reduced, apex shortly acuminate or acute; pinnule lobes obtuse-crenate or subentire; lamina abaxially with unicellular short hairs, rarely also with 2- or 3-celled short nodose hairs ................................................. 7. C. christenseniana
13b. Pinnules of basal pinnae ovate-lanceolate or nearly ovate, base reduced, apex usually acuminate or long acuminate; pinnule lobes pinnatilobate or crenate; lamina abaxially with multicellular short nodose hairs ................................................................................................ 8. C. major
密羽角蕨 mi yu jiao jue
Rhizome short, erect; fronds caespitose. Fertile frond ca. 60 cm; stipe stramineous, shorter than lamina, base 23 mm in diam., with sparse broadly lanceolate brown thin scales and shortly thin hairs; lamina 1-pinnate, narrowly elliptic lanceolate, ca. 40 Χ 15 cm, apex acuminate; pinnae up to 15 pairs, spreading, contiguous, sessile, lanceolate, subfalcate, up to 10 Χ 3 cm, base slightly asymmetric, shallowly cordate, pinnatifid to pinnatipartite, serrate, acuminate at apex; basal pinnae slightly reflexed, shorter, asymmetric, base slightly reduced; pinna lobes up to 15 pairs, rectangular, margin shallowly repand or slightly rounded-crenate, apex rounded or truncate; veinlets up to 7 pairs, forked or single, rarely pinnate. Lamina thinly papery, dark brown; rachis and costae abaxially with dense slightly curly, multicellular nodose hairs. Sori elliptic or shortly linear, subbasal near costae; spores reniform in equatorial view, perispore prominent, slightly rugate.
* Beside streamlets of evergreen broad-leaved forests; ca. 1800 m. NE Yunnan (Suijiang).
The type is from Yunnan (Suijiang).
阔基角蕨 kuo ji jiao jue
Rhizome creeping or ascending; fronds caespitose. Fertile frond 4080 cm; stipe brown when dry, shorter than lamina, base 23 mm in diam., scaly and hairy from base to apex with ovate or broadly lanceolate brown thin scales and short thin hairs; lamina 1-pinnate, narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, 3050 Χ 1023 cm, base slightly reduced, apex acuminate, pinnatilobate; pinnae 1015 pairs, spreading or nearly so, well spaced, sessile, sickle-shaped or lanceolate, up to 12 Χ 23 cm, base slightly asymmetric, truncate, wider than above, pinnatilobate to pinnatifid, apex acuminate; basal pinnae short, reflexed; pinna lobes broadly deltoid or nearly elliptic, nearly entire, obtuse at apex; veinlets up to 7 pairs, single or occasionally forked. Lamina thinly herbaceous when dry, pale brown; rachis abaxially with sparse brown lanceolate scales and curly thin nodose hairs when young, then subglabrous. Sori elliptic or shortly linear, inframedial, close to midrib. Spores reniform in equatorial view, perispore with prominent, slightly rugate projections.
* Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests, beside streamlets; 12001900 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.
The type is from Yunnan.
峨眉角蕨 e mei jiao jue
Cornopteris opaca M. Kato (??year), p.p., not (D. Don) Tagawa (1939); Diplazium japonicum (Thunberg) Beddome var. nudisorum C. Christensen.
Rhizome ascending; fronds caespitose. Fertile frond 6070 cm; stipe yellow-brown at base, upward green-stramineous, 2040 cm, ca. 3 mm in diam., base stout, with sparse brown, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, entire scales; lamina 1-pinnate below apex, ovate-oblong, as long as stipe, 1525 cm wide, apex acuminate and pinnatilobate; pinnae up to 13 pairs, shortly stalked, nearly spreading or narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, straight or sickle-shaped, oblique, dentate, pinnatifid to pinnatilobate, or basal pinnae sometimes deeply pinnatifid, apex long acuminate; basal pinnae short, spreading or reflexed, narrowly elliptic lanceolate, 712 Χ 24 cm; middle pinnae up to 16 cm; pinna lobes up to 15 pairs, nearly contiguous, slightly ascending, margin shallowly serrate or crenate, entire, rounded at apex; veins visible on adaxial side, prominent on abaxial side, pinnate, veinlets up to 7 pairs, oblique, simple or forked, basal veinlets curved, ending below lobe margin. Lamina herbaceous when dry, gray-brown abaxially, brown-green adaxially, glabrous on both surfaces. Sori brown-red, shortly linear or elliptic, up to 6 pairs, medial; spores semicircular in equatorial, perispore with prominent, rarely rugate projections.
* Forest understories on hillsides; 11002400 m. Guizhou, Sichuan.
The type is from Sichuan.
阔片角蕨 kuo pian jiao jue
Plants summer-green. Rhizome ascending to erect, apex with brown broadly lanceolate scales; fronds caespitose. Fertile frond up to 110 cm; stipe brown, up to 50 cm, ca. 3.5 mm in diam., with sparse brown lanceolate scales, grooved above; lamina 1-pinnate below pinnatilobate apex, ovate, up to 60 cm, ca. 40 cm wide, apex shortly acuminate; pinnae ca. 10 pairs, lanceolate, up to 20 Χ 6 cm wide, slightly ascending, shortly stalked, base slightly narrowed, pinnatipartite to pinnatisect, apex acuminate; basal pinnae slightly shortened or not shortened; pinna lobes up to 14 pairs, elliptic or oblong, dentate, acroscopic base of upper pinnae narrower, longer than basiscopic base, or equally long; veins prominent with 810 pairs of veinlets, oblique, bifurcate or trifurcate or pinnate, occasionally simple. Lamina thinly herbaceous when dry, brown-green on both surfaces, glabrous. Sori elliptic. Spores reniform in equatorial view, perispore prominent, with few rugate, granular projections.
* Understories of mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests; 22002400 m. Yunnan.
The type is from Yunnan.
黑叶角蕨 hei ye jiao jue
Hemionitis opaca D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 13. 1825; Athyrium opacum (D. Don) Copeland; Diplazium opacum (D. Don) H. Christ; Dryopteris opaca (D. Don) C. Christensen; D. succulentipes Hayata; Gymnogramma obtusata Blume; G. opaca (D. Don) Sprengel; Leptogramma obtusata (Blume) J. Smith; L. opaca (D. Don) Beddome; Nephrodium obtusatum (Blume) Diels (1899), not C. Presl (1825); Phegopteris obtusatum (Blume) H. Christ; P. opaca (D. Don) Mettenius.
Plants evergreen. Rhizome short, ascending or erect, apex with brown, lanceolate or broadly lanceolate scales; fronds caespitose. Fertile frond up to 120 cm; stipe dark stramineous (often dark brown when dry), 2050 cm, base with sparse scales, scales upward deciduous; lamina 1- or 2-pinnate, deltoid-ovate, 3060 Χ 2030 cm, base rounded-cuneate, apex acuminate; pinnae ca. 10 pairs, stalked (stalk up to 3 mm), subopposite, slightly ascending or sometimes nearly spreading; basal pinnae not shortened or slightly shortened, 1020 Χ 415 cm, elliptic, base nearly truncate, pinnatilobate to pinnate, apex long acuminate; pinnule up to 10 pairs, alternate, spreading, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, up to 9 Χ 2.5 cm, pinnatifid to pinnatisect, base truncate, sessile or subsessile, apex acuminate or obtuse; basal pinnae[??pinnules] much shorter, apex rounded; pinna lobes nearly elliptic or rectangular, entire, subtruncate or rounded at apex; veins visible abaxially, veinlets simple or upper veinlets forked, ascending. Lamina herbaceous; rachis, costae, and costules abaxially with multicellular short nodose hairs, or glabrous, also with sparse linear, brown, entire scales. Sori brown, shortly linear or elliptic, medial or inframedial, 13 pairs per pinna lobe. Spores nearly reniform, perispore prominent, projections few rugate. x = 40.
Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests; 8002300 m. Fujian, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Japan, Nepal, Vietnam].
Cornopteris opaca is variable in the shape and dissection of the fronds, and differs from C. decurrenti-alata primarily in the rhizome habit.
Plants having a glabrous rachis, costa, and midribs, particularly in old fronds have been named Cornopteris opaca f. glabrescens Sa. Kurata (J. Geobot. 12(2): 41. 1963) 变光黑叶角蕨 bian guang hei ye jiao jue; and occur in understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests; 8001800 m. Fujian, Guangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan [Indonesia, Japan, Vietnam]. The type is from Japan.
角蕨 jiao jue
Gymnogramma decurrenti-alata Hooker, Sp. Fil. 5: 142, t. 294. 1864; Athyrium decurrenti-alatum (Hooker) Copeland; Cornopteris tsangii Ching; Diplazium decurrenti-alatum (Hooker) C. Christensen; D. hookerianum Koidzumi; D. opacum [??author], p.p.; Dryopteris decurrenti-alata (Hooker) C. Christensen; Leptogramma decurrenti-alata (Hooker) J. Smith; Nephrodium decurrenti-alatum (Hooker) Diels.
Plants summer-green. Rhizome slender, creeping, dark brown, ca. 5 mm in diam., apex with brown-lanceolate scales; fronds approximate. Fertile frond up to 80 cm; stipe dark stramineous, up to 40 cm, base with scales, upward nearly glabrous, grooved on adaxial side; lamina 1- or 2-pinnate below apex, ovate-elliptic, up to 40 Χ 28 cm, apex acuminate; pinnae up to 10 pairs, ascending, distant, lanceolate, base subtruncate, nearly symmetric, apex acuminate; lower pinnae larger, elliptic-lanceolate, up to 15 Χ 4 cm, pinnatisect or 1-pinnate; pinna lobes or pinnules ovate or narrowly elliptic, up to 3 Χ 1 cm, margin pinnatilobate, sparsely dentate, or repand, apex obtuse; veins visible, veinlets simple or forked, ending into lobe margin. Lamina herbaceous, brown when dry, hairy or not. Sori shortly linear or narrowly elliptic, medial or inframedial. Spores semicircular in equatorial view, perispore hyaline, with rugate, granular projections. x = 40.
Understories of valley forests, beside shady streamlets; 2002800 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].
Cornopteris decurrenti-alata is variable in the shape and cutting of fronds.
Plants having fronds with dense multicellular short nodose hairs on abaxial side of the rachis, costae, and midribs (n = 80) have been named Cornopteris decurrenti-alata f. pillosella (H. Itτ) W. M. Chu (Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 3(2): 358. 1999); 毛叶角蕨 mao ye jiao jue (synonyms: Cornopteris decurrenti-alata (Hooker) Nakai var. pillosella H. Itτ, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 52: 588. 1938; Athyrium decurrenti-alatum var. pillosellum (H. Itτ) Ohwi; A. unifurcatum C. Christensen var. harryanum C. Christensen; Cornopteris glandulosopilosa S. F. Wu; C. likiangensis Ching; C. musashiensis Nakai). It occurs in understories of valley forests, beside shaded streamlets; 2002800 m. Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan]. The type is from Japan.
尖羽角蕨 jian yu jiao jue
Diplazium christenseniaunm Koidzumi, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 38: 105. 1924; Athyrium crenulatoserrulatum f. hakonense Makino; A. hakonense (Makino) C. Christensen; Cornopteris hakonensis (Makino) Nakai.
Plants summer-green. Rhizome creeping, apex with muddy-brown, entire, elliptic-lanceolate scales; fronds approximate. Fertile frond up to 90 cm; stipe pale green, slightly purple-red, up to 45 cm, scaly throughout with brown-entire lanceolate scales; lamina 2-pinnate below apex, deltoid-ovate, up to 45(60) Χ 30(45) cm, apex acuminate; pinnae up to 10 pairs, ascending; lower pinnae opposite or nearly so, elliptic-lanceolate, base truncate, apex acuminate; basal pinnae shortly stalked, other pinnae sessile; middle pinnae largest, up to 20 Χ 7 cm; pinnules up to 12 pairs, alternate, nearly spreading, sessile, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, middle pinnules up to 4 Χ 1.5 cm, base broadly cuneate, pinnatifid to pinnatisect, apex acuminate, shortly acuminate, or nearly rounded; pinnule lobes up to 10 pairs, nearly rectangular, ascending, slightly falcate, serrate or nearly entire, truncate or obtuse at apex; veins pinnate, veinlets 35 pairs, simple, ending infra marginally. Lamina thinly herbaceous, brown-green when dry, rachis, costae, and midribs abaxially with pale brown lanceolate entire scales and unicellular short hairs, rarely also 2- or 3-celled short nodose hairs. Sori narrowly elliptic, medial.
Forest wetlands beside cliffs; ca. 800 m. Zhejiang [Japan, S Korea].
The type is from S Korea (Cheju Island).
大叶角蕨 da ye jiao jue
Plants evergreen. Rhizome thick, creeping, ca. 3 cm in diam., apex with brown lanceolate scales; fronds approximate. Fertile frond up to 1.5 m; stipe green, shorter than lamina, up to 5 mm in diam., sparsely scaly, grooved on adaxial side; lamina 2-pinnate below apex, deltoid or ovate-deltoid, up to 90 Χ 80 cm, apex acuminate; pinnae ca. 11 pairs, alternate or subopposite, ascending, slightly asymmetric with slightly broader basiscopic side, lower pinnae broadly elliptic-lanceolate, shortly stalked, basal pairs largest, up to 50 Χ 20 cm, with basal pinnules remarkably shortened; pinnules up to 10 pairs, alternate, spreading, slightly asymmetric, lanceolate or falcate and lanceolate, up to 11 Χ 4 cm, base broadly cuneate or subtruncate, sessile, pinnatifid to pinnatisect, or 2-pinnate, apex acuminate or long acuminate, occasionally acute or rounded; basal acroscopic pinnules shorter, close to rachis, basal basiscopic pinnules oblique; pinnule lobes up to 10 pairs or more, alternate or subopposite, slightly ascending, elliptic, margin obtuse-crenate or pinnatilobate, apex rounded; veins somewhat visible abaxially, not prominent adaxially, pinnate with up to 8 pairs of veinlets, veinlets mostly forked or pinnate, rarely simple. Lamina thinly herbaceous when dry, dark colored, shiny adaxially, costae and midribs with thin multicellular hairs. Sori shortly linear or elliptic, up to 5 pairs per lobe, inframedial, close to midribs. Sori reniform in equatorial view, perispore prominent, with few rugate projections.
* Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests, beside streamlets; 21002600 m. SE to SW Yunnan.
The type is from Yunnan (Yuanyang).
Cornopteris major is similar to Cornopteris pesudofluvialis Ching & W. M. Chu in gross morphology of frond, but differs by the tall fertile fronds ca. 1.5 m, pinnules up to 10 Χ 3 cm, sori shortly linear or elliptic (not round), and lamina abaxially with multicellular thin hairs, lacking glandular hairs.
滇南角蕨 dian nan jiao jue
Plants evergreen. Rhizome long creeping, up to 2 cm in diam., apex with sparse adpressed brown scales; fronds approximate. Fertile frond up to 1 m; stipe shiny, pale brown or gray-stramineous, shorter than lamina, 23 mm in diam. at base, grooved on adaxial side; lamina 2-pinnate with pinnatisect pinnules, or base almost 3-pinnate, broadly ovate-deltoid, up to 70 Χ 50 cm; pinnae ca. 12 pairs, alternate or subopposite, nearly spreading, slightly asymmetric with broader basiscopic pinnules, basal pinnae largest, up to 40 cm Χ 15 cm, basal pinnules markedly shorter; pinnules up to 13 pairs, alternate, spreading, nearly symmetric, lanceolate, up to 9 Χ 3 cm, base truncate, shortly stalked or adnate, pinnatisect close to costa, apex acuminate or acute (occasionally rounded); basal acroscopic pinnules smaller, close to rachis, basal basiscopic pinnules oblique, pinnule lobes ca. 5 pairs, elliptic-lanceolate, up to 1.5 cm Χ 5 mm, base adnate[??connate], pinnatifid, apex rounded; pinnule lobes of ordinary (non-basal) pinnules up to 10 pairs or more, elliptic or rectangular, margin shallowly lobate or crenate, apex rounded or truncate; veins visible abaxially, not prominent adaxially, veinlets up to 6 pairs, forked or simple. Lamina thinly herbaceous when dry, brown, glabrous adaxially; rachis, costae, and costules abaxially with short glandular hairs. Sori round, subcostular, 1 or 2 pairs per lobe, or single. Spores nearly semicircular in equatorial view, perispore prominent, with few rugate projections.
* Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests, beside streamlets; 15002700 m. SE Yunnan (Wenshan, Xinping).
The type is from Yunnan (Xinping, Ailaoshan).
Cornopteris pseudofluvialis is very similar to C. banahaoensis (C. Christensen) K. Iwatsuki & Price in the lamina shape and dissection, but differs by the rhizome long creeping and the rachis, costae, and costules abaxially with dense short glandular hairs.
溪生角蕨 xi sheng jiao jue
Dryopteris banahaoensis C. Christensen, Ind. Fil. 1: 30. 1913, [banajaoensis]; Athyrium fluviale (Hayata) C. Christensen; A. tagawai C. Christensen; Cornopteris fluvialis (Hayata) Tagawa; C. tashiroi Tagawa; D. fluvialis Hayata.
Plants evergreen. Rhizome ascending, apex with ovate-lanceolate entire brown scales; fronds caespitose. Fertile fronds up to 1.2 m; stipe green-stramineous, almost as long as lamina, 2060 cm or longer, ca. 3 mm in diam., base swollen, 3-ridged in cross section, sparsely scaly; lamina 2-pinnate with pinnatisect pinnules, or nearly 3-pinnate, up to 65 Χ 50 cm, broadly ovate, ovate-deltoid, or deltoid; pinnae 1012 pairs, opposite or nearly alternate, ascending, nearly symmetric, lower pinnae broadly elliptic-lanceolate, stalked, basal pinnae up to 30 Χ 10 cm, basal pinnules markedly smaller; pinnules up to 13 pairs, alternate, spreading, nearly symmetric, lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, up to 8 Χ 2.5 cm, base subtruncate, shortly stalked or adnate, pinnatisect close to costule, basal acroscopic lobes smaller, close to costa, basiscopic lobe oblique, apex acuminate or acute; pinnule lobes oblong or elliptic, slightly oblique, margin dentate, apex truncate or rounded; veins visible abaxially, not prominent adaxially, veinlets 57 pairs per lobe, simple or forked, ascending. Lamina thinly herbaceous when dry, brown abaxially, dark brown adaxially, glabrous on both surfaces. Sori round or nearly round, medial or inframedial, or subcostular, 35 pairs per lobe. Spores reniform in equatorial view, perispore prominent, few rugate, inconspicuously granular. 2n = 80.
Understories of wet forests; 8002400 m. Taiwan [Japan, Philippines].
The type is from Philippines.
复叶角蕨 fu ye jiao jue
Cornopteris banahaoensis [??author], p.p.
Plants evergreen, tall. Rhizome ascending to erect, robust, up to 5 cm in diam. including remaining stipe bases, up to 40 cm tall, apex with adpressed, entire, brown, lanceolate scales; fronds caespitose. Fertile fronds up to 2 m; stipe brown-green, up to 1 m, up to 8 mm in diam., with sparse deciduous, entire, lanceolate scales, grooved on upper side; lamina 13-pinnate below apex, deltoid or ovate, nearly as long as stipe, up to 75 cm wide, apex acuminate; pinnae up to 12 pairs, slightly ascending, lower pinnae opposite, with stalk up to 3.5 cm, costae up to 12 cm apart, upper pinnae alternate, with stalk up to 5 mm; basal 1 or 2 pairs of pinnae larger, elliptic-lanceolate, up to 45 Χ 20 cm, lower part 2-pinnate, apex pinnatisect, acuminate; pinnules up to 15 pairs or more, spreading or nearly so, linear-lanceolate or broadly linear-lanceolate, up to 10 Χ 3 cm, apex long acuminate, pinnatisect, or pinnatipartite to pinnatisect, or pinnate, lower pinnules shortly stalked; secondary pinnules 15 pairs, lobes of secondary pinnules up to 10 pairs or more; secondary pinnules and lobes of secondary pinnules spreading, slightly oblique, or slightly falcate, ovate or elliptic-lanceolate, base broadly cuneate and adnate[??connate], pinnatilobate, dentate or crenate, rounded or subtruncate at apex; lobes of secondary pinnules slightly ascending, up to 6 pairs, mostly subfalcate, rectangular, shallowly repand or slightly shallowly crenate or serrate, truncate at apex; veins visible abaxially, not prominent adaxially, 13 pairs per lobe, veinlets simple. Lamina herbaceous, green abaxially, dark brown or gray-brown adaxially when dry; rachis, costae, and costules abaxially with brown, entire, lanceolate or linear, small scales, later glabrous. Sori round, subbasal. Spores semicircular in equatorial view, perispore hyaline, with few rugate, vaguely granular projections.
Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests; 14002500 m. Yunnan (Gongshan, Jingdong, Yongde) [E Himalaya: India, Nepal].
The type is from Yunnan (Gongshan, Gaoligongshan).
Cornopteris badia is the largest species with the most finely dissected lamina in the genus.
Plants having fronds with rachis, costae, and costules abaxially with sparse, brown, entire, lanceolate to linear, small scales and hyaline unicellular glandular hairs, and sharply serrate pinnule lobes have been named Cornopteris badia f. quadripinnatifida (M. Kato) W. M. Chu (Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 3(2): 365. 1999); 毛复叶角蕨 mao fu ye jiao jue; (synonyms: Cornopteris quadripinntifida M. Kato, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 30(46): 114. 1979; C. badia var. pubescens Z. R. Wang). It occurs in understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests; 14002500 m. Yunnan [E Himalaya: India, Nepal]. The type is from Nepal.
新蹄盖蕨 xin ti gai jue
Phegopteris crenulatoserrulata Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 17: 78. 1903; Athyrium austro-ussuriense (Komarov) Fomin[??okay]; A. crenulatoserrulatum Makino; A. koryoense C. Christensen; Cornopteris coreana Nakai; C. crenulatoserrulata f. coreana (Nakai) H. Itτ; Dryopteris austro-ussuriensis Komarov; D. crenulatoserrulata (Makino) C. Christensen; Neoathyrium crenulatoserrulatum (Makino) Ching & Z. R. Wang; Phegopteris austro-ussuriensis (Komarov) Komarov & Alissova; Pseudoathyrium crenulatoserrulatum (Makino) Nakai[??okay].
Plants terrestrial, medium-sized. Rhizome moderately stout, creeping, apex sparsely scales; scales brownish, ovate-lanceolate, membranous, large, up to 1 cm or longer. Fronds distant; stipe nearly as long as or slightly longer than lamina, 4060 cm, basal part moderately stout with pneumatophores on lateral ridges, base not beak-shaped, up to 79 mm at thick, scaly like rhizome apex; lamina 3-pinnatifid, deltoid-ovate to ovate-oblong, 2570 Χ 2060 cm, base broadly cuneate or somewhat cordate, apex acuminate; pinnae 1015 pairs, broadly lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, lower pinnae with stalks 210 mm, subopposite, ascending; basal 2 pairs of pinnae largest, 1032 Χ 48 cm, base slightly narrowed, broadly cuneate or nearly truncate, acuminate; upper pinnae gradually smaller, lanceolate, alternate, subsessile or sessile; pinnules 820 pairs, catadromic, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 14 cm Χ 515 mm, base broadly cuneate, subsessile, acuminate; lower pinnules subopposite; upper pinnules alternate, spreading or slightly ascending; ultimate segments 510 pairs, oblong, base adnate to narrow costular wing, crenulate at margin, apex obtuse-rounded. Veins inconspicuous adaxially, visible abaxially, pinnate, midrib slightly tortuous, veinlets simple or forked. Lamina papery when dried, greenish brown adaxially, green abaxially; fleshy slender hornlike processes with scaly apices present in adaxial groove of costules at bases of costules; rachis, costae, and costules abaxially with pallid unicellular short hairs and pale brown multicellular long hairs. Sori round or elliptic, exindusiate, abaxial, medial. Spores bilateral, perispore with rugate processes. 2n = 80@.
Subalpine mixed forests, grasslands; 8001000 m. Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi [Japan, Korea, E Russia].
[??vernacular name]
Athyriopsis Ching; Dictyodroma Ching; Dryoathyrium Ching; Lunathyrium Koidzumi; Diplazium auct. (=Triblemma Ching (??year), not R. Brown ex Sprengel (1830)) should be included but, all are here treated as independent genera[??move to comment].
Rhizome creeping, with black or brown, lanceolate, entire or subentire scales. Lamina simple or pinnatilobate, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, papery or nearly leathery; veins free; ridges on both sides of groove on adaxial side of rachis continuous, not interrupted at base of midribs. Sori linear, single or double; indusia pale brown, membranous. x = 40 (for Japanese materials).
The above description is valid only for part of Deparia, i.e., D. lancea and D. tomitaroana, and not applicable for the genus Deparia, because the two species are specialized. Recent molecular phylogenetic analyses show that Deparia s. lat. is a monophyletic, taxonomically natural genus comprising the above synonymous genera. It is classified into three or more sections. Thorough taxonomic revision is required for the genus (see conventional treatments of Dryoathyrium, Lunathyrium, Athyriopsis, and Dictyodroma for Chinese species).
1a. Lamina simple, margin entire or repand .............................................................. 1. D. lancea
1b. Lamina pinnatilobate, margper lobed .......................................................... 2. D. tomitaroana
单叶双盖蕨 dan ye shuang gai jue
Asplenium lanceum Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 333. 1784; A. subsinuatum Wallich ex Hooker & Greville; Athyrium dubium (D. Don) Ohwi (1956), not Ching (1949); A. lanceum (Thunberg) Milde (1870), not T. Moore (1860); Diplazium lanceum (Thunberg) C. Presl (1836), not Bory (1833); D. simplicifolium Kodama; D. subsinuatum (Wallich ex Hooker & Greville) Tagawa; Micropodium lanceum (Thunberg) J. Smith; Scolopendrium dubium D. Don; Triblemma lancea (Thunberg) Ching.
Rhizome slender, with black or brown, lanceolate scales; frond caespitose. Fertile frond up to 40 cm; stipe pale gray, 815 cm, base with brown scales; lamina lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 1025 Χ 23 cm, gradually narrowed to both ends, entire or slightly repand at margin; midrib prominent on both surfaces; veinlets ascending, 34 per vein, parallel, reaching margin. Lamina papery or nearly leathery. Sori widespread throughout lamina except in basal part, linear, single or occasionally double, medial; indusia pale brown, membranous. Spores reniform in equatorial view, perispore thin and hyaline, irregularly thickly aculeate or clavate processes.
Often in acidic soils, on rocks of forest understories; 2001600 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong (and islands), Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Japan, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Vietnam].
The type is from Japan.
羽裂叶双盖蕨 yu lie ye shuang gai jue
Diplazium tomitaroanum Masamune, J. Soc. Trop. Agric. 2: 33. 1930; Athyrium dubium (D. Don) Ohwi var. crenatum (Makino) Ohwi; D. lanceum (Thunberg) C. Presl var. crenatum Makino; D. lanceum var. grandicrenatum Nakai ex H. Itτ.
Rhizome slender, 23 mm in diam., black-brown, apex with dense scales; scales black-brown or yellow-brown, lanceolate, 23 Χ ca. 0.5 mm, thick, margin sparsely subserrate or nearly entire. Stipe black-brown at base, upward stramineous or gray-stramineous, 535 cm, 12 mm in diam., as scaly as rhizome; scales on upper part of stipe deciduous, sparse or glabrous, shallowly grooved on abaxial side; lamina lanceolate or narrowly linear-lanceolate, 1015 Χ 1.55.5 cm, base up to half width of middle, truncate or cordiform, pinnatilobate to pinnatipartite, base often pinnatilobate to costa, 14 pairs of lobes adnate[??connate] or free, margin entire or shallowly repand, apex long acuminate or acuminate; lobes up to 30 pairs, entire or slightly repand, up to 3 Χ 1 cm, upper and lower lobes gradually reduced, basal lobes usually larger than upper ones, oblong, symmetric, apex rounded; veins prominent or slightly visible on both side of lamina, pinnate per lobes, veinlets simple or forked, ascending, reaching margin, 313 pairs per lobe. Lamina herbaceous, green when dry, dark abaxially; costa stramineous or gray-stramineous, shallowly grooved adaxially, prominent abaxially, sparsely scaly with black linear scales, with sparse gray-white unicellular thin nodose hairs, then deciduous; sori shortly linear, single or double, up to 13 pairs per lobe; indusia similar to sori, pale brown, membranous, entire. Spores reniform, lobes not prominent; perispore hyaline, irregular aculeate and clavate processes on surface, apex of processes sparsely few small aculeate.
Chongqing (Jingyun Shan), Fujian (Nanjing, Nanping), Guangdong, Hainan (Baisha), Hunan (Yizhang), Jiangxi, Sichuan (Emei Shan, Leshan), Taiwan, Yunnan (Guangnan), Zhejiang (Cangnan) [Japan].
The type is from Japan.
Some specimens of Deparia tomitaroana from China are often mistakenly identified as Diplazium zeylanicum (Hooker) T. Moore (= Deparia zeylanica (Hooker) M. Kato) from Sri Lanka.
介蕨属 jie jue shu
Deparia sect. Dryoathyrium (Ching) M. Kato; Lunathyrium sect. Dryoathyrium (Ching) H. Ohba; Parathyrium Holttum.
Plants terrestrial, medium-sized. Rhizomes moderately stout, long creeping, ascending or suberect. Fronds distant or approximate; stipe long, with brown, ovate to lanceolate scales at base; lamina pinnate or 2-pinnate, oblong or ovate-oblong, acuminate; ultimate pinnules pinnatipartite; pinnae or pinnules alternate, sessile, equilateral, rounded-cuneate at base, pinnatifid to pinnatipartite, segments oblong or rectangular, pinnules or segments adnate to costae or costules by narrow wings; rachis, costae, and costules grooved adaxially, grooves of costae or costules interrupted and not merging into grooves of rachis or costae; usually with brown or dark brown, vermiculate glandular hairs consisting of 13(or 4) rows of cells on costae, costules, and midribs. Veins free, lateral veins simple or forked. Lamina herbaceous or papery when dried. Sori round, oblong, J-shaped, or horseshoe-shaped, abaxial or lateral, medial; indusia same in shape, membranous, entire, erose, lacerate, or ciliate, persistent. Spores bilateral, perispore with folds or spines, baculate[??] ornamentation. x = 40.
About 20 species: distributed in tropical and temperate zones of Asia, tropical Africa, and Madagascar, extending to Japan, Korea, E Russia, and to NW Himalaya. Fifteen species known in China (seven endemic); Qinling Shan, W Hubei, Sichuan, and NE Yunnan comprise the center of distribution.
Dryoathyrium is phylogenetically close to Lunathyrium, Athyriopsis, Triblemma, and Dictyodroma, together forming a monophyletic clade, and all currently assigned to Deparia with three or more sections including Dryoathyrium. Further taxonomic revision is required.
1a. Sori oblong or shortly linear, sometimes curved; indusia oblong, lunate, J-shaped, or horseshoe-shaped.
2a. Lamina 3-pinnate; pinnules stalked, pinnatilobate to pinnatipartite at margin, lateral veins pinnate 1. D. pterorachis
2b. Lamina pinnate-pinnatifid; pinnules entire or toothed at margin, lateral veins simple or forked.
3a. Lamina ovate, pinnae stalked; stipe and rachis with dense multicellular hairs; spore surface with long spines .............................................................................................................. 2. D. erectum
3b. Lamina oblong, pinnae sessile; stipe and rachis with sparse vermiculate hairs consisting of 2 or 3 rows of cells; spore surface with folded or rugate processes.
4a. Segments entire (occasionally repand), lateral veins simple; sori mostly shortly linear (sometimes slightly curved), occasionally J-shaped .......................................................... 3. D. chinense
4b. Segments toothed, lateral veins 2- or 3(or 4)-forked; sori horseshoe-shaped, J-shaped, oblong, or elliptic.
5a. Lamina with sparse brown spinelike thick hairs adaxially; lateral veins usually forked 4. D. setigerum
5b. Lamina subglabrate, without spinelike thick hairs adaxially; lateral veins usually 24-forked.
6a. Rhizomes ascending or suberect; sori usually narrowly oblong, lunate, or J-shaped 5. D. coreanum
6b. Rhizomes shortly creeping; sori shortly oblong, J-shaped, or horseshoe-shaped 6. D. henryi
1b. Sori mostly round or elliptic; indusia round-reniform, horseshoe-shaped, J-shaped, or lunate.
7a. Lamina 2-pinnatipartite with pinnules adnate to costa.
8a. Sori elliptic or round-elliptic, indusia lunate or horseshoe-shaped .............. 7. D. confusum
8b. Sori round or subround, indusia round-reniform, occasionally horseshoe-shaped.
9a. Stipe and rachis with sparse dark brown ovate-lanceolate scales; segments crenate; veins forked to 3(or 4)-forked .................................................................................... 8. D. stenopteron
9b. Stipe and rachis clothed with very many blackish brown, shiny, broadly lanceolate scales; segments entire or toothed; lateral veins forked, occasionally simple or 3-forked.
10a. Pinnae narrowly elliptic or elliptic, pinnatisect nearly to costae; pinna segments unevenly long, basiscopic segments longer than acroscopic segments, often falcate 9. D. falcatipinnulum
10b. Pinnae lanceolate, pinnatifid, segments even, oblong ................ 10. D. unifurcatum
7b. Lamina 2-pinnate-pinnatifid with pinnules free or connected by costal wing.
11a. Pinnules ± connected with costa.
12a. Lamina thickly herbaceous, pinnules subquadrangular at base, pinnatifid 1/2 or less to costule, segments entire or repand-toothed ............................................................. 11. D. okuboanum
12b. Lamina thinly herbaceous, pinnules broadly cuneate at base, pinnatifid more than 2/3 to costule, segments crenate ....................................................................................... 12. D. viridifrons
11b. Pinnules free, shortly stalked.
13a. Rhizomes erect; stipe bases straight .............................................. 15. D. subfluvialis
13b. Rhizomes creeping, apex ascending or suberect; stipe bases curved.
14a. Ultimate segments rounded at apex, toothed at lateral margin ...... 13. D. boryanum
14b. Ultimate segments truncate or rounded-truncate at apex, entire at lateral margin 14. D. edentulum
翅轴介蕨 chi zhou jie jue
Athyrium pterorachis H. Christ, Bull. Herb. Boissier 4: 668. 1896; Cornopteris pterorachis (H. Christ) Tardieu; Deparia pterorachis (H. Christ) M. Kato; Lunathyrium pterorachis (H. Christ) Kurata.
Rhizomes long creeping, ascending at apex. Fronds subcaespitose; fronds 1.21.5 m; stipe upward pale brown-stramineous, 3070 cm, base 56 mm in diam., with sparse brownish, broadly lanceolate scales, upper part glabrate; lamina 3-pinnatifid, oblong, 5070 cm or longer, 2540 cm wide at middle, slightly narrowed to base, acuminate; pinnae ca. 16 pairs, alternate, subsessile, slightly ascending, basal pair shorter and narrowed toward base; second pair of pinnae linear-lanceolate, up to 20 Χ 34 cm, acuminate, base equilateral and truncate; pinnules 2025 pairs, narrowly oblong or lanceolate, 1.52.5 cm Χ 46 mm, base broadened and adnate to costae, with interpinnular sinuses often V-shaped, pinnatilobate to pinnatipartite, apex obtuse-rounded; segments oblong or subtriangular, entire; third pair and upper pinnae similar to second pair but gradually shortened, with pinnules shallowly lobed or toothed. Veins pinnate in segment, lateral veins 24-paired, simple. Lamina herbaceous when dried, dark green; rachis, costae, and costules with sparse brown lanceolate small scales and scalelike vermiculate hairs. Sori oblong or horseshoe-shaped, 1(or 2) per segment; indusia brownish, elongated or horseshoe-shaped, thickly membranous, entire, persistent. Perispore with foldlike processes. 2n = 80.
Damp areas in coniferous forests; 8001000 m. Heilongjiang, Jilin [Japan, Korea, E Russia].
直立介蕨 zhi li jie jue
Athyriopsis erecta Z. R. Wang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20(2): 237. 1982; Deparia erecta (Z. R. Wang) M. Kato; Dryoathyrium articulatipilosum Ching & W. M. Chu ex Y. T. Hsieh; D. chingii (Z. Y. Liu) W. M. Chu ex P. S. Wang & X. Y. Wang [??not Sarn. Singh & Panigrahi 2005]; Lunathyrium chingii Z. Y. Liu.
Rhizomes creeping, ascending at apex. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds up to 55113 cm; stipe upward brownish stramineous, 3040(68) cm, 23(4.2) mm in diam., base not beak-shaped, with sparse brown, ovate or broadly lanceolate scales, upper part glabrate; lamina 2-pinnatipartite, narrowly ovate or deltoid-ovate, 2540(48) Χ 1424 cm, base rounded-cuneate, apex acuminate; pinnae 58(12) pairs, lower 16 pairs subopposite, basal 1or 2 pairs nearly equally long, shortly stalked, stalks up to 1.5 cm; upper pinnae alternate, ascending or subspreading, 25 cm apart, falcate-lanceolate; middle and lower pinnae 1014.5 Χ 2.54 cm, nearly equilateral, base truncate, apex acuminate; basal pinnae prominently narrowed and slightly inequilateral to base, pinnatipartite; segments 1015(17) pairs, basal segments subopposite, others alternate, slightly ascending, approximate, oblong or rectangular, 12 cm Χ 611 mm, shallowly toothed on lateral margin, obtuse-rounded or subtruncate at apex. Veins pinnate in segment, lateral veins 69 pairs, simple or forked, occasionally 3- or 4-forked. Lamina herbaceous when dried, greenish brown; rachis and costae with sparse brown lanceolate small scales and scalelike hairs. Sori oblong, occasionally shortly linear, J-shaped, or horseshoe-shaped, 13 mm, abaxial, medial, 17 pairs per segment; indusia brownish, oblong, occasionally reniform or horseshoe-shaped, basal acroscopic one often hooked, membranous, erose at margin, persistent. Perispore with long spines. 2n = 80@.
* Valley forests, wet areas; (200)12002500 m. Chongqing, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, NE Yunnan.
The long spines on the perispore of Dryoathyrium erectum are unique in the genus.
中华介蕨 zhong hua jie jue
Rhizomes creeping, ascending at apex. Fronds subcaespitose; fertile fronds up to 80 cm; stipe upward stramineous, up to 30 cm, base ca. 2 mm in diam., with sparse brown lanceolate scales, upper part glabrate; lamina 2-pinnatipartite, oblong, 4050 Χ 2025 cm at middle, narrowed at base, acuminate at apex; pinnae ca. 15 pairs, alternate, subsessile, slightly ascending, lanceolate, middle and lower pinnae 1214 Χ 22.5 cm, nearly equilateral, truncate at base, pinnatipartite at margin, long acuminate at apex; segments 1720 pairs, oblong, 11.2 cm Χ 67 mm, entire or sparsely repand, obtuse-rounded or subtruncate; upper pinnae similar to lower pinnae but gradually shorter, pinnatifid to pinnatipartite; segments oblong or rectangular, entire. Veins pinnate in segment, lateral veins 68 pairs, usually simple, occasionally forked. Lamina thickly herbaceous when dried, dark green, rachis and costae with sparse brown lanceolate small scales and scalelike vermiculate hairs. Sori shortly linear, sometimes slightly curved, occasionally J-shaped or horseshoe-shaped, abaxial on acroscopic veins; indusia dark brown, elongated, sometimes lunate, J-shaped, or horseshoe-shaped, membranous, entire, persistent. Perispore with lophate folds.
* Valley forests, damp areas; 10002100 m. Chongqing, S Shaanxi, Sichuan.
刺毛介蕨 ci mao jie jue
Rhizomes creeping, ascending at apex. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 5060 cm; stipe upward stramineous, 2025 cm, ca. 2 mm in diam. at base, densely clothed with brown lanceolate scales, upper part glabrate; lamina 2-pinnatipartite, oblong, 3035 Χ 1620 cm, narrowed at base, acuminate at apex; pinnae 1014 pairs, basal pinnae subopposite, other pinnae alternate, sessile, subspreading, lanceolate, middle pinnae 1012 Χ 22.2 cm, equilateral, subtruncate at base, pinnatipartite, acuminate at apex; segments oblong, 810 Χ 45 mm, entire or repand-crenate, obtuse-rounded or truncate. Veins pinnate in segment, lateral veins ca. 5 pairs, simple or forked. Fronds herbaceous when dried, green; rachis and costae with brownish broadly lanceolate small scales and scalelike vermiculate hairs. Sori oblong, J-shaped, or horseshoe-shaped, medial or basal, 46 pairs per segment; indusia brown, elongated, J-shaped, or horseshoe-shaped, membranous, entire, persistent. Perispore with lophate folds.
* Valley forests, damp areas; 4002100 m. Chongqing, Guizhou, Hunan, Sichuan, Zhejiang.
朝鲜介蕨 chao xian jie jue
Athyrium coreanum H. Christ, Bull. Herb. Boissier, ser. 2, 2: 827. 1902; A. decursivum Yabe; A. henryi sensu Tagawa (??year), non Diels (1899); Deparia coreana (H. Christ) M. Kato; Dryoathyrium henryi sensu S. H. Fu (??year), p.p., not (Baker) Ching (1941); Lunathyrium coreanum (H. Christ) Ching; L. henryi sensu Kurata (??year), p.p., [??(Baker) Kurata (1961)]; L. ningshenense Ching.
Rhizomes shortly creeping, ascending or suberect, clothed with brownish, membranous, lanceolate scales at apex and stipe base. Fronds approximate; fertile fronds 6080(95) cm; stipe dark brown at base, upward stramineous, 3040(47) cm, 3(4) mm in diam., base swollen, with pneumatophores, upper part gradually sparsely scaly; lamina 2-pinnatipartite to 2-pinnatisect, oblong-ovate, slightly longer than or as long as stipe, 1825 cm wide, apex pinnatifid-acuminate; pinnae 1215(18) pairs, lower pinnae subopposite, slightly shortly stalked or subsessile, oblique; basal 1 or 2 pairs of pinnae slightly shortened, prominently narrowed to base, 46 cm apart; middle pinnae lanceolate, 1015 Χ (1.5)3 cm, subtruncate at base, acroscopic base nearly parallel to costa, basiscopic base slightly cuneate, pinnatipartite or subpinnatisect, long acuminate; pinna segments 15(20) pairs, basal segments of lowest 2 or 3 pairs of pinnae shorter, middle segments oblong, (0.8)11.2(2) cm Χ (4)5 mm, connected by narrow wing, serrate, much separated from each other, obtuse or obtuse-rounded. Veins visible on surfaces, pinnate in segment, lateral veins 68 pairs, 2- to 3-forked. Lamina herbaceous when dried, pale green, rachis and costae with sparse brown multicellular long hairs on abaxial side, shorter hairs more sparse on adaxial side. Sori mostly narrowly oblong or lunate, sometimes hooked, abaxial; indusia brownish, thick, bullate, sparsely ciliate at margin. Spores bilateral, surface with few long foldlike processes. 2n = 160, (240).
Valley forests; 7001000 m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi [Japan, Korea].
Dryoathyrium coreanum is very close to D. henryi and has often been treated as conspecific with it. However, D. coreanum differs from D. henryi in the swollen base of the stipe with pneumatophores and the thick bullate indusia.
鄂西介蕨 e xi jie jue
Aspidium henryi Baker, Ann. Bot. 5: 306. 1891; Athyrium henryi (Baker) Diels; Deparia henryi (Baker) M. Kato, p.p.; Lunathyrium henryi (Baker) Kurata.
Rhizomes shortly creeping, ascending at apex. Fronds subcaespitose; fertile fronds 5095 cm; stipe upward stramineous, 2035 cm, 34 mm in diam. at base, base with sparse dark brown lanceolate scales, upper part glabrate; lamina 2-pinnatipartite, oblong, 3060 Χ 2025 cm, slightly narrowed to base, acuminate at apex; pinnae 1218 pairs, alternate, subsessile, slightly ascending, broadly lanceolate, pinnae below middle 1220 Χ 34 cm, base nearly equilateral, truncate or rounded-cuneate, pinnatipartite, caudate-acuminate at apex; segments falcate-oblong, 22.5 cm Χ 68 mm, margin incised-toothed, apex obtuse-rounded or shortly acute; upper pinnae gradually shorter, pinnatifid to pinnatipartite; segments oblong or rhomboid, entire or serrate. Veins pinnate in segment, lateral veins 810 pairs, 2- or 3-forked. Lamina herbaceous when dried, dark green, rachis and costae with sparse brown broadly lanceolate small scales and scalelike vermiculate hairs. Sori shortly oblong, sometimes curved, J-shaped, or horseshoe-shaped, inframedial; indusia brown, elongate, occasionally J- or horseshoe-shaped, membranous, lacerate into cilia at margin, persistent. Spore-perispore with many rugate folds. 2n = 240.
* Damp areas in broad-leaved forests and shrubs; 10002000 m. Chongqing, Fujian, SE Gansu, Guizhou, S Henan, Hubei, Hunan, S Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan.
陕甘介蕨 shan gan jie jue
Rhizomes creeping, ascending at apex. Fronds approximate; fertile fronds 5065 cm; stipe upward stramineous, 2025 cm, ca. 2 mm in diam. at base, base with sparse brown ovate-lanceolate scales, upper part glabrate; lamina 2-pinnatipartite, narrowly ovate, 3040 Χ 2328 cm at middle, base narrowed and rounded-cuneate, apex acuminate and pinnatifid; pinnae ca. 16 pairs, alternate, subsessile, subspreading, lanceolate, basal pinnae shortened, second basal pair 1013 Χ 2.43 cm, somewhat caudate-acuminate, base nearly equilateral, rounded-cuneate; segments ca. 15 pairs, basal segments opposite, other segments alternate, spreading, oblong or rectangular, 11.5 cm Χ 57 mm, obtuse-rounded, subdentate; third basal pair of pinnae slightly larger, similar to second pair. Veins pinnate in segment, lateral veins usually forked, only basal acroscopic one often simple. Lamina herbaceous when dried, pale green, rachis, costae, and costules with sparse brown broadly lanceolate small scales and brown scalelike vermiculate hairs. Sori sparse, round or elliptic, abaxial on base of acroscopic veins; indusia pale brown, lunate, occasionally horseshoe-shaped, membranous, entire, persistent. Perispore with baculate[??] or spinelike ornamentation.
* Damp areas in broad-leaved forests; 13001500 m. SE Gansu, C and S Shaanxi.
川东介蕨 chuan dong jie jue
Polypodium stenopteron Baker, J. Bot. 26: 229. 1888, non Baker (1886); Athyrium dielsii (C. Christensen) C. Christensen; Dryoathyrium dielsii (C. Christensen) Ching; Dryopteris dielsii C. Christensen; Nephrodium stenopteron (Baker) Diels [??Baker].
Rhizomes creeping, ascending at apex. Fronds approximate; fertile fronds 5585 cm; stipe upward stramineous, 2040 cm, 22.5 cm in diam. at base, base with sparse brown narrowly lanceolate scales, upper part glabrate; lamina 2-pinnatipartite, ovate-oblong, 2545 Χ 1830 cm at middle, base narrowed and rounded-cuneate, apex acuminate; pinnae 812 pairs, basal pinnae subopposite, other pinnae alternate, shortly stalked or sessile, subspreading, broadly lanceolate, middle pinnae 1218 Χ 2.54 cm, caudate, base inequilateral, acroscopic base narrowly cuneate or subtruncate, pinnatipartite; segments 1518 pairs, basal segments nearly opposite, other segments alternate, falcate, oblong, basal pair shortened, second and third pairs of segments 1.22 cm Χ 48 mm, crenulate, obtuse-rounded or shortly acute. Veins pinnate in segment, lateral veins (2- or) 3- to 4-forked. Lamina herbaceous when dried, green. Rachis, costae, and costules with sparse brown lanceolate small scales and brown, scalelike vermiculate hairs. Sori small, round, abaxial, medial; indusia brown, round-reniform, small, membranous, entire, persistent. Perispore with baculate[??] and spinelike ornamentation.
* Damp areas in evergreen broad-leaved forests and shrubs; 5002200 m. Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan.
镰小羽介蕨 lian xiao yu jie jue
Rhizomes creeping. Fronds approximate; fertile fronds 5060 cm; stipe upward stramineous, ca. 24 cm, 23 mm in diam. at base, base with sparse blackish brown broadly lanceolate scales, upper part glabrate; lamina 2-pinnatipartite or nearly 2-pinnate, ovate-oblong, 3034 Χ 1721 cm, base rounded, apex acuminate; pinnae 1215 pairs, basal 1 or 2 pairs largest, opposite, subsessile, other pinnae alternate, narrowly elliptic or elliptic, lower pinnae 1014 Χ 2.53.5 cm, narrowed, cuneate and inequilateral to base, long acuminate at apex; segments 1416 pairs, basal 1 or 2 pairs prominently shortened, basiscopic segments longer than acroscopic segments; acroscopic segments oblong, 1.21.8 cm Χ ca. 5 mm, toothed, rounded; basiscopic segments falcate, lanceolate, up to 3.2 cm Χ ca. 6 mm, toothed, acuminate. Veins pinnate in segment, lateral veins 420 pairs, 2- or 3-forked, rarely simple. Lamina herbaceous when dried, dark green; rachis, costae, and costules with sparse short multicellular brown hairs. Sori small, almost round-reniform, abaxial, medial; indusia dark brown, reniform, small, membranous, entire, fugacious. Perispore with papillate or spinelike ornamentation.
* Forests on mountain slopes, rare; 7001100 m. Sichuan.
The type is from Sichuan (Emei Shan).
It is possible that there are hybrids between Dryoathyrium falcatipinnulum and D. unifurcatum.
峨嵋介蕨 e mei jie jue
Nephrodium unifurcatum Baker, J. Bot. 26: 228. 1888; Aspidium pandiforme H. Christ; Athyrium unifurcatum (Baker) C. Christensen; Deparia unifurcata (Baker) M. Kato; Dryoathyrium jinfoshanense Ching & Z. Y. Liu; Dryopteris tosensis Kodoma; D. unifurcata (Baker) C. Christensen; Lunathyrium unifurcatum (Baker) Kurata; Parathyrium unifurcatum (Baker) Holttum.
Rhizomes long creeping. Fronds distant; fertile fronds 4595 cm; stipe upward stramineous, 2040 cm, 23 mm in diam. at base, base with sparse blackish brown broadly lanceolate or linear scales, upper part glabrate; lamina 2-pinnatifid, ovate-oblong, 2555 Χ 2028 cm, base slightly narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnae 1214 pairs, basal pinnae subopposite, other pinnae alternate, subsessile, ascending, lanceolate, middle pinnae 1316 Χ 34 cm, base narrowed and rounded-truncate, pinnatipartite, apex acuminate; segments 1215 pairs, oblong, basal segments shortened, upper segments 1.52.5 cm Χ 68 mm, entire or crenate, obtuse-rounded or truncate. Veins pinnate in segment, lateral veins forked, occasionally 3-forked. Lamina herbaceous when dried, pale green, rachis, costae, and costules with sparse black or dark brown lanceolate small scales and brown, scalelike vermiculate hairs. Sori small, round, abaxial, medial; indusia red-brown, small, round-reniform, membranous, subentire or laciniate, persistent. Spores-perispore with baculate[??] or spinelike ornamentation. 2n = 80@, 160; n = 2n = 120 (apogamous).
Mountain forests, damp areas at streamsides; 2002800 m. Chongqing, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, S Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan].
华中介蕨 hua zhong jie jue
Athyrium okuboanum Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 13: 16. 1899; A. unifurcatum (Baker) C. Christensen var. okuboanum (Makino) H. Itτ; A. viridifrons Makino f. okuboanum (Makino) Makino; Deparia okuboana (Makino) M. Kato; Dryoathyrium viridifrons (Makino) Ching var. okuboanum (Makino) Ching ex S H Fu; Dryopteris okuboana (Makino) Koidzumi; Lunathyrium okuboanum (Makino) Sugimoto; L. unifurcatum Kurata var. okuboanum (Makino) Sa. Kurata.
Rhizomes creeping, ascending at apex. Fronds subcaespitose; fertile fronds up to 1.2 m; stipe upward stramineous, 3050 cm, 35 mm in diam. at base, with sparse brown lanceolate scales, upper part glabrate; lamina 3-pinnatifid or 3-pinnate, broadly ovate or ovate-oblong, 3080 Χ 2540 cm, base rounded-cuneate and narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnae 1014 pairs, alternate, shortly stalked or nearly sessile, oblong-lanceolate, 2028 Χ 59 cm, narrowed toward base, acuminate at apex; pinnules 1216 pairs, basal pinnules subopposite, other pinnules alternate, sessile, spreading, basal pinnules smaller, oblong, 11.2 cm Χ ca. 5 mm, nearly equilateral, obtuse-rounded; large pinnules oblong, 38 cm Χ 715 mm, base broadly cuneate, decurrent and adnate to costules with narrow costular wings, shallowly lobed to pinnatipartite, apex obtuse to acuminate; segments oblong, oblique, entire, obtuse-rounded. Veins pinnate in segment, lateral veins 24 pairs, simple. Lamina thickly papery when dried, grass green, rachis, costae, and costules with sparse brownish broadly lanceolate small scales and scalelike vermiculate hairs. Sori round, abaxial; indusia greenish brown, round-reniform or somewhat horseshoe-shaped, membranous, entire or laciniate, persistent. Perispore with baculate or spinelike ornamentation. n [??]= 2n = 120 (apogamous).
Valley forests, forest margins, wet areas, streamsides; near sea level up to 2500 m. Anhui, Fujian, SE Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, S Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Vietnam].
绿叶介蕨 lu ye jie jue
Asplenium viridifrons Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 13: 15. 1899; Athyrium henryi Diels var. viridifrons (Makino) Ohwi; Cornopteris viridifrons (Makino) Tardieu; Deparia viridifrons (Makino) M. Kato; Lunathyrium viridifrons (Makino) Sa. Kurata; Parathyrium viridifrons (Makino) Holttum.
Rhizomes creeping, moderately stout. Fronds approximate; fertile fronds up to 1.2 m; stipe upward stramineous, 3555 cm, 34 mm in diam. at base, base with sparse brownish broadly lanceolate scales, upper part glabrate; lamina 3-pinnatipartite, deltoid-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 4065 Χ 3055 cm, base hardly narrowed and rounded-cuneate, apex acuminate; pinnae 810 pairs, alternate but basal pair subopposite, stalked, ascending, oblong, large pinnae 2230 Χ 1015 cm at middle, base truncate, apex acuminate; pinnules 1214 pairs, alternate, subsessile, continued to narrow costal wing, subspreading, lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid; segments 1012 pairs, alternate, ascending, rectangular, 612 Χ 2.53.5 mm, crenate, obtuse-rounded at apex. Veins pinnate in segment, lateral veins simple or forked. Lamina herbaceous when dried, green, rachis, costae, and costules with sparse brownish lanceolate small scales and scalelike vermiculate hairs. Sori small, round or rotund[??], abaxial; indusia brown, round-reniform, membranous, subentire or laciniate, persistent. Perispore with many folds irregularly rugate. 2n = 80.
Forests, near forest margins; 3002100 m. Fujian, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].
介蕨 jie jue
Aspidium boryanum Willdenow, Sp. Pl., ed. 4, 5: 285. 1810; A. divisum Wallich, nom. nud.; Athyrium boryanum (Willdenow) Tagawa; Cornopteris boryanum (Willdenow) Tardieu; Ctenitis boryana (Willdenow) Copeland; Deparia boryana (Willdenow) M. Kato; Dryopteris boryana (Willdenow) C. Christensen; Lastrea boryana (Willdenow) T. Moore; Lunathyrium boryanum (Willdenow) H. Ohba; Nephrodium boryanum (Willdenow) Baker (1867), not Hooker (1862); N. divisum (Wallich) Hooker; Parathyrium boryanum (Willdenow) Holttum; Polypodium subtripinnatum C. B. Clarke.
Rhizomes creeping, ascending or suberect at apex. Fronds subcaespitose; fertile fronds 1.22 m; stipe upward pale brown-stramineous, 4095 cm, up to 1 cm in diam. at base, base with sparse dark brown subulate lanceolate scales, upper part glabrate; lamina 3-pinnatipartite, broadly ovate, 80105 Χ 6085 cm at middle, base narrowed and rounded-cuneate, apex acuminate; pinnae 1215 pairs, alternate, stalked, slightly ascending, oblong-lanceolate, basal pinnae up to 40 Χ ca. 15 cm at middle, base equilateral, truncate, apex acuminate; pinnules 1416 pairs, alternate, stalked, spreading, broadly lanceolate, 610 Χ 1.52 cm, base equilateral, truncate, pinnatipartite, apex acuminate; segments ca. 12 pairs, basal segments usually shortened, suboblong, 710 Χ 2.53.5 mm, crenate-serrate, obtuse-rounded. Veins pinnate in segment, lateral veins simple or forked. Lamina herbaceous when dried, yellow-green, with sparse short pale hairs adaxially, rachis, costae, and costules with sparse brown lanceolate small scales and scalelike vermiculate hairs. Sori small, round, abaxial, medial or subcostular; indusia brown, round-reniform, membranous, subentire or irregularly toothed, frequently abortive or fugacious. Perispore with strialike folds. 2n = 80.
Damp areas, streamsides, understories of evergreen forests; 5003300 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, SE Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Africa].
无齿介蕨 wu chi jie jue
Aspidium edentulum Kunze, Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 4: 474. 1846; Dryopteris edentula (Kunze) Kuntze; Lastrea edentula (Kunze) T. Moore; Nephrodium edentulum (Kunze) Baker.
Rhizomes creeping, ascending at apex. Fronds subcaespitose; fertile fronds up to 1.2 m; stipe upward brownish stramineous, 3555 cm, ca. 6 mm in diam. at base, base with sparse brown linear-lanceolate scales, upper part glabrate; lamina 3-pinnatifid to 3-pinnatipartite, broadly ovate, 5065 Χ 3050 cm, base narrowed and rounded-cuneate, apex acuminate; pinnae 1015 pairs, alternate, stalked, subspreading, oblong-lanceolate, lower pinnae 2030 Χ 911 cm, base equilateral and subtruncate, apex acuminate, somewhat caudate; pinnules 1518 pairs, lower pinnules subopposite, upper pinnules alternate, shortly stalked or subsessile, spreading, oblong, 55.5 Χ 1.51.7 cm, base broadly cuneate, pinnatifid to pinnatipartite, apex obtuse; segments[??] oblong, 68 Χ ca. 5 mm, entire, truncate or rounded-truncate at apex; segments[??] rectangular or subsquare, entire, rounded-truncate or subrounded at apex. Veins pinnate in segment, lateral veins 4 or 5 pairs, simple or forked. Lamina herbaceous when dried, grass green; rachis, costae, and costules with sparse brown lanceolate small scales and scalelike vermiculate hairs. Sori small, round, abaxial, median; indusia red-brown, round-reniform, small, membranous, subentire, persistent. Perispore with spinelike ornamentation.
Forests, valleys, damp areas; 5002400 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan [India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Vietnam].
Dryoathyrium edentulum may be a small variant conspecific with the D. boryanum.
[??vernacular name]
Dryopteris subfluvialis Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 5: 288, f. 113. 1915; Athyrium subfluviale (Hayata) Tagawa; A. unifurcatum (Baker) C. Christensen var. subfluviale (Hayata) H. Itτ.
Rhizome erect, up to 25 cm tall. Stipe stramineous, 4070 cm, scaly at base; scales brown to dark brown, linear to lanceolate, up to 10 Χ 2 mm, entire, acuminate; upper part of stipe with sparse, linear, dark brown scales. Lamina 3- or 4-pinnatifid, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, up to 2 Χ to 1.2 m, herbaceous; pinnae oblong-lanceolate, 4764 Χ 1827 cm, acuminate; basal pinnules abbreviated or with stalks ca. 2.5 mm; pinnules oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, spreading, sessile or shortly stalked; basal segments ± smaller in larger pinnules, 1115 Χ 34 cm, deeply pinnatifid; segments oblong, up to 20 Χ 7 cm, obtuse and weakly crenulate at apex, spreading, lobed or pinnatifid 1/3 of way toward midribs into oblique, obtuse ultimate segments; rachis, costae, costules, and veins hairy with pale, septate hairs, or almost glabrous. Sori subcostular, round; indusia thin, round-reniform, irregularly laciniate.
S and SW China [??provinces], Taiwan [Philippines, Thailand].
蛾眉蕨属 e mei jue shu
Deparia sect. Lunathyrium (Koidzumi) M. Kato; Lunathyrium sect. Lunathyrium (Koidzumi) H. Ohba[??].
Plants medium-sized. Rhizomes erect or ascending, clothed with large scales at apices; scales brownish, red-brown, or dark brown, ovate-lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, membranous, entire. Fronds caespitose; stipe stramineous, chestnut-red, or only chestnut-colored on abaxial side, usually shorter than lamina, beak-shaped at base, swollen as flat, concave-convex spindle above base, with protuberant pneumatophores along two lateral ridges of spindlelike base, clothed with scales similar to those on rhizomes, ± with multicellular, tortuous, hyaline hairs; lamina oblong-lanceolate or oblong-oblanceolate, occasionally narrowly ovate, pinnatifid-acuminate at apex, ± narrowed toward base, occasionally only basal 1 or 2 pairs of pinnae slightly shortened or basal pinnae longest, pinnate-pinnatipartite; pinnae lanceolate, narrowly lanceolate, oblanceolate, or narrowly elliptic, bases truncate, often abruptly broadened, usually laterally equilateral; basal acroscopic segments of lower pinnae sometimes prominently enlarged as auriculate, sessile, acuminate at apex; alternate or lower ones subopposite, spreading, basal several pairs of pinnae usually gradually shortened toward base, sometimes basal pair shortened as small auriculate lobes, pinnatipartite to wings of costae; segments numerous, approximate, occasionally spaced, oblong or rectangular, occasionally obtuse-triangular, serrate, crenate, or subentire at margin, rounded or obtuse, occasionally acute or near truncate at apex; rachis and costae grooved adaxially, groove of rachis not open to groove of costae; midrib visible, protuberant, not grooved adaxially, lateral veins 46(9) pairs, usually simple, occasionally forked, oblique, basal pair of lateral veins extending to margin above sinus. Lamina herbaceous when dried, green or greenish brown, rachis and costae in both or one surfaces and veins on surfaces ± with hyaline multicellular hairs, with hyaline triangular toothlike cells at segment margin and sinus between segments, sometimes also with multicellular hairs. Sori shortly linear to elliptic, 0.52 mm, straight, lateral on middle acroscopic side of veins; indusia yellow-brown, usually narrowly lunate or elliptic, shortly linear when young, straight, sometimes, J-shaped, horseshoe-shaped, or doubled on top[??] of lamina or pinnae, or on suprabasal veins of segments, clam shell-shaped when mature, papery or thickly membranous, firm, persistent, entire, subentire or slightly erose, occasionally shortly ciliate at margin, sori parallel each other like pectinate. Spores bilateral, bean-elliptic or elliptic, perispore surface with continual or discontinued folds, rugate, papillate, verrucose or baculate processes. x = 40.
About 20 species plus numerous hybrids: most species occur in Asia; 19 species (14 endemic) plus two hybrids in China; Lunathyrium acrostichoides (Swartz) Ching of eastern North America is the only New World species. The genus is distributed from W China, north to Qinling Shan, NE China, and Japan, Korea, E Russia, west to W Himalaya, and east to central and eastern China, occurring in broad-leaved and coniferous mountain forests, in shrubs, damp areas, and streamsides.
Lunathyrium is phylogenetically close to Dryoathyrium, Athyriopsis, Triblemma, and Dictyodroma, forming a monophyletic clade, and all are currently assigned to Deparia with three or more sections including Lunathyrium. Further taxonomic revision is required.
1a. Rhizomes ascending or shortly creeping; lamina with only 3 pairs of lower pinnae slightly shortened, basal pair of pinnae usually more than 3 cm; multicellular short hairs present at sinus between segments 1. L. pycnosorum
1b. Rhizomes erect; lamina with more pairs of lower pinnae gradually shortened or only basal 2 or 3 pairs slightly shortened; multicellular short hairs absent or present at sinus between segments; perispore surface with rugose, rugate, saccate, papillate, baculate processes, or ridged folds.
2a. Multicellular hairs ± present at sinus between segments.
3a. Lamina with only few pairs of lower pinnae slightly shortened, basal pair of pinnae never shortened as auriculate, usually more than 2 cm, stipes usually more than 1015 cm.
4a. Indusia with short glandular hairs on back ...................................... 2. L. auriculatum
4b. Indusia without or with short glandular hairs only on lower part of back .. 3. L. giraldii
3b. Lamina with numerous pairs of lower pinnae gradually shortened toward base, basal pair of pinnae no more then 12 cm, often auriculate; stipe usually within 1015 cm.
5a. Multicellular hairs sparsely present on surfaces of segments ........... 6. L. sichuanense
5b. Multicellular long hairs densely present on surfaces of segments.
6a. Spore surface with few discontinuous low folds or rugose folds; rachis and costae with dense multicellular long hairs and scale hairs; hairs absent at margin of segments 4. L. hirtirachis
6b. Spore surface with rugate, saccate folds, or papillate, verrucose processes; rachis and costae only with sparse multicellular hairs; segments with multicellular long hairs at margin 5. L. liangshanense
2b. Multicellular hair absent at sinus between segments.
7a. Perispore surface with continuous low folds or discontinuous rugose folds.
8a. Numerous pairs of lower pinnae gradually shortened toward base, basal pair of pinnae no more than 2 cm, often auriculate.
9a. Fertile fronds only ca. 30 cm; segments thinner, less than 2 mm wide, subentire at margin, pinnae and segments approximate; multicellular hairs thicker and longer on abaxial surface of rachis and costae ................................................................................................. 7. L. sikkimense
9b. Fertile fronds more than 60 cm; segments more than 4 mm wide, serrulate at margin, pinnae and segments separate; multicellular hairs thin and short on abaxial surface of rachis and costae 8. L. medogense
8b. Only 2 or 3 pairs of lower pinnae slightly shortened toward base, basal pair of pinnae usually more than 3 cm.
10a. Multicellular hairs very short on adaxial surface of fertile pinnae, inconspicuous; hairs thin, short, and sparse on abaxial surface of rachis and costae; indusia subentire ...... 9. L. vegetius
10b. Multicellular hairs visible on adaxial surface of fertile pinnae; hairs thick and long on abaxial surface of rachis and costae; indusia slightly erose or shortly ciliate at margin ... 10. L. acutum
7b. Perispore surface with rugate, saccate folds or papillate, verrucose or bacculate[??] processes.
11a. Only few pairs of lower pinnae slightly shortened toward base, basal pair of pinnae usually more than 2 cm, never auriculiform, stipes usually more than 1015 cm.
12a. Spore surface with dense bacculate or spines ............................... 11. L. emeiense
12b. Spore surface with sparse rugate, saccate folds or papillate, verrucose processes.
13a. Lower pinnae narrowly deltoid-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, prominently broadened toward base, their basal segments reflexed.
13b. Lower pinnae lanceolate, not broadened toward base, their basal segments explanate 13. L. wilsonii
11b. Numerous pairs of lower pinnae gradually shortened toward base, basal pair of pinnae no more than 12 cm, often auriculate; stipe usually 1015 cm.
14a. Multicellular hairs thin, short, and sparse at abaxial surfaces of rachis and costae.
15a. Segments truncate at apex .................................................. 14. L. vermiforme
15b. Segments obtuse-rounded or obtuse at apex .................... 15. L. shennongense
14b. Multicellular hairs thick, long and rather dense on abaxial surfaces of rachis and costae.
16a. Segments truncate at apex .................................................... 16. L. truncatum
16b. Segments rounded or obtuse, occasionally rounded-truncate at apex.
17a. Fertile fronds less than 30 cm; pinnae fewer than 12 pairs, less than 5 cm; segments 57 pairs ...................................................................................... 17. L. brevipinum
17b. Fertile fronds more than 30 cm; pinnae up to 20 pairs, more than 5 cm; segments more than 12 pairs.
18a. Fertile fronds up to more than 1 m, lamina linear-oblanceolate, pinnae more than 2530 pairs ...................................................................................... 18. L. dolosum
18b. Fertile fronds 3070 cm, lamina oblong or oblanceolate, pinnae 2025 pairs 19. L. orientale
东北蛾眉蕨 dong bei e mei jue
Rhizomes stout, ascending or shortly creeping, densely clothed with brownish, membranous, broadly ovate or ovate-lanceolate large scales at apex and stipe bases. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds (30)4070(87) cm; stipe chestnut-black at base, upward gradually stramineous, occasionally reddish chestnut, 820(31) cm, upward with sparse, brown, membranous, lanceolate scales; lamina pinnate, broadly lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, (24)3040(59) Χ (5)812(18) cm, apex acuminate; pinnae pinnatipartite, 1825 pairs, only few lower pairs gradually shortened; basal pinnae usually more than 2.5 cm, rarely shorter; middle pinnae narrowly lanceolate, (2.5)45(9) Χ 0.72.5 cm, base subtruncate, apex acuminate; lower pinnae subopposite, upward pinnae alternate, spreading, 13 cm apart, pinnatipartite near to costae; pinna lobes (7)1215(19) pairs, contiguous, 410 Χ 23 mm, oblong, margin entire or ± crenate, apex rounded or obtuse and crenate. Veins visible on both surfaces, pinnate, ca. 5 pairs, simple or forked. Lamina herbaceous when dried, green, with sparse multicellular short hairs along rachis, costae, midribs, and veins. Sori narrowly lunate to linear, 35 pairs per lobe, almost from midrib to lamina margin, 11.5 mm, often dense at maturity; indusia similar to sori, pale brown, persistent. Spores bilateral, perispore surface with few low folds. 2n = 80, 160.
Damp understories of mixed forests; 2001000 m. Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong [N Japan, Korea, E Russia].
The type is from Korea.
Lunathyrium pycnosorum is similar to North American Lunathyrium acrostichoides (Swartz) Ching in the ascending to shortly creeping rhizome, multicellular short hairs borne at sinuses between pinna lobes, and spore surface with low folds. The two may be vicariants in eastern Asia and North America.
1a. Pinnae 0.71.5 cm wide, pinna lobes 46(10) mm; veins simple ............. 1a. var. pycnosorum
1b. Pinnae 22.5 cm wide, pinna lobes ca. 10 mm; veins usually forked ............. 1b. var. longidens
东北蛾眉蕨(原变种) dong bei e mei jue (yuan bian zhong)
Athyrium pycnosorum (H. Christ) H. Christ, Bull. Herb. Boissier, sιr. 2, 2: 827. 1902; A. acrostichoides (Swartz) Diels, p.p.; Deparia pycnosora (H. Christ) M. Kato; Lunathyrium acrostichoides (Swartz) Ching; L. changbeiense Ching & J. J. Chien; L. pycnosorum var. acutum J. J. Chien; L. shandongense J. X. Li & F. Z. Li.
Fronds smaller: pinnae 0.71.5 cm, pinna lobes usually 46 Χ 23 mm, entire or ± crenate, multicellular hairs fewer at sinuses between pinna lobes; veins simple.
Damp understories of mixed forests; 2001000 m. Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong [N Japan, Korea, E Russia].
长齿蛾眉蕨 chang chi e mei jue
Fronds with much larger pinnae and pinna lobes, i.e., pinnae 22.5 cm wide, pinna lobes ca. 1 cm Χ 45 mm, prominently toothed at margin; multicellular hairs shorter and sparser at sinuses between pinna lobes; veins frequently forked.
* Damp understories of mixed forests. Heilongjiang (Daguokui Shan, Shangzhi).
大耳蛾眉蕨 da er e mei jue
Rhizomes moderately stout, erect, clothed with dark brown, membranous, lanceolate scales at apices and stipe bases. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 8090 cm; stipe stramineous, 1025 cm, 47 mm in diam., with sparse brownish, hyaline, multicellular hairs, base densely clothed with thick, dark brown, linear-lanceolate scales, upward scales gradually sparse; lamina pinnate-pinnatipartite, oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, 2063 Χ 718 cm, slightly narrowed or hardly narrowed to base, apex pinnatifid-acuminate; pinnae 1222 pairs, middle pinnae alternate, spreading, lanceolate, 713 Χ 1.52.5 cm, base slightly broadened, subtruncate, pinnatipartite, apex acuminate; only few pairs of lower pinnae slightly or hardly shortened, abruptly prominently broadened at base, subopposite; segments ca. 18 pairs, oblong, separated from each other, ca. 8 Χ 4 mm, base adnate to narrow wing, basal acroscopic segments of basal pinnae prominently or slightly elongated, apex rounded-obtuse or obtuse. Veins visible abaxially, pinnate in segments, 57 pairs, simple, sometimes forked in lower segments of pinnae, ascending. Lamina herbaceous or subpapery when dried; rachis, costae, and veins abaxially with rather dense, thick, multicellular long hairs, with short multicellular hairs at sinus between pinna segments. Sori oblong or lunate, 47 sori per segment, 12 mm, approximate; indusia similar to sori, sometimes J-shaped at apices of lamina or pinnae, brownish, ciliate or prominently erose at margin, with some glandular-hair-like trichomes borne on back. Spores bilateral, perispore surface with rugate, rugate-saccate, or papillate processes.
* Under alpine shrubs, lightly shaded wet places; 29003600 m. W Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
The type is from Yunnan (Yulong Shan, Lijiang).
Lunathyrium auriculatum is similar to L. giraldii in shape, but differs by the basal acroscopic segments of the basal pair or several lower pairs of pinnae prominently enlarged, and pinnatilobate to pinnatipartite; rachis and costae with rather dense, thick, long multicellular hairs abaxially; and indusia prominently ciliate at margin with glandular hairlike trichomes on the back.
1a. Acroscopic basal lobes of lower pinnae prominently larger than others, pinnatipartite or pinnatilobate 2a. var. auriculatum
1b. Acroscopic basal lobes of lower pinnae slightly larger, toothed at margin 2b. var. zhongdianense
大耳蛾眉蕨(原变种) da er e mei jue (yuan bian zhong)
Fronds with basal acroscopic segments of basal pair of pinnae prominently elongated, 2 Χ longer than other segments, narrowly deltoid-ovate, pinnatipartite or pinnatilobate, acute to shortly acuminate at apex.
* Under alpine shrubs, sparsely shaded wet places; 29003600 m. W Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
中甸蛾眉蕨 zhong dian e mei jue
Fronds with basal acroscopic segments of lower pinnae slightly enlarged, not pinnatipartite or pinnatilobate, toothed or long toothed at margin.
* Understories of coniferous forests on mountain slopes; ca. 2800 m. NW Yunnan (Zhongdian).
陕西蛾眉蕨 shan xi e mei jue
Athyrium giraldii H. Christ, Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n.s., 4: 91. 1897; A. sargentii C. Christensen; A. subsimile H. Christ.
Rhizomes erect or ascending, clothed with brown, membranous, ovate-lanceolate scales at apices and stipe bases. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds (30)5070(90) cm; stipe stramineous, occasionally brownish chestnut abaxially, (6)1015(28) cm, 1.54 mm in diam., base with rather dense scales, upward scales sparse or nearly absent, with sparse, thin, short multicellular hairs; lamina pinnate, oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, (25)3560(75) Χ 1015(28) cm, base slightly narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnae pinnatipartite, (15)2025 pairs, middle pinnae linear-lanceolate, 58(14) Χ 12 cm, base broader, truncate, apex acuminate, alternate, ascending, 22.5 cm apart, only few pairs of lower pinnae slightly shortened, subopposite; basal pinnae 24.5 cm, not auriculate; pinna segments 1522 pairs, oblong, (4)6(10) Χ 34 mm, adnate to narrow wing, subspreading, 12 mm apart, crenulate or subentire at margin, apex obtuse-rounded or obtuse; segments of basal pinnae longer. Veins visible abaxially, pinnate in segments, 46(or 7) pairs, simple. Lamina herbaceous or subpapery when dried, green or greenish brown, rachis and costae abaxially with sparse hyaline multicellular short hairs, with multicellular hairs at sinus between segments. Sori oblong to narrowly lunate, 11.5 mm, 26 pairs per segment; indusia similar to sori, pale brown, erose or somewhat ciliate at margin, usually with short glandular hairs on lower part of back, persistent. Spores bilateral, perispore surface rugate-saccate, papillate or verrucose processes. 2n = 80.
* Understories of valley forests; 9002900 m. S Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan.
The type is from Shaanxi (Taibai Shan).
毛轴蛾眉蕨 mao zhou e mei jue
Rhizomes erect, densely scaly at their apices and stipe bases; scales dark brown, ovate-lanceolate, up to 1.5 cm, membranous. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds ca. 80 cm; stipe stramineous to pale brownish, ca. 15 cm, 34 mm in diam., base densely scaly, upward densely clothed with narrowly lanceolate scales and brownish multicellular long hairs; lamina pinnate-pinnatipartite, narrowly oblong, ca. 65 Χ 20 cm, gradually narrowed toward base, apex acuminate; pinnae 2030 pairs, middle pinnae alternate, ascending, 23 cm apart, linear-lanceolate, up to 10 Χ ca. 1.8 cm, base nearly truncate, pinnatipartite, apex acuminate, 5 or 6 pairs of lower pinnae gradually shortened to base, lanceolate; basal pinnae auriculate, 12 cm, basiscopic side broader; pinna segments 20 pairs or more, approximate, spreading, oblong, ca. 8 mm, adnate to broad wings of costae, toothed at margin, apex rounded. Veins on abaxial side visible, pinnate in segments, 57 pairs, simple. Lamina herbaceous when dried, rachis and costae with rather dense multicellular long hairs on both surfaces, veins with sparse brownish, hyaline multicellular long hairs on both surfaces, with few short multicellular hairs at sinus between pinna segments. Sori oblong, medial on veins, 3 or 4 pairs per segment, ca. 1 mm; indusia similar to sori, brown, slightly bulgy[??], ciliate-lacerate at margin, persistent. Spores bilateral, perispore surface with few low continuous folds.
Evergreen forest margins, streamsides, damp areas; 24003900 m. NW Yunnan [NW Myanmar].
The type is from Yunnan.
Lunathyrium hirtirachis is similar to L. dolosum in shape, but differs by the spore surface with few continuous folds and no auriculate lobelike processes, dense multicellular long hairs, and scalelike hairs on stipe and rachis, lamina with multicellular long hairs on both surfaces.
凉山蛾眉蕨 liang shan e mei jue
Rhizomes stout, ascending. Fronds caespitose, (45)100 cm; stipe stramineous, much shorter than lamina, densely clothed with brown, lanceolate scales and multicellular, tortuous, hyaline hairs at base, upward sparsely scaly; lamina pinnate with pinnatipartite pinnae, oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, base narrowly cuneate, apex pinnatifid-acuminate; middle pinnae lanceolate, 412 cm, base slightly broadened, broadly cuneate or subtruncate, apex acuminate, alternate, ascending or subspreading, separated; lower pinnae numerous, gradually shortened, 3 or 4 pairs of basal pinnae less than 1 cm, deltoid auriculate; segments (14)20 pairs, approximate, oblong, adnate to broad wings of costae, subentire or slightly crenate, apex rounded. Veins visible abaxially, pinnate in segments, up to (4)6 or 7 pairs, simple. Lamina herbaceous when dried, with rather dense tortuous, hyaline multicellular hairs on both surfaces and at segment margins and sinus between segments. Sori shortly linear, approximate; indusia similar to sori, curved, single or double, brownish, long hairy, pilose, or almost glabrate, eroselike or sparsely ciliate at margin. Spores bilateral, perispore surface with rugate, rugate-saccate, or papillate processes.
* Streamsides, forest understories, damp areas, alpine areas in mountains; 19002200 m. W Guizhou, SW Sichuan, Yunnan.
The type is from Sichuan (Liang Shan, Leibo).
1a. Fertile fronds (50)100 cm; middle pinnae 612 cm; indusia with short hairs or glabrous 5a. var. liangshanense
1b. Fertile fronds ca. 45 cm; middle pinnae 45 cm; indusia with long, multicellular hairs 5b. var. sericeum
凉山蛾眉蕨(原变种) liang shan e mei jue (yuan bian zhong)
Fertile fronds (50)100 cm; middle pinnae 612 cm; indusia with short hairs or glabrous.
* Streamsides, forest understories, damp areas, alpine areas in mountains; 19002200 m. W Guizhou, SW Sichuan, Yunnan.
The type is from Sichuan (Liang Shan, Leibo).
Lunathyrium liangshanense is similar to L. giraldii in shape, but easily recognized by numerous pairs of lower pinnae gradually shortened toward the base, basal pair of pinnae often auriculate, stipes shorter, with dense multicellular hairs throughout, segments also with multicellular long hairs at margin.
绢毛蛾眉蕨 juan mao e mei jue
Plants smaller; fertile fronds ca. 45 cm, middle pinnae 45 cm, densely sericeous on frond surfaces, with multicellular long hairs on indusia.
* Alpine areas in mountains. NW Yunnan.
四川蛾眉蕨 si chuan e mei jue
Rhizomes erect, clothed with brownish, membranous, ovate-lanceolate scales at apices and stipe bases. Fronds caespitose; stipe stramineous or slightly chestnut-colored abaxially, much shorter than lamina, base densely scaly, upward scales sparse or nearly absent; lamina pinnate-pinnatipartite, elliptic to oblanceolate, gradually narrowed toward base, apex pinnatifid-acuminate; pinnae ascending or spreading, linear-lanceolate, deltoid-lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, base nearly truncate, apex acuminate, separated, numerous pairs of lower pinnae gradually shortened, lanceolate, subopposite, basal pinnae often shortened as auricles; pinna segments oblong, obtuse-rounded or obtuse, truncate or rounded at apex, adnate to narrow wings of costae, ascending. Veins visible on surfaces, pinnate in segments, simple. Lamina herbaceous when dried, greenish brown, rachis and costae with somewhat dense, multicellular hairs abaxially, with multicellular hairs at sinus between segments, or subglabrous or sparsely hairy. Sori oblong or shortly linear, medial on veins; indusia glabrate or short hairs only on lower part of back, ciliate at margin, persistent. Spores bilateral, perispore surface with rugate-saccate, rugate, or papillate processes.
* Forest understories on mountain slopes, damp areas at streamsides; 14003500 m. Chongqing, S Gansu, Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan, SE Xizang, Yunnan.
Lunathyrium sichuanense is similar to L. liangshanense in shape, but distinguished by the lamina sparsely hairy on both surfaces, pinna segments without multicellular long hairs at margin, at most occasionally with 1 or 2 short hairs between teeth. This species is also similar to L. shennongense, but distinguished by the multicellular hairs at the sinus between pinna segments, and rachis and costae with dense relatively long multicellular hairs abaxially.
1a. Hairs on abaxial surface of rachis and costae thick and long ..................... 6. var. sichuanense
1b. Hairs on abaxial surface of rachis and costae thin and short.
2a. Pinnae deltoid-lanceolate, pinna segments 23 mm wide, truncate at apex 6b. var. gongshanense
2b. Pinnae oblong-lanceolate, pinna segments 46 mm wide, rounded at apex 6c. var. jinfoshanense
四川蛾眉蕨(原变种) si chuan e mei jue (yuan bian zhong)
Hairs on abaxial surface of rachis and costae thick and long.
* Mountain slopes, damp areas at streamsides; 14003400 m. Chongqing, S Gansu, Guizhou, Sichuan, SE Xizang, Yunnan.
The type is from Sichuan (Hongxi).
Lunathyrium sichuanense var. sichuanense differs from var. gongshanense and var. jinfoshanense in the rachis and costae more densely hairy abaxially and the apex of pinna segments obtuse-rounded or obtuse.
贡山蛾眉蕨 gong shan e mei jue
Rachis and costae with sparse, thin, short, multicellular hairs on abaxial side or subglabrate; pinnae deltoid-lanceolate; pinna segments thinner and approximate, 23 mm wide, and truncate at apex.
* Understories of coniferous forests on mountain slopes; ca. 3500 m. Yunnan (Gongshan).
金佛山蛾眉蕨 jin fo shan e mei jue
Rachis and costae with thin, short hairs sparse on abaxial side, or subglabrate, and pinna segments rounded at apex and undulate-crenulate at margin.
* Forest understories on mountain slopes; 15002100 m. Chongqing, Hubei.
The type is from Chongqing (Jinfo Shan, Nanchuan).
锡金蛾眉蕨 xi jin e mei jue
Rhizomes ascending. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds ca. 35 cm; stipe upward stramineous, ca. 10 cm, ca. 1.5 mm in diam., base densely scaly, upward glabrate; lamina pinnate, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, ca. 30 Χ 7 cm, acuminate at apex; pinnae pinnatipartite, ca. 16 pairs, 3 or 4 pairs of lowers gradually shortened toward base, basal pair ca. 1.4 cm, subopposite, separated, middle pinnae alternate, ca. 1.2 cm apart, linear, 4 cm Χ 8 mm, shortly acuminate at apex, base truncate, oblique, pinnatipartite; segments 1214 pairs, thin, approximate, rectangular or oblong, 34 mm, less than 2 mm wide, entire, obtuse or subtruncate at apex. Veins visible abaxially, 4 or 5 pairs per segment, simple. Lamina papery when dried, brown, rachis stramineous, rachis and costae with more brown-red multicellular hairs abaxially. Sori small, broadly ovate or oblong, 24 pairs per segment; indusia similar to sori, dark brown, entire. Spores bilateral, perispore surface rugose.
Forest understories; 30004300 m. Xizang (Yadong) [India (Sikkim)].
The type is from Sikkim (Darjeeling).
Lunathyrium sikkimense is the smallest species in the genus, with the pinnae and segments are very smaller and thinner.
墨脱蛾眉蕨 mo tuo e mei jue
Rhizomes erect or ascending, moderately stout, bearing remaining stipe bases, up to 56 cm in diam., scaly at apex and stipe bases; scales large, red-brown or brown, ovate-lanceolate, up to 15 Χ 34 mm, membranous. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 70130 cm; stipe stramineous, sometimes slightly chestnut-colored, 1030 cm, 35 mm in diam., base densely scaly, upward scales gradually sparse; lamina pinnate-pinnatipartite, oblanceolate or oblong-oblanceolate, 4885 Χ 1226 cm at middle, gradually narrowed toward base, apex pinnatifid and shortly acuminate; pinnae 2025 pairs, lower 57 pairs of pinnae gradually shortened toward base, subopposite, upward alternate, spreading or slightly ascending; basal pinnae auriculiform, ca. 1 cm, ca. 4 cm apart; middle pinnae narrowly lanceolate, 716 Χ 1.22 cm, base subtruncate or broadly cuneate, broadest (up to 2.5 cm), pinnatipartite almost to costae, apex acuminate or long acuminate; segments of middle pinnae more than 1525 pairs, spreading, oblong, base broadened, adnate to narrow wing, separated by narrow space, prominently toothed at margin, apex obtuse-rounded or obtuse. Veins slightly visible on both surfaces, pinnate in segments, 57 pairs, simple, oblique. Lamina herbaceous when dried, rachis, costae, and veins with sparse thin, short multicellular hairs abaxially, with sparse red-brown short thick hairs adaxially. Sori oblong or shortly linear, occasionally J-shaped or horseshoe-shaped on basal acroscopic side of distal segments of lamina or pinnae, 12 mm, 36 pairs per segment, approximate; indusia similar to sori, brownish, erose at margin or subciliate, persistent. Spores bilateral, perispore surface with few low folds.
* Understories of broad-leaved, mixed, and coniferous forests; 25004000 m. SE Xizang, Yunnan.
Lunathyrium medogense is very similar to plants so-called Lunathyrium allantodioides (Beddome) Ching [in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 9: 72. 1964; Athyrium allantodioides Beddome, Ferns Brit. Ind. t. 221. 1867. (Type K!); Deparia allantodioides Kato] from N India, Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan, and Taiwan. The chromosome number reports from India were diploid or tetraploid, 2n = 80 or 160. But the spores of the type specimens in K are unequal in size, rounded, black abortive, which shows it should be a hybrid, Lunathyrium Χ allantodioides (Beddome) Z. R. Wang (in Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 3(2): 308. 1999). The relationship between them needs further study.
1a. Fronds 70115 cm, middle pinnae 713.5 cm, pinna segments 1520 pairs.. 8a. var. medogense
1b. Fronds 120130 cm, middle pinnae 1416 cm, pinna segments 2025 pairs.... 8b. var. weimingii
墨脱蛾眉蕨(原变种) mo tuo e mei jue (yuan bian zhong)
Rhizomes erect. Fronds 70115 cm, middle pinnae 713.5 cm, pinna segments 1520 pairs.
* Damp understories of broad-leaved forests; 28004000 m. SE Xizang, NW Yunnan.
The type is from Xizang (Medog).
维明蛾眉蕨 wei ming e mei jue
Rhizome ascending. Fronds large, up to 120130 cm, middle pinnae up to 1416 cm, pinna segments up to 2025 pairs.
* Understories of mixed and coniferous forests; 25003300 m. Yunnan.
The type is from Yunnan (Gongshan).
河北蛾眉蕨 he bei e mei jue
Rhizomes erect, sometimes branched, short, apex like base of stipe, densely clothed with red-brown or brown, membranous, broadly lanceolate large scales, long scales, and multicellular hairs. Fronds caespitose; stipe stramineous, red-brownish, or brown, subglabrate abaxially; lamina pinnate-pinnatipartite, narrowly oblong or oblanceolate, rarely oblong or obovate; pinnae (15)20 pairs, alternate, ascending, lower pinnae gradually slightly shortened, middle pinnae lanceolate, base broadly cuneate, pinnatipartite, apex acuminate; pinna segments (10)1518(20) pairs, slightly ascending, oblong, ovate-oblong, or obtuse-triangular, margin subentire or undulate-crenate, apex rounded-obtuse or obtuse-acute. Veins impressed adaxially, slightly convex abaxially, pinnate in segments, 4 or 5 pairs, simple or occasionally forked. Lamina herbaceous or papery, greenish brown, brown, or pale brown; sterile lamina abaxially with abundant short multicellular hairs, fertile lamina subglabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae concolored to stipe, with sparse short hairs or subglabrate abaxially. Sori oblong, 24 pairs per segment; indusia pale brown, lunate, subentire, persistent. Spores bilateral, perispore surface with few low folds.
* Understories of valley forests, wet areas, streamsides; 4002800 m. Chongqing, Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan.
1a. Lamina oblong or obovate, lower pinnae gradually slightly narrowed, basal pinna segments slightly broadened; segments deltoid-oblong, ca. 2 Χ as long as broad, toothed at margin; veins frequently forked 9c. var. miyunense
1b. Lamina narrowly oblong or oblanceolate, lower pinnae not narrowed toward base; segments oblong, nearly as broad as long, serrulate or subentire at margin; veins simple.
2a. Lamina herbaceous; indusia brown, membranous, distally open when sori mature 9a. var. vegetius
2b. Lamina near papery; indusia pale brown, papery, smooth, still covering sori and conchiform when mature 9b. var. turgidum
河北蛾眉蕨(原变种) he bei e mei jue (yuan bian zhong)
Athyrium pycnosorum H. Christ var. vegetius Kitagawa, Rep. First Sci. Exped. Manchoukuo 4(2): 72. 1935; A. acrostichoides (Swartz) Diels, p.p.; Lunathyrium acrostichoides (Swartz) Ching, p.p.; L. pycnosorum Koidzumi var. vegetius (Kitagawa) Sa. Kurata.
Lamina herbaceous; indusia brown, membranous, distally open when sori mature. 2n = 160@.
* Understories of valley forests, wet areas, streamsides; 4002600 m. Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan.
The type is from Hebei (Changshanyu).
壳盖蛾眉蕨 ke gai e mei jue
Lamina narrowly oblong or oblanceolate, pinna segments as long as broad, veins simple. Indusia pale brown, papery, relatively smooth on surface, conchiform when mature and covering sori, perispore surface rugose.
* Damp areas, streamsides, forest understories; 14002800 m. Chongqing, Sichuan.
The type is from Sichuan (Li Xian, Miyaluo).
密云蛾眉蕨 mi yun e mei jue
Lamina oblong or obovate; lower pinnae slightly shortened toward base, basal pinnae prominently shortened; pinna segments widely separated from each other, broader and longer, ca. 2 Χ as long as broad, deltoid-ovate or oblong, margin prominently toothed, apex obtuse; veins frequently forked. 2n = ca. 160.
* Damp areas, streamsides, understories of broad-leaved forests; 11001200 m. Beijing (Wuling Shan, Miyun).
尖片蛾眉蕨 jian pian e mei jue
Rhizomes erect, densely scaly at apex and stipe bases; scales red-brown, oblong, membranous, acuminate at apex. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 3080 cm; stipe pale stramineous, 1521 cm, 22.5 mm in diam., densely scaly at base; scales brown, lanceolate, ca. 1 cm; stipe upward naked; lamina pinnate-pinnatipartite, narrowly elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, 3545 Χ 1015 cm at middle, base narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnae 1520 pairs, slightly ascending, sessile, separated by narrower space, lower pinnae subopposite, upper pinnae alternate, only few pinnae of lower pinnae slightly shortened, basal pinnae 2.54 cm, second basal pinnae up to 6 cm; middle pinnae lanceolate, somewhat falcate, 79 Χ 1.52 cm at base, 23 cm apart, base equilateral, truncate, broader, pinnatipartite into narrow costal wings, apex acuminate; pinna segments 1017 pairs, subspreading, distant or approximate, oblong, serrulate, subentire, or dentate at margin, obtuse or obtuse-rounded at apex; basal segments larger, ca. 1 cm Χ ca. 4 mm, upper segments 78 mm. Veins visible abaxially, 57 pairs per segment, up to 9 pairs in basal segments, simple, oblique. Lamina herbaceous when dried, pale greenish brown, rachis and costae with brown multicellular hairs abaxially, costules with very sparse, short thick hairs on both surfaces, without multicellular hairs at sinus between pinna segments. Sori lunate or shortly linear, 35 pairs per segment, up to 6 pairs in basal pinna segments, oblique; indusia similar to sori, brown, firm, entire, persistent. Spores bilateral, perispore surface with rugose folds.
Forest understories, valleys; 27004000 m. Sichuan, Xizang [W Himalaya, N India, N Pakistan].
1a. Pinna segments 1013 pairs ..................................................................... 10c. var. liubaense
1b. Pinna segments 1317 pairs.
2a. Pinna segments distant, serrulate or subentire at margin ............................ 10a. var. acutum
2b. Pinna segments approximate, dentate at margin .................................... 10b. var. bagaense
尖片蛾眉蕨(原变种) jian pian e mei jue (yuan bian zhong)
Lunathyrium bomiense Ching & S. K. Wu; L. latibasis Ching; L. sikkimense Ching; L. tibeticum Ching; Deparia shikkimensis (Ching) Nakaike & S. Malik.
Pinna segments 1317 pairs; pinna segments 1317, distant, with serrulate or subentire margin.
Forest understories, valleys; 27004000 m. Sichuan, Xizang [W Himalaya, N India, N Pakistan].
The type is from India.
巴嘎蛾眉蕨 ba ga e mei jue
Lunathyrium bagaense Ching & S. K. Wu in C. Y. Wu, Fl. Xizang. 1: 118. 1983.
Pinna segments 1317, approximate, oblong, subtruncate, dentate at margin, obtuse at apex.
* Forest understories, ca. 3400 m. Xizang.
The type is from Xizang (Paka, Mainling).
六巴蛾眉蕨 li ba e mei jue
Lunathyrium vegetius (Kitagawa) Ching var. liubaense Z. R. Wang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 32: 91. 1994.
Pinna segments 1013 pairs.
* About 3300 m. Sichuan (Kangding, Liuba).
The spore surface of Lunathyrium acutum var. liubaense has folded processes, an intermediate character between L. acutum var. acutum and L. vegetius. It is more similar to var. acutum in the long multicellular hairs on the abaxial surface of rachis, costae, and fertile pinnae, and the indusia shortly ciliate at margin. However, the pinna segments are fewer than in var. acutum, and in this character, var. liubaense is similar to L. vegetius. Var. liubaense occurs in localities between L. acutum and L. vegetius. Their relationship needs further study.
棒孢蛾眉蕨 bang bao e mei jue
Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds ca. 90 cm; stipe ca. 20 cm, ca. 4 mm in diam., subglabrous; lamina pinnate-pinnatipartite, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, ca. 58 Χ 18 cm, base gradually narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnae ca. 20 pairs, middle pinnae alternate, ascending, linear-lanceolate, ca. 10.5 Χ 1.82 cm, base broader and subtruncate, subequilateral, pinnatipartite, apex long acuminate; lower 5 or 6 pairs of pinnae gradually shortened toward base; basal pinnae spreading, lanceolate, ca. 2 Χ 1 cm, acroscopic base broader, ca. 5 cm apart from second basal pinnae, upper pinnae gradually closer; pinna segments ca. 15 pairs, ascending, separated by narrow space, oblong, adnate to narrow wing, apex and distal margin serrulate, apex obtuse-rounded. Veins visible on both surfaces, pinnate in segments, 6 or 7 pairs, simple, occasionally forked, oblique. Lamina herbaceous when dried, greenish brown, rachis, costae, and veins abaxially occasionally with short multicellular hairs or subglabrate. Sori oblong to shortly linear, 12 mm, medial, 24 pairs per segment; indusia similar to sori, brown, slightly erose at margin. Spores bilateral, perispore surface with dense baculate or thin long rugate processes.
* Shrub groves on mountain slopes, damp areas; 20002100 m. Sichuan (Emei Shan).
Lunathyrium emeiense is very similar to L. wilsonii; however the segments are prominently toothed at the margin, and the spore surface with dense, baculate or thin long rugate processes.
泸定蛾眉蕨 lu ding e mei jue
Rhizomes erect, stout, densely clothed with brown, membranous, ovate-lanceolate scales at apex and stipe bases. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds up to 97 cm; stipe ca. 27 cm, ca. 5 mm in diam. at base; lamina pinnate-pinnatipartite, oblong-lanceolate, ca. 70 Χ 21 cm, base slightly narrowed, sterile, apex acuminate; pinnae 26 pairs, sessile, alternate, narrowly deltoid-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 511 Χ 22.5 cm at middle, apex long acuminate; lower pinnae prominently broadened at base, pinnatipartite to narrow wings of costa; pinna segments 1118 pairs, alternate, spreading, oblong, 1216 Χ 35 mm, very approximate, toothed at margin, apex acute or obtuse-rounded; basal segments recurved to rachis. Veins visible, pinnate in segments, 69 pairs, alternate, often forked. Lamina herbaceous when dried, green. Sori oblong to shortly linear; indusia pale brown, oblong or lunate, membranous, erose at margin, persistent. Spores bilateral, perispore surface with more dense rugate-saccate or papillate processes.
* About 3600 m. Sichuan (Luding).
Lunathyrium ludingense is close to Linnaeus wilsonii, but differs in the lower pinnae ovate-triangular or ovate-lanceolate, prominently enlarged at base, pinna base ± recurved to the rachis, and pinna segments acute or obtuse-rounded at apex, and dentate at margin.
峨山蛾眉蕨 e shan e mei jue
Rhizomes erect, stout, densely scaly at apices and stipe bases; scales brown, broadly lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, membranous. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds up to 11.5 m; stipe up to 50 cm, up to 6 mm in diam., base scaly, upward sparsely scaly; lamina pinnate, oblong to narrowly oblong, up to 100 Χ 30 cm, apex pinnatifid-acuminate; pinnae pinnatipartite, up to 30 pairs, lower pinnae slightly shortened; middle pinnae lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, up to 20 Χ 3 cm, base broadened, subtruncate or broadly cuneate, pinnatipartite to wings of costa, apex long acuminate; pinna segments up to 25 pairs, approximate or distant, oblong or triangular, up to 10 Χ 5 mm, margin sparsely crenulate or subentire, or prominently toothed, apex ± rounded, subtruncate or obtuse-triangular. Veins visible, pinnate in segments, simple or forked. Lamina herbaceous or thickly herbaceous when dried, green, with hairs on rachis and costae abaxially short or long. Sori oblong to shortly linear; indusia pale brown, oblong to shortly linear, occasionally J-shaped or double, subentire at margin. Spores bilateral, perispore surface with dense rugate-saccate or papillate processes.
* Damp areas, forest understories on mountain slopes, streamsides; 14003800 m. S Gansu, Guizhou, W Hubei, Sichuan, Xizang, NW Yunnan.
The type is from Hubei (Changyang).
1a. Pinna segments subentire or crenulate at margin .......................................... 13a. var. wilsonii
1b. Pinna segments prominently toothed at margin.
2a. Pinnae narrowly triangular, or pinna segments obtuse-triangular; pinna segments with long teeth at margin; veins frequently forked, at least on basal segments of middle pinnae.
3a. Pinnae narrowly triangular, gradually broadened to base; pinna segments oblong or narrowly ovate, approximate, toothed at margin; veins sometimes forked only in basal segments of middle pinnae 13b. var. incisoserratum
3b. Pinnae lanceolate or oblanceolate, not gradually broadened to base; pinna segments obtuse-triangular, widely distant, with long teeth or lobed at margin; veins mostly 2-forked, occasionally 3-forked 13c. var. habaense
2b. Pinnae linear-lanceolate; pinna segments oblong, serrulate at margin; veins simple.
4a. Plant 80100 cm or more, hairs on abaxial surface of rachis and costae thin, short 13d. var. maximum
4b. Plant less than 80 cm, multicellular hairs on abaxial surface of rachis and costae thick, long 13e. var. muliense
峨山蛾眉蕨(原变种) e shan e mei jue (yuan bian zhong)
Athyrium wilsonii H. Christ, Bull. Herb. Boissier, sιr. 2, 3: 512. 1903.
Pinna segments subentire or crenulate at margin. 2n = 80@.
* Damp areas, forest understories on mountain slopes, streamsides; 14003700 m. S Gansu, Guizhou, W Hubei, Sichuan, SE Xizang, NW Yunnan.
锐裂蛾眉蕨 rui lie e mei jue
Lunathyrium incisoserratum Ching in Y. L. Zhang et al., Sporae Pterid. Sin. 232. 1976, nom. nud.
Pinna segments usually larger, distant, narrowly triangular, prominently toothed at margin, and veins sometimes 2-forked. Pinna segments broadened at base and veins usually simple but forked in basal segments of middle pinnae.
* Streamsides, forest understories, shrub groves, wet grassy areas; 28003500 m. NW Yunnan (Deqen).
哈巴蛾眉蕨 ha ba e mei jue
Pinna segments distant, narrowly triangular, with long teeth or shallowly lobed at margin, veins frequently forked.
* Understories of valley forests; ca. 2800 m. NW Yunnan (Zhongdian).
大蛾眉蕨 da e mei jue
Lunathyrium maximum Ching in Y. L. Zhang et al., Sporae Pterid. Sin. 233, t. 46, f. 45. 1976, nom. nud.
Plants large (up to 100 cm or more). Pinnae and pinna segments broader, and pinna segments prominently toothed at margin.
* Understories of mixed forests, wet areas; 22003100 m. S Gansu, Sichuan.
The type is from Sichuan (Li Xian).
木里蛾眉蕨 mu li e mei jue
Fronds with hairs on rachis and costae abaxially thick and long. Pinnae linear-lanceolate; pinna segments oblong and serrulate at margin.
* Understories of coniferous forests on mountain slopes; 33003800 m. Sichuan, Xizang.
The type is from Sichuan (Muli).
湖北蛾眉蕨 hu bei e mei jue
Rhizomes erect, short, apex clothed with dark brown, membranous, lanceolate scales. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds ca. 74 cm; stipe upward dark stramineous, less than 20 cm, ca. 2 mm in diam., base densely scaly, upward gradually glabrate; lamina pinnate-pinnatipartite, oblong-lanceolate, ca. 55 Χ 18 cm at middle, base gradually narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnae ca. 20 pairs, spreading, separated by narrow space, many lower pinnae gradually shortened, space between pinnae broader than in upper pinnae; basal pinnae auriculate, ca. 1 cm; middle pinnae lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, somewhat falcate, ca. 10 Χ 1.6 cm at base, base subtruncate, pinnatipartite, apex acuminate; pinna segments ca. 20 pairs, approximate, oblong, ca. 7 Χ 4 mm, margin subentire, apex obliquely truncate or obtuse-rounded. Veins visible on both surfaces, pinnate in segments, 4 or 5 pairs, simple. Lamina herbaceous when dried, green, pinnae subglabrate on both surfaces, rachis and costae abaxially with sparse thin, short multicellular hairs. Sori shortly linear, never curved even in distal parts of lamina or pinnae, 3 or 4 pairs per segment; indusia shortly linear, subentire. Spores bilateral, surface with rugate, rugate-saccate, or papillate processes.
* Valleys, damp areas; ca. 1500 m. W Hubei (Lichuan).
华中蛾眉蕨 hua zhong e mei jue
Lunathyrium centrochinense Ching ex K. H. Shing, [centrochinensis].
Rhizomes stout, erect or ascending, apex together with stipe base, with brown or blackish brown, membranous, broadly lanceolate, large scales at apices and stipe bases. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds (30)70(100) cm; stipe stramineous or reddish brown, (8)12(17) cm, 2(4) mm in diam., grooved adaxially, with sparse thin, short hairs or subglabrate; lamina pinnate-pinnatipartite, oblanceolate or oblong-oblanceolate, (25)6080 Χ (6)1520 cm, base gradually narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnae (15)2022(30) pairs, lower 610 pairs of pinnae gradually shortened; basal pinnae often deltoid, small, auricle ca. 1 cm, subopposite, more widely separated from second basal pinnae; middle pinnae alternate, 13 cm apart, spreading or slightly ascending, narrowly lanceolate, (3)1012 Χ 12 cm, broadest at base, base subtruncate, sessile, pinnatipartite, apex long acuminate; pinna segments ca. 22 pairs, oblong, middle pinnae (3)78 Χ 3(5) mm at base, basal segments slightly longer, margin subentire or crenate, apex rounded-obtuse and crenate. Veins visible on both surfaces, pinnate in segments, 57 pairs per segment, simple. Lamina herbaceous when dried, green, rachis and costae abaxially with sparse short multicellular hairs or nearly glabrate, adaxial surface with sparse brown short hairs. Sori elliptic or shortly linear, 1.52 mm, (3 or)4 or 5(or 6) pairs per segment; indusia pale brown, elliptic or shortly linear, occasionally J-shaped in distal parts of lamina and pinnae, margin slightly erose or subentire. Spores bilateral, perispore surface with rugate, rugate-saccate, or papillate processes. 2n = 80.
* Mountain slopes, forest understories, wet places; 2003300 m. Anhui, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang.
The type is from Hubei (Shennongjia).
Lunathyrium shennongense is similar to L. dolosum in the shape of fronds, but the abaxial surface of rachis and costae is sparsely hairy, hairs thin, short, or subglabrate. This species is diploid, while L. dolosum is tetraploid.
截头蛾眉蕨 jie tou e mei jue
Rhizomes ascending, clothed with brown, membranous, broadly lanceolate scales at apex, like stipe bases. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds 5060 cm; stipe stramineous, ca. 10 cm, ca. 2 mm in diam., with sparse multicellular hairs and narrowly scales; lamina pinnate, oblong, 4050 Χ ca. 14 cm at middle, apex acuminate; pinnae pinnatipartite, ca. 20 pairs, lower 5 or 6 pairs of pinnae gradually shortened, ca. 5 mm; middle pinnae alternate, 2.53 cm apart, slightly ascending, linear-lanceolate, 89 Χ 1.5 cm, base subtruncate, pinnatilobed to 2/3 to costa, apex long acuminate; pinna segments ca. 15 pairs, approximate, nearly as long as wide or slightly longer, oblong, ca. 4 mm, margin entire or subentire, apex truncate or retuse. Veins visible abaxially, ca. 5 pairs per segment, simple. Lamina papery when dried, greenish brown, rachis stramineous, with sparse multicellular long hairs, costae abaxially with sparse short multicellular hairs. Sori approximat, shortly linear, 1.52 mm, 2 or 3 pairs per segment; indusia yellow-brown, shortly linear, entire or slightly erose at margin, persistent. Spores bilateral, perispore surface with more dense papillate processes.
* About 3500 m. NW Yunnan.
短羽蛾眉蕨 duan yu e mei jue
Lunathyrium latibasis Ching (1976), non Ching (1983).
Rhizomes erect, short, scaly at apex, like stipe bases; scales brown, lanceolate, ca. 4 mm, membranous. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds ca. 30 cm; stipe stramineous, 57 cm, rarely longer, ca. 1.4 mm in diam., subglabrate; lamina pinnate-pinnatipartite, lanceolate, 2025 Χ ca. 6 cm at middle, base slightly narrowed, apex acuminate; pinnae ca. 15 pairs, spreading, sessile, upper pinnae alternate; lower pinnae subopposite, ca. 2 cm apart, lower 2 pairs of pinnae slightly shortened; basal pinnae ca. 1.5 cm, not auriculiform; middle pinnae lanceolate, ca. 3 Χ 11.3 cm, base broader, pinnatipartite to wings of costa, apex acute or shortly acuminate; pinna segments 68 pairs, approximate, ascending, deltoid-oblong, margin entire, apex obtuse, rarely obtuse-acute; basal segments slightly larger, up to 5 Χ ca. 2.6 mm, sparsely crenate. Veins visible abaxially, pinnate in segments, 3 or 4 pairs, up to 5 pairs in basal acroscopic segments, simple, oblique. Lamina herbaceous when dried, greenish brown, subglabrate, only abaxial side of costae with sparse short, brown, thin multicellular hairs. Sori 36 per segment, small, oblong-ovate, oblique; indusia pale green, shortly lunate, thick, margin slightly erose, persistent. Spores bilateral, perispore surface with denser rugate-saccate or papillate processes.
* Shrub groves; 22003000 m. Yunnan.
The type is from Yunnan (Dayao).
Lunathyrium brevipinnum is close to L. shennongense in shape, but differs by the leaves smaller, pinnae fewer, usually less than 12 pairs, shorter, usually ca. 3 cm, no more than 5 cm, slightly broadened at base, and pinna segments fewer, 57 pairs, rounded-obtuse or subtruncate at apex.
昆明蛾眉蕨 kun ming e mei jue
Rhizomes erect or ascending, clothed with brown-red, membranous, broadly lanceolate large scales at apex. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds (30)100120 cm; stipe stramineous or slightly reddish brown, (6)24 cm, base with brown, ovate-lanceolate scales, upper part with thin scales or tortuous, hyaline, multicellular hairs; lamina pinnate-pinnatipartite, narrowly oblong-lanceolate or narrowly oblanceolate, (25)80 Χ (10)15(25) cm, gradually narrowed to base, apex pinnatifid-short-acuminate; pinnae (10)30 pairs or more, lower pinnae subopposite, upper pinnae alternate, spreading or slightly ascending, ca. 2 cm apart, 7 or 8 pairs of lower pinnae gradually shortened; basal pinnae 12 cm, broadened, triangular; middle pinnae lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, (4)810(13) Χ 12 cm, broader at base, base subtruncate or broadly cuneate, pinnatipartite, apex acuminate; pinna segments (10)15(20) pairs, separated by narrow space, slightly ascending, oblong or deltoid-oblong, (3)89(12) Χ 35 mm, adnate to broad wing of costa, margin toothed or subentire, apex obtuse or obtuse-rounded. Veins visible on both surfaces, pinnate in segments, 4 or 5(7) pairs, simple, sometimes forked in basal segments. Lamina herbaceous when dried, brown-green, rachis, costae, and veins on both surfaces with sparse longer multicellular hairs. Sori oblong or shortly linear, sometimes J-shaped in distal part of pinna, 1.52 mm, 35 pairs per segment; indusia similar to sori, brownish, slightly erose at margin, persistent. spores bilateral, perispore surface with rugate, rugate-saccate, or papillate processes. 2n = 160.
* Valleys, forest understories, wet areas; 19003500 m. SW Sichuan, Yunnan.
1a. Pinna segments oblong, 89 Χ ca. 4 mm, toothed at margin .......................... 18a. var. dolosum
1b. Pinna segments deltoid-oblong, ca. 5 Χ 3 mm, subentire at margin ................ 18b. var. chinense
昆明蛾眉蕨(原变种) kun ming e mei jue (yuan bian zhong)
Athyrium dolosum H. Christ, Bull. Acad. Geogr. Bot. Mans 136. 1907; Deparia dolosa Kato, in sched.[??unpublished]
Pinna segments oblong, larger (89 Χ ca. 4 mm) and toothed at margin.
* Valleys, forest understories, wet areas; 19003500 m. SW Sichuan, Yunnan.
The type is from Yunnan (Kunming).
中华蛾眉蕨 zhong hua e mei jue
Lunathyrium chinense Ching in Y. L. Zhang et al., Sporae Pterid. Sin. 231. 1976. nom. nud.
Pinna segments deltoid-oblong, small (ca. 5 Χ 3 mm), subentire at margin.
* Forest understories; ca. 2300 m. SW Yunnan (Gengma).
东亚蛾眉蕨 dong ya e mei jue
Rhizomes erect or ascending, densely clothed with brown or dark brown, membranous, broadly lanceolate scales at apex, like stipe bases. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds (30)7080 cm; stipe stramineous or brownish red, (5)1014(20) cm, (2)34 mm in diam., with rather dense, crispate, zigzag, thick multicellular hairs and narrow scales in lower part, upward gradually sparse; lamina pinnate-pinnatipartite, oblanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, (25)5060(65) Χ (8)1215(20) cm, pinnatifid and shortly acuminate at apex, gradually narrowed toward base; pinnae (15)20 pairs, many lower pinnae gradually shortened; basal pinnae often 0.51 cm, subopposite; upper pinnae alternate; middle pinnae spreading or slightly ascending, narrowly lanceolate, (4)810 Χ 12 cm, broadened to base, base subtruncate, apex long acuminate; pinna segments ca. 12 pairs, approximate, oblong, (3)58 Χ 34(5) mm, margin subentire, sometimes crenulate, apex obtuse-rounded. Veins visible on both surfaces, pinnate in segments, 57 pairs, simple. Lamina herbaceous when dried, rachis and costae abaxially with thick multicellular hairs. Sori oblong or lunate, sometimes J-shaped in distal parts of lamina and pinnae, 1.52 mm, 35 pairs per segment; indusia similar to sori, pale brown, margin slightly erose or shortly ciliate, persistent; spores bilateral, perispore surface with rather densely rugose-saccate or papillate processes.
Wet places of forest understories, mountain forests, rock crevices; 9002700 m. Anhui, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Zhejiang [C and S Japan].
1a. Stipe stramineous or brownish red; multicellular hairs on stipe and rachis crispate; indusia slightly erose at margin 19a. var. orientale
1b. Stipe stramineous; multicellular hairs on stipe and rachis straight; indusia shortly ciliate at margin ... 19b. var. jiulungense
东亚蛾眉蕨(原变种) dong ya e mei jue (yuan bian zhong)
Athyrium pycnosorum H. Christ, p.p.; Deparia albosquamata (M. Kato) Nakaike; D. pycnosora var. albosquamata M. Kato; Lunathyrium pycnosorum Koidzumi, p.p.
Stipe stramineous or brownish red, multicellular hairs on stipe and rachis crispate, zigzag; indusia slightly erose at margin.
Forest understories, wet places; 9002200 m. Anhui, Taiwan [C and S Japan].
The type is from Japan.
九龙蛾眉蕨 jiu long e mei jue
Lunathyrium jiulungense Ching, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 2(2): 71. 1982; L. orientale var. huangshanense Z. R. Wang.
Stipe stramineous; multicellular hairs on stipe and rachis straight; indusia shortly ciliate at margin.
* Rock crevices, mountain slopes, forest understories, wet areas; 9002700 m. Anhui, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang.
The type is from Zhejiang (Jiulong Shan, Suichang).
Putative Hybrids
From abortive spores and morphological features of specimens, many hybrids can be considered. Here only four hybrids that have been published as species are listed.
康县蛾眉蕨 kang xian e mei jue
The type of this hybrid is morphologically intermediate between L. liangshanense var. sericeum and L. sichuanense. It is similar to L. liangshanense in the multicellular long hairs on the surface of indusia, but differs by the pinna segments without long multicellular hairs at margin, at most occasionally with few short hairs between teeth. The hairs on pinna segments are much denser than in L. sichuanense. The spores are mostly abortive.
* 13001400 m. Gansu (Kangxian).
南川蛾眉蕨 nan chuan e mei jue
This hybrid is morphologically intermediate between L. shennongense and L. vegetius. It is similar to L. vegetius in the hairs on the abaxial surface of rachis and costae very thin, short, and sparse, multicellular hairs absent at sinuses between pinna segments, multicellular hairs on the adaxial surface of veins in fertile pinnae very short. It is also similar to L. shennongense in the lower pinnae gradually shortened, spore surface with rugate folds or baculate processes. Some spores in each sporangium are abortive.
* Forest understories; 16001700 m. Chongqing (Jinfo Shan, Nanchuan).
There are other formerly undescribed species, e.g., Lunathyrium Χsubimbricatum Ching (nom. nud.; 栉比蛾眉蕨 jie bi e mei jue, understories of broad-leaved forests, rock crevices, watersides; 27002800 m. W Yunnan (Yongping) (Y. L. Zhang et al., Sporae Pterid. Sin. 233, t. 45, f. 21, 25. 1976) and Lunathyrium Χ heterocarpum Ching (nom. nud.; 杂果蛾眉蕨 za guo e mei jue, forest understories on mountain slopes; ca. 3300 m. Sichuan (Li Xian) (Y. L. Zhang et al., Sporae Pterid. Sin. 232, t. 46, f. 10, 15. 1976). The former is similar to L. sichuanense, but the plant is larger, basal pinna segments are prominently broadened. It is also similar to L. wilsonii. The spores are completely abortive. The latter hybrid is intermediate between L. dolosum and L. shennongense in the pinnae to 30 pairs or more, the pinna segments to 20 pairs or more, the rachis and costae with rather dense multicellular long hairs abaxially. The spores are partly abortive, and good spores are variable in size.
假蹄盖蕨属 jia ti gai jue shu
Deparia sect. Athyriopsis (Ching) M. Kato; Lunathyrium sect. Athyriopsis (Ching) H. Ohba.
Plants, terrestrial, evergreen or summer-green, small to medium-sized. Rhizome slender, creeping or shortly ascending to erect, sparsely scaly; scales brown or pale brown, ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or broadly lanceolate to lanceolate, entire, membranous; fronds distant to approximate, or caespitose. Laminae ± dimorphic, green, herbaceous or nearly membranous when dry; stipe of sterile lamina usually prominently short; stipe stramineous, base not thickened, sparsely scaly, scales similar to those on rhizome; lamina narrowly deltoid, elliptical, or lanceolate, 1-pinnate below pinnatilobate acuminate apex, rarely pinnatilobate, with few pairs of free pinnae. Pinnae lobed, mostly lanceolate, base usually slightly asymmetric with wider acroscopic base, rarely nearly symmetric, shortly stalked or sessile, apex acuminate or acute; basal pinnae sometimes oblique, ovate, acute at apex, pinnatilobate or rarely entire, oblong or elliptic, base usually adnate to rachis. Pinna lobes nearly elliptic to oblong, subentire, crenate, or serrate; veins in pinna lobes pinnate, veinlets less than 10 pairs, single or forked, rarely pinnate with 2 or 3 veinlet pairs, reaching near laminar margin. Rachis and costae often densely or sparsely hairy, hairs slightly curly, gray-white or pale brown to red-brown multicellular, nodose; veins and lamina between veins with sparse short multicellular nodose hairs. Rachis and costae shallowly grooved adaxially, interrupted and not confluent, ridges on both sides of grooves semiterete. Sori linear or elliptic, single on veinlets, or sori at acroscopic base of pinna lobe double; indusia membranous, margin often lacerate (with irregular ciliated protuberances) or erose, sometimes shallowly repand or nearly entire, not incurved or incurved when young, stretched[??] when mature, persistent. Spores bilateral, elliptic or nearly round in polar view, elliptic in equatorial view, semicircular or nearly reniform; perispore mostly prominent and hyaline, surface aculeate or echinate ornamentation, few pinnatilobate, tuberculate or other irregular ornamentation. x = 40.
About 25 species: mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical Asia, north to Korea or Hokkaido, Japan, south through southeast Asia, S Asia to Oceania, west to eastern Himalaya; 15 species (seven endemic) in China, mainly distributed south of Changjiang (including Taiwan, Hainan, and coastal islands), north to Qinling Shan and Shandong..
Athyriopsis is phylogenetically close to Dryoathyrium, Lunathyrium, Dictyodroma, and Triblemma, forming a monophyletic clade, and all are currently assigned to Deparia with three or more sections including Athyriopsis. Further taxonomic revision is required.
1a. Rhizome ascending or erect; fronds caespitose (Sect. Caespites).
2a. Rhizome erect; indusia lacerate, ciliate at margin, perispore surface with sparse auriculate and aculeate projections .............................................................................................. 13. A. omeiensis
2b. Rhizome ascending; indusia nearly entire, slightly denticulate, or erose.
3a. Lamina ovate-oblong; indusia erose at margin; perispore surface with dense unevenly long aculeate projections ............................................................................................ 14. A. concina
3b. Lamina narrowly ovate or ovate; indusia nearly entire or slightly denticulate; perispore surface with dense clavate and thickly aculeate projections .............................................. 15. A. dickasonii
1b. Rhizome slender, creeping; fronds distant to approximate (Sect. Athyriopsis).
4a. Lamina narrowly lanceolate, lanceolate, broadly lanceolate, or narrowly deltoid; pinnae rounded and acute at apex.
5a. Lamina herbaceous, rachis and costae with often many curly long nodose hairs on both surfaces; free pinnae 1 or 2(or 3) pairs, indusia with short, nodose hairs or glabrous, margin lacerate, ciliate, usually flat before young, rarely incurved; perispore with dense and apically rounded, aculeate projections 12. A. petersenii
5b. Lamina thinly herbaceous or submembranous, with sparsely nodose hairs, free pinnae often more than 5 pairs, rarely 2 or 3 pairs.
6a. Lamina narrowly lanceolate, lanceolate, or broadly lanceolate, 35 Χ as long as wide; indusial margin usually erose, few lacerate.
7a. Lamina narrowly or broadly lanceolate, 45 Χ as long as wide, less than 5 cm wide; indusial margin mostly flat when young, rarely incurved, perispore verrucate and fossulate (muriform) ornamentation ........................................................................................................ 1. A. conilii
7b. Lamina broadly lanceolate, ca. 3 Χ as long as wide, 811 cm wide; indusial margin incurved when young; surface of perispore with irregular tuberculate ornamentation 2. A. lushanensis
6b. Lamina narrowly deltoid, 23 Χ as long as wide; indusial margin lacerate, ciliate, flat when young.
8a. Free pinnae more than 5 pairs, basal pinnae prominently longer than above, indusial surface with ± tiny nodose hairs ......................................................................... 3. A. pseudoconilii
8b. Free pinnae 2 or 3 pairs, basal 1 pair often slightly reduced or nearly as long as second one, indusial surface glabrous ..................................................................... 4. A. pachyphylla
4b. Lamina ovate, oblong, deltoid, broadly lanceolate, or broadly oblong-lanceolate, acuminate to long acuminate at apex, rarely acute.
9a. Lamina broadly lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 24 Χ as long as wide, less than 12 cm wide, apex acuminate or acute, margin of indusia shallowly erose or subentire, involute when young.
10a. Lamina broadly lanceolate, basal pinnae not reduced; sori subcostular, perispore surface with irregular auriculate ornamentation .......................................................... 5. A. shandongensis
10b. Lamina oblong or broadly lanceolate, 2 or 3 basal pairs of pinnae gradually reduced; basal pair of pinna oblique, ovate, ca. 1/2 Χ as long as middle pinnae; sori medial, perispore surface densely long aculeate and with long clavate ornamentation ...................................................... 6. A. abbreviata
9b. Lamina ovate, oblong, deltoid, or narrowly deltoid, 2 Χ or less as long as wide, apex acuminate to long acuminate; margin of indusia deeply or shallowly lacerate, often erose when old, incurved or flat when young.
11a. Free pinnae mostly ascending at 60° angle, base broadly cuneate or cuneate, pinna lobes prominently ascending, with sparse nodose hairs on both surfaces of lamina; surface of indusia glabrous 7. A. japonica
11b. Free pinnae usually ascending at angles more than 70° or spreading, pinna lobes spreading or oblique at angles more than 50° (often 60°70°); rachis and costae abaxially usually with prominently thick, long, nodose hairs; adaxial surface of pinna with slender pointed short nodose hairs; surface of indusia hairy or glabrous.
12a. Stipe and rachis with dense pale brown, transparent or translucent, lanceolate to linear, thickly clathrate membranous scales and thick nodose hairs 23 mm.
13a. Pinna lobes entire or undulate at margin, at most shallowly crenate, rachis with dense thick long nodose hairs on abaxial side, mixed with 2 or 3 cells wide, thickly clathrate, long linear scales, indusial surface hairy, margin flat when young, perispore surface densely thick clavate and with aculeate ornamentation ............................................................. 8. A. kiusiana
13b. Pinna lobes crenate at margin; basal and medial parts of rachis dense with 2 or 3 cells wide, thickly clathrate, long linear scales, mixed with few thick, long nodose hairs, upper part of rachis with sparse scales and many nodose hairs; indusial surface glabrous, margin mostly flat when young, partly incurved, perispore surface dense mostly truncate and clavate ornamentation 9. A. jinfoshanensis
12b. Stipe and rachis below often with nodose hairs ca. 1.5 mm and sparsely scaly.
14a. Pinnae below middle broadly cuneate or cuneate; pinna lobes often oblong or ligulate-oblong, apex acute or truncate, oblique, rarely rounded ............................... 12. A. petersenii
14b. Pinnae below middle shallowly cordiform or truncate at base; pinna lobes ligulate-oblong or oblique, falcate oblong, apex rounded.
15a. Pinna lobes usually entire or repand, sometimes crenate, indusial surface hairy, margin lacerate, incurved when young; perispore surface with dense thick uniformly slender clavate ornamentation ........................................................ 10. A. dimorphophylla
15b. Pinna lobes usually serrate, or finely repand, indusial surface usually glabrous, margin lacerate, usually flat when young, rarely incurved, perispore surface with most apically truncate clavate, sometimes narrow, flakelike projections ............................... 11. A. longipes
钝羽假蹄盖蕨 dun yu jia ti gai jue
Asplenium conilii Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 227. 1877; A. japonicum var. oldhamii Hooker & Baker[??Baker]; Athyrium conilii (Franchet & Savatier) Tagawa; A. conilii var. oldhamii (Hooker & Baker)[(??Baker)] Tagawa; Deparia conilii (Franchet & Savatier) M. Kato; Diplazium conilii (Franchet & Savatier) Makino; D. grammitoides C. Presl var. conilii (Franchet & Savatier) Nakai; D. japonicum (Thunberg) Beddome var. conilii (Franchet & Savatier) Makino; D. japonicum var. latipes Rosenstock; D. japonium var. oldhamii (Hooker & Baker) C. Christensen; D. oldhamii (Hooker & Baker) H. Christ; Lunathyrium conilii (Franchet & Savatier) Sa. Kurata; L. conilii var. oldhamii (Hooker & Baker) Sa. Kurata.
Plants summer-green. Rhizome slender, creeping, dark brown, 11.5 mm in diam., with sparse pale brown ovate or ovate-lanceolate membranous scales; fronds distant or approximate. Lamina dimorphic, stipe of sterile frond short. Fertile fronds up to 50 cm; stipe dark brown at base, upward light green-stramineous or stramineous, 920 cm, 0.51 mm in diam. at base, base sparsely scaly, upward with sparse small deciduous lanceolate scales; lamina 1-pinnate, narrowly lanceolate or lanceolate, 1525 Χ 47 cm, base wider or shorter than or as wide as middle, apex acuminate; pinnae 1525 pairs, spreading or base slightly deflexed, oblong or shortly lanceolate, 24 Χ 0.51 cm, base asymmetric, acroscopical base subauriculate, basiscopic base rounded-cuneate, sessile, pinnatilobate or pinnatipartite, apex rounded, acute, or shortly acuminate; pinna lobes 48 pairs, oblong to rectangular, entire, slightly ascending, apex truncate or rounded; veins pinnate with 24 pairs of simple veinlets, visible on both sides. Lamina thinly herbaceous, green or light brown when dry, dark on adaxial surface; rachis with sparse pale brown lanceolate scales and long nodose hairs, costa and veins adaxially with sparse short nodose hairs. Sori shortly linear, 13 pairs per pinna lobe, single or double on acroscopic veinlet; indusia brown, membranous, margin usually erose, sometimes lacerate, usually not incurved when young, rarely incurved. Spores elliptic in polar view, semicircular in equatorial view, perispore with prominently hyaline, verrucate and muriform protuberances. n = 120 (6΄) [2n=240].
Valleys. Anhui, Gansu, Henan, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Taiwan. Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].
鲁山假蹄盖蕨 lu shan jia ti gai jue
Plants summer-green. Rhizome slender, creeping, ca. 3 mm in diam., apex with pale brown, broadly lanceolate thin scales; fronds separate. Fertile frond up to 60 cm; stipe black at base, upward light stramineous, 1030 cm, ca. 1 mm in diam., base sparsely scaly, upward with sparse narrowly lanceolate, pale brown scales and nodose hairs; lamina broadly lanceolate, up to 40 Χ 12 cm, acuminate at apex; free pinnae up to 15 pairs, mostly alternate, spreading, lanceolate, pinnatipartite, apex acute or rounded; basal pinnae larger, up to 7 Χ 2.5 cm, shortly stalked, other pinnae sessile; pinna lobes up to 8 pairs, rectangular or oblong, acroscopic basal lobe larger, margin sparsely shallowly crenate, apex truncate or rounded; veins per lobes pinnate with less than 4 pairs of veinlets, ascending, simple, rarely forked. Lamina thinly herbaceous, pale green when dry; rachis with sparse yellow-brown scales and nodose hairs, costae with sparse nodose hairs. Sori shortly linear, 13 pairs per lobe, single, medial or subbasal, double on acroscopic basal veinlets; indusia yellow-brown, membranous, glabrous, persistent, margin shallowly erose, incurved when young. Spores nearly round in polar view, semicircular in equatorial view, perispore with irregular tuberculate ornamentation.
* Shandong (Lushan).
阔基假蹄盖蕨 kuo ji jia ti gai jue
Lunathyrium pseudoconilii Serizawa, Sci. Rep. Takao Mus. 5: 21. 1973; Deparia pseudoconilii (Serizawa) Serizawa.
Plants summer-green. Rhizome creeping, black, slender, 11.5 mm in diam., apex with dense brown lanceolate thin scales; fronds separate, basal part of stipes persistent. Lamina nearly dimorphic; fertile frond 3565 cm; stipe purple at base, upward stramineous, or purple throughout, 2035 cm, 0.51 mm in diam., base sparsely scaly, scales like those on rhizome; lamina lanceolate or narrowly long deltoid, up to 15(30) cm, up to 6(15) cm wide, base usually widest, apex acuminate; free pinnae up to 7(10) pairs, spreading or slightly reflexed, basal pinnae usually prominently larger, elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, (1.5)3(8) Χ (0.9)1.3(2) cm, base asymmetric, wider on acroscopic side, pinnatifid to pinnatipartite, apex obtuse, acute, or acuminate; upper pinnae shorter; pinna lobes rounded or truncate at apex, margin repand or sparsely serrate; veins in lobes mostly pinnate, veinlets simple, rarely forked, up to 4(6) pairs. Lamina thinly herbaceous when dry, pale green, darker on adaxial surface, both surfaces of rachis s with dense pale brown curly nodose hairs, both sides of costae and upper side of veinlets with sparse short nodose hairs. Sori linear, usually straight or slightly curved, single or double on acroscopic basal veinlet; indusia yellow-brown, surface usually with short nodose hairs, margin lacerate, flat when young. Spores semicircular in equatorial view, perispore surface with dense apically truncate long clavate ornamentation. n = 120.
Zhejiang [Japan].
The type is from Japan (Tokyo).
阔羽假蹄盖蕨 kuo yu jia ti gai jue
Rhizome slender, creeping, apex like base of stipe, with sparse pale brown, lanceolate, membranous scales; fronds separate. Fertile frond up to 40 cm; stipe brown at base, upward pale green, 1217 cm, ca. 1.2 mm in diam., base with sparse pale brown, curly short nodose hairs, upper part subglabrous; lamina narrowly deltoid, 1725 Χ 712 cm, apex acuminate; free pinnae 2 or 3 pairs, slightly ascending, sessile, oblong-lanceolate, apex nearly acute or obtuse; basal pinnae not reduced or slightly so, 56 Χ 2.53 cm, base slightly narrowed, basiscopic base cuneate with reduced pinna lobes, acroscopic base truncate, pinnatilobed 1/22/3; lobes 57 pairs, ligulate-oblong, 46 Χ 58 mm, margin sparsely crenate or irregularly shallowly repand, entire, apex rounded or nearly truncate; veins prominent, thin, ascending, pinnate per lobes; veinlets 35 pairs, simple, rarely forked. Lamina thinly herbaceous or nearly membranous when dry, green; rachis and costa with sparse pale brown curly short hairs. Sori 24 pairs per lobe, ascending, linear, 34 mm, often double on acroscopic basal veinlets of upper pinna lobes; indusia gray, thinly membranous, lacerate, persistent.
* Forest understories; ca. 800 m. NW Hubei, Hunan.
The type is from Hubei (Wudang Shan).
山东假蹄盖蕨 shan dong jia ti gai jue
Plants summer-green. Rhizome slender, creeping, ca. 2 mm in diam., apex with brown, entire, broadly lanceolate scales; fronds sparse. Lamina nearly dimorphic; fertile frond larger than sterile, stipe dark brown at base, upward stramineous, up to 30 cm (in sterile frond less than 10 cm), ca. 2 mm in diam. at base, with sparse lanceolate, pale brown, entire, thin scales and nodose hairs; lamina broadly lanceolate, up to 38 Χ 12 cm, apex acuminate; free pinnae up to 15 pairs, mostly alternate, sessile, lanceolate or falcate-lanceolate, up to 8 Χ 2.5 cm, base broadly cuneate, slightly asymmetric, often wider on acroscopic side, pinnatipartite, apex acute or acuminate; pinna lobes up to 10 pairs, rectangular or oblong, apex truncate; lobes rarely lanceolate, margin entire or crenate, apex rounded; veins pinnate with up to 6 pairs of veinlets, veinlets simple or forked, ascending. Lamina herbaceous, green when dry, dark on adaxial surface; rachis stramineous, with sparse brown, lanceolate scales and nodose hairs, both sides of costae and veins sparsely nodose-hairy. Sori shortly linear, mostly straight, usually elliptic when mature, 14 pairs per lobe, subbasal, usually single, double on acroscopic basal veinlets; indusia yellow-brown, membranous, margin shallowly erose, incurved when young. Spore elliptic in polar view, semicircular in equatorial view, perispore with irregular auriculate projections.
* Wet areas of forest understories; 200500 m. Shandong.
Like Athyriopsis lushanensis, A. shandongensis is endemic to Shandong, the northernmost distributional range of the genus in China. It is distinct from A. lushanensis in the frond, indusia, and spore ornamentation.
岳麓山假蹄盖蕨 yue lu shan jia ti gai jue
Rhizome slender, creeping, ca. 2 mm in diam., with sparse pale brown, broadly lanceolate, entire, membranous scales; fronds distant to approximate, nearly dimorphic; sterile fronds similar to fertile fronds, with stipe usually prominently short, lamina somewhat small; fertile fronds up to 60 cm; stipe brown-green when dry, 1525 cm, ca. 1.5 mm in diam. at base, sparsely scaly; scales similar to those on rhizome, those on upper part sparser, gradually smaller, lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate; lamina broadly oblong-lanceolate, 2035 Χ 513 cm, base slightly reduced, 3.57 cm wide, apex acuminate; free pinnae 812 pairs, sessile or nearly sessile, pinnatifid to pinnatipartite; lower pinnae spreading or reflexed, obliquely ovate or short ovate-lanceolate, 23.5 Χ 1.52.5 cm, apex obtuse or acute; middle pinnae slightly ascending or spreading, lanceolate, up to 7.5 Χ 2 cm, apex usually acuminate, rarely acute; pinna lobes up to 10 pairs in largest middle pinnae, approximate, oblong or rectangular, slightly oblique, margin shallowly repand or shallowly crenate, apex rounded or truncate; veins per lobe pinnate, with up to 5 pairs of veinlets, veinlets simple or forked, oblique. Lamina thinly herbaceous, dark green when dry, pale green underneath; rachis with sparse, deciduous, dark brown, narrowly lanceolate scales and curly short nodose hairs, costae and veinlets with slightly shorter nodose hairs. Sori shortly linear, straight or slightly curved, up to 3 pairs per lobe, single or double on basal acroscopic veinlets, medial; indusia pale brown, membranous, glabrous, margin lacerate, denticulate, or subentire, incurved when young; spores elliptic or nearly round in polar view, semicircular in equatorial view, perispore surfaces with dense long aculeate and thinly clavate projections.
* Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests beside streamlets; 1001200 m. Guangxi (Baisecen), Hunan (Changshan).
Athyriopsis abbreviata is similar to A. japonica, but differs by the lamina narrowly elliptic, gradually reduced to base with basal pinnae often oblique ovate, and perispore surface with long aculeate and thinly clavate projections.
假蹄盖蕨 jia ti gai jue
Plants summer-green. Rhizome slender, creeping, apex with yellow-brown, broadly lanceolate or lanceolate scales; fronds distant to approximate. Fertile frond up to 1 m; stipe scaly and hairy; lamina bipinnatilobate, oblong or broadly oblong-lanceolate, sometimes triangular, base slightly or not reduced, apex long acuminate or abruptly narrowed, acuminate; pinnae 48 pairs, oblique or occasionally spreading, straight or subfalcate, oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, base subtruncate, apex long acuminate or caudate; pinna lobes 518 pairs, oblique at angles of 4045°, rectangular or oblong, or falcate-lanceolate, margin sparsely dentate or repand, rarely shallowly lobed, apex subtruncate or rounded to acute; veins pinnate with less than 8 pairs of veinlets, oblique, forked or simple, often not prominently adaxially, slightly visible abaxially. Lamina herbaceous, rachis with sparse pale brown lanceolate scales and nodose soft hairs, costae and veins with nodose hairs on both sides. Sori shortly linear, straight, mostly single, medial, double on basal acroscopic veinlets; indusia pale brown, membranous, glabrous, margin lacerate, incurved when young. n = 120 (6΄).
Wet areas, beside valley streamlets; up to 2000 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Shanghai, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, India, Korea, N Myanmar, Nepal].
The type is from Japan.
1a. Pinnae not variegated; indusial margin lacerate, ciliate, perispore surface with shortly aculeate projections 7a. var. japonica
1b. Pinnae variegated; indusial margin denticulate; perispore surface with long clavate and aculeate projections 7b. var. variegata
假蹄盖蕨(原变种) jia ti gai jue (yuan bian zhong)
Asplenium japonicum Thunberg, Syst. Veg., ed. 14 (J. A. Murray), 934. 1784; Athyriopsis petiolata Ching; Athyrium japonicum (Thunberg) Copeland; Deparia japonica (Thunberg) M. Kato; Diplazium japonicum (Thunberg) Beddome; D. thunbergii Nakai ex Momose; Lunathyrium japonicum (Thunberg) Sa. Kurata.
Pinnae not variegated; indusial margin lacerate, ciliate, perispore surface with shortly aculeate projections. n = 120 (6΄).
Wet areas, beside valley streamlets; sea level up to 2000 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Shanghai, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, India, Korea, N Myanmar, Nepal].
花叶假蹄盖蕨 hua ye jia ti gai jue
Pinna yellow-variegated on adaxial surface, indusial margin denticulate, perispore ornamentation long clavate and aculeate.
* Understories of broad-leaved forests, beside streamlets; below 2000 m. Yunnan (Kunming).
中日假蹄盖蕨 Pin Yin
Diplazium kiusianum Koidzumi, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 1: 27. 1932[??non Koidzumi (1931)]; Athyrium japonicum var. kiusianum (Koidzumi) Ohwi; A. kiusianum (Koidzumi) Tagawa; Deparia dimorphophylla var. kiusiana (Koidzumi) Serizawa; D. kiusiana (Koidzumi) M. Kato; Lunathyrium dimorphophyllum var. kiusianum (Koidzumi) Sa. Kurata; L. lasiopteris var. kiusianum (Koidzumi) Nakaike.
Plants summer-green. Rhizome slender, creeping, deep below soil surface, ca. 2.5 mm in diam., apex with brown, lanceolate, membranous scales; fronds sparsely arranged. Fertile frond up to 80 cm; stipe stramineous, 2540 cm, dense scaly along entire length with pale brown, linear to lanceolate membranous translucent scales and nodose soft hairs up to 3 mm, scales on upper part narrow; lamina ovate, narrowly elliptic, or nearly narrowly deltoid, 1840 Χ1025 cm, base slightly narrowed or not, apex abruptly narrowed; free pinnae 712 pairs, spreading or slightly ascending, narrowly elliptic or linear-lanceolate, 3.515 Χ 13.5 cm, base broadly cuneate or subtruncate, rarely shallowly cordate, sessile or lower pinnae shortly stalked, apex acuminate or shortly acuminate; upper pinnae adnate[??connate], pinnatipartite up to or near costa; pinna lobes up to 18 pairs, slightly oblique or spreading, oblong or slightly obliquely ligulate-oblong, entire, repand, or shallowly crenate at apex, apex truncate or rounded, sometimes slightly impressed[??emarginate]; veins pinnate with less than 7 pairs of veinlets, single or forked. Lamina herbaceous, brown-green when dry, darker on adaxial surface; rachis hairy along entire length with dense, pale brown, hyaline, often shrunken, soft, nodose hairs 23 mm, lower part of rachis hairy and scaly with 2 or 3 cells wide, linear, hyaline scales, abaxial side of costae and both sides of veinlets with nodose hairs, lamina between veinlets with ± gray-white nodose hairs. Sori shortly linear, straight or slightly curved, 16 pairs per lobe, mostly single, subcostular, double on basal acroscopic veinlets; indusia yellow-brown when mature, membranous, with short nodose hairs, margin lacerate, flat when young. Spores semicircular in polar view, perispore surface with dense clavate and aculeate ornamentation.
Understories of broad-leaved forests, mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests, beside streamlets in forest understories; up to 1500 m. N Guizhou (Daozhen), S Shandong (Pingyi) [Japan].
The type is from Japan (Kyushu).
金佛山假蹄盖蕨 jin fo shan jia ti gai jue
Plants summer-green. Rhizome slender, creeping, deep below soil surface, dark black, ca. 2.5 mm in diam., apex with brown lanceolate scales; fronds distant to approximate. Fertile frond up to 1 m; stipe brown to dark brown at base, upward stramineous, 2060 cm, 23 mm in diam. at base, scaly along entire length with pale brown, lanceolate to linear, translucent membranous scales, with nodose long soft hairs up to 3 mm; lamina narrowly elliptic or ovate, 2560 Χ 2025 cm, base not or slightly narrowed, apex acuminate; free pinnae ca. 10 pairs, ascending, basal pinnae sometimes reflexed, narrowly elliptic or linear-lanceolate, 316 Χ 14 cm, base truncate, shallowly cordiform or broadly cuneate, sessile or shortly stalked, with upper pinnae adnate[??connate], pinnatipartite near or to costa, apex acuminate or long acuminate; pinna lobes up to 20 pairs, subspreading, ligulate-oblong or obliquely oblong, margin crenate, apex rounded; veins pinnate with less than 8 pairs of veinlets, veinlets bifurcate, trifurcate, or simple. Lamina herbaceous, pale green abaxially, green adaxially when dry, or pale brown on both surfaces, darker adaxially; rachis with dense 2 or 3 cells wide, light brown, thickly clathrate, hyaline, thinly linear scales 23 mm, with fewer pale brown, hyaline, often shrunken, thin nodose soft hairs, upper part of rachis less densely minutely scaly and nodose-hairy, abaxial side of costae with sparse, thin, nodose soft hairs, both sides of veinlets with ± gray-white nodose hairs, lamina between veinlets glabrous. Sori shortly linear, straight or subfalcate, 17 pairs per lobe, mostly single or double on basal acroscopic veinlets, medial-costular, proximal end near costule; indusia yellow-brown, membranous, glabrous, margin lacerate or erose, mostly flat when young, some incurved. Spores elliptic in polar view, semicircular in equatorial view, perispore surface with dense clavate projections.
* Understories of broad-leaved forests; 16001900 m. Chongqing (Nanchuan), Guizhou (Tongzi).
The type is from Chongqing (Nanchuan).
二型叶假蹄盖蕨 er xing ye jia ti gai jue
Diplazium dimorphophylla Koidzumi, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 1: 27. 1932 [??Fl. Austro-higoensis 3: 1931]; Athyrium dimorphophyllum (Koidzumi) Tagawa; A. japonicum var. dimorphophyllum (Koidzumi) Ohwi; Deparia dimorphophylla (Koidzumi) M. Kato; Lunathyrium dimorphophyllum (Koidzumi) Sa. Kurata.
Plants summer-green. Rhizome long creeping, deep below soil surface, 24 mm in diam., apex with dense pale brown, lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, thinly membranous scales; fronds sparse. Lamina prominently subdimorphic, fertile frond larger or stipe prominently longer than sterile; stipe stramineous, 12 mm in diam., base densely scaly, scales similar to those on rhizome, upward with sparse narrow scales and multicellular nodose hairs, apical part subshiny, up to 40(65) cm, in sterile frond less than 30 cm; lamina pinnatilobate, ovate-elliptic, ovate, or nearly narrowly deltoid, up to 45(50) Χ 25(28) cm, in sterile frond shorter, apex gradually or abruptly narrowed, acuminate, pinnatilobate; free pinnae less than 8 pairs, slightly ascending, elliptic-lanceolate or lanceolate, up to 16 Χ 5 cm, base truncate or broadly cuneate, pinnatipartite, apex acuminate or long acuminate; pinna lobes up to 15 pairs, slightly ascending, ligulate-oblong or falcate-oblong, margin entire, repand, or crenate, apex rounded; veins pinnate with less than 11 pairs of veinlets, veinlets oblique, forked or simple. Lamina herbaceous, green when dry, darker adaxially; rachis and costae with sparse small scales and with nodose hairs, or nearly shiny; veinlets with sparse short nodose hairs or glabrous, lamina between veins with ± pale white or pale brown nodose hairs. Sori linear, straight or slightly curved, 110 pairs per lobe, medial or inframedial, mostly single or double on basal acroscopic veinlets; indusia yellow-brown, membranous, hairy, margin lacerate, incurved when young. Spores semicircular or nearly reniform in equatorial view, perispore surface with dense, thick, uniform, thinly clavate projections. n = 120 (6΄).
Forest understories, forest margins; sea level up to 1000 m. Anhui, Guizhou, Henan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang [Japan].
The type is from Japan.
昆明假蹄盖蕨 kun ming jia ti gai jue
Athyriopsis angustifolia S. F. Wu.
Plants summer-green. Rhizome slender, creeping, dark brown, 23 mm in diam., with sparse yellow-brown, lanceolate, membranous scales; fronds distant. Lamina subdimorphic, stipe of fertile frond prominently longer than in sterile frond; fertile frond up to 90 cm; stipe dark brown at base, upward stramineous, 1845 cm, 13 mm in diam. at base, base sparsely scaly, scales similar to those on rhizome, upward with more brown to dark brown, shiny lanceolate scales and yellow-brown small nodose hairs, then scales and hairs gradually deciduous; lamina narrowly deltoid, base not narrowed, or ovate, 1645 cm, base slightly narrowed, apex acuminate to long acuminate, sometimes abruptly narrowed; free pinnae 712 pairs, mostly alternate, spreading or slightly ascending, sessile, base truncate or broadly cuneate, occasionally shallowly cordate, pinnatipartite, apex lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, rarely nearly acute; upper pinnae symmetric or subsymmetric, basal pinnae asymmetric with basiscopic lobes longer; pinna lobes 717 pairs, contiguous, ascending or nearly spreading, ligulate-oblong, margin toothed or repand, rarely pinnatipartate or subentire, apex rounded; middle pinna lobes 12 cm Χ 58 mm; veins pinnate with 18 pairs of veinlets, visible on both sides, forked or simple. Lamina herbaceous, green or pale green when dry, darker on axaxial[??] side; both sides of rachis, costae, and veins with sparse gray-white, pale brown nodose soft hairs, hairs on abaxial side of costae thick, long. Sori shortly linear, straight or slightly oblique, 17 pairs per pinna lobe, mostly single medial or inframedial, proximate end of sori near costa, double on basal acroscopic veinlets; indusia light brown when young, yellow-brown when old, membranous, hairy or glabrous, margin flat, lacerate, then erose, long or shortly ciliate. Spores round in polar view, semicircular in equatorial view, perispore prominent, hyaline, surface ornamentation with mostly clavate, apically truncate, sometimes narrow flakelike projections.
* Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests in valleys, bamboo forests, shrubs beside streamlets; 17002500 m. Hunan, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.
The type is from Yunnan (Kunming).
毛轴假蹄盖蕨 mao zhou jia ti gai jue
Asplenium petersenii Kunze, Anal. Pterid. 24. 1837; A. lasiopteris (Kunze) Mettenius; Athyriopsis attenuata Ching; A. japonica var. oshimense (H. Christ) Ching; A. lasiopteris (Kunze) Ching; A. petersenii (Kunze) Ching var. coreana (Baker) Ching [without basionym ref.]; Athyrium oshimense H. Christ; Deparia petersenii (Kunze) M. Kato; Diplazium japonicum (Thunberg) Beddome var. coreanum Baker; D. lasiopteris Kunze; D. oshimense (H. Christ) H. Itτ; D. petersenii (Kunze) H. Christ; Lunathyrium petersenii (Kunze) H. Ohba.
Plants evergreen. Rhizome slender, creeping, dark brown, 25 mm in diam., apex with dense red-brown broadly lanceolate scales; fronds distant to approximate, variable, smallest ca. 6 Χ 1 cm, large fronds up to 1 m Χ 25 cm; stipe usually dark brown at base, upward stramineous, 240(50) cm, 13 mm in diam. at base, with sparse pale brown to red-brown (rarely atro-castaneous), broadly to narrowly lanceolate scales and curly nodose short hairs; lamina variable, usually broadly ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sometimes ovate, narrowly deltoid or deltoid, up to 50 Χ 25 cm; free pinnae up to 10(12) pairs below pinnatilobate apex, pinnae of small fronds often lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sometimes deltoid, ca. 5 Χ 1 cm, with only 1 or 2 pairs of free pinnae; pinnae of large fronds spreading or slightly ascending, subfalcate or sometimes straight, basal pinnae sometimes reflexed, shortly stalked or sessile, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, up to 15 Χ 3.5(4) cm, base broadly cuneate or subtruncate, wider on acroscopic side than on basiscopic side, sometimes slightly auriculate, basal lobes not reduced or slightly so, usually broader, pinnatilobate or pinnatipartite, apex acuminate or long acuminate; pinnae of small fronds mostly ovate-rhomboid, obliquely ovate, or narrowly ovate, margin entire, repand or shallowly lobed, apex rounded or acute; smallest pinnae ca. 5 Χ 4 mm; pinna lobes up to 15 pairs, nearly spreading, oblong, ligulate-elliptic or falcate, margin entire, shallowly repand, or crenate, apex oblique, truncate, or acute, sometimes obtuse; veins pinnate with less than 7 pairs of veinlets, veinlets ascending, simple or forked, visible on both surfaces. Lamina herbaceous, green or gray-green to light yellow-green when dry, darker adaxially; abaxial side of rachis, costae, and veins hairy with many red-brown or yellow-brown to light gray-brown, long, nodose hairs, lamina between veinlets glabrous or with pale white nodose hairs, sometimes with few, brown, lanceolate scales; adaxial side of rachis, costae, and veinlets with short pointed nodose hairs. Sori shortly linear or linear-oblong, rarely J-shaped, less than 6 pairs per lobe, inframedial from veinlet base or near veinlet base to 2/34/5 of veinlet length, sometimes medial, single or double on basal acroscopic veinlets, covering entire surface of pinna lobes when mature; indusia gray-white when young, later brown or yellow-brown, membranous, glabrous or with short nodose hairs, margin lacerate, flat, not incurved. Spores semicircular in equatorial view, elliptic in polar view, perispore prominent, hyaline, with long clavate and aculeate projections. n = 80 (4΄).
Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [S Japan, Korea; S and SE Asia, Oceania].
The type is from Guangdong.
Distributed widely in Asia to tropical Oceania, subtropical montane regions, in China widely distributed in south of Qingling, near streams in evergreen broad-leaved forests lower than 2500 m, but was discovered at 3600 m near hot springs at Gongga Shan, Sichuan. Greatly variable in the size and morphology of fertile plants.
Plants of Athyriopsis petersenii with pinnae usually prominently oblique, pinna lobes oblique with angles of ca. 30°, acuminate at apex, and indusial margin flat and not incurved when young, was recognized as Athyriopsis japonica var. oshimensis (Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 3(2). 1999). Further taxonomic examination is needed.
峨眉假蹄盖蕨 e mei jia ti gai jue
Deparia omeiensis (Z. R. Wang) M. Kato.
Rhizome erect, ca. 1.2 cm in diam. including remaining stipe bases, apex like stipe base with sparse brown, ovate-lanceolate scales; frond caespitose. Fertile frond 2838 cm; stipe 1321 cm, 11.5 mm in diam.; lamina narrowly ovate, 1219 Χ 710 cm, base subtruncate, apex acuminate; pinnae 79 pairs, nearly spreading, sessile, basal 1 or 2 pairs opposite, reduced, symmetric; middle pinnae alternate, narrowly oblong or lanceolate, 35 Χ 11.8 cm, base truncate, pinnatipartite, apex acute; pinna lobes 69 pairs, spreading, nearly oblong, contiguous, 79 Χ 38 mm, margin crenate or subentire, apex subtruncate; veins pinnate, veinlets simple, 3 or 4 pairs per pinna lobe, oblique, simple. Lamina thinly herbaceous, dark green when dry, both sides of rachis, costae, and veins with sparse light brown, curly short nodose hairs. Sori linear or oblong, 13 pairs per lobe, single or double on basic acroscopic veinlets; indusia dark brown, thickly membranous, margin not incurved, lacerate, ciliate. Spores semicircular in polar view, perispore surface with sparse auriculate flake-shaped and obtuse aculeate irregular projections.
* Deep valleys; ca. 2000 m. Sichuan (Emei Shan).
美丽假蹄盖蕨 mei li jia ti gai jue
Athyriopsis membranacea Ching & Z. Y. Liu; Deparia concinna (Z. R. Wang) M. Kato.
Plants summer-green. Rhizome ascending, up to 1.5 cm in diam. including remaining stipe bases, apex and stipe base with sparse brown, ovate-lanceolate scales ca. 5 mm; fronds caespitose. Fertile fronds 2355 cm; stipe 830 cm, 12 mm in diam.; lamina ovate-oblong, 1225 Χ 820 cm, abruptly narrowed at apex, acuminate; free pinna 59 pairs, spreading or slightly ascending, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, up to 10 Χ 3 cm, base truncate or broadly cuneate, sessile, pinnatipartite, apex acuminate or acute, rarely subrounded; basal pinnae usually reflexed, reduced or not, basal basiscopic lobes often prominently short; pinna lobes up to 15 pairs, slightly ascending, oblong, up to 1.5 cm Χ 8 mm, margin crenate or subentire, apex subrounded or subtruncate; veins pinnate with up to 7 pairs of veinlets, veinlets simple or forked. Lamina thinly herbaceous, light green when dry; both sides of costae and midribs hairy with gray-white or light brown, long and short nodose hairs, between veinlets ± with gray-white short nodose hairs. Sori oblong, 0.51.5 mm, usually single, double on basal acroscopic veinlets; indusia not incurved at margin, erose, with short deciduous hairs. Spores elliptic in polar view, semicircular in equatorial view, perispore surface with dense and thickness unaverage[??] aculeate projections. n = ca. 80.
* Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests; 10001800 m. Chongqing (Nanchuan), Guizhou, Hunan (Yizhang), Sichuan (Emei), Yunnan (Lunan).
斜生假蹄盖蕨 xie sheng jia ti gai jue
Deparia dickasonii M. Kato, J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo 13(4): 404. 1984; Athyriopsis hunanensis Z. R. Wang & S. F. Wu; Lunathyrium christensenii [??(Tardieu) Ching] (Athyrium christensenii) auct. non. Athyrium christensenii Tardieu[??syn. okay or omit if misidentification].
Rhizome ascending, up to 2 cm in diam. including remaining stipe bases, apex and stipe base with sparse light brown, ovate-lanceolate scales up to 1 cm; fronds 25, caespitose; lamina subdimorphic. Fertile frond up to 70 cm; stipe brown at base, upward (and rachis) light brown or green-stramineous, up to 35 cm, 12 mm in diam., upper part with sparse deciduous scales; lamina ovate to narrowly ovate, up to 35 Χ 20 cm, apex acuminate, or abruptly narrowed then acuminate; free pinnae 614 pairs, linear-lanceolate or narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, up to 10 Χ 2 cm, base truncate, pinnatipartite, apex acuminate or long acuminate, sometimes slightly abruptly narrowed, then acuminate; pinna lobes up to 14 pairs, slightly ascending, contiguous, rectangular or oblong, margin sparsely shallowly crenate, shallowly repand, or entire, apex rounded or subtruncate; veins pinnate per lobe; veinlets up to 6(or 7) pairs, simple or forked. Lamina herbaceous, dark green or brown-green on adaxial surface when dry, light green on abaxial surface; rachis with dense thin light yellow-brown, multicellular hairs and hairlike scales, costa and veins also with similar nodose hairs, abaxial surface of lamina between veinlets with sparse gray-white short nodose hairs. Sori narrowly oblong or oblong, slightly curved or straight, mostly single, medial-supramedial, double on basal acroscopic veinlets, up to 5 pairs per each lobe; indusia light brown, membranous, margin flat when young, slightly dentate or subentire, with sparse thin short hairs. Spores round in polar view, semicircular in equatorial view, perispore not hyaline, with densely clavate and thinly aculeate projections.
Understories of broad-leaved forests; 14002300 m. Guizhou (Suiyang), Hunan (Sangzhi), Yunnan [Myanmar].
The type is from N Myanmar.
Athyriopsis dickasonii is similar to A. minamitanii (Serizawa) Z. R. Wang of Kyushu, Japan in the prominently subdimorphic fronds and the sterile fronds with short stipes, but distinct from it in the scales on the stipe base ovate-lanceolate, up to 1 cm, the lamina of fertile frond as long as the stipe or longer (in A. minamitanii the scales lanceolate, up to 5 mm, and the lamina of fertile frond prominently shorter than the stipe). The sterile fronds of A. dickasonii number 1 or 2 per plant, while those of A. minamitanii number up to 5.
网蕨属 wang jue shu
Plants terrestrial, evergreen, medium-sized. Rhizome shortly erect, with dark brown broadly lanceolate entire thick scales; fronds caespitose. Stipe stramineous or brown, shorter than lamina, herbaceous, upward subglabrous, deeply grooved on adaxial side; rachis grooved, small-scaly, multicellular-hairy, or subglabrous; lamina 1-pinnate, elliptic; pinnae 110 pairs, alternate, nearly sessile, lanceolate, base symmetric, rounded-truncate, margin entire or slightly repand, apex acuminate or caudate; apical part deltoid, lobed or subentire; costae robust, shallowly grooved adaxially; veins anastomosing, distal veinlets free or connected by inframarginal veinlets, areoles 24 between costa and laminar margin, without included veinlets; costal areoles larger than others, narrowly deltoid; middle and distal areoles smaller, polygonal; sori elongate, variously long, slightly lunate-shaped, often single, rarely double on acroscopic veinlets, usually from costa or near costa, ending inframarginally; indusia gray, black-brown when mature, sausage-shaped, thick, membranous when young, opening acroscopically, thick. Spores semicircular, perispore prominent, with broadly winged, rugate, aculeate projections. x = 40.
Four species: distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of southeast Asia, W Himalaya, northern part of S Vietnam and Malaysia; four species in China (two endemic).
Dictyodroma is phylogenetically close to Dryoathyrium, Lunathyrium, Athyriopsis, and Triblemma, together forming a monophyletic clade currently assigned to Deparia with three or more sections including Dictyodroma, although it is characterized by the reticulate veins. All share the groove in the costae interrupted at the base of the pinnae and not confluent to the groove of the rachis, multicellular hairs on the rachis, costae and veins, or part of them, and base chromosome number x = 40. Further taxonomic revision is required.
1a. Free fertile pinnae repand or pinnatilobate at margin; lateral veins obvious, costae with sparse hairs.
2a. Free pinnae of fertile frond 15 pairs, margin usually repand, occasionally crenate or pinnatilobate; pinna lobes flat, broad, blunt, oval, symmetrical ..................................................... 1. D. heterophlebia
2b. Free pinnae of fertile frond 68 pairs, margin shallowly lobed; pinna lobes deltoid-oblong, asymmetric, subfalcate, apex obtuse ........................................................................ 2. D. yunnanensis
1b. Free fertile pinnae entire, undulate, or shallowly lobed; lateral veins not obvious, costae subglabrous.
3a. Fertile lamina deeply pinnatilobate or 1-pinnate with 1 or 2(or 3) free basal pairs of pinnae; pinnae oblong-lanceolate, base rounded .............................................................. 3. D. formosana
3b. Fertile lamina 1-pinnate with 36 pairs of free lateral pinnae; lower pinnae usually broadly lanceolate, sometimes oblong-lanceolate, base subcordate ....................................... 4. D. hainanensis
网蕨 wang jue
Asplenium heterophlebium Mettenius ex Baker, Syn. Fil. (Hooker & Baker) 243. 1867; Anisogonium heterophlebium (Mettenius ex Baker) Beddome; Athyrium heterophlebium (Mettenius ex Baker) Copeland; Deparia heterophlebia (Mettenius) R. Sano; Diplazium hemionitideum H. Christ; D. heterophlebium (Mettenius ex Baker) Diels; D. rude H. Christ.
Rhizome with dense scales at apex; scales brown, linear-lanceolate, ca. 5 mm, slightly curled; frond caespitose. Fertile frond up to 80 cm. Stipe brown, up to 30 cm, ca. 4 mm in diam., with dense smaller scales than on rhizome. Lamina pinnate, elliptic, up to 50 Χ 20 cm, herbaceous, slightly narrowed to base; free pinnae 15 pairs; basal pinnae slightly shorter, opposite or nearly opposite; upper pinnae sessile or very shortly stalked, slightly oblique, lanceolate, oblique or subfalcate, base truncate, margin often wavy, occasionally slightly lobed, apex acuminate, shortly pointed; pinna lobes symmetrical, wide, oval, apex blunt. Veins reticulate, distally free, evident. Lamina brown when dried; both sides of rachis, costae, and midribs coarse with small wormlike scales, or with short multicellular hairs, dense on abaxial side, sparse on adaxial side. Sori 2 or 3 pairs per veinlet group, double or single; indusia brown when mature. Spores semicircular. n = 41 (but needs reexamination).
Understories of dense forests, on ground and cliffs; 13001600 m. Xizang (Moto), Yunnan [India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand].
The type is from E Nepal.
云南网蕨 yun nan wang jue
Deparia yunnanensis (Ching) R. Sano.
Rhizome apex densely scaly; scales brown or dark brown, ovate-lanceolate. Fertile frond light brown when dried, up to 70 cm, with brown or dark brown, small, thin scales. Lamina 1-pinnate-pinnatilobate, oblong, up to 40 Χ 18 cm; free lateral pinnae 68 pairs, lanceolate, slightly oblique, sometimes subfalcate, base not narrowed, subtruncate, shortly stalked or sessile, margin slightly serrate, apex shortly acuminate; middle pinnae 810 Χ up to 3 cm. Pinna lobes small, asymmetric, apex obtuse, falcate; basal lobes slightly shorter than upper lobes, spreading; veins of pinnae and lobes obvious. Lamina dark brown when dried; stipe, rachis, and costae with sparse brown wormlike or shaglike[??] small multicellular scales or hairs, costae adaxially with short multicellular hairs, but hairs very sparse. Sori located on both sides of veins, 1 or 2 pairs, oblique, mostly linear, single; indusia brown when mature.
* Understories of dense forests; ca. 1500 m. Yunnan (Daweishan, Pingbian).
全缘网蕨 quan yuan wang jue
Diplazium formosanum Rosenstock, Hedwigia 56: 337. 1915; Deparia formosana (Rosenstock) R. Sano; Dictyodroma basipinnatifida (Ching) Ching; Diplazium basipinnatifidum Ching; D. odoratissimum Hayata.
Rhizome apex with broad lanceolate brown scales. Stipe gray, 2030 cm, base also scaly, sometimes upward with small narrowly lanceolate scales. Fertile frond of young plants deeply pinnatifid; lamina narrowly triangular, base cordate, lower lobes oval-lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, apex shortly acuminate. Fertile frond of adult plants elliptic, up to 45 Χ 28 cm, with 1 or 2(or 3) pairs of free lower pinnae, apex abruptly narrowed, and pinnatilobate and acuminate, or undulate to entire. Pinnae opposite or nearly opposite, oblong, subfalcate, base rounded, slightly asymmetrical, sessile or with indistinct stalk, entire, sometimes wavy, apex acuminate. Veins obvious on both sides, anastomosing with polygonal areoles formed by equally thin veinlets. Lamina gray-green when dried, lighter colored on abaxial surface; glabrous on both surfaces; both sides of rachis and lower side of costae with rust-yellow short multicellular hairs and wormlike or coarse hairlike small scales. Sori with variable length, 13 irregular rows from costa to lamina margin, sori on acroscopic veinlets double, other sori single; indusia brown when mature, long, narrow. Spore bean-shaped.
Forest understories beside streams; up to 800 m. Taiwan, Yunnan (Suijiang) [Japan].
The type is from Taiwan (Taipei).
海南网蕨 hai nan wang jue
Deparia hainanensis (Ching) R. Sano.
Rhizome apex with wrinkled light brown broadly lanceolate or ovate scales. Fertile frond up to 85 cm. Stipe light brown or dark brown, up to 30 cm, ca. 3 mm in diam., base with sparse scales same as on rhizome, glabrous upward. Lamina lower part pinnate, upper part pinnatifid, elliptic or narrowly triangular, up to 50 Χ 30 cm, apical part abruptly acute. Pinnae 36 pairs, nearly flat or base pair slightly inclined, sessile or with indistinct short stalk, usually lanceolate, narrow downward equally or of slightly varying width, up to 16 Χ 4 cm, base slightly cordate, apex acuminate; basal 1 or 2 pairs often shorter, sometimes nearly as long as top[??], apical pinnae often adnate to rachis. Pinna and lobe margin entire or shallowly repand, with few crenate teeth. Main vein obvious on both sides, lateral veins not obvious, or occasionally slightly obvious on lower part, anastomosing with polygonal areoles, distal veins free or connected by inframarginal veinlets. Lamina gray brown when dried, pale abaxially, shiny; rachis and base of costae with sparse brown short multicellular hairs and wormlike or hairlike small scales, costae adaxially with short nodose hairs. Sori variously long, with irregular 13 rows of areoles, mostly single, rarely double. Indusia broad, brown when mature. Spores semicircular.
* Understories of dense forests, beside streams; 8001000 m. Hainan (Baisha, Qiongzhong).
The type is from Hainan (Qiongzhong, Wuzhishan).
双盖蕨属 shuang gai jue shu
Plants terrestrial, evergreen, medium-sized. Rhizome erect or ascending, rarely creeping, apex scaly; scales black or brown, lanceolate, toothed or entire at margin; fronds usually caespitose or approximate, rarely distant. Stipe nearly black at base, upward pale green or gray-stramineous, long, base scaly, upward glabrous; lamina imparipinnate or occasionally ternate, elliptic; pinnae usually 38 pairs, oblique, lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, or elliptic, base usually symmetric and cuneate or nearly rounded, entire or serrate at margin, base of terminal pinna sometimes repand or lobate, apex acuminate; costae prominent, round on abaxial side, shallowly grooved on adaxial side; veinlets free, forked, parallel, slightly oblique. Lamina papery or leathery, glabrous abaxially. Sori single or double, linear; indusia brown when mature, membranous, entire. Spores round-reniform or semicircular in equatorial view. x = 41.
Distributed in the tropical and subtropical areas of Asia; nine species (two endemic) in S China and adjacent regions. Diplazium burmanicum Ching ex W. M. Chu & Z. R. He described from N Myanmar, may be found in adjacent Yunnan.
The genus as defined here for Chinese ferns is artificial and characterized by species with 1-imparipinnate fronds which are congeneric with different clades of Allantodia Ching, and simple-leaved American Diplazium pantaginifolium, the type of the genus. Extensive phylogenetic and taxonomic analyses are required for the monophyletic group of Allantodia including Diplazium. Diplazium subsinuatum (=Deparia lancea) and Diplazium tomitaroanum (=Deparia tomitaroana) were assigned to the genus Diplazium in Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. Vol. 3(2), 1999, but here are treated in Deparia Hooker & Greville based on molecular, cytological, and morphological data. Even Diplazium as defined here is not natural.
1a. Sori usually single, occasionally double, distant.
2a. Lamina subleathery; margin of pinna usually serrate only above middle, subentire or shallowly repand near base .......................................................................................................... 1 D. crassiusculum
2b. Lamina herbaceous; pinna margin serrate from base to apex, sometimes shallowly pinnatilobate 2 D. pinfaense
1b. Sori mostly double, attached back to back, approximate.
3a. Pinnae up to 7 cm wide; veinlets 3(or 4) per veinlet group; scales ovate-lanceolate, 23 mm wide 3 D. hainanense
3b. Pinna 25.5 cm wide; veinlets (3 or)4 per veinlet group or more; scales linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, up to 1 mm wide.
4a. Pinna serrate, crenate, or repand from base to apex.
5a. Pinna subleathery, base rounded, margin repand or crenate (crenations ca. 1.5 mm) 5. D. maonense
5b. Pinna papery, base cuneate or rounded-cuneate, margin minutely serrate or repand 6. D. serratifolium
4b. Lamina entire except slightly serrate in apical part.
6a. Pinnate ovate-lanceolate, ca. 2 cm wide .......................................... 7. D. basahense
6b. Pinnate ovate-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, 35.5 cm wide.
7a. Scales membranous, bicolored (middle brown, margin black); lateral pinnae up to 12 pairs 8. D. splendens
7b. Scales thickly membranous, unicolored; lateral pinnae up to 6 pairs.
8a. Rhizome erect; scales linear, black ......................................... 9. D. stenolepis
8b. Rhizome slender, creeping to oblique; scales lanceolate, brown or black-brown 4. D. donianum
厚叶双盖蕨 hou ye shuang gai jue
Diplazium donianum (Mettenius) Tardieu var. biserrulatum Tardieu.
Rhizome erect or oblique, black-brown, woody, stiff, apex with dense scales; scales dark black, glossy, lanceolate, thick, small serrate at margin; fronds caespitose. 1-pinnate fertile frond more than 1 m; stipe black at base, upward gray-stramineous, 4060 cm, 35 mm in diam., base like rhizome, densely scaly, upward glabrous, grooved on abaxial side; lamina 1-imparipinnate, elliptic, 3050 Χ 1624 cm; lateral pinnae often 24 pairs, all nearly equal in size, alternate or basal pinnae nearly opposite, oblique, shortly stalked (stalk of basal pinnae 68 mm), narrowly elliptic, narrowly ovate-lanceolate, or broadly linear-lanceolate, 1623 cm, middle 3.54.4 cm wide, base rounded-cuneate, margin in lower part of pinna often subentire or slightly repand, from middle to apex thin, serrate, apex long acuminate; apical pinna similar to lateral pinnae or nearly so, base often asymmetric; costae prominent, round, occasionally with brown linear small scales on abaxial side, shallowly grooved on adaxial side; veinlets all prominent, slightly oblique, 3 or 4 per veinlet group, thin, reaching laminar margin. Lamina firmly herbaceous, brown-green when dry. Sori and indusia long linear, often single on acroscopic veinlets of each veinlet group, oblique, from costa to ca. 5 mm inside margin.
Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests and shrubbery; 2001700 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang (Taishun) [Japan].
The type is from Guangdong (N of Guangzhou: Longtou Shan).
Fertile fronds of young plants of Diplazium crassiusculum are sometimes simple, elliptic-lanceolate with cordiform, slightly asymmetric bases, or 1-pinnate with only 2 or 3 pinnae.
薄叶双盖蕨 bo ye shuang gai jue
Rhizome oblique or erect, dark brown, with dense fleshy thick roots, apex with brown, lanceolate, entire scales; fronds caespitose. Fertile frond ca. 65 cm, stipe brown at base, upward green-stramineous, ca. 30 cm, ca. 2 mm in diam., base with dense scales similar to scales on rhizome, upward glabrous, grooved on adaxial side; rachis stramineous or green-stramineous, slightly glossy, shallowly grooved on adaxial side; lamina 1-imparipinnate, ovate, ca. 34 Χ 22 cm, base rounded-cuneate; lateral pinnae 2 or 3 pairs, oblique, subfalcate, lanceolate, base mostly nearly symmetric, rounded-cuneate, whole margin serrate or biserrate, sometimes slightly pinnatilobate, apex long acuminate; basal pinnae asymmetric, acroscopic base rounded, basiscopic base cuneate, shortly stalked, upper pinnae sessile or slightly adnate; apical pinna lanceolate, similar to lateral pinnae, base often asymmetric, broadly cuneate; costae round and swollen on abaxial side, shallowly grooved on adaxial side; veinlets prominent on both surfaces, oblique, 24 Χ forked, 6 per vein group, thin, reaching teeth of lamina margin. Lamina herbaceous, grass-green when dry, glabrous. Sori and indusia long linear, slightly curved, not on all veinlets, often borne on acroscopic veinlets, mostly single, sometimes double, catadromous veinlets sometimes fertile with sori short. Spores semicircular in equatorial view, perispore hyaline, with sometimes aculeate projections.
Chongqing, Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan (Jishou), Jiangxi (Anyuan), Sichuan (Emei Shan), Yunnan (Maguan). Zhejiang (Longquan) [Japan].
The type is from Guizhou (Huishui).
海南双盖蕨 hai nan shuang gai jue
Diplazium platylepis Ching.
Rhizome creeping or oblique, apex densely scaly; scales black, glossy, ovate-lanceolate, thickly membranous, subserrate at margin; fronds caespitose. Fertile frond ca. 1.6 m; stipe black at base, upward dark stramineous, ca. 90 cm, ca. 7 mm in diam., base sparsely scaly, upward glabrous; rachis brown-stramineous, glabrous; lamina ovate or elliptic, ca. 70 Χ 30 cm; lateral pinnae 28 pairs, oblique, shortly stalked or upper pinnae sessile, elliptic-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, ca. 32 Χ 7 cm, gradually narrowed at apex, base rounded-cuneate, slightly asymmetric, entire at margin, slightly incurved; apical pinna similar to lateral pinnae; costae raised, round on abaxial side, shallowly grooved on adaxial side; veinlets slightly visible, oblique or slightly so, 3, rarely 4, per veinlet group, thin, nearly spreading, reaching margin. Lamina nearly leathery, green when dry. Sori and indusia long linear, mostly double, occasionally double on catadromous veinlets, but short.
Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests, beside streamlets; ca. 1200 m. Hainan [Vietnam].
The type is from Hainan (Wuzhi Shan).
双盖蕨 shuang gai jue
Rhizome long creeping or creeping to oblique, 34(8) mm in diam., with black, dense, fleshy robust roots, apex densely scaly; scales brown to dark brown, lanceolate, thick, margin toothed; fronds caespitose or approximate. Fertile fronds up to ca. 80 cm; stipe brown-black at base, upward stramineous or brown-yellow-stramineous, 2550 cm, 23 mm in diam., base densely scaly, upward gradually glabrous, grooved abaxially; rachis gray-brown-stramineous, glabrous; lamina 1-imparipinnate, elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 2540 Χ 1525 cm; lateral pinnae usually 25 pairs, all equal in size, subopposite or upper pinnae alternate, oblique, basal pinnae with short stalk 24 mm, upper pinnae sessile, ovate-lanceolate or elliptic, 1020 Χ 35 cm, long acuminate at apex, often spreading or slightly subfalcate, base rounded-cuneate or nearly rounded, margin entire, repand, or lobed, apex serrate or crenate, incurved when dry; costae raised, round abaxially, shallowly grooved on adaxial side; veinlets 35 per group, straight. Lamina leathery or thickly papery, gray-green or brown-green when dry. Sori and indusia long linear, oblique or slightly oblique, often from midrib to laminar margin, on all veinlets, single or double. Spores semicircular in equatorial view, perispore hyaline, wide, with few rugate, not prominent granular projections.
Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests, beside streamlets; 3001600 m. Anhui (Shexian), Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan [Bhutan, N India, Japan, Myanmar, Nepal, Vietnam].
1a. Terminal pinna lobed at base ........................................................................ 4c. var. lobatum
1b. Terminal pinna simple, similar to lateral pinnae.
2a. Veins visible underneath ....................................................................... 4a. var. donianum
2b. Veins inconspicuous underneath .................................................... 4b. var. aphanoneuron
双盖蕨(原变种) shuang gai jue (yuan bian zhong)
Asplenium donianum Mettenius, Fil. Lechl.[??Aspl.] 2: 177, n. 198b. 1859; A. bantamense Baker, p.p.; Diplazium bantamense sensu Beddome (??year), p.p., not Blume (1828); D. fraxinifolium sensu Beddome (??year), not C. Presl (1825), nor Loddiges ex C. Presl (1836).
Veins visible underneath; simple terminal pinna similar to lateral pinnae. 2n = 328 (8x).
Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests, beside streamlets; 3001600 m. Anhui (Shexian), Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan [Bhutan, N India, Japan, Myanmar, Nepal, Vietnam].
The type is from N India (Himalaya).
隐脉双盖蕨 yin mai shuang gai jue
Diplazium aphanoneuron Ohwi.
Pinnae thick, veins comprising 3(or 4) veinlets inconspicuous underneath, sori usually on acroscopic veinlets of each group. 2n = 369 (9x).
Hainan (Diaoluo Shan), Taiwan [N to Japan (Ryukyu Islands, Yakushima)].
The type is from Japan.
顶羽裂双盖蕨 ding yu lie shuang gai jue
Diplazium lobatum (Tagawa) Tagawa.
Terminal pinna pinnatilobate at base.
Wet areas of dense forests; ca. 600 m. Taiwan (Qixing Shan, Taibei), Yunnan (Menglun, Xishuangbanna) [Japan].
The type is from Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands.
马鞍山双盖蕨 ma an shan shuang gai jue
Asplenium bantamense Bentham[??Baker].
Rhizome creeping, black-brown, with black-brown, thin, marginally thick, dentate scales; fronds approximate. Fertile frond more than 1 m; stipe stramineous, 1540 cm, stiff, grooved adaxially, base like rhizome, scaly, glabrous; lamina 1-imparipinnate, ovate or ovate-elliptic, 1050 Χ 815 cm; lateral pinnae 36 pairs, all equal in size, alternate or nearly opposite, oblique, shortly stalked, narrowly elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, ca. 18 Χ 4 cm, base rounded or rounded-cuneate, margin regularly thickly crenate (crenations ca. 1.5 mm tall) or repand throughout, apex acuminate; apical pinna similar to lateral pinnae, but often with 1 or 2 auricles at base, upper pinnae nearly pinnatifid; costae raised, round abaxially, shallowly grooved adaxially; veinlets prominent on both sides of pinnae, subspreading; veins nearly pinnate into 6 thin veinlets, reaching laminar margin. Lamina subleathery, brown-green when dry, glabrous on both surfaces. Sori and indusia linear, mostly double, occasionally single, subspreading, on 3 or 4 veinlets per group, usually on 2 basal veinlets.
* Fujian (Changle), Guangdong (Fanyu).
The type is from Hong Kong (Kowloon, Maan Shan).
锯齿双盖蕨 ju chi shuang gai jue
Diplazium sahposhanense Ching[??okay].
Rhizome erect, black, 45 cm tall, robust, woody, stiff, with dense stiff long, thick roots, apex densely scaly; scales black, lanceolate, 23 Χ ca. 0.4 mm at base, thick, small serrate at margin; fronds caespitose. Fertile frond ca. 75 cm; stipe black-brown at base, upward stramineous or green-stramineous, 3045 cm, 2.53 cm in diam., stiff, base with sparse scales, upward glabrous, shallowly grooved adaxially; rachis stramineous, glabrous; lamina 1-imparipinnate, elliptic, 3040 Χ 1020 cm; lateral pinnae 15 pairs, equal in size, lower pinnae opposite or subopposite, with stalk 0.31 cm; upper pinnae mostly alternate, nearly sessile, oblique, elliptic-lanceolate, 1118 Χ 2.24 cm, base broadly cuneate, symmetric or asymmetric, base of apical pinna usually narrowed, pinna margin shallowly serrate or shallowly repand throughout, incurved when dry, gradually narrowed to long acuminate at apex, slightly subfalcate; costae raised, round, shallowly grooved on adaxial side; veinlets prominent on both surfaces or visible on adaxial side, oblique, 3 or 4 per veinlet group, thin, reaching margin of lamina. Lamina thinly papery when dry, green or brown-green. Sori long or shortly linear, variable in length, oblique, from costa to pinna margin, on 2 or 3 veinlets per veinlet group, sori on acroscopic veinlet longest, all double, other sori short, single, not reaching vein endings.
Understories of tropical rainforests, beside streamlets; 100900 m. Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan [Vietnam (Shaba)].
The type is from Yunnan (Hekou).
The fertile fronds of Diplazium serratifolium sometimes only have 3 pinna, so attention to this is needed for proper identification.
白沙双盖蕨 bai sha shuang gai jue
Rhizome erect, apex with dense scales; scales brown, lanceolate, small, thin serrate[??thin, serrate or sparsely serrate] at margin; fronds caespitose. Fertile frond ca. 60 cm; stipe pale brown, stramineous, shiny, ca. 30 cm, ca. 3 mm in diam.; rachis pale brown-stramineous, shallowly broadly grooved adaxially; lamina 1-imparipinnate, elliptic, ca. 30 Χ 18 cm; pinnae often 4 pairs, subequal in size, alternate, 45 cm apart, oblique, stalked (stalk ca. 3 mm), narrowly lanceolate, 1113 Χ 22.4 cm, base broadly cuneate, margin entire or weakly densely serrate above middle, apex acuminate to caudate, incurved when dry; costae raised, round abaxially, shallowly grooved adaxially; veinlets prominent on adaxial side, inconspicuous on abaxial side, oblique, 3 or 4 per veinlet group, thin, spreading, parallel, reaching pinna margin. Lamina thick, papery, green when dry. Sori and indusia long linear, oblique, 1 or 2 in each veinlet group, sori on acroscopic veinlet usually longer, double, other sori single.
* Understories of dense forests; ca. 900 m. Hainan (Qiongzhong, Wuzhi Shan).
大叶双盖蕨类 da ye shuang gai jue
Rhizome robust, erect, ca. 10 cm tall, with dense fleshy thick roots, apex densely scaly; scales yellow-brown, linear-lanceolate, ca. 12 Χ 1 mm, membranous, margin black, thin, toothed; fronds caespitose. Fertile frond more than 1 m; stipe brown at base, upward green-stramineous, robust, ca. 50 cm, ca. 7 mm in diam., base densely scaly like rhizome, upward gradually glabrous, shallowly grooved adaxially; rachis green-stramineous or pale brown-stramineous, with sparse brown or dark brown linear scales, shallowly broadly grooved on adaxial side; lamina 1-imparipinnate, elliptic, more than 80 Χ 30 cm; lateral pinnae 12 pairs, subequal in size, lower pinnae opposite or nearly opposite, upper pinnae alternate, oblique, with stalk ca. 5 mm, elliptic-lanceolate, ca. 22 Χ 5.5 cm, base cuneate, margin entire or repand, margin in distal part of pinna occasionally shallowly crenate, incurved when dry, apex long acuminate, usually subfalcate; base of apical pinna asymmetric, oblique, occasionally 1 or 2 auriculate or nearly free pinnatilobate; costae prominent, round on abaxial side, shallowly grooved on abaxial side, sparsely scaly with scales red-brown linear abaxially; veinlets prominent on both surfaces, oblique, 4 or 5 per veinlet group, thin, reaching margin of lamina. Lamina papery, grass-green or brown-green when dry. Sori and indusia long linear, sori on acroscopic veinlets longest, double, from midrib to near margin of pinna, 13 per veinlet group. Spores reniform, perispore hyaline, with some rugate, inconspicuous granular projections.
Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests in valleys, beside streamlets; 100500 m. N Guangdong, Guangxi, S Hunan, SE Yunnan [Vietnam].
The type is from Guangdong (Lianxian).
The fertile fronds of young plants of Diplazium splendens have only 35 pinna.
狭鳞双盖蕨 xia lin shuang gai jue
Rhizome erect, black, robust, woody, stiff, apex with dense scales; scales black, linear, 38 mm, thickly membranous, margin thin, dentate; fronds caespitose. Fertile frond ca. 1 m; stipe black at base, upward stramineous or pale brown-stramineous, 2455 cm, ca. 4 mm in diam. at base, base with sparse narrowly lanceolate scales, upward glabrous; rachis stramineous, glabrous; lamina 1-imparipinnate, elliptic, 4045 Χ 1925 cm; pinnae 4 or 5 pairs, equal in size, oblique, stalked (stalk 48 mm), lanceolate, 2025 Χ 44.5 cm, gradually narrowed, acuminate at apex, base cuneate, margin entire at margin or dentate near apex, often incurved when dry; costae raised, round underneath, shallowly grooved adaxially; veinlets prominent abaxially, visible adaxially, oblique or slightly oblique, 3 or 4 per veinlet group, straight, parallel, reaching margin of lamina. Lamina subleathery, dark green or brown-green when dry. Sori and indusia linear, 2 or 3 per veinlet group, brown, longest, double on acroscopic veinlet, basal sori long and close to costa, distal sori shorter.
Understories of dense forests, beside streamlets; ca. 1000 m. S Guangxi, Hainan [N Vietnam].
The type is from Hainan (Yaxian).
Dipazium stenolepis is similar to D. hainanense, but differs by the pinnae lanceolate, the scales linear, and upper part of stipe and rachis glabrous.
毛轴线盖蕨属 mao zhou xian gai jue shu
Plants evergreen, medium-sized, of forest understories. Rhizome short, erect or ascending, apex with deciduous lanceolate dark brown scales; fronds few, caespitose. Stipe shorter than lamina, round abaxially, grooved adaxially, densely hairy; hairs multicellular nodose, brown, hyaline, curly; rachis round on abaxial side, grooved on abaxial side, both surfaces with nodose long multicellular hairs; lamina 1-pinnate, narrowly elliptic or elliptic, acuminate or acute at apex; pinnae sessile, base unequal, rounded-cuneate at basiscopic base, subauriculate at acroscopic base, sickle-shaped, lanceolate or obliquely ovate, acuminate or acute to rounded at apex, entire, repand or serrate; lateral veins prominent, ascending, mostly bifurcate to trifurcate, veins and lamina between veins with sparse short multicellular nodose vellus[??] hairs, more dense on adaxial side, or glabrous. Lamina herbaceous or thinly herbaceous, brown-green or light brown when dry. Sori usually elongate, from base of veinlet to middle or from base to pinna margin; indusial similar to sori, brown when mature, entire or slightly repand at margin, with long nodose vellus[??] hairs or glabrous, membranous, persistent. Spores semicircular or reniform in equatorial view.
Two species; both in China (one endemic).
Molecular evidence that Monomelangium merges in Diplazium (= Allantodia) (Sano, R. et al. 2000. Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 15: 403413), shows that both are congeneric, indicating that Monomelangium is synonymous to Diplazium. Further taxonomic revision is required.
1a. Fronds up to 65 cm, basal pinnae not strongly reduced; veins hairy .................... 1. M. pulligeri
1b. Fronds up to 25 cm, basal pinnae reduced; veins subglabrous ............... 2. M. dinghushanicum
毛轴线盖蕨 mao zhou xian gai jue
Rhizome shortly erect or decumbent, glabrous, or apex with sparse, dark brown scales; fronds caespitose; stipe brown at base, upper part and rachis light brown, densely hairy, hairs splendent[??], curly long nodose, shallowly grooved on adaxial side, round adaxially; lamina elliptic or narrowly elliptic, base slightly narrowed; pinnae approximate, alternate or opposite, sickle-shaped, lanceolate, base sessile, asymmetric, acroscopic base deltoid-auriculate, or rounded-obtuse, basiscopic base rounded, margin entire or repand, sometimes serrate, acuminate, acute, rounded, or obtuse at apex; supra-medial pinnae spreading, lower pinnae reflexed, shortened, basal pinnae sometimes 1/2 of middle pinnae, occasionally not reduced; veins prominent on both surfaces of lamina, midrib densely hairy on abaxial surface of lamina, hairs nodose, sparsely hairy or glabrous on abaxial surface. Sori and indusia mostly long linear, up to more than 2/3 or on entire length of veinlet, or shorter; indusial surface ± with long nodose hairs.
On wet rocks beside streamlets in understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests, evergreen broad-leaved forests on ridges; 4001600 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Vietnam].
1a. Pinna apex acuminate, acroscopic basal auricles of pinnae deltoid ................ 1a. var. pullingeri
1b. Pinna apex acute or rounded, acroscopic basal auricles of pinnae rounded-obtuse 1b. var. daweishanicola
毛轴线盖蕨(原变种) mao zhou xian gai jue (yuan bian zhong)
Asplenium pullingeri Baker, Gard. Chron., n.s., 4: 484. 1875; A. bireme C. H. Wright; A. chlorophyllum Baker; A. hancockii Maximowicz; A. lepidorachis C. Christensen[??not Baker 1890]; Athyrium pullingeri (Baker) Copeland; Diplazium crenatoserratum T. Moore var. hirta Rosenstock; D. hancockii (Maximowicz) Hayata; D. pullingeri (Baker) J. Smith; D. pullingeri var. [??f.] intermedia Wu; D. pullingeri var. lanceolata Wu[??okay]; Monomelangium hancockii (Maximowicz) Hayata.
Stipe 10 20 cm; lamina elliptic or narrowly elliptic, up to 45 Χ 20 cm, base slightly reduced; free pinnae up to 15 pairs, up to 12 Χ 1.7 cm, base sessile, asymmetric, acroscopic auricles deltoid, basiscopic base rounded, both sides entire or repand, sometimes crenate, apex acuminate; spores round in equatorial view, in SEM image perispore with dense, filiform, multitiered, anastomosing villous projections.
At foot of cliffs, on wet rocks in understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests; 4001600 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Vietnam].
The type is from Hong Kong.
大围山毛轴线盖蕨 da wei shan mao zhou xian gai jue
Lamina narrowly elliptic; pinnae short, falcate, lanceolate or obliquely ovate, apex acute or rounded; acroscopic auricles obtuse; perispore with multitiered anastomosing filiform ornamentation and irregular shallow rugae and thin apertures.
* On mountain ridges, at foot of cliffs, in evergreen broad-leaved forests, ca. 1600 m. Yunnan.
鼎湖山毛轴线盖蕨 ding hu shan mao zhou xian gai jue
Rhizome short, erect; fronds caespitose. Fertile frond 1525 cm; stipe 45 cm, ca. 1 mm in diam.; rachis with dense long nodose soft hairs, pinnae nearly glabrous on both surfaces; lamina pinnatilobate, lanceolate, 1416 Χ 35 cm, apex acute; pinnae 1618 pairs, basal pinnae opposite, upper pinnae alternate, basal 2 pairs reduced, 510 mm; middle pinnae falcate, lanceolate or elliptic, 1.52.5 cm Χ 710 mm, acroscopic base auriculate, crenate at margin or pinnatilobate to serrate, apex acute; veins prominent, veinlets bifurcate (or trifurcate), pinnate in auricles. Lamina thinly membranous when dry, light brown; rachis densely hairy, hairs nodose, long, soft; pinnae glabrous on both surfaces. Sori shortly linear, indusia glabrous. Spores semicircular in equatorial view, perispore surface rugate or sparsely reticulate with granules in areoles.
* Understories of valley forests;700900 m. Guangdong.
短肠蕨属 duan chang jue shu
Diplazium Diels ([??year]), p.p., not Swartz (1800)
Plants terrestrial, medium-sized to large. Rhizome creeping to ascending or erect, sometimes subarborescent, brown or nearly black, dictyostelic, ± scaly; scales subulate, lanceolate, or broadly lanceolate, sometimes ovate and adpressed or peltate, margin entire, sometimes sparsely toothed and often narrow, black, brown, yellow-brown, or dark brown to black; fronds caespitose, distant or approximate. Stipe brown or black and scaly at base, scales similar to those on rhizome, and upward gradually glabrescent or with sparse scales, sometimes base and upward prickly, grooved adaxially, not hairy. Lamina mostly broadly ovate, oblong, or deltoid, sometimes broadly lanceolate, usually pinnate to tripinnate-pinnatifid under acuminate and pinnatifid apex, mostly bipinnate or bipinnate-pinnatilobate to bipinnate-pinnatipartite. Pinnae lanceolate, broadly lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, base mostly or nearly symmetric, lower pinnae not reduced or slightly reduced; ultimate pinnules mostly lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, sometimes ovate or oblong, base stalked or sessile, truncate, rounded, or subcordate, margin entire or serrate, apex acute or acuminate to long acuminate, sometimes rounded or truncate; veins free, rarely anastomosing with a row of areoles along costa and costule; veinlets simple or forked, ascending, lower [??veinlets or part] often curved. Lamina herbaceous or papery, rarely leathery, usually glabrous, rachis, costae, and costules abaxially sometimes with sparse subulate or lanceolate scales, rarely prickly; rachis, costae, and costules adaxially grooved between knife-edge-like ridges, ridges interrupted at insertion of higher-order frond axes, so grooves continuous, both surfaces of costa often with minute glandular hairs. Sori linear, oblong, or ovate, mostly single or less often double on basal acroscopic veinlets, costular, medial, supramedial, or from base to end of veinlets; indusia membranous or thickly membranous, grayish white or brown, vaulted or ovoid when mature, and irregularly rupturing on back, or compressed, linear, opening acroscopically, persistent or caducous. Spores bilateral, monolete, mostly reniform or bean-shaped, sometimes hemispherical, rarely spherical; perispore generally prominent, ornamentation mostly rugate, glabrous or aculeate, granulate, clathrate, reticulate, rarely ridged. n = 41.
About 100 species: most distributed in the tropics and subtropics worldwide; a few species distributed in warm temperate and temperate zones or subalpine belts; 73 species (25 endemic) in China; most south of Changjiang (Yangtze) River and in SW regions on mountains; most occur under evergreen broad-leaved forests or beside shaded streamlets, a few extend to 3000 m.
Molecular evidence indicates that Diplazium, characterized by the imparipinnate (and simple) fronds (Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 3(2). 1999), merges within Allantodia, and American D. plantaginifolium, type of Diplazium, is located in the A. wichurae group (sect. Dolichostegia subsect. Simplicipinnata ser. Auriculatipinnata subser. Repentes recognized for Chinese ferns). Both Allantodia and Diplazium are not natural genera. The genus Diplazium s. lat. including Allantodia should be taxonomically revised, taking into account molecular and morphological data. The small genus Callipteris, characterized by the reticulate venation, and the monotypic genus Monomelangium, characterized by the pale, multicellular hairs and one row of subsessile sporangia, also merge within Diplazium s. lat.
1a. Sori ovate-round or cylindrical-oblong, costular, covered with sausage-shaped indusia, vaulted, ovate-round or shortly sausage-shaped, irregularly ruptured on back (Sect. Allantodia sensu W. M. Chu & Z. R. He).
2a. Scales on rhizome apex and stipe base loose, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate (Subsect. Allantodia).
3a. Plants tall; rhizome ascending to erect, robust, more than 5 cm in diam.; stipe above 6 mm in diam.; pinnule usually with broad base, deltoid-lanceolate, veinlets on lobes mostly forked; perispore with prominent spores, with dense granulate ornamentation .............................................................. 1. A. bella
3b. Plants medium-sized; rhizome creeping, stipe less than 3 mm in diam.; pinnule linear-lanceolate, base same width as middle; veinlets on lobes mostly simple, spores without prominent perispore with dense granulate ornamentation ............................................................................................ 2. A. ovata
2b. Scales on stipe ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sometimes lanceolate, peltate or subpeltate (with cordate base) (Subsect. Ovatisquamatae W. M. Chu & Z. R. He)
4a. Scales on stipe and base of rachis densely scaly when young, scales at apex of variously long stalks, long stalks adpressed (stipe rough) (Ser. Petiolatisquamatae W. M. Chu & Z. R. He).
5a. Rhizome erect, fronds caespitose; stipe with estipitate scales, also with adpressed uniseriate-celled, small, nodose hairs ........................................................................ 9. A. dulongjiangensis
5b. Rhizome creeping, fronds distant; stipe lacking uniseriate-celled nodose hairs 10. A. kawakamii
4b. Scales on stipe sparse, often adpressed, rarely at apices of stiff conical shortly aculeate protuberances, stipe smooth or prickly after scales fallen (Ser. Adnatisquamatae W. M. Chu & Z. R. He).
6a. Rhizome thick, ascending to erect; fronds caespitose.
7a. Medium- or large fern; lamina less than 1.5 m; costae glabrous ... 3. A. medogensis
7b. Large fern; lamina more than 3 m; costae often prickly and rough 4. A. sikkimensis
6b. Rhizome creeping; fronds sparse.
8a. Lamina 3-pinnate, ultimate pinnules pinnatilobate ............................. 5. A. procera
8b. Lamina 2-pinnate, pinnules pinnatilobate.
9a. Pinnule lobe entire or nearly entire ....................................... 6. A. doederleinii
9b. Pinnule lobe prominently serrate or shallowly pinnatilobate.
10a. Pinnule oblong-lanceolate, middle wider, or lanceolate, base nearly symmetric; middle and lower pinnule lobes usually shallowly lobed, apex shallowly crenate 7. A. spectabilis
10b. Pinnule usually deltoid-lanceolate, base wider; pinnule lobes slightly subfalcate, oblique, apex subtruncate, margin serrate, not lobed ........................... 8. A. subspectabilis
1b. Sori usually shortly oblong, narrowly elliptic, shortly or long linear; indusia mostly not vaulted, opening acroscopically.
11a. Sori usually broadly oblong, occasionally elliptic or shortly cylindrical; indusia prominently vaulted, easily ruptured (Sect. Brachystegia W. M. Chu & Z. R. He).
12a. Lamina papery, 2-pinnate; pinnule usually shallowly pinnatilobate to pinnatifid, or only serrate; scales always toothed at margin (Ser. Lobulatae W. M. Chu & Z. R. He).
13a. Sori supramedial or submarginal, indusia markedly swollen, elliptic or shortly cylindrical 11. A. contermina
13b. Sori medial or inframedial, indusia slightly swollen, oblong when mature 12. A. virescens
12b. Lamina herbaceous, 3-pinnate or 2-pinnate with pinnule pinnatipartite to pinnatisect; lobes of secondary pinnule prominently serrate or pinnate; scales entire (Ser. Tenuisectae W. M. Chu & Z. R. He).
14a. Lamina 2-pinnate; pinnule pinnatipartite; pinnule lobes regularly dentate at margin; sori 23 Χ ca. 1 mm, densely contiguous when mature; perispore with slightly rugate, granulate ornamentation 13. A. multicaudata
14b. Lamina 3-pinnate or nearly 3-pinnate (pinnule pinnatipartite to pinnatisect, lobes connected with narrow wings); sori mostly ca. 1(1.5) mm; perispore with aculeate ornamentation.
15a. Rhizome creeping; lamina herbaceous or thickly herbaceous, often tall, ca. 2 m, base 3-pinnate; pinnule lobe or secondary pinnule oblong or linear-lanceolate, apex mostly acute to shortly acute, less often rounded ............................................................................... 14. A. prolixa
15b. Rhizome creeping or ascending to erect; lamina herbaceous or thinly herbaceous, usually less than 1 m, sometimes up to 1.5 m, base 3-pinnate, sometimes 2-pinnate; secondary pinnule ovate or oblong, apex rounded or acute.
16a. Rhizome ascending to erect; lamina herbaceous, secondary pinnule of lower pinna mostly acuminate at apex, serrate at margin ............................. 15. A. pseudosetigera
16b. Rhizome creeping to ascending; lamina thinly herbaceous; secondary pinnule rounded at apex; secondary pinnule often pinnatifid to pinnatipartite .......................... 16. A. alata
11b. Sori and indusia shortly or long linear; indusia not vaulted, opening acroscopically, often reflexed under sporangia at maturity (Sect. Dolichostegia W. M. Chu & Z. R. He).
17a. Lamina 1-pinnate, usually lanceolate, broadly lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate; pinna entire or pinnatilobate to pinnatipartite (Subsect. Simplicipinnatae Ching).
18a. Plants small or medium-sized; lamina oblong, broadly lanceolate, or broadly deltoid-lanceolate, rarely ovate-deltoid or nearly deltoid; pinna mostly sickle-shaped, lanceolate at base, asymmetric, acroscopic base prominently auriculate, margin usually serrate or shallowly lobed (Ser. Auriculatipinnae W. M. Chu & Z. R. He).
19a. Rhizome slender, creeping; fronds distant (Subser. Repentes W. M. Chu & Z. R. He).
20a. Stipe base with dense, brown, translucent membranous, entire lanceolate scales; upper part to middle of rachis with many black, lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, entire thick scales; pinna shallowly lobed (lobes shallowly serrate at margin), rarely slightly deltoid processes; stalks of pinnae except basal pinnae narrowly winged .................. 17. A. nigrosquamosa
20b. Stipe base with sparse brown, lanceolate, entire, thickly membranous scales.
21a. Lamina herbaceous or thinly herbaceous; stipe sparsely scaly; rachis occasionally with black-brown, lanceolate scales; pinna with shallow deltoid lobes on both sides, lobes shallowly serrate; pinna stalk narrowly winged ................................. 18. A. okudairai
21b. Lamina thickly papery or subleathery; upper part of stipe nearly glabrous; pinna double- or single-toothed; pinna stalk wingless .................................... 19. A. wichurae
19b. Rhizome short, ascending to erect; fronds caespitose (Subser. Erectae W. M. Chu & Z. R. He).
22a. Stipe not more than 1 mm in diam.; middle pinnae less than 3 cm, base (including basal auricle) less than 1 cm wide; pinnae mostly contiguous or imbricate, auricle usually overlapping rachis 20. A. heterocarpa
22b. Stipe ca. 2 mm in diam.; middle pinnae (3)58(11) cm, base (1)1.52(4) cm; pinnae usually approximate but imbricate, auricle not overlapping rachis.
23a. Lamina ovate-deltoid or subdeltoid; pinna pinnatifid to pinnatisect or base nearly pinnate (pinnatisect with 13 pairs of ovate lobes, pinna stalk short, narrowly winged) 21. A. dushanensis
23b. Lamina broadly oblong-lanceolate; pinna pinnatilobate or obtusely toothed at margin 22. A. lobulosa
18b. Plants medium-sized; lamina oblong; pinna oblong-lanceolate, base symmetric or nearly symmetric, exauriculate protuberances acroscopic, mostly pinnatilobate to pinnatisect at margin (Ser. Exauriculatipinnae W. M. Chu & Z. R. He).
24a. Rhizome long creeping; fronds distant (Subser. Longirhizomeates W. M. Chu & Z. R. He).
25a. Lamina acuminate at apex; pinna usually pinnatilobate to pinnatipartite, sometimes repand or serrate, scales glabrous on surface ....................................... 23. A. metteniana
25b. Lamina abruptly narrowed, then acuminate to apex; pinna dentate at margin, at most shallowly pinnatilobate.
26a. Pinnae 1013 pairs, base rounded; scales linear-lanceolate, superficially shortly hairy 24. A. hirtisquama
26b. Pinnae 68 pairs, base mostly shallowly cordate; scales lanceolate, not hairy 25. A. yaoshanensis
24b. Rhizome ascending to erect, occasionally creeping; fronds caespitose, rarely approximate and sparse (Subser. Crassirhizomates W. M. Chu & Z. R. He).
27a. Lamina herbaceous; stipe and rachis densely scaly or persistently scaly; pinna sessile (Grex Sessiles W. M. Chu & Z. R. He).
28a. Pinna deeply pinnatilobate or pectinate; pinna lobes regularly crenate at margin 26. A. hirsutipes
28b. Pinna shallowly pinnatilobate or incised or broadly toothed; lobes entire or subentire 27. A. hirtipes
27b. Lamina papery or thickly papery; stipe except base and rachis nearly lacking persistent scales; pinna stalked. (Grex Petiolulatae W. M. Chu & Z. R. He).
29a. Lamina nearly 1-imparipinnate, terminal pinna nearly similar to and larger than lateral pinnae, base broadened, pinnatipartite with 1 or many ligulate oblong lobes.
30a. Base of pinna rounded or cuneate, regularly shallowly crenate at margin 28. A. hainanensis
30b. Base of pinna cuneate, bidentate at margin ........................ 29. A. wangii
29b. Lamina abruptly or gradually narrowed, acuminate at apex.
31a. Lamina acuminate at apex; pinna pinnatipartite to pinnatisect, lobes densely crenate at margin ......................................................................... 34. A. incompta
31b. Lamina abruptly narrowed to acuminate apex; pinna pinnatilobate to pinnatifid or only serrate; pinna lobes entire or slightly shallowly serrate.
32a. Pinnae shallowly pinnatilobate or only incised with broadly serrate margin; pinna stalk short, up to 5 mm in basal pinnae.
33a. Pinna broadly oblong-lanceolate, more than 25 Χ 5 cm, base mostly shallowly cordate; perispore few rugate ........................................ 30. A. megaphylla
33b. Pinna sickle-shaped, lanceolate, less than 15 Χ 3 cm, base crenate or nearly so; perispore prominent and with uniform reticulate ornamentation 31. A. pinnatifido-pinnata
32b. Lower pinnae pinnatifid to pinnatipartite; stalk of basal pinna more than 1 cm.
34a. Base of pinna often broad, asymmetric, broadly crenate, acroscopic and basiscopic lobes prominently alternate; perispore with thick anastomosing ornamentation 32. A. jinpingensis
34b. Base of pinna slightly narrowed or as wide as middle, base symmetric or nearly symmetric, cuneate or broadly cuneate, lobes opposite or nearly opposite; perispore broadly hyaline, few rugate .................................. 33. A. siamensis
17b. Lamina of well grown plants 2-pinnate or base nearly 3-pinnate (Subsect. Bipinnatae (Ching) W. M. Chu & Z. R. He).
35a. Sori and indusia thin, long linear; pinna, pinnule, and pinnule lobes mostly short and broad, apical pinnae near lamina apex often not pinnatilobate; pinnule and pinnule lobe entire or shallowly crenate; fertile frond 1- or 2-pinnate at base (Ser. Platylobatae W. M. Chu & Z. R. He).
36a. Veins of pinna and pinnule anastomosing with costal deltoid and subcostal rectangular areoles 35. A. stenochlamys
36b. Veins not anastomosing, rarely anastomosing with 1 row of costal areoles.
37a. Rhizome creeping or ascending; lower pinnae broadly lanceolate; pinnule and pinnule lobe incised or crenate; veinlets usually simple, occasionally basal veinlets united to form areoles 36. A. matthewii
37b. Rhizome short, erect; lower pinna oblong or narrowly lanceolate; pinnule and pinnule lobe entire; veinlets mostly forked ............................................................. 37. A. metcalfii
35b. Sori and indusia shortly linear or linear-oblong; pinnule and pinna near lamina apex pinnatipartite or pinnatilobate, at least dentate on all margins.
38a. Lamina ovate, usually 2-pinnate; pinnule and pinnule lobes mostly rounded or acute-ovate or narrowly ovate at apex, sometimes pinnules of lower pinnae ovate or broadly deltoid-lanceolate, rarely linear-lanceolate; if lamina 1-pinnate, lobes oblong or ovate-oblong (Ser. Ovatae W. M. Chu & Z. R. He).
39a. Fertile fronds 1- or 2-pinnate at base; scales entire ......... 38. A. baishanzuensis
39b. Lamina 2-pinnate.
40a. Rhizome usually ascending to erect, rarely also creeping; pinnule pinnatipartite to pinnatifid; scales toothed at margin.
41a. Base of pinna prominently asymmetric, auriculate on acroscopic side, cuneate and slightly decurrent to rachis on basiscopic side; stipe base with sparse broadly lanceolate scales, upper part of stipe and rachis without persistent scales . 39. A. kansuensis
41b. Base of pinnule symmetric or nearly symmetric, not auriculate, not decurrent to rachis; stipe and rachis usually with many persistent lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, black-brown scales ................................................................................ 40. A. squamigera
40b. Rhizome creeping; pinnule pinnatipartite to pinnatisect.
42a. Pinnule of lower pinna linear-lanceolate, less than 1.5 cm wide, sessile or subsessile; scales broadly lanceolate, sparsely thinly toothed at margin .......... 41. A. crenata
42b. Pinnule of lower pinna ovate or deltoid-lanceolate, 2.53.5 cm wide, prominently stalked, up to ca. 5 mm; scales linear-lanceolate, entire ................ 42. A. leptophylla
38b. Pinnule often lanceolate, acuminate or long acuminate at apex; plants robust and tall.
43a. Lamina papery, thickly papery, or subleathery, shiny; pinnule usually pinnatilobate to pinnatifid, or margin shallowly serrate or entire, rarely pinnatifid (Ser. Pinnatilobatipinnulatae W. M. Chu & Z. R. He).
44a. Pinnule and subapical pinnae entire ................................... 43. A. glingensis
44b. Pinnule pinnatilobate, at least shallowly incised or serrate at margin.
45a. Scales entire; plants medium-sized.
46a. Lamina 1-pinnate with pinnae pinnatifid to pinnatipartite, or nearly 2-pinnate, or in lower half 2-pinnate with basal 1 or 2 pairs of pinnules in basal pinnae pinnatipartite to pinnatisect, 1 pinnule or 1 pair in middle pinnae adnate or sessile; stipe brown or brown-green .............................................................. 44. A. petelotii
46b. Lower half of lamina 2-pinnate; pinnules adnate to cuneate base; stipe gray-stramineous ............................................................................ 45. A. subdilatata
45b. Scales toothed at margin; plants large or medium-sized.
47a. Scales prominently bicolored with black margin.
48a. Stipe and rachis quadrangular-cylindrical, square in cross section; perispore with thick anastomosing ornamentation ....................... 50. A. quadrangulata
48b. Stipe and rachis terete; perispore with non-anastomosing ornamentation.
49a. Pinnule lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, base often asymmetric, shallowly cordate or broadly cuneate, basiscopic base broader, sometimes subtruncate 51. A. dilatata
49b. Pinnule linear-lanceolate or narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, base rounded or rounded-cuneate, symmetric or nearly symmetric 52. A. uraiensis
47b. Scales concolored, margin not black.
50a. Large plant; rhizome ascending, up to 5 mm in diam.; stipe and lower half of rachis densely scaly; scales yellow-brown, linear-lanceolate or lanceolate; lamina 2-pinnate, pinnules shortly stalked; sori shortly linear, costular, 1/31/2 as long as veinlets 46. A. subintegra
50b. Plants medium-sized; rhizome creeping, occasionally ascending; scales brown or black-brown; middle and upper parts of stipe glabrous; lamina at most 2-pinnate, pinnules sessile or subsessile; sori linear, not costular, more than 3/4 length of veinlets.
51a. Pinna falcate, lanceolate, asymmetric with basiscopic pinnules longer, free pinnules 1 or 2(or 3) pairs, ligulate-oblong or falcately lanceolate, apex obtuse or acute, base truncate or adnate; veinlets usually 2-forked; sori sparse, ca. 3/4 as long as veinlets ........................................................................ 47. A. griffithii
51b. Pinna broadly lanceolate or lanceolate, mostly not falcate, symmetric or nearly so; free pinnules 35(8) pairs.
52a. Pinnule sickle-shaped lanceolate, pinnatilobate or prominently dentate at margin, veinlets mostly bifurcate; sori broad, shortly linear, dense on pinnular lamina; lamina stiffly papery when dry ............................ 48. A. petri
52b. Pinnule lanceolate, margin shallowly incised or repand, or entire; veinlets mostly simple; sori sparse, thin; lamina thinly papery when dry 49. A. tibetica
43b. Lamina mostly herbaceous, not shiny; pinnule mostly pinnatifid to pinnatipartite, pinnule lobes mostly contiguous or pectinate (Ser. Pectinatipinnulatae W. M. Chu & Z. R. He).
53a. Scales on rhizome apex and stipe base adpressed, or stipe not scaly.
54a. Pinnule pinnatilobate to pinnatifid, symmetric or nearly symmetric; sori as long as veinlets; stipe and lower part of rachis often tender-green, stipe with fleshy or verrucose processes ......................................................................................... 53. A. similis
54b. Pinnule pinnatipartite to costa, asymmetric, basal basiscopic lobes often large and pinnate; sori to 2/3 of veinlets; stipe and rachis glabrous.
55a. Evergreen; rhizome often ascending to erect, up to 40 cm tall, ca. 10 cm in diam., also creeping; lamina thickly herbaceous; pinnule sessile or slightly shortly stalked; perispore prominent, hyaline, with granulate ornamentation ........ 54. A. laxifrons
55b. Summer green; rhizome creeping; lamina thinly herbaceous; pinnule mostly long stalked, up to ca. 4 mm, perispore surface with dense aculeate ornamentation 55. A. taquetii
53b. Scales on rhizome apex and stipe base loose.
56a. Stipe and rachis or at least rachis with prominent prickly protuberances.
57a. Stipe glabrous, rachis with thin prickly processes; base of stipe ca. 7 mm in diam., sparsely scaly; scales ovate-lanceolate, rusty membranous; pinnule lobes separate, connected to narrow wings, margin shallowly pinnatilobate or prominent dentate 56. A. amamiana
57b. Stipe and rachis prickly; base of stipe 1.52 cm in diam., densely scaly; scales linear or linear-lanceolate, light brown, bicolored, with narrow black margin, up to 2 cm, membranous ............................................................... 57. A. aspera
56b. Stipe and rachis not spiny, often smooth, sometimes with sparsely verrucose protuberances or tender-green fleshy aculeate protuberances.
58a. Scales entire.
59a. Rhizome erect, with stiff, black-brown roots; stipe brown; pinnule lobes broadly oblong or rectangular .................................................. 58. A. viridescens
59b. Rhizome creeping, roots not stiff.
60a. Scales broadly lanceolate, cells of central part of scale wider than those of marginal part; spore globose ................................. 59. A. jinfoshanicola
60b. Scales lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, cells of central part of scale as narrow as those of marginal part; spore reniform or elliptic.
61a. Basal part of lamina nearly 3-pinnate with pinnules pinnatisect to costules; scales lanceolate, membranous; sori slender, shortly linear; perispore with aculeate processes ..................................... 60. A. chinensis
61b. Lamina 2-pinnate with pinnules pinnatilobate or pinnatipartite; scales thickly membranous; sori thick, shortly linear; perispore without aculeate processes.
62a. Lamina thickly herbaceous; scales lanceolate; pinnule shallowly pinnatilobate or pinnatipartite 1/2 to base; apex of pinnule lobe falcate, truncate or rounded-truncate; perispore with many verrucose projections 61. A. hachijoensis
62b. Lamina herbaceous; scales linear-lanceolate; pinnule pinnatipartite 1/2 or more to base; apex of pinnule lobe not falcate, rounded or rounded-truncate; perispore with few verrucose projections .. 62. A. wheeleri
58b. Scales toothed at margin.
63a. Scales concolored, margin not black .................... 63. A. nipponica
63b. Scales ± bicolored, with black narrow margin conspicuous or inconspicuous.
64a. Stipe, rachis, and costa dark brown, with dingy glandular hairs; sori shortly linear, inframedial from base upward to half of veinlets; huge plants with erect rhizomes ca. 70 cm tall, ca. 20 cm in diam. ............... 64. A. himalayensis
64b. Stipe (except base) and rachis, costa stramineous or green-stramineous, without dingy glandular hairs; sori mostly medial or inframedial from base to more than 2/3 of veinlet margin, or nearly as long as veinlet.
65a. Rhizome usually creeping to ascending or erect, rarely creeping.
66a. Sori oblong, medial ............................ 65. A. kappanensis
66b. Sori linear, mostly from base or near base to more than 2/3 of veinlet length, few sori short, brown, medial.
67a. Stipe and rachis with sparse, fleshy, green, aculeate, verrucose processes; rhizome variable, erect, creeping; lamina thinly papery 66. A. nanchuanica
67b. Stipe and rachis glabrous; lamina herbaceous.
68a. Rhizome creeping to ascending; scales brown, lanceolate; pinnule broadly lanceolate or lanceolate, base asymmetric, basal acroscopic pinnule lobes usually small; lamina abaxially with sparse light brown scales, without glands ......... 67. A. calogrammoides
68b. Rhizome ascending to erect; scales mostly dark brown, linear-lanceolate, apex filiform or caudate; pinnules mostly deltoid-lanceolate, few lanceolate, symmetric; costule and midrib with light brown or gray-white thin glands, rachis and costae abaxially with sparse linear, small scales ........... 68. A. viridissima
65b. Rhizome creeping.
69a. Costa and costule abaxially with prominent green fleshy aculeate processes; sori mostly as long as veinlet; black margin of scales incomplete 69. A. calogramma
69b. Costa and costule without green fleshy aculeate processes.
70a. Lamina thickly papery; pinnule broadly lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; pinnule lobes of lower pinnae (at least those of lower pinnules) acute at apex, only pinnule lobes of upper pinnae or lobes of upper pinnules of middle or lower pinnae rounded at apex 70. A. succulenta
70b. Lamina herbaceous or thinly herbaceous; pinnule lobes rounded or truncate at apex.
71a. Evergreen; pinnules mostly broadly deltoid-lanceolate, upper pinnules rarely lanceolate; sori thin, long, mostly as long as veinlets; stipe usually with sparse verrucose processes and slightly rough 71. A. maxima
71b. Summer-green; pinnule broadly lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; sori mostly shortly linear, from base upward to 2/3 of veinlet length, distal part of lobes not soriferous; stipe without verrucose processes, smooth.
72a. Pinnule lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, glandular; sori elongate, from base to more than 2/3 of veinlet length 72. A. gigantea
72b. Pinnule oblong-lanceolate, glabrous; sori shortly linear, medial-inframedial ................. 73. A. latipinnula
美丽短肠蕨 mei li duan chang jue
Asplenium bellum C. B. Clarke, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 1: 496. 1880; Athyrium bellum (C. B. Clarke) Ching.
Plants evergreen, large. Rhizome ascending to erect, up to 30 cm tall, ca. 5 cm in diam., apex and base of stipe with brown lanceolate scales; scales up to 15 mm, margin entire; fronds caespitose. Fertile fronds longer than 2 m; stipe light brown, up to 1 m, ca. 6 mm in diam., scaly in lower part, rough; lamina bipinnate-pinnatipartite below apex, deltoid, up to 1 m Χ 70 cm wide at base, apex acuminate and pinnatipartite; pinnae up to 18 pairs, lower pinnae opposite, upper pinnae alternate, spreading; lower pinnae ca. 10 cm apart, oblong-lanceolate, up to 40 Χ 20 cm, subsessile, base truncate, apex acuminate; pinnules ca. 15 pairs per pinna, spreading, ca. 10 Χ 2 cm, with stalk ca. 1 mm, base truncate, pinnatipartite, apex long acuminate; pinnule lobes up to 14 pairs per pinnule, slightly oblique, contiguous, slightly falcate, oblong, up to 1.2 Χ 5 mm, margin regularly shallowly toothed, apex rounded or acute; veins not distinct, pinnate, veinlets 7 or 8 pairs per lobe, 2 per tooth, bifurcate, oblique. Lamina leathery, glabrous on both surfaces; rachis and costae light brown or green-brown, sulcate on adaxial side. Sori 4 or 5 pairs per lobe, near midribs, elliptic, 11.5 mm; indusia brown, elliptic, vaulted, thickly membranous, irregularly dehiscing on back surface when mature. Spores brown, elliptic, perispores indistinct, with granulate ornamentation.
Understories of valley forests; 14002100 m. Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Myanmar].
卵果短肠蕨 luan guo duan chang jue
Allantodia cavaleriana (H. Christ) Ching; Athyrium cavalerianum H. Christ.
Plants medium-sized. Rhizome creeping, ca. 1 cm in diam., apex densely scaly; scales brown, lanceolate, ca. 1 cm, membranous, margin entire; fronds distant to caespitose. Fertile fronds up to 1.1 m; stipe dark brown at base, upward light brown to dark stramineous, up to 50 cm, up to 5 mm in diam., base densely scaly, upward glabrous; lamina 2-pinnate with pinnatipartite pinnules, deltoid, ca. 40 cm, apex acuminate; pinnae ca. 1015 pairs, mostly opposite or subopposite, shortly stalked, slightly ascending, lower pinnae broadly oblong-lanceolate or slightly asymmetric (basiscopic pinnules longer), up to 25 Χ 13 cm, upper pinnae lanceolate, 310 cm Χ 730 mm; pinnules ca. 15 pairs, mostly alternate, spreading, contiguous, sessile or subsessile, lanceolate, up to 7 Χ 1.8 cm, base broadly cuneate or slightly shallowly cordate, apex acuminate; basal 1 or 2 pairs of pinnules short, sometimes quite short, 1-pinnatipartite to 2/33/4 to costule; pinnule lobes up to ca. 15 pairs, contiguous, ascending, oblong or rectangular, slightly oblique, margin sparsely serrate or nearly entire, apex rounded to truncate; veins pinnate, prominently abaxially, veinlets up to 7 pairs per lobe, simple or forked, ascending. Lamina thinly herbaceous when dry, green, glabrous; rachis and costa light brown to dark stramineous, glabrous, shallowly grooved adaxially. Sori elliptic-round, slightly longer than wide, up to 6 pairs, costular; indusia gray, thinly membranous, vaulted when mature, irregularly ruptured at back. Spores bean-shaped, perispore not prominently, with ridge-shaped ornamentation.
Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests in valleys, beside streamlets; 8002400 m. Chongqing, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan [Vietnam].
The type is from Guizhou (Guiding).
墨脱短肠蕨 mo tuo duan chang jue
Plants evergreen, medium-sized. Rhizome usually ascending to erect, sometimes creeping, erect, up to 20 cm tall, ca. 4 cm in diam.; fronds caespitose. Fertile fronds up to 60 cm; stipe black-brown at base, upward light brown, up to 1 cm in diam. at base, with sparse dark brown, ovate, adpressed scales, upward glabrous or slightly rough, occasionally scaly; lamina 2-pinnate, pinnules pinnatipartite to pinnatisect, or nearly 3-pinnate, deltoid, up to 85 Χ 85 cm, apex acuminate; pinnae up to 15 pairs, alternate or basal pinnae nearly opposite, slightly ascending, stalked, apex acuminate; lower pinnae deltoid or broadly oblong-lanceolate, up to 45 Χ 20 cm, with stalk up to 5 cm, often nearly 2-pinnate; upper pinnae gradually shorter, lanceolate; pinnules up to 15 pairs, alternate, broadly oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, up to 15 Χ 5 cm, lower pinnules shortly stalked, upper pinnules sessile, base broadly cuneate or subtruncate, pinnatipartite to pinnatisect, sometimes base with 1 pair of free pinnule lobes, apex acuminate; costa prominently broadly grooved adaxially; pinnule lobes up to 15 pairs or more, subspreading, narrowly oblong, up to 3 Χ 1 cm, margin usually dentate, sometimes nearly entire or shallowly pinnatilobate, apex rounded or nearly truncate, rarely acute; one basal acroscopic lobe usually smaller; veins pinnate, veinlets forked or pinnate. Lamina thickly papery when dry, light brown-green, dark on adaxial surface, glabrous on both surfaces; rachis and costa light brown or light stramineous. Sori often 36 pairs per lobe, oblong, close to midrib; indusia brown, membranous, vaulted, irregularly ruptured when mature. Spores reniform, perispore prominent and hyaline, wide, not rugate, with some granular projects.
* Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests; 13001900 m. Xizang, Yunnan.
The type is from Xizang (Motuo).
Allantodia medogensis is similar to A. spectabilis, but differs by the rhizome erect, stipe and rachis yellow-brown when dry, pinnules up to 15 Χ 4 cm, pinnule lobes sickle-shaped oblong, serrate at margin, not pinnatilobate, and sori not contiguous when mature.
锡金短肠蕨 xi jin duan chang jue
Asplenium sikkimense C. B. Clarke, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 1: 500. 1880; Diplazium brevicarpium Ching; D. sikkimense (C. B. Clarke) C. Christensen.
Plants evergreen, large. Rhizome erect, robust, up to 6 cm in diam., with fleshy thick roots; fronds caespitose. Fertile fronds up to 3 m or longer; stipe dark stramineous to light brown, up to 1.5 m, up to 1.4 cm in diam., with sparse brown broadly ovate, adpressed, peltate scales; lamina 2-pinnate with pinnules pinnatipartite, deltoid, up to 1.5 m or longer, base up to 1.5 m wide, apex acuminate; pinnae up to ca. 10 pairs, alternate, ascending, with stalk up to ca. 10 cm, oblong-lanceolate, up to 75 Χ 23 cm, base truncate, apex acuminate; pinnules up to 17 pairs, subopposite, spreading, subsessile, lanceolate, up to 12 Χ 3 cm (to base), base truncate, margin pinnatipartite to 4/5 to costule, apex acuminate; basal pair of pinnule lobes slightly reduced; pinnule lobes up to 16 pairs, spreading, oblong, up to 1.4 cm Χ 6 mm, slightly oblique, margin slightly serrate, involved[??], apex rounded; veins visible on upper side, prominent abaxially, pinnate, veinlets 58 pairs per lobe, bifurcate, ascending. Lamina papery, green abaxially, gray-green adaxially when dry, both surfaces glabrous; rachis dark stramineous, costa and costule stramineous or green-stramineous, prickly and scaly abaxially; scales brown, broadly ovate, cordate, adpressed. Sori very short, ovate or oblong, slightly longer than width, up to 1 mm, up to 6 pairs per pinnule lobe, mostly single, some double; indusia brown, ovate, thickly membranous, vaulted, irregularly ruptured on back. Spores reniform, perispore prominent, subglabrous on surface. 2n = 82.
Understories of rain forests, beside streamlets; 4001100 m. Yunnan [India (Sikkim), Myanmar].
The type is from Sikkim.
高大短肠蕨 Pin Yin
Asplenium procerum Wallich ex C. B. Clarke, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot., ser 2, 1: 495. 1880; Allantodia yaoshanicola Ching; Asplenium umbrosum J. Smith var. procerum (Wallich ex C. B. Clarke) Baker; Athyrium procerum (Wallich ex C. B. Clarke) Milde; Diplazium wangii Ching.
Plants large. Rhizome creeping, black-brown, apex sparsely scaly; scales brown, ovate, thickly membranous, entire, adpressed; fronds distant. Fertile frond up to 2 m or longer; stipe green-stramineous, up to 80 cm, densely scaly; scales similar to those on rhizome, scales attached by peltate base, some scales borne on stiff conical shortly aculeate processes, stipe prickly after scales fallen; lamina 3-pinnate with pinnatilobate secondary pinnules, deltoid, up to 1.2 Χ 1 m, apex acuminate; pinnae up to ca. 10 pairs, alternate or subopposite, ascending, ovate or deltoid, up to 80 Χ 30 cm, base truncate, with stalk ca. 6 cm, apex acuminate; primary pinnules up to 14 pairs, alternate, subspreading, with stalk up to 3 cm, oblong-lanceolate, up to 25 Χ 10 cm, base truncate, apex acuminate; secondary pinnules up to ca. 10 pairs, alternate, spreading, lanceolate, up to 6 Χ 2.5 cm, base broadly cuneate, slightly asymmetric, shortly stalked, rest[??] decurrent, pinnatipartite, apex usually acute, occasionally acuminate; lobes of secondary pinnules up to ca. 8 pairs, ascending, oblong, up to 1 cm Χ 4 mm, margin pinnatilobate or serrate, sometimes shallowly repand, apex rounded; upper ones[??] subentire; veins pinnate; veinlets forked or simple, rarely trifurcate. Lamina thinly herbaceous or membranous, green when dry, glabrous on both surfaces; rachis and costa stramineous, sparsely prickly abaxially, shallowly grooved adaxially. Sori ovate, 1 per ultimate lobe, usually single, few double; indusia gray, ovate, bullate, thinly membranous, irregularly ruptured on back, disappearing[??]. Spores reniform, perispore hyaline, without rugate, granulate ornamentation.
Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests, beside streamlets; 10002600 m. Guangxi, Xizang, Yunnan [India, Myanmar, Nepal].
The type is from N India.
光脚短肠蕨 guan jiao duan chang jue
Asplenium doederleinii Luerssen in Engler, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 4: 358. 1883; Diplazium aridum H. Christ; D. costalisorum Hayata; D. doederleinii (Luerssen) Makino; D. nudicaule (Copeland) C. Christensen.
Plants evergreen, medium-sized. Rhizome creeping, dark brown, 11.5 cm in diam., apex with sparse adpressed brown scales, elsewhere glabrous; fronds sparse or approximate. Fertile fronds up to 1.7 m; stipe black-brown at base, upward green-stramineous or light brown-stramineous, up to 80 cm, 45 mm in diam., base usually with few fleshy processes, upward sparsely scaly along length; scales deciduous, often adpressed, brown, ovate, broadly lanceolate, or lanceolate, membranous, margin sparsely serrate, sometimes prominent black; lamina 2-pinnate with pinnatilobate pinnules, deltoid, up to 90 Χ 60 cm, apex acuminate; pinnae up to ca. 10 pairs, alternate, ascending, lower pinnae broadly oblong-lanceolate, pinnate, stalked, basal 2 pairs largest, up to 40 Χ 20 cm, with stalk up to 5 cm; pinnules up to ca. 15 pairs, alternate, subspreading, lanceolate or broadly oblong-lanceolate, up to 11 Χ 3 cm, base asymmetric, shallowly cordate or truncate on basiscopic side, broadly cuneate on acroscopic side, shortly stalked, pinnatilobate to pinnatipartite, apex acuminate; pinnule lobes up to ca. 10 pairs, ascending, oblong or nearly oblong, margin entire or sparsely shallowly crenate, apex rounded or rounded-cuneate; veins visible, pinnate, 7 pairs per pinnule lobe, ascending, forked or simple, occasionally 3- or 4-furcate. Lamina thinly papery or papery when dry, olive-green or brown-green, dark colored adaxially, both surfaces glabrous; rachis and costa green-stramineous, glabrous, grooved adaxially. Sori shortly linear or oblong, 5 pairs per lobe, mostly single, few double, costular; indusia membranous, light brown, vaulted, irregularly ruptured on back. Spores bean-shaped, perispore prominent, few rugate. 2n = 246 (apogamous).
Understories of broad-leaved forests in wet valleys; 5002300 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Vietnam].
The type is from Japan (Ryukyu Islands).
密果短肠蕨 mi guo duan chang jue
Asplenium spectabile Wallich ex Mettenius, Aspl.[Abh. Senckenberg. Naturf. Ges.] 3: 240 (seors. 196). 1859; Athyrium spectabile (Wallich ex Mettenius) C. Presl; Diplazium spectabile (Wallich ex Mettenius) Ching.
Plants evergreen, medium-sized. Rhizome creeping, black-brown, ca. 1 mm in diam., apex like base of stipe, slightly scaly; scales brown or black-brown, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, entire, base subpeltate, adpressed, few borne on stiff conical shortly aculeate protuberances; stipe slightly rough when scales fallen; fronds distant or approximate. Fertile fronds up to 1.2 m; stipe black-brown at base, upward stramineous or pale green stramineous, up to 60 cm, up to 4 mm in diam. at base, upward glabrous; lamina 2-pinnate with pinnatipartite pinnules, deltoid, up to 60 Χ 50 cm, apex acuminate; pinnae up to ca. 12 pairs, mostly alternate, slightly ascending, apex long acuminate; lower pinnae oblong-lanceolate, with stalk up to 3 mm, 1-pinnate; basal pinnae largest, up to 30 Χ 15 cm; pinnules up to 10 pairs or more, alternate, subspreading; lower pinnules shortly stalked, oblong-lanceolate, lanceolate, or ovate-oblong, up to 9 Χ 3 cm, base broadly cuneate or shallowly cordate, usually pinnatilobate to costa, apex acuminate or rounded; pinnule lobes up to ca. 10 pairs, subspreading, oblong or nearly rectangular, margin prominently dentate or pinnatilobate, apex rounded or truncate; veins pinnate, not prominent, veinlets 8 pairs per lobe, ascending, often forked or simple. Lamina papery or thinly papery when dry; rachis and costa stramineous, with sparse brown ovate scales abaxially, glabrous adaxially. Sori short, sausage-shaped, up to 4 or 5 pairs per pinnule lobe, costular, single or double; indusia brown, membranous, vaulted when mature, often irregularly ruptured on back. Spores nearly reniform, perispore prominent, projections not rugate, granular. 2n = 82.
Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests, beside streamlets; 15002700 m. Yunnan [Bhutan, India (Sikkim), Nepal].
The type is from Nepal.
察隅短肠蕨 cha yu duan chang jue
Plants evergreen, medium-sized. Rhizome creeping, black, ca. 1 cm in diam., apex like lower part of stipe, scaly; scales adpressed, black-brown, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, entire, base cordate; fronds approximate. Fertile fronds: lamina 2-pinnate with pinnatilobate pinnules, up to 1 m Χ 45 cm, apex acuminate; pinnae up to ca. 10 pairs, lower pinnae subopposite, upper pinnae alternate, slightly ascending, broadly lanceolate, nearly symmetric, with stalk up to 2.5 cm, pinnate, apex long acuminate; basal pinnae slightly shortened, second basal pinnae largest, up to 25 Χ 12 cm; pinnules up to 8 pairs, alternate, subspreading, lanceolate, up to 6 Χ 2 cm, base broader, symmetric, nearly rounded, apex caudate and long acuminate; pinnule lobes up to 10 pairs, ascending, subfalcate, serrate, subtruncate at apex; basal basiscopic lobe larger; veins visible abaxially, not prominent adaxially, veinlets up to 5 pairs per lobe, ascending, usually forked or simple. Lamina papery when dry, dark colored adaxially, glabrous, rachis and costa abaxially with ovate, brown scales. Sori short, sausage-shaped, up to 4 pairs per lobe, costular, mostly single, often double; indusia brown, membranous, vaulted when mature, often irregularly ruptured on back. Spores reniform, perispore wide and hyaline, not rugate, glabrous.
* Hillsides; ca. 2200 m. SE Xizang (Chayu).
Allantodia subspectabilis is similar to A. spectabilis (Wallich ex Mettenius) Ching, but differs in the pinna not narrowed to base, pinnule long acuminate at apex, base wider, and pinnule lobes serrulate at margin.
独龙江短肠蕨 du long jiang duan chang jue
Plants evergreen, large to medium-sized. Rhizome erect, dark brown, up to 3 cm in diam., apex with sparse adpressed scales; fronds caespitose. Fertile fronds up to 1.6 m; stipe dark black at base, upper part (and rachis) light brown or dark stramineous, up to 70 cm, up to 1 cm in diam., with dense scales and light brown, adpressed, uniseriate thin nodose hairs when young, then scales and hairs mostly deciduous; scales brown or chestnut-black, shiny, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, base deeply cordate, contiguous, attached to stipe and rachis with variably long stalk or stalkless, margin sparsely serrate or irregularly toothed, apex acuminate or abruptly narrowed and caudate; scale stalks dark brown, flat-linear, upper stalks gradually narrowed, mostly persistent, bristlelike after scales deciduous, irregularly adpressed; lamina 2-pinnate with pinnatilobate to pinnatisect pinnules, deltoid, up to 90 Χ 70 cm, apex acuminate; pinnae up to 18 pairs, alternate, slightly ascending, apex acuminate; lower pinnae broadly oblong-lanceolate, up to 50 Χ 17 cm, with stalk up to 5 cm; upper pinnae reduced, shortly stalked to sessile, broadly lanceolate to lanceolate, uppermost pinnae only 3 cm Χ 5 mm; pinnules 15 pairs, alternate, spreading or slightly ascending, lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or narrowly ovate, up to 10 Χ 2 cm, base shallowly cordate or broadly cuneate, usually asymmetric (basal acroscopic lope slightly narrow), shortly stalked or sessile, pinnatipartite to pinnatisect, apex acuminate or shortly acuminate to acute, sometimes nearly rounded; pinnule lobes often ca. 10 pairs, sometimes 15 pairs, subspreading, oblong or nearly rectangular, slightly falcate, margin sparsely shallowly serrate, apex rounded-cuneate; 1 basal basiscopic lobe usually pinnatilobate; veins pinnate, not prominent adaxially, slightly visible adaxially, veinlets ascending, mostly forked, up to 6 pairs per lobe. Lamina herbaceous, rachis and lower part of costa light brown when dry, upper part of costa stramineous; pinnule light brown, glabrous adaxially, light brown abaxially; both surfaces of rachis and adaxial surface of costa with sparse scales similar to those on stipe, but stalked scales few; costule abaxially with sparse ovate or broadly ovate-lanceolate, brown or chestnut, shiny, deeply cordate, marginally sparsely irregularly toothed, membranous scales, veins abaxially usually with light brown thin nodose hairs. Sori oblong, up to 6 pairs per lobe, densely contiguous, mostly single, basal acroscopic sori double; indusia light brown, entire, membranous, vaulted, opening acroscopically. Spores nearly reniform, perispore hyaline, projections few, rugate.
* Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests; 14002000 m. NW Yunnan (Gongshan).
Allantodia dulongjiangensis is one of two species of Allantodia with stalked scales, and differs from A. kawakami with similar scales in the rhizome erect, stipe and rachis often light brown, lamina with thin pale brown nodose hairs and remaining scales irregularly adpressed, and sori densely contiguous when mature.
柄鳞短肠蕨 bing lin duan chang jue
Diplazium kawakamii Hayata, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30: 435. 1911; Athyrium allanticarpum Rosenstock; A. kawakamii (Hayata) C. Christensen.
Plants evergreen, large to medium-sized. Rhizome creeping, dark brown, up to 1 cm in diam., apex with adpressed scales; scales brown or black-brown, broadly ovate, cordate, attached to basal sinus; fronds approximate. Fertile fronds up to 1.7 m; stipe dark stramineous, up to 80 cm, ca. 8 mm in diam., with dense long stalked scales when young; scales brown or chestnut, shiny, ovate or ovate-cordate, entire or slightly sparsely toothed, attached to stalk with cordate sinus base on apex, deciduous; stalk of scale linear-cylindrical when fresh, slightly flattened after dry, brown, rough-hair-like when deciduous, all recurved adpressed on stipe; lamina 2-pinnate with pinnatipartite to pinnatisect pinnules, deltoid, up to 90 Χ 70 cm, apex acuminate; pinnae up to 15 pairs, alternate, ascending, often slightly asymmetric (basiscopic pinnule longer), apex acuminate; lower pinnae broadly lanceolate, stalked, basal pinnae largest, up to 50 Χ 20 cm, stipe up to 4 cm, upper pinnae lanceolate, shortly stalked or sessile; pinnules of lower pinna up to 15 pairs, alternate, spreading, oblong-lanceolate, lanceolate, or narrowly ovate to ovate, base broadly cuneate or shallowly cordate on basiscopic side, shortly stalked or sessile, 1-pinnate pinnatipartite to pinnatisect or pinnule lobes pinnatilobate to pinnatifid, apex long acuminate, acuminate, or acute to rounded; pinnule asymmetric (middle basiscopic lobes longer), rest[??] nearly symmetric; pinnule lobes up to ca. 10 pairs, alternate, subspreading, oblong, margin sparsely dentate or pinnatilobate to pinnatifid, apex rounded; veins not prominent on adaxial side, visible abaxially, 1- or 2-pinnate, veinlets ascending, mostly forked or simple. Lamina herbaceous, pale green abaxially, gray-green when dry, glabrous; rachis, costa, and costule sparsely scaly, scales light brown, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, base cordate, membranous. Sori oblong, up to 7 pairs per lobe, mostly single or sometimes double on basal acroscopic veinlets, subcostular-inframedial; indusia light brown, oblong, membranous, entire, vaulted, opening acroscopically or irregularly ruptured on back. Spores nearly reniform, perispore hyaline, with sometimes few rugate, few granulate projections.
Understories of wet evergreen broad-leaved forests, beside streamlets; 17002400 m. Taiwan, SE Yunnan [Japan].
The type is from Taiwan.
Allantodia kawakamii shares with A. dulongjiangensis the long stalked, deciduous scales on the stipe and rachis.
边生短肠蕨 bian sheng duan chang jue
Diplazium conterminum H. Christ, J. Bot. 19: 67. 1905; Allantodia allantodioides (Ching) Ching; D. allantodioides Ching; D. virescens Tagawa (??year), p.p., not Kunze (1848); D. virescens Kunze var. conterminum (H. Christ) Sa. Kurata.
Plants large to medium-sized. Rhizome creeping or ascending, black, 11.5 cm in diam., up to 5 cm in diam. including remaining stipes, apex and base of stipe densely scaly; scales black or black-brown, slightly shiny, linear-lanceolate to linear, up to 1 cm or longer, thickly membranous, curly at apex, sparsely toothed at margin. Fronds distant to approximate or caespitose; stipe dark brown, green-stramineous, or stramineous at base, 20100 cm, 26 mm in diam., lower part densely scaly, middle and upper part later glabrous; lamina 2-pinnate, deltoid, 30120 Χ 25100 cm, apex acuminate; pinnae 510 pairs, alternate, ascending, symmetric, pinnatilobate, lanceolate, 510 Χ 13 cm, lower pinnae pinnate; basal pinnae largest, broadly lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, up to 70 Χ 33 cm, apex pinnatilobate and acuminate; pinnules ca. 13 pairs, alternate, subspreading, slightly separated, nearly symmetric, lanceolate to oblong, up to 16 Χ 4 cm, base nearly cuneate, broadly cuneate, or shallowly cordate, pinnatilobate to pinnatipartite, apex long acuminate or rounded; basal pinnules slightly shortened, lower pinnules with prominent stalk 34 mm; pinnule lobes up to ca. 15 pairs, ascending, oblong, margin shallowly serrate or nearly entire, apex rounded; veins not prominent on both surfaces or slightly visible abaxially, pinnate; veinlets up to 7 pairs per lobe, usually simple or occasional forked, ascending. Lamina papery when dry, light green, glabrous adaxially, costules abaxially with sparse light brown linear scales; rachis and costa green-stramineous or stramineous, glabrous, shallowly grooved adaxially. Sori elliptic, up to 6 pairs per lobe, mostly single, supramedial or inframarginal; indusia gray-white, elliptic or cylindrical, membranous, oblique, vaulted, opening acroscopically, easily ruptured. Spores nearly reniform or bean-shaped, perispore not prominent, with short aculeate projections.
Understories of dense valley forests, beside streamlets; 4001000 m. Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Thailand, Vietnam].
The type is from Vietnam.
淡绿短肠蕨 dan lv duan chang jue
Plants evergreen, medium-sized. Rhizome creeping, black, ca. 8 mm in diam., apex densely scaly; scales black-brown, lanceolate, ca. 5 mm, thickly membranous, margin toothed; fronds approximate or distant. Fertile fronds 2040 cm, 24 mm in diam., base black-brown, with sparse black-brown scales remaining, upward stramineous or green-stramineous, glabrous. Lamina deltoid, 3060 Χ 2540 cm, 2-pinnate with pinnatilobate to pinnatifid pinnules, apex caudate-acuminate; free pinnae 810 pairs, alternate, slightly ascending, symmetric or nearly symmetric; lower pinnae broadly deltoid-lanceolate, prominently stalked, apex long acuminate; basal pinnae largest, up to 35 Χ 20 cm, with stalk ca. 4 cm; upper pinnae gradually shorter, lanceolate, pinnatilobate, sessile; pinnules ca. 10 pairs, alternate, spreading, usually lanceolate, sometimes oblong, base wide and asymmetric (basiscopic lobes large and nearly cordate, acroscopic lobe small and truncate), sometimes symmetric, truncate or broadly cuneate, apex acuminate, sometimes rounded; lower pinnules shortly stalked, ca. 10 Χ to 3 cm; pinnule lobes mostly less than 10 pairs, subspreading, contiguous, rectangular or oblong, margin serrate or nearly entire, apex subtruncate or rounded, repand; veins visible abaxially, not prominent adaxially, pinnate; veinlets up to 6 pairs per lobe, simple, forked, or pinnate, ascending. Lamina papery when dry, often green, pale abaxially, glabrous on both surfaces; rachis and costa stramineous or green-stramineous, glabrous, shallowly grooved adaxially. Sori oblong, short and straight, up to 5 pairs per lobe, mostly single or rarely double, medial or subcostular; indusia brown, membranous, opening acroscopically. Spores reniform or nearly reniform, perispore thin, aculeate. 2n = 123 (apogamous).
Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests; 3001500 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei (Suizhou), Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea, Vietnam].
1a. Base of pinnules prominently asymmetric with large basic basiscopic lobes; veinlets usually forked or pinnate in basiscopic pinnule lobes ........................................................................... 12c. var. sugimotoi
1b. Base of pinnules asymmetric or sometimes symmetric; veinlets usually simple, sometimes forked.
2a. Sori on distal veinlets medial ................................................................ 12a. var. virescens
2b. Sori on distal veinlets subcostular ................................................... 12b. var. okinawaensis
淡绿短肠蕨(原变种) dan lv duan chang jue (yuan bian zhong)
Diplazium virescens Kunze, Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 6: 537. 1848; D. lutchuense Koidzumi.
Pinnules moderately asymmetric at base, veinlets simple or sometimes forked; sori medial or supramedial.
Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests; 3001500 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei (Suizhou), Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea, Vietnam].
The type is from Japan.
冲绳短肠蕨 chong sheng duan chang jue
Diplazium okinawaense Tagawa, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 2: 199. 1933; D. virescens Kunze var. okinawaense (Tagawa) Sa. Kurata.
Pinnules with moderately asymmetric base, veinlets simple or sometimes forked; sori subcostular.
Forest understories. Guangdong, Taiwan, Yunnan [Japan].
The type is from Japan (Okinawa).
异基短肠蕨 yi ji duan chang jue
Diplazium virescens Kunze var. sugimotoi Sa. Kurata, J. Geobot. 7: 77. 1958.
Plants robust. Pinnules asymmetric at base, veinlets forked or pinnate in basiscopic pinnule lobes. Perispore ornamentation flakelike and obtuse aculeate.
Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests in wet valleys; 12001500 m. NW Guangdong, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan [Japan (Yakushima)].
假密果短肠蕨 jia mi guo duan chang jue
Asplenium multicaudatum Wallich ex C. B. Clarke, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 1: 502. 1880; Athyrium griffithii (Baker) Milde; A. multicaudatum (Wallich ex C. B. Clarke) C. Presl; A. umbrosum var. multicaudatum (Wallich ex C. B. Clarke) Beddome[??okay]; Diplazium griffithii (Baker) Beddome, not T. Moore (1861), nor Diels (1899).
Plants evergreen, large to medium-sized. Rhizome creeping to ascending, occasionally slender and creeping, apex and stipe base densely scaly; scales loose[??okay], brown or red-brown, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, up to 1 cm, subentire; fronds caespitose or nearly approximate, rarely sparse. Fertile fronds up to 1.5 m; stipe dirty-brown at base, stramineous when dry, 3060 cm, 35 mm in diam. at base; lamina 2-pinnate with pinnatipartite pinnules, ovate, up to 80 Χ 60 cm, apex acuminate; pinnae ca. 1012 pairs, alternate, ascending, subsymmetric; lower pinnae broadly lanceolate, up to 40 Χ 20 cm, stalk up to 4 cm, 1-pinnate, acuminate at apex; upper pinnae lanceolate, gradually reduced, pinnatipartite or pinnatisect, sessile or subsessile; pinnules up to 15 pairs, alternate, subspreading, lanceolate, up to 13 Χ 4 cm, base broadly cuneate or shallowly cordate, sessile or shortly stalked, pinnatilobate to pinnatipartite, apex acuminate or shortly caudate; pinnule lobes up to 15 pairs, slightly ascending, contiguous, sickle-shaped oblong, margin dentate, apex rounded; veins pinnate, veinlets up to 9 pairs per lobe, usually forked or simple, ascending. Lamina herbaceous or thinly herbaceous when dry, green, glabrous on both surfaces; rachis and costa stramineous. Sori oblong, costular, up to 6 pairs per lobe, usually single or double; indusia brown, membranous, entire, when single opening acroscopically. Spores reniform, perispore with few rugate, granulate ornamentation.
Understories of wet evergreen broad-leaved tropical and subtropical forests; 6001500 m. SE and W Yunnan [India, Myanmar, Nepal].
The type is from Nepal.
Allantodia multicaudata is similar to A. spectabilis and is often treated as conspecific. Allantodia multicaudata differs from A. spectabilis in the rhizome and base of stipe with loose, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate scales, indusia opening acroscopically, while in A. spectabilis the scales at stipe base are adpressed, sparse, ovate, and the indusia irregularly rupture on the back.
双生短肠蕨 shuang sheng duan chang jue
Diplazium prolixum Rosenstock, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 126. 1913; Allantodia proxima Ching, nom. nud.
Plants evergreen, large. Rhizome creeping, brown, ca. 1.5 cm in diam., apex densely scaly; scales slightly shiny, linear-lanceolate, ca. 1 cm, 11.5 mm in diam., thickly membranous, entire, filiform at apex, slightly curly; fronds approximate. Fertile fronds up to 2 m; stipe brown at base, upward green-stramineous, up to 1 m, up to 7 mm in diam., base with dense linear-lanceolate brown scales, upper part glabrous, shallowly grooved adaxially; lamina 2-pinnate with pinnatipartite to pinnatisect pinnules, or base 3-pinnate, ovate-deltoid, up to 1 m Χ 80 cm, apex acuminate; pinnae up to ca. 18 pairs, lower pinnae subopposite; upper pinnae alternate, ascending, broadly ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, up to 50 Χ 30 cm, slightly narrowed to base, base cuneate, stalk up to 6 cm, apex acuminate; pinnules up to ca. 15 pairs, alternate, broadly lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, up to 20 Χ 6 cm, slightly narrowed to base, base symmetric, shallowly cordate, with stalk ca. 5 mm, apex long acuminate; secondary pinnules up to ca. 15 pairs, ascending, linear-lanceolate or oblong, up to 4 cm Χ 1.2 cm, sessile, pinnatifid to pinnatipartite, apex acuminate or acute to rounded; lobes of secondary pinnules up to 8 pairs, ascending, contiguous, oblong, up to 5 Χ 3 mm, sparsely thinly serrate, rounded or truncate at apex; veins not prominent, pinnate; veinlets 4 or 5 pairs per lobe, mostly simple, occasionally forked, ascending. Lamina herbaceous, gray-green or light green adaxially when dry, glabrous on both surfaces; rachis and costa stramineous, glabrous, shallowly grooved adaxially. Sori oblong, 13 pairs per lobe, subcostular-inframedial, single or double on basal veinlets; indusia light brown, thinly membranous, entire, vaulted when mature, usually irregularly ruptured. Spores hemispherical, perispore with irregular aculeate projections.
Understories of sparse valley forests in limestone areas; 5001600 m. Chongqing, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan (Guangnan) [Vietnam].
矩圆短肠蕨 ju yuan duan chang jue
Athyrium pseudosetigerum H. Christ, Bull. Acad. Int. Gιogr. Bot. 17: 146. 1907.
Plants evergreen, medium-sized. Rhizome ascending to erect, brown, ca. 1 cm in diam., densely scaly at apex; scales brown, ovate-lanceolate, 45 Χ 22.5 mm, thickly membranous, entire, apex long acuminate; fronds caespitose. Fertile fronds up to 60 cm; stipe brown at base, upward stramineous, 2230 cm, ca. 2.5 mm in diam., base with sparse lanceolate brown scales, upward glabrous, shallowly grooved adaxially; lamina 2-pinnate with pinnatipartite pinnules, deltoid, ca. 30 Χ 2225 cm at base, apex long acuminate; [??basal or middle pinnae] 1518 Χ 912 cm, slightly narrowed to base, base cuneate, with stalk 11.5 cm; upper pinnae lanceolate, 1-pinnate, shortly stalked or sessile; pinnules 1012 pairs, alternate, ascending, sickle-shaped lanceolate, 57 Χ 12 cm, base rounded-cuneate, with stalk 12 mm, apex long acuminate; basal pinnule lobes nearly free; pinnule lobes ca. 10 pairs, ascending, sessile, oblong, 810 Χ 4 mm, basal 2 or 3 pairs of lobes connected to narrow wing, margin serrate, apex acute. Veins slightly impressed, raised on abaxial side, pinnate; veinlets 5 or 6 pairs per lobe, forked, ascending. Lamina herbaceous, brown-green when dry, glabrous on both surfaces; rachis and costa stramineous, glabrous, shallowly grooved adaxially. Sori 2 or 3 pairs per lobe, medial, oblong, 11.5 mm; indusia light brown, oblong, thinly membranous, vaulted when mature, irregularly ruptured on back. Spore reniform, perispore surface with irregularly aculeate, unevenly distributed projections.
At entrances of limestone caves; ca. 700 m. Chongqing, Guangxi, Guizhou [N and NE Vietnam (Liangshan)].
The type is from Guizhou (Luodian).
狭翅短肠蕨 xia chi duan chang jue
Athyrium alatum H. Christ, Bull. Herb. Boissier 6: 963. 1898; Allantodia nudipes Ching, nom. nud.; Diplazium divaricatum Ching.
Plants evergreen, large to medium-sized. Rhizome creeping to ascending, apex like base of stipe, densely scaly; scales dark brown to black, linear-lanceolate, up to 2 cm or longer, entire, apex long caudate and curly; fronds caespitose. Fertile fronds up to 1.5 m; stipe black at base, upward dark stramineous or stramineous, sometimes green-stramineous, up to 75 cm, 35 mm in diam., glabrous; lamina 2-pinnate, deltoid, 4080 Χ 4080 cm, apex acuminate; pinnae 1318 pairs, subspreading, nearly asymmetric (basiscopic pinnule longer), apex often acuminate; basal to distal pinnae broadly lanceolate to broadly oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, mostly alternate; basal pinnae often opposite or nearly opposite, ca. 40 Χ 20 cm, with stalk 1.56 cm; distal pinnae pinnatilobate, sessile or slightly shortly stalked, stalk winged; pinnules 1015 pairs, mostly alternate, shortly stalked, spreading, lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, pinnatipartite, slightly asymmetric (basiscopic lobes longer), 515 Χ 1.54.5 cm, base truncate, apex acuminate or shortly caudate; basal lobes usually short; pinnule lobes 1020 pairs, opposite or alternate, subspreading, oblong-lanceolate, slightly asymmetric, base connected to narrow wings, 13 cm Χ 310 mm, pinnatipartite; secondary lobes of pinnule lobes up to 7 pairs, ascending, sickle-shaped oblong, apex entire or few crenate; veins not prominent, mostly pinnate or forked, few simple. Lamina thinly herbaceous, green when dry, glabrous adaxially, costa and base of pinnule lobes abaxially scaly; scales usually 1 or 2 (occasionally 3 or 4), red-brown, broadly ovate, thin; rachis and costa stramineous, shallowly grooved adaxially. Sori oblong or shortly linear, length 2/33/4 of veinlet, 14 pairs per each lobe, from base to above middle, single or double; indusia brown or gray-brown when mature, thinly membranous, often vaulted, ruptured. Spores nearly reniform, perispore surfaces with dense irregular aculeate projections.
* Understories of wet broad-leaved forests and beside streamlets in deep valleys; 5002200 m. S Guangxi, C Guizhou, Yunnan.
The type is from Yunnan.
乌鳞短肠蕨 wu lin duan chang jue
Plants evergreen, medium-sized. Rhizome slender, creeping, densely scaly; scales on rhizome and lower part of stipe ca. 6 mm, brown, membranous, translucent, lanceolate, entire; fronds distant. Fertile fronds ca. 60 cm; stipe gray-stramineous, ca. 25 cm, ca. 2.5 mm in diam., upper half of stipe and lower part of rachis with many black, lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, entire thick scales; lamina 1-pinnate, broadly lanceolate, ca. 38 Χ 12 cm at base, apex acuminate; pinnae ca. 15 pairs, ascending, sickle-shaped lanceolate, shallowly lobed, lobes shallowly serrate; lower pinnae subopposite, 44.5 cm apart, 67 Χ ca. 1.5 cm, base asymmetric, cuneate basiscopically, truncate acroscopically, auriculate, with stalk ca. 3 mm, apex long acuminate; upper pinnae alternate, sessile, costae (except basal part) narrowly winged; veins pinnate, prominent on both sides, thin, slightly raised, veinlets 5 per veinlet group, ascending, anadromous. Lamina thinly herbaceous when dry, green, glabrous on both surfaces, rachis (especially lower part) with many scales. Sori linear, slightly falcate, ca. 5 mm, medial, single or occasionally double; indusia light brown, linear, membranous, entire, persistent.
* Beside streamlets; ca. 1100 m. NE Yunnan (Suijiang).
Allantodia nigrosquamosa is similar to A. wichurae in the auriculate pinnae, but differs by the stipe and rachis abaxially with dense black lanceolate scales, thinly herbaceous lamina, and lower pinnae apart.
假耳羽短肠蕨 [??Pin Yin]
Diplazium okudairai Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 20: 84. 1906; Athyrium okudairai (Makino) Ohwi.
Plants evergreen, medium-sized. Rhizome slender, creeping, brown, ca. 3 mm in diam., densely scaly at apex; scales brown, broadly lanceolate, ca. 4 mm, thickly membranous, entire; fronds distant. Fertile fronds up to 90 cm; stipe dark brown at base, upward green-stramineous, 1835 cm, ca. 2.5 mm in diam., lower part or all parts of stipe with sparse lanceolate brown scales, shallowly grooved adaxially; lamina 1-pinnate, broadly oblong-lanceolate to narrowly ovate, 2530 Χ 1020 cm, apex caudate and acuminate; pinnae up to 12 pairs, subspreading, sickle-shaped lanceolate, 515 Χ 1.53 cm, base asymmetric, cuneate on basiscopic side, deltoid-auriculate on acroscopic side, pinnatilobate, apex caudate and acuminate; lower pinnae with short stalk 23 mm, upper pinnae sessile, costa mostly narrowly winged; pinna lobes deltoid, serrate or obtusely toothed; veins visible, pinnate, 46 pairs per each lobe, oblique. Lamina herbaceous, green when dry, glabrous on both surfaces; rachis green-stramineous, lower part sparsely scaly; scales brown, narrowly lanceolate, shallowly grooved adaxially. Sori shortly linear, slightly falcate, up to 14 pairs per pinna, single on basal acroscopic veinlet, 24 pairs in auricle, inframedial, single or rarely double; indusia light brown, linear, membranous, entire, persistent. Spores bean-shaped, perispore hyaline, often rugate, sometimes rugate projections united to reticulate ornamentation. 2n = 82.
Understories of broad-leaved forests, on wet rocks; 4002000 m. Chongqing, Guizhou (Anshun, Guiyang), Hunan (Jishou), Jiangxi (Yongxiu), Sichuan, Yunnan (Daguan, Suijiang, Zhenxiong) [Japan, Korea].
The type is from Japan.
耳羽短肠蕨 er yu duan chang jue
Plants evergreen, small to medium-sized. Rhizome slender, creeping, brown, ca. 3 mm in diam., densely scaly at apex; scales brown, lanceolate, ca. 3 mm, thickly membranous, entire; fronds distant, 510 mm apart. Fertile fronds up to 60 cm; stipe dark brown at base, upward green-stramineous, 2530 cm, ca. 3 mm in diam., base sparsely scaly with brown, linear scales, upward glabrous, narrowly grooved adaxially; lamina 1-pinnate, broadly lanceolate, 3035 Χ 814 cm, apex caudate and long acuminate; pinnae up to 18 pairs, alternate, subspreading, 1.53 cm apart, sickle-shaped lanceolate, 49 Χ 11.5 cm, with stalk 12 mm, asymmetric, basiscopic base cuneate, acroscopic base deltoid-auriculate, margin biserrate or uniserrate (var. parawichurae), except a few distal pinnae, apex acuminate to caudate or acute or nearly rounded (var. parawichurae); costae narrowly winged; veins raised abaxially, impressed adaxially, unequally forked into 35 simple veinlets, anadromous, ascending, all reaching serrate margin. Lamina stiffly papery or subleathery, light green when dry, glabrous on both surfaces; rachis green-stramineous, glabrous, shallowly grooved adaxially. Sori shortly linear, 2.57 mm, straight or slightly falcate, up to 16 pairs per each pinna, in 1 row on each side of costa, close to costa, mostly single, rarely double, occasionally 1 or 2 pairs in basal auricle; indusia brown, long, membranous, entire, persistent; spores elliptic in polar view, reniform in equatorial view, perispore hyaline, few flakelike rugate. 2n = 82.
Forest understories, beside calcareous streamlets, wet valleys; sea level up to 1200 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guizhou, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan (Emei Shan), Taiwan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea (Chejudao)].
1a. Pinna apex usually acuminate to caudate, rarely acute, margin biserrate ...... 19a. var. wichurae
1b. Pinna apex acute or nearly rounded, margin uniserrate ....................... 19b. var. parawichurae
耳羽短肠蕨(原变种) er yu duan chang jue (yuan bian zhong)
Asplenium wichurae Mettenius, Ann. Mus. Lugduno-Batavi 2: 237. 1866; Athyrium wichurae (Mettenius) Ohwi (1956), not Merrill (1918); Diplazium wichurae (Mettenius) Diels.
Plants large. Pinnae with biserrate margin, apex acuminate.
Forest understories, beside calcareous streamlets, wet valleys; sea level up to 1200 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guizhou, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan (Emei Shan), Taiwan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea (Chejudao); widely distributed in E Asia].
The type is from Japan.
龙池短肠蕨 long chi duan chang jue
Allantodia parawichurae Ching.
Pinnae short, with uniserrate margin, apex acute or nearly obtuse.
* Forest understories in wet valleys. Jiangsu (Yixing).
异果短肠蕨 yi guo duan chang jue
Diplazium heterocarpum Ching, Lingnan Sci. J. 15: 276. 1936; Allantodia yuyangensis (Ching) Ching; Athyrium yuyangense Ching.
Plants small to medium-sized. Rhizome short and erect, apex and base of stipe sparsely scaly; scales brown, broadly lanceolate, thickly membranous, entire; fronds caespitose. Fertile fronds up to 35 cm; stipe green-stramineous, 28(15) cm, upward glabrous, deeply grooved adaxially; lamina 1-pinnate, oblong-lanceolate, 815(20) Χ 36 cm, slightly narrowed to base, apex pinnatilobate and acuminate; pinnae 824 pairs, alternate or lower pinnae opposite, subspreading, lanceolate, base asymmetric, basiscopically cuneate, acroscopically auricles parallel to rachis, with stalk up to 2 mm, margin (especially acroscopically) repand with shallow rounded lobes, lobes thinly serrate, apex acute; veins pinnate, slightly raised on abaxial surface, veinlets 2 or 3 pairs in basal auricle, other veinlets 2 or 3, ascending. Lamina herbaceous, green when dry, glabrous on both surfaces; rachis green-stramineous, glabrous, deeply grooved adaxially. Sori linear, ascending, slightly curved, up to 7 pairs per pinna, sometimes 1 or 2 pairs in auricle, single (occasionally double), not reaching pinna margin; indusia light brown, linear, membranous, entire, persistent. Spores hemispherical, perispore prominent and broad, few rugate.
* At entrances of limestone caves; 9001400 m. Chongqing (Youyang), Guizhou.
The type is from Guizhou (Guiding).
独山短肠蕨 du shan duan chang jue
Plants small to medium-sized. Rhizome ascending, brown, ca. 5 mm in diam., with fleshy brown roots, apex densely scaly; scales brown, lanceolate, ca. 3 mm, membranous, entire; fronds caespitose. Fertile fronds 2550 cm; stipe light green-stramineous, up to 23 cm, ca. 2 mm in diam., base with sparse lanceolate brown scales, upward glabrous, grooved adaxially; lamina 1-pinnate with pinnatifid to pinnatipartite pinnules, or base nearly 2-pinnate, ovate-deltoid or nearly deltoid, 1030 Χ 820 cm at base, apex acuminate; pinnae ca. 610 pairs, alternate, ascending, lanceolate, up to 11 Χ 4 cm at base, base asymmetric, acroscopically auriculate, basiscopically cuneate, with stalk up to 5 mm, pinnatifid to pinnatisect, apex acuminate; pinna lobes 8 pairs, ascending, contiguous, ovate or oblong, lobe margin sparsely thinly dentate, apex rounded or acute; basal pinna lobes up to 2 Χ 1 cm, sometimes nearly completely free, connate to each other, with narrow wings; veins not prominent adaxially, nearly visible abaxially, pinnate, veinlets in pinna lobe ca. 17 pairs, ascending, mostly simple, or basal acroscopic veinlets usually bifurcate. Lamina herbaceous, gray-green when dry, glabrous on both surfaces; rachis green-stramineous, glabrous, shallowly grooved adaxially. Sori linear, slightly curved, 36 mm, 25 pairs per each lobe, single or double; indusia brown, linear, thickly membranous, entire, persistent. Spores hemispherical, perispore prominent, few rugate.
* Rock crevices on calcareous hills; 600900 m. Guangxi (Longzhou), Guizhou.
The type is from Guizhou (Dushan).
Allantodia dushanensis is similar to A. lobulosa, but differs by the pinnae fewer, ca. 8 pairs, pinnatifid to pinnatipartite, and sori 2 or 3 pairs per pinna lobe; in A. lobulosa the pinnae are 22 pairs, pinnatilobate, and sorus single in pinna lobe.
浅裂短肠蕨 qian lie duan chang jue
Lithophytes, evergreen, small to medium-sized. Rhizome erect, brown, ca. 5 mm in diam., up to 2 cm in diam. including remaining stipes, apex densely scaly; scales brown, lanceolate, ca. 6 mm, thickly membranous, entire; fronds caespitose. Stipe brown at base, upward stramineous, light brown-stramineous or green-stramineous, 1520 cm, ca. 3 mm in diam., base with sparse lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate brown scales, upward glabrous, grooved adaxially; lamina 1-pinnate, broadly oblong-lanceolate, 2535 Χ 711 cm, apex acuminate; pinnae 1622 pairs, slightly ascending, lower pinnae nearly opposite, upper pinnae alternate, all sickle-shaped lanceolate, falcate, base asymmetric, basiscopic base cuneate, acroscopic base truncate with deltoid or oblong auricles, shallowly pinnatilobate or serrate, with stalk ca. 2 mm and winged, apex acuminate or long acuminate; middle pinnae 58 Χ 12 cm, basal pinnae slightly smaller; pinna lobes broadly deltoid or semicircular, apex serrate or obtusely serrate; veins not prominent adaxially, slightly raised abaxially, veinlets trifurcate, pinnate in auricle, ascending. Lamina herbaceous, gray-green when dry, glabrous on both surfaces; rachis stramineous, pale brown-stramineous or green-stramineous, glabrous, shallowly grooved adaxially. Sori shortly linear, slightly curved, 37 mm, 814 pairs per each pinna, in single row along costa, 24 pairs in auricle, mostly single, rarely double; indusia brown, linear, membranous, persistent; perispore loose and hyaline, few rugate, sparse stabs[??]. 2n = 82.
Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests, wet calcareous areas; 15002500 m. S Xizang (Nyalam), Yunnan [N India, N Myanmar, Nepal].
The type is from Nepal.
1a. Pinna shallowly pinnatilobate ..................................................................... 22a. var. lobulosa
1b. Pinna shallowly and obtusely toothed at margin ........................................ 22b. var. shilinicola
浅裂短肠蕨(原变种) qian lie duan chang jue (yuan bian zhong)
Asplenium lobulosum Wallich ex Mettenius, Farngat. Aspl. n. 170, 163. 1859; Asplenium longifolium D. Don (1825), not Schrader (1824); Athyrium longifolium (D. Don) Milde; Diplazium lobulosum (Wallich & Mettenius) C. Presl; D. longifolium (D. Don) T. Moore.
Pinnae pinnatilobate.
Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests, wet calcareous areas; 15002500 m. S Xizang (Nyalam), Yunnan [N India, N Myanmar, Nepal].
The type is from Nepal.
石林短肠蕨 shi lin duan chang jue
Pinnae not pinnatilobate, but shallowly and obtusely serrate at margin.
* Wet calcareous areas; ca. 1700 m. Yunnan (Shilin).
江南短肠蕨 jiang nan duan chang jue
Plants evergreen, small to medium-sized. Rhizome slender, creeping, black-brown, densely scaly at apex; scales black or black-brown, shiny, narrowly lanceolate, ca. 3 mm, thickly membranous, toothed at margin. Fronds distant; stipe brown, base with sparse, narrow lanceolate brown scales, upward grooved on adaxial side; lamina 1-pinnate or pinnatilobate to pinnatipartite, deltoid, broadly lanceolate-deltoid, or ovate-lanceolate, apex acuminate; pinnae alternate or subopposite, subspreading, sickle-shaped lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, base truncate or broadly cuneate, stalked or subsessile; veins pinnate, not prominent adaxially, visible abaxially, veinlets simple or forked in basal lobes, ascending. Lamina papery, green or gray-green when dry, both surfaces glabrous; rachis stramineous, glabrous, grooved adaxially. Sori linear, slightly curved, 25(7) pairs per pinna lobe, single or basal sori usually double, medial; indusia light brown, thinly membranous, entire, persistent. Spores reniform, perispore hyaline, ornamentation slightly rugate, not prominently granulate.
Forest understories, streamlets, wet rocks; 4001400 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, N Thailand, N Vietnam].
The type is from Japan.
1a. Fertile lamina 2540 Χ 1525 cm; pinnae up to 15(18) Χ 4 cm, pinnatilobate to pinnatipartite 23a. var. metteniana
1b. Fertile lamina 1520 Χ 710 cm; pinnae usually 47 Χ 11.5 cm, shallowly repand or dentate 23b. var. fauriei
江南短肠蕨(原变种) jiang nan duan chang jue (yuan bian zhong)
Asplenium mettenianum Miquel, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3: 174. 1867; Allantodia metteniana (Miquel) Ching var. isobasis (H. Christ) Ching; A. taweishanica Ching, nom. nud.; Asplenium textorii Miquel; Athyrium mettenianum (Miquel) Ohwi; A. mettenianum ( Miquel) Ohwi var. isobasis (H. Christ) Ohwi; Diplazium cavalerii H. Christ; D. isobasis H. Christ; D. japonicum (Thunberg) Beddome var. textori (Miquel) H. Christ; D. lohfauense C. Christensen ex Wu; D. mettenianum (Miquel) C. Christensen; D. mettenianum (Miquel) C. Christensen var. isobasis (H. Christ) Tagawa; D. textorii (Miquel) Makino.
Fronds medium-sized. Lamina 2540 Χ 1525 cm; pinnae up to 15(18) Χ 4 cm, pinnatilobate to pinnatipartite; veins pinnate, veinlets ca. 57 pairs; sori 25(7) pairs.
Forest understories in valleys; 6001400 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, N Thailand, N Vietnam].
小叶短肠蕨 xiao ye duan chang jue
Diplazium fauriei H. Christ, Bull. Herb. Boissier, sιr. 2, 1: 1015. 1901; Athyrium mettenianum (Miquel) Ohwi var. fauriei (H. Christ) Ohwi; D. mettenianum (Miquel) C. Christensen var. fauriei (H. Christ) Tagawa.
Fronds small; lamina 1520 Χ 710 cm; pinnae usually 47 Χ 11.5 cm, serrate or repand at margin; veinlets 2 or 3 in each pinna lobe; sori single, occasionally 2 or 3.
Beside streamlets, on wet rocks; 400500 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Zhejiang [Japan, N Vietnam].
The type is from Japan (Ryukyu Islands).
毛鳞短肠蕨 mao lin duan chang jue
Plants evergreen, medium-sized. Rhizome creeping, black, ca. 5 mm in diam., sparsely scaly; scales brown to black-brown, linear-lanceolate, ca. 5 mm, with marginal and adaxial teeth; fronds distant. Fertile fronds 80110 cm; stipe black at base, upward light green-stramineous, as long as lamina, 35 mm in diam. at base, upward glabrous; lamina 1-pinnate, deltoid, 4050 Χ 3040 cm, apex rather abruptly narrowed and acuminate; pinnae 1013 pairs, alternate, base rounded, pinnatilobate or nearly dentate, apex long acuminate; lower pinnae spreading, straight, oblong-lanceolate, symmetric, up to 20 Χ 3 cm, with stalk up to 5 mm; upper pinnae slightly ascending, sickle-shaped lanceolate; lobes of lower pinnae 25 pairs, broadly deltoid, margin repand or shallowly serrate, apex oblique; veins visible abaxially, not prominent adaxially, veinlets simple, ascending, up to 4 pairs per lobe. Lamina papery when dry, dark colored adaxially, glabrous on both surfaces. Sori linear, single, up to 3 pairs per each lobe, basal acroscopic sori longer, basal sori borne near costa, upper sori near middle or upper part of veinlet, both ending inframarginally; indusia brown, membranous, entire. Spores oblong, perispore prominent, few rugate.
* Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests; ca. 900 m. SE Yunnan (Hekou).
Allantodia hirtisquama similar to A. metteniana (Miquel) Ching, but differs in the scales toothed marginally and adaxially, lower pinnae straight, broader in middle, rounded at base, and basal pinnae similar to upper pinnae.
假江南短肠蕨 jia jiang nan duan chang jue
Diplazium yaoshanense (Y. C. Wu) Tardieu, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist., sιr. 2, 6: 115. 1934; D. japonicum Beddome var. yaoshanense Wu; D. kanasiroi Tagawa.
Plants evergreen, medium-sized. Rhizome slender, creeping, black, with black, lanceolate, marginally sparsely toothed, with thin membranous scales; roots sparse, stiff, black, thick; fronds distant. Fertile fronds up to 1 m; stipe black-brown at base, upward light green-stramineous, as long as lamina, up to 50 cm, ca. 2 mm in diam. at base, base slightly scaly, upward glabrous, shallowly grooved adaxially; lamina 1-pinnate, deltoid or broadly deltoid-lanceolate, up to 50 Χ 25 cm at base, apex abruptly reduced, acuminate; lateral pinnae 68 pairs, subspreading, oblong-lanceolate or sickle-shaped lanceolate, up to 14 Χ 2.5 cm, base obliquely rounded or shallowly cordate, margin dentate or pinnatilobate, with stalk up to 1 cm, upward shortly stalked to sessile or adnate, apex shortly acuminate; pinna lobes semicircular, apex shallowly repand or slightly shallowly serrate; veins pinnate, visible abaxially, not prominent adaxially; veinlets obliquely ascending, simple, basal veinlets slightly curved, occasionally forked. Lamina thickly papery or subleathery, glabrous on both surfaces; rachis light green-stramineous, glabrous, shallowly grooved adaxially. Sori linear, single or basal acroscopic ones double; indusia light brown, thinly membranous, entire, persistent. Spores nearly reniform, perispore hyaline, widely rugate.
Guangxi [Japan (Ryukyu Islands), S Vietnam].
The type is from Guangxi (Dayao Shan).
Allantodia yaoshanensis is similar to A. metteniana, particularly var. fauriei and to Diplazium crassiusculum. Japanese plants are a hybrid of Diplazium crassiusculum and D. (=A.) mettenianum var. fauriei.
篦齿短肠蕨 bi chi duan chang jue
Diplazium stoliczkae Beddome var. hirsutipes Beddome, Handb. Ferns Brit. Ind. 182. 1883; Asplenium stoliczkae C. B. Clarke (1880), non Diplazium stoliczkae Beddome (1876); A. thelypterioides Michaux; D. thelypteroides (Michaux) Beddome (1865), non (Michaux) C. Presl (1836).
Plants evergreen, medium-sized. Rhizome variable in habit, slender and creeping, ascending to erect, erect rhizome with stipe remains ca. 3 cm in diam., apex and stipe base densely scaly; scales black-brown, linear, ca. 1.5 cm, membranous, with black, narrow, sparsely toothed margin; fronds distant, approximate to caespitose. Fertile fronds up to 1 m; stipe brown at base, upward stramineous, 1630 cm, 34 mm in diam., with linear brown scales throughout, upward scales gradually smaller and sparse, shallowly grooved adaxially; lamina 1-pinnate, broadly oblong-lanceolate, up to 50 Χ 25 cm at middle, apex acuminate; pinnae up to 25 pairs, contiguous, basal 1 or 2 pairs of pinnae slightly shortened, slightly reflexed, sessile, lanceolate, up to 14 Χ 2 cm at middle, base cuneate, pinnatifid, apex long acuminate; pinna lobes up to 22 pairs, slightly spreading or oblique, oblong, ca. 8 Χ 4 mm, margin serrate, sometimes entire, apex rounded; veins prominent, pinnate, veinlets ca. 7 pairs, simple, occasionally double, oblique. Lamina papery, brown, glabrous on both surfaces; rachis dark stramineous, grooved adaxially, rachis and costa abaxially with black or brown linear scales. Sori shortly linear, 15 pairs per each lobe, inframedial subcostular, mostly simple, double on basal acroscopic veinlet; indusia brown, thickly membranous, entire, persistent. Spores bean-shaped, perispore hyaline and wide, few rugate.
Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests; 18002700 m. Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, N Myanmar, E Nepal, Vietnam].
The type is from S Nepal.
Allantodia hirsutipes has been treated as a variety of A. stoliczdae from NE India (Kyasya); the latter are large plants, with the pinnae 2.53.5 cm wide, basal pinnae longer than upper pinnae, stipe and rachis glabrous, sori long, extending to margin.
鳞轴短肠蕨 lin zhou duan chang jue
Diplazium hirtipes H. Christ, Bull. Herb. Boissier 7: 11. 1899; Asplenium parallelosorum Baker; D. parallelosorum (Baker) C. Christensen; D. pellucidum Ching; D. insigne Ching (1940), not Holttum (1937).
Plants evergreen, medium-sized. Rhizome ascending to erect, robust; stipe densely scaly; scales brown, black-brown, or black, shiny, narrowly lanceolate, membranous, toothed at margin. Fronds caespitose; stipe with dense lanceolate black or black-brown scales, grooved adaxially; lamina 1-pinnate, oblong, apex acuminate; pinnae alternate or opposite, subspreading, lanceolate, base cuneate or broadly cuneate, usually enlarged to auriculate at acroscopic and basiscopic bases, sessile, pinnatilobate to pinnatifid, apex acuminate; upper pinnae adnate to rachis, lower pinnae slightly shortened; pinna lobes entire or subentire, truncate or rounded, rarely acute at apex; veins not prominent adaxially, visible abaxially, pinnate, veinlets simple, oblique, all reaching laminar margin. Lamina herbaceous, brown-green when dry; rachis stramineous, with dense linear brown, or black scales, grooved adaxially. Sori linear, slightly curved, usually 13 per pinna lobe, simple or forked, from midrib to 2/3 of veinlet length; indusia linear, membranous, entire, persistent. Spores hemispherical, perispore hyaline, wide, few rugate, not prominently granulate or rugate.
Understories of dense forests in valleys, beside shaded streamlets; 7002700 m. Chongqing, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan [N Vietnam].
Plants having stipe and rachis with dense black glossy scales have been named Allantodia hirtipes f. nigroplaleacea Ching, (Acta Phytotax. Sin. 36(4): 379. 1998) 黑鳞鳞轴短肠蕨 hei lin lin zhou duan chang jue. It occurs in understories of dense forests beside streamlets; 7001700 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Yunnan. The type is from Guizhou (Rongjiang).
海南短肠蕨 hai nan duan chang jue
Allantodia subsilvatica Ching.
Plants small to medium-sized. Rhizome robust, ascending, brown, with dense, fleshy, shortly fibrous roots, densely scaly; scales brown, lanceolate, ca. 5 mm, glandular hairy, thickly membranous; fronds caespitose. Fertile fronds 3070 cm; stipe brown at base, upward light stramineous, 1230 cm, 1.53 mm in diam., base sparsely scaly, upward glabrous, shallowly grooved adaxially; lamina nearly 1-imparipinnate, ovate-deltoid or oblong, 2040 Χ ca. 20 cm; apical pinna large, deltoid-lanceolate, 1011 Χ 22.4 cm at base, thinly[??] dentate, downward pinnatifid to pinnatipartite into ligulate-shaped oblong lobes, apex of lobes thinly[??] dentate and acuminate; lateral pinnae 48 pairs, slightly ascending, lanceolate, 1018 Χ 12 cm, base rounded or cuneate, margin shallowly lobed, apex acuminate and dentate; lobes round, each with 4 or 5 crenate teeth; basal pinnae opposite, slightly ascending, shortly stalked, upper pinnae sessile, further upper[??] pinnate adnate to rachis; veins pinnate, ascending, sparse. Lamina papery, green or gray-green when dry, glabrous on both surfaces; rachis and costa pale stramineous, glabrous, shallowly grooved adaxially. Sori linear, ca. 5 mm, sparse, slightly curved, from base upward to 2/33/4 of veinlet length, 24 per pinna lobe, single or double on basal acroscopic veinlet; indusia brown, linear, thinly membranous, persistent.
* Under bushes. Hainan (Changjiang).
黄志短肠蕨 huang zhi duan chang jue
Diplazium submettenianum Ching; D. wangii Ching.
Plants evergreen, medium-sized. Rhizome ascending, up to 10 cm, up to 1.5 cm in diam., with dense stiff black shortly robust roots, apex scaly; scales dark brown, linear-lanceolate, 45 mm, thickly membranous, base rounded, margin entire, apex long acuminate; fronds caespitose. Fertile fronds up to 65 cm; stipe black-brown at base, upward pale green-stramineous, ca. 30 cm, up to 3 mm in diam. at base, base slightly swollen, sparsely scaly, scales similar to those on rhizome, upward glabrous, shallowly grooved adaxially; lamina nearly 1-imparipinnate, oblong to oblong-oblanceolate, up to 35 Χ 15 cm at middle; apical pinna larger, lanceolate, up to 14 Χ 1.8 cm, pinnatilobate to rounded and oblique lobes with small serrate margin, base of apical pinna with usually nearly free oblong lobes, apex acuminate and serrate; lateral pinnae ca. 10 pairs, alternate, ascending, upper pinnae sessile, lower pinnae shortly stalked, lanceolate, up to 12 Χ 1.5 cm, base cuneate, margin biserrate, apex acuminate; veins prominent, each group 14-furcate, veinlets parallel, all reaching pinna margin, ascending; lamina thinly papery, glabrous, gray-green when dry; rachis and costa stramineous, shallowly grooved adaxially. Sori linear, slightly curved, contiguous, from costa to near margin, variably long, longer sori from costa upward to 2/3 of veinlet length; indusia light brown, thinly membranous, persistent.
* Understories of dense forests. Hainan.
The type is from Nanling.
大羽短肠蕨 da yu duan chang jue
Asplenium megaphyllum Baker, J. Bot. 28: 264. 1890; Diplazium macrophyllum Ching (1929), not Desvaux (1827); D. megaphyllum (Baker) H. Christ; D. megaphyllum var. subintegrifolia Tardieu.
Plants large to medium-sized. Rhizome usually robust and erect, brown, ca. 2 cm in diam., woody, occasionally creeping, apex like base of stipe, densely scaly; scales brown, linear-lanceolate to linear-diamond-shaped, ca. 8 mm, membranous, margin black, sparsely toothed, apex curly and filiform; fronds often caespitose, rarely approximate or sparse. Fertile fronds up to 1.5 m; stipe brown at base, upward green-stramineous, 3080 cm, up to 1 cm in diam., base densely scaly, upward gradually glabrous, broadly grooved adaxially; lamina 1-pinnate, oblong, 5090 Χ 2550 cm, base mostly pinnatipartite, apex deltoid, abruptly shortened and acuminate; lobes with acuminate or long acuminate apex; upward pinnatifid to pinnatilobate, lobes acute or rounded at apex; lateral pinnae 79 pairs, alternate, ascending, with stalk ca. 5 mm, base slightly asymmetric, shallowly cordate, few nearly symmetric, rounded-cuneate, margin with few sinuses or serrate, apex acuminate; veins prominent, slightly raised on both surfaces, pinnate, ascending, veinlets 46 on either side of main veins, ascending, simple, basiscopic 2 or 3 veinlets not reaching pinna margin. Lamina papery, usually dark green when dry, glabrous on both surfaces; rachis stramineous, glabrous, shallowly grooved adaxially; costa abaxially with sparse linear brown scales. Sori linear, 36 mm, 3 or 4 pairs per vein group, mostly single or sometimes double, inframedial or medial; indusia gray, linear, membranous, entire. Spores bean-shaped, perispore prominent, few rugate.
Understories of valley forests, beside streamlets, mostly in calcareous areas; 2001700 m. Chongqing, Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan [E Myanmar, N Vietnam].
The type is from Yunnan.
裂羽短肠蕨 yu lie duan chang jue
Asplenium pinnatifido-pinnatum Hooker, Sp. Fil. 3: 238. 1860[??1859]; Diplazium pinnatifido-pinnatum (Hooker) T. Moore.
Plants evergreen, medium-sized. Rhizome erect, black, ca. 1 cm in diam., with dense black-brown, stiff fleshy long stout roots, apex scaly; scales dark brown, lanceolate, ca. 4 mm, margin toothed; fronds caespitose. Fertile fronds up to 80 cm; stipe brown at base, upward green-stramineous, up to 40 cm, ca. 3 mm in diam., base sparsely scaly, scales similar to those on rhizome, upward glabrous, shallowly grooved adaxially; lamina 1-pinnate, downward pinnatilobate to pinnatisect, ovate or ovate-oblong, up to 40 Χ 20 cm, apex abruptly narrowed, acuminate; lateral pinnae up to 10 pairs, alternate, ascending, sickle-shaped lanceolate, up to 15 Χ 3 cm, base cuneate, symmetric, margin broadly shallowly serrate, apex acuminate; basal 3 or 4 pairs of pinnae with stalk ca. 2 mm, upward gradually sessile. Veins visible, pinnate, veinlets 3 or 4 pairs per vein, simple, markedly ascending. Lamina stiffly papery, mostly gray-green on adaxial surface, light gray-green abaxially, glabrous on both surfaces; rachis stramineous or light green stramineous, glabrous, shallowly grooved adaxially. Sori linear, up to 8 mm, usually 2 pairs per vein, simple or double on basal acroscopic veinlet, from base of veinlet or near base upward ascending, not reaching pinna margin; indusia light brown, linear, membranous, entire, persistent. Spores bean-shaped, perispore thin, prominent and average large aperture ornamentation.
Shaded understories of tropical forests; 300800 m. Hainan, S and SE Yunnan [NE India (Assam), Myanmar, Vietnam].
The type is from India (Assam, Mishmee).
金平短肠蕨 jin ping duan chang jue
Plants evergreen, medium-sized. Rhizome ascending, apex scaly; scales brown, lanceolate, ca. 6 mm, margin black, toothed, apex slightly curly; fronds caespitose. Fertile fronds 8090 cm; stipe dark brown at base, upward light green, 2530 cm, 23 mm in diam., base sparsely scaly, upward glabrous; lamina 1-pinnate with pinnatilobate pinnae, deltoid, 5560 Χ 3040 cm, apex acuminate; pinnae 58 pairs, ascending, lanceolate, up to ca. 23 Χ 4 cm, base asymmetric with basal adaxial and abaxial lobes alternate, pinnatilobate to pinnatifid, apex long acuminate; basal pinnae nearly similar to and as long as upper pinnae, with stalk up to 2 cm; pinna lobes up to 15 pairs, ascending, broadly deltoid, margin shallowly crenate or shallowly repand, apex rounded; veins pinnate, veinlets up to 10 pairs, mostly simple or forked, ascending. Lamina papery when dry, green, glabrous adaxially; rachis, costa, and veins abaxially with thin small scales and multicellular short hairs; sori linear, up to 8 pairs per lobe, from base upward to 1/2 of veinlet length, single or double on basic acroscopic veinlet; indusia brown, membranous, entire; spores reniform, perispore thickly anastomosing ornamentation.
* Forest understories; ca. 1900 m. SE Yunnan (Jinping).
Allantodia jinpingensis is similar to a 1-pinnate-leaved A. dilatata, but differs by the scales lanceolate, acuminate, and perispore with thickly anastomosing ornamentation; in the latter species, the scales are linear-lanceolate, apically long linear, perispore with granulate and few rugate ornamentation.
长羽柄短肠蕨 chang yu bing duan chang jue
Diplazium siamense C. Christensen, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 26: 332. 1931.
Plants evergreen, medium-sized. Rhizome ascending to erect, apex densely scaly; scales dark brown, linear-lanceolate; stipe green-stramineous or stramineous, 3560 cm, 24 mm in diam., upward with narrowly long scales, becoming glabrous; lamina 1-pinnate, oblong, 3560 Χ 3040 cm, apex abruptly narrowed, apical part of lamina up to 20 cm, pinnatilobate, long acuminate; lateral pinnae 69 pairs, alternate, ascending, 1525 Χ 1.54 cm, lower pinnae with stalk more than 2 cm; basal pinnae similar to and as long as upper pinnae, pinnatilobate to pinnatifid, lanceolate, base slightly narrower than or nearly as wide as middle part, mostly asymmetric or nearly symmetric, broadly cuneate or cuneate, apex long acuminate; basal acroscopic and basiscopic lobes mostly opposite or nearly opposite; pinna lobes up to 20 pairs, ascending, approximate or contiguous, oblong sickle-shaped, dentate or shallowly repand, oblique-rounded at apex; veins pinnate per lobes, veinlets 10 pairs, usually simple, few forked, ascending. Lamina papery when dry, green, dark adaxially, glabrous on both surfaces; rachis stramineous or green-stramineous. Sori linear, from near midrib to around middle of veinlet, up to 8 pairs, often single or double on basal acroscopic veinlet; indusia brown when mature, membranous, entire. Spores nearly reniform, perispore hyaline and broad, few rugate.
Tropical mountain areas, understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests; 13001700 m. S Yunnan (Jinghong, Mengla, Xishuangbanna) [N and NE Thailand].
The type is from N Thailand.
Allantodia siamensis is similar to an A. dilatata with 1-pinnate fronds, but differs by the lower pinnae nearly symmetric at base and apical part of lamina gradually linear-lanceolate; in the latter species, the lower pinnae prominently asymmetric at base and apical part of lamina deltoid-lanceolate.
疏裂短肠蕨 shu lie duan chang jue
Diplazium incompta Tagawa, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 3: 35. 1934.
Plants evergreen, medium-sized. Rhizome ascending to erect, black-brown, apex like base of stipe, scaly; scales black, ovate-lanceolate, 35 Χ 1.52 mm, margin toothed; fronds caespitose. Fertile fronds up to 70 cm, stipe brown at base, upward green-stramineous, 2035 cm, ca. 3 mm in diam., base sparsely scaly, upward glabrous, grooved adaxially; lamina 1-pinnate with pinnatipartite pinnae, deltoid-oblong, 5060 Χ ca. 25 cm at middle, apex acuminate; pinnae ca. 12 pairs, alternate, spreading, lanceolate, base cuneate or cordate, with stalk ca. 5 mm, margin pinnatipartite to costa, apex acuminate or acute; middle pinnae 1315 Χ ca. 3 cm, basal pinnae shorter; pinna lobes ca. 10 pairs, spreading, distant, oblong, 1.52 cm Χ ca. 7 mm, base slightly narrowed, crenate, apex rounded, crenate; veins pinnate, veinlets forked, ascending. Lamina herbaceous, dark green adaxially when dry, gray-green abaxially, rachis green-stramineous; rachis and costae abaxially with sparse, lanceolate, dark brown scales. Sori linear, slightly curved, ca. 4 mm, single or double; indusia brown, linear, membranous, entire, persistent.
Taiwan (Taibei) [Japan].
The type is from Taiwan (Taibei).
网脉短肠蕨 wang mai duan chang jue
Diplazium stenochlamys C. Christensen, Index Filic. 240. 1905; Asplenium platyphyllum Baker (1890), not J. Smith (1859).
Plants evergreen, medium-sized. Rhizome erect, ca. 1.5 cm in diam., woody, apex and stipe base scaly; scales brown, toothed, lanceolate; fronds caespitose. Fertile fronds up to 1 m; stipe brown or light brown, 1540 cm, 28 mm in diam., nearly fleshy, flattened when dry, upward without scales; lamina 1-pinnate or base 2-pinnate, deltoid or oblong, 2060 Χ 1530 cm, apex acuminate; pinnae 47 pairs, alternate, subspreading or ascending, basal 1 or 2 pairs of pinnae oblong, 923 Χ 3.57 cm, base nearly truncate, with stalk 515 mm, pinnatilobate 2/3 to costa or only irregularly serrate, apex shortly acute; pinna lobes 46 pairs, subspreading, contiguous, narrowly ovate, base occasionally with acroscopic, stalked free pinnule, entire, rounded or acute at apex; veins prominent on both surfaces, pinnate, veinlets usually 7 or 8 pairs, basal 1 or 2 veinlets connected into excurrent veinlets, basal areoles deltoid (pentagonal) or tetragonal. Lamina thinly papery, brown-green when dry, glabrous on both surfaces, rachis green-brown or pale brown. Sori long linear, variably long, from near midrib to pinna margin, single or double; indusia yellow-brown, membranous, persistent. Spores bean-shaped, perispore prominent and hyaline, with granulate ornamentation on surface.
Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests, beside streamlets; 100900 m. SE Yunnan [N Vietnam].
The type is from Vietnam.
阔片短肠蕨 kuo pian duan chang jue
Athyrium matthewii Copeland, Philipp. J. Sci., Bot.[?C] 3: 278. 1908; Diplazium grosselobatum C. Christensen; D. matthewii (Copeland) C. Christensen.
Plants evergreen, medium-sized. Rhizome creeping, brown, 12.5 mm in diam., densely scaly at apex, then glabrous; scales brown, lanceolate, ca. 1 cm, membranous, sparsely toothed at margin; fronds approximate. Fertile fronds up to 1 m; stipe brown at base, upward light green-stramineous, up to 40 cm, 610 mm in diam., base with sparse lanceolate brown scales, upward glabrous, shallowly grooved adaxially; lamina 1- or 2-pinnate at base, deltoid, up to 70 Χ 50 cm at base, acuminate; pinnae ca. 8 pairs, alternate, ascending, broadly lanceolate, up to 30 Χ 12 cm, base broad, slightly asymmetric, truncate or shallowly cordate, with stalk up to 2 cm, pinnatilobate to narrowly ovate or oblong broad lobes, or basal 1 pair of lobes broad and shortly stalked, apex acuminate; pinna lobes up to 12 pairs, alternate, spreading, up to 8 Χ 2.4 cm, base truncate, basal basiscopic lobe larger, margin crenate or subentire near base, apex shortly acuminate, acute, or rounded; veins not prominent adaxially, visible abaxially, pinnate, veinlets 35 pairs, simple, ascending, occasionally 1 basal pair united. Lamina herbaceous, glabrous on both surfaces; rachis light green-stramineous or dark stramineous, glabrous, shallowly grooved adaxially. Sori linear, ascending, 1 or 2 pairs, simple or double, from midrib to 2/3 of veinlet length or nearly to pinna margin; indusia brown, linear, membranous, entire, persistent. Spores hemispherical, perispore prominent, slightly rugate on surface.
Forest understories beside streamlets; ca. 300 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi [N Vietnam].
The type is from Hong Kong (Dawu Shan).
深裂短肠蕨 shen lie duan chang jue
Diplazium metcalfii Ching, Lingnan Sci. J. 15: 277. 1936.
Plants medium-sized. Rhizome short and erect, apex like base of stipe, densely scaly; scales brown, linear-lanceolate, ca. 1 cm, membranous, margin black, toothed; fronds caespitose. Fertile fronds 80100 cm; stipe brown at base, upward stramineous, 3040 cm, 45 mm in diam., nearly glabrous, shallowly grooved adaxially; lamina 1-pinnate with pinnatipartite pinnules or 2-pinnate at base, deltoid-ovate, up to 60 Χ 45 cm at base, apex acuminate; pinnae 812 pairs, alternate, ascending, ca. 9 cm apart, with stalk ca. 2 cm; lower pinnae narrowly oblong-lanceolate, 3035 Χ 57 cm, base slightly shortened, truncate, pinnatipartite or pinnatisect to costa, apex acuminate; middle to distal parts with shallowly deltoid or dentate lobes; pinna lobes 1015 pairs, spreading, contiguous, imbricate, ovate-oblong, entire, 23 Χ ca. 1.5 cm, base narrowed and cuneate, adnate to narrow wings, basal 1 pair of pinna lobes sometimes completely free, adnate[??], apex shortly acuminate; veins prominent, pinnate, veinlets 810 pairs, ascending, mostly forked, apical veinlets simple. Lamina thinly herbaceous, dark brown adaxially when dry, glabrous; rachis stramineous, deeply grooved adaxially, rachis and costa abaxially with brown linear scales. Sori linear, up to 1 cm, 68 pairs per lobe, ± approximate, ascending, from midrib to near lamina margin; indusia brown, linear, membranous, persistent.
* Below mountains[??at foot of mountains or mountain valleys], wet areas. N Guangdong (Wengyuan).
百山祖短肠蕨 bai shan zu duan chang jue
Fertile fronds up to 80 cm; stipe stramineous, up to 33 cm, 12 mm in diam., base slightly scaly; scales brown, lanceolate or linear, entire; lamina 1-pinnate with pinnules pinnatilobate or base nearly 2-pinnate, ovate-deltoid, up to 45 Χ 30 cm, base subtruncate, apex acuminate; pinnae up to 10 pairs, alternate or subopposite, slightly ascending; basal pinnae oblong-lanceolate, base slightly cordate, with stalk up to 1 cm; upper pinnae lanceolate, base broadly cuneate, sessile or shortly stalked; basal pinnae larger, up to 20 Χ 7 cm, pinnatipartite to pinnatisect, middle basiscopic lobes longer; lobes oblong or ovate-oblong, margin crenate, sometimes shallowly pinnatilobate, apex rounded; veins slightly visible on adaxial surface, prominent abaxially, veinlets up to 10 pairs, simple or forked, sometimes pinnate. Lamina submembranous when dry, green, dark on adaxial surface, glabrous, abaxial side with brown scales. Sori shortly linear, mostly single, medial-intramedial; indusia brown, membranous, entire.
* S Zhejiang (Baizu Shan, Qingyuan).
Allantodia baishanzuensis is similar to A. squamigera, but differs by the lamina longer than wide, 1-pinnate with pinnatipartite pinnules or base nearly 2-pinnate, upper part of stipe and rachis nearly glabrous, and scales entire.
甘肃短肠蕨 gan su duan chang jue
Plants evergreen, medium-sized. Rhizome ascending, ca. 1.5 cm in diam., apex like base of stipe, sparsely scaly; scales brown, broadly lanceolate, ca. 5 mm, margin sparsely toothed; fronds caespitose. Fertile fronds 6080 cm; stipe black at base, upward stramineous, 3040 cm, 23 mm in diam.; lamina 2-pinnate with pinnules pinnatifid, deltoid-oblong, as long as stipe, 2530 cm wide at base, apex acuminate; pinnae 710 pairs, alternate, stalked, spreading, broadly lanceolate, basal pinnae as large as second basal pinnae, up to 18 Χ 67 cm at base, apex acuminate; pinnules 810 pairs, subopposite, spreading, oblong-lanceolate, basal pinnules larger, 34 Χ ca. 1.5 cm, base asymmetric, acroscopically auriculate, truncate, parallel to rachis, basiscopically cuneate and decurrent to costa, pinnatilobate to pinnatifid, apex acuminate; pinnule lobes subdeltoid, margin serrate; veins prominent, pinnate, simple or forked. Lamina papery, glabrous on both surfaces. Sori linear, 3 or 4 pairs per lobe, single or double on basal acroscopic veinlets, nearly reaching lobe margin; indusia gray-brown, linear, membranous, persistent.
* Forest understories; ca. 2100 m. Gansu (Tielouhanlingou, Wenxian).
鳞柄短肠蕨 lin bing duan chang jue
Asplenium squamigerum Mettenius, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 2: 239. 1866; Athyrium squamigerum (Mettenius) Ohwi; Diplazium squamigerum (Mettenius) Matsumune [??(Mettenius) H. Christ (1905)]; D. yangpieense Ching.
Plants evergreen, medium-sized. Rhizome creeping, ascending to erect, black-brown, apex densely scaly; scales yellow-brown or black-brown, broadly lanceolate, 710 mm, membranous, toothed at margin; fronds distant to caespitose. Fertile fronds 3080(110) cm; stipe brown at base, upward stramineous, 2035(50) cm, 24 mm in diam., base with scales similar to those on rhizome, upward with sparse small scales, shallowly grooved adaxially; lamina 2-pinnate with pinnules pinnatilobate or not lobate, occasionally 1-pinnate with pinnules pinnatipartite, broadly ovate-deltoid, 2040(60) Χ 1530(50) cm, apex acuminate; pinnae 510 pairs, slightly ascending, broadly oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, lower pinnae nearly opposite; basal pinnae largest, oblong or broadly oblong-lanceolate, 1020(35) Χ 58(10) cm at middle, base cuneate, with stalk up to 3 cm, apex long acuminate; upper pinnae alternate, lanceolate, sessile or subsessile; pinnules 510 pairs, alternate, spreading, sessile or shortly stalked, ovate or ovate-deltoid to lanceolate, 3.5(7) Χ 1.52 cm at base, upward gradually narrower, base cuneate, slightly asymmetric, pinnatilobate to pinnatifid, apex shortly acuminate or rounded; basal pinnule lobes small, acroscopic lobe smaller; pinnule lobes oblong, ca. 5 or 6 pairs, ascending, rounded at apex, entire or slightly crenate; veins pinnate, visible abaxially, veinlets dark colored, glabrous on both surfaces; rachis and costae stramineous, shallowly grooved adaxially, sparsely scaly; scales dark brown or yellow-brown, lanceolate. Sori linear, slightly curved, medial-inframedial, single or double on basic acroscopic veinlets; indusia gray-brown, thinly membranous, entire, persistent. Spores reniform, perispore prominent, not rugate. 2n = 160.
Understories of broad-leaved forests; 8003000 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [N India, Japan, Korea].
The type is from Japan.
黑鳞短肠蕨 hei lin duan chang jue
Plants evergreen, medium-sized. Rhizome slender, creeping, black, 23 mm in diam., apex scaly; scales brown or black-brown, shiny, broadly lanceolate, sparsely toothed at margin; lamina separate or approximate. Fertile fronds up to 80 cm; stipe black at base, upward stramineous, up to 45 cm, lower part with sparse scales similar to those on rhizome; lamina 2-pinnate with pinnules pinnatipartite, broadly deltoid, as long as wide, up to 35 cm, apex acuminate; pinnae more than 10 pairs, alternate, slightly ascending, broadly oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, basal pinnae large, up to 18 Χ 8 cm, narrowed to base, stalked, apex acuminate; pinnules more than 10 pairs, subspreading, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, base broadly cuneate or subtruncate, shortly stalked or sessile, apex usually acuminate; basal 2 or 3 pairs of pinnules shortened, often narrowly ovate, apex obtuse; middle pinnules larger, up to 3.5 Χ 1 cm, pinnatipartite; pinnule lobes up to ca. 10 pairs, oblong, margin crenate or subentire, occasionally pinnatilobate, apex rounded; basal 1 or 2 pairs of lobes sometimes nearly free; veins pinnate, slightly raised and prominent abaxially, visible adaxially, usually purple-brown, veinlets up to ca. 5 pairs per lobe, simple or forked, reaching lobe margin. Lamina herbaceous when dry, green or brown-green; rachis and costae stramineous, costae, costules, and midribs abaxially ± gray-white soft hairs, more densely hairy when young or fronds glabrous. Sori oblong, up to 3 pairs per lobe, medial-supramedial, single or double on basal acroscopic veinlets; indusia light brown, membranous, opening acroscopically, erose at margin, persistent.
Understories of mixed broad-leaved-coniferous forests and broad-leaved forests; 11003000 m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Japan, Korea, Russia; N Europe].
1a. Rachis and costa abaxially with white soft hairs ........................................... 41a. var. crenata
1b. Lamina adaxially glabrous, without hairs ........................................................ 41b. var. glabra
黑鳞短肠蕨(原变种) hei lin duan chang jue (yuan bian zhong)
Aspidium crenatum Sommerfelt, Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Handl. 1834: 104. 1835; Asplenium sibiricum Turczaninow ex Kunze; Athyrium crenatum (Sommerfelt) Ruprecht ex Nylander [??authors]; A. idoneum Komarov; A. mite H. Christ; Diplazium sibiricum (Turczaninow ex Kunze) Sa. Kurata.
Fronds with hyaline hairs.
Understories of mixed broad-leaved coniferous forests and broad-leaved forests; 11003000 m. Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shanxi [Japan, Korea, Russia; N Europe].
The type is from Russia.
无毛黑鳞短肠蕨 wu mao hei lin duan chang jue
Athyrium crenatum (Sommerfelt) Ruprecht var. glabrum Tagawa, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 11: 238. 1942; Diplazium sibiricum (Turczaninow ex Kunze) Sa. Kurata var. glabrum (Tagawa) Sa. Kurata.
Fronds glabrous.
Understories of mixed broad-leaved -coniferous forests and broad-leaved forests; 14003000 m. Gansu, Henan, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Japan, Korea].
The type is from Japan.
卵叶短肠蕨 luan ye duan chang jue
Diplazium leptophyllum Baker ex H. Christ in C. Christensen, Ind. Fil. Suppl. 1: 103. 1916, based on Asplenium leptophyllum Baker (1906), non Swartz et al. (1791), nor Fιe (1857, nom illeg.).
Plants evergreen, medium-sized. Rhizome creeping, densely scaly; scales black, linear-lanceolate, ca. 1 cm, entire, apex filiform, slightly curly; fronds approximate. Fertile frond up to 1 m; stipe brown at base, upward stramineous, ca. 40 cm, base sparsely scaly, upward subglabrous; lamina 2-pinnate with pinnules pinnatipartite, deltoid-ovate, up to ca. 50 Χ 45 cm at base, apex acuminate; pinnae up to 8 pairs, alternate, spreading, lower pinnae 810 cm apart; basal pinnae broadly lanceolate, up to 35 Χ 12 cm, base crenate, with stalk up to 5 cm, apex acuminate; pinnules up to 12 pairs, alternate, slightly ascending, sickle-shaped lanceolate, ca. 10 Χ 3 cm, base shallowly cordate, with stalk up to 8 mm, pinnatipartite, apex acuminate; pinnule lobes up to 10 pairs, oblong, up to 2 Χ 1.4 cm, margin dentate or shallowly pinnatifid, apex obtuse; basal lobes largest, basiscopic lobe ovate-oblong, nearly pinnatifid; veins prominent, pinnate, veinlets 5 or 6 pairs per each lobe, 2- or 3-furcate, ascending. Lamina herbaceous, yellow-green when dry, glabrous on both surfaces; rachis and costae stramineous, glabrous, shallowly grooved adaxially. Sori linear, 46 mm, 6 or 7 pairs per lobe, inframedial, from midrib to near lobe margin, usually double or forked; indusia light brown, linear, membranous, persistent. Spores bean-shaped, perispore indistinguishable, with dense aculeate ornamentation on surface.
Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests; 12001400 m. S and W Yunnan (Longling, Menghai, Tengchong) [Bhutan, Myanmar, N Thailand].
The type is from Yunnan.
The type specimen is A. Henry, anno.[??] 1900, recorded to be collected from Simao, S Yunnan, but most likely collected from Xishuangbanna, Menghai. This species is very common in Menghai under secondary mixed broad-leaved -coniferous forests and evergreen broad-leaved forests at as high elevations as A. Henrys record (5000 ft. = 1524 m).
格林短肠蕨 gel in duan chang jue
Plants evergreen, large to medium-sized. Rhizome erect, apex densely scaly; scales dark brown, membranous, margin black, narrow and toothed; fronds caespitose. Fertile frond up to 1 m or longer; stipe black-brown at base, ca. 50 cm, ca. 5 mm in diam., with sparse scales similar to those on rhizome; lamina 2-pinnate, ovate-deltoid, ca. 65 Χ 45 cm, apex acuminate; pinnae ca. 10 pairs, alternate, slightly ascending, oblong, up to 25 Χ 12 cm, with stalk up to 2.5 cm, apex long acuminate; lower pinnae pinnatilobate, upper pinnae shallowly incised or subentire; fifth or upper pairs of pinnae shallowly lobed into round lobes or entire, lanceolate, gradually shortened to 5 cm, ca. 1.5 cm wide, base broader, asymmetric, rounded-cuneate; pinnules up to 6 pairs, sessile, shortly lanceolate, up to 7 Χ 1.5 cm, base slightly asymmetric, rounded-truncate or subtruncate, entire, acuminate at apex; basal 1 or 2 pairs of pinnules slightly shortened; veins pinnate, slightly visible. Lamina brown-green when dry, thickly papery, glabrous adaxially, costules and midribs abaxially with brown, lanceolate scales. Sori and indusia brown, linear, mostly single, few double, inframedial, from midrib to nearly 1/2 of veinlet length, easily deciduous.
* Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests; SE Xizang (Motuo).
褐柄短肠蕨 he bing duan chang jue
Diplazium petelotii Tardieu, Asplen. Tonkin, 66. 1932.
Plants evergreen, medium-sized. Rhizome erect, brown, ca. 1 cm in diam., with dense, brown, stiff, fleshy, thick roots, apex like base of stipe, densely scaly; scales brown, linear-lanceolate, 67 mm, membranous, entire; fronds caespitose. Fertile frond up to 1.2 m; stipe brown at base, upward green-brown, 3540 cm, 67 mm in diam., base scaly, upward subglabrous, shallowly grooved adaxially; lamina 2-pinnatilobate to pinnatisect, or lower part of middle pinnae 1-pinnate, ovate-deltoid, up to 90 Χ 50 cm, apex acuminate; pinnae up to 12 pairs, slightly ascending, lanceolate, broadly oblong-lanceolate, or broadly deltoid-lanceolate, apex acuminate; basal 1 pair or 2 pairs of pinnae usually shorter; middle pinnae largest, up to 30 Χ 15 cm, lower 1 to 5 pairs of pinnules sessile or adnate; pinnules up to 15 pairs, oblong and acute, or lanceolate and long acuminate, up to 7 Χ 1.5 cm, base broadly cuneate, repand or obliquely crenate, slightly falcate; pinnule lobes mostly shallowly repand; veins visible on both surfaces, pinnate, veinlets 13 pairs, veinlets simple, ascending. Lamina herbaceous, brown-green when dry, glabrous on both surfaces; rachis green-brown, glabrous, shallowly grooved adaxially; costae abaxially occasionally with linear brown scales. Sori linear, 34 mm, up to 6 pairs, inframedial, from midrib to 1/22/3 of veinlet length, single or double on basal acroscopic veinlet; indusia brown, linear, membranous, entire, persistent.
Understories of dense forests beside streamlets; 100400 m. Guizhou (Libo), SE Yunnan (Hekou, Jinping) [N Thailand, N Vietnam].
The type is from N Vietnam.
楔羽短肠蕨 xie yu duan chang jue
Plants evergreen, medium-sized. Rhizome erect, black-brown, apex with sparse scales and verrucose protuberances; scales dark brown, broadly lanceolate, ca. 6 mm, entire; fronds caespitose. Fertile frond up to 1 m or longer; stipe gray-stramineous, up to 60 cm, ca. 5 mm in diam., glabrous, grooved above, base with sparse scales and verrucose processes; lamina 2-pinnate with pinnules pinnatifid, ovate-oblong, up to 80 Χ 60 cm, apex acuminate; pinnae up to 10 pairs, alternate, ascending, with stalk up to 3 cm, broadly oblong-lanceolate, up to 30 Χ 18 cm, base truncate, apex long acuminate; pinnules ca. 10 pairs, ascending, alternate, lower pinnules subsessile, upper pinnules ± adnate[??connate], deltoid-lanceolate, up to 10 Χ 2 cm, base wider on both sides, broadly cuneate, pinnatilobate 1/41/3 from margin, apex long acuminate; pinnule lobes ascending, oblong, up to 6 mm wide, entire or shallowly crenate; veins prominent, pinnate, veinlets simple, up to 5 pairs per lobe, oblique. Lamina papery, light brown when dry, glabrous on both surfaces; rachis and costae glabrous, shallowly grooved adaxially. Sori shortly linear, slightly curved, usually single per lobe (1 or 2 pairs per basal lobe), 35 mm, costular from costa to usually 2/3 of veinlet length, opening acroscopically; indusia light brown, linear, membranous, entire, ± persistent when mature.
* Forest understories. Hainan (Jianshan, Lingshui).
棕鳞短肠蕨 zong lin duan chang jue
Allantodia forrestii Ching ex Z. R. Wang.
Plants evergreen, large. Rhizome ascending, black-brown, up to 5 cm in diam., apex scaly; scales dense, loose, yellow-brown, slightly shiny, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 11.5 cm, margin minutely toothed; fronds caespitose. Fertile frond up to 2 m; stipe black-brown at base, upward yellow-brown, up to 1 m, up to 8 mm in diam., base densely scaly, scales similar to those on rhizome, upward sparsely scaly; scales yellow-brown, linear-lanceolate to linear; lamina 2-pinnate, broadly ovate-deltoid or deltoid, up to 1 m Χ 90 cm; pinnae up to 14 pairs, alternate, ascending; lower pinnae oblong-lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, up to 50 Χ 25 cm, with stalk up to 3 cm, apex acuminate, distal part shallowly incised; upper pinnae gradually shortened, lanceolate, pinnatilobate or entire, similar to and as large as pinnules of lower pinnae; pinnules up to 13 pairs, alternate, subspreading, oblong-lanceolate, up to 12 Χ 2.5 cm, base shallowly cordate, rounded, or nearly truncate, mostly shortly stalked, lobed to rounded-lobed, or incised, apex acuminate or long acuminate, in small plants margin subentire; veins pinnate, veinlets less than 5 pairs, simple, ascending, basal veinlets curved. Lamina thickly papery when dry, green, lighter abaxially; rachis and costae abaxially with sparse linear yellow-brown scales, costules and midribs abaxially with thin, yellow-brown, membranous scales. Sori linear, 16 on either side of midrib, mostly double, from midrib to 2/3 of veinlet length; indusia yellow-brown, membranous, margin entire when young, then gradually erose or lacerate. Spores nearly reniform, perispore hyaline and prominent, few rugate.
Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests; 14002100 m. Xizang (Motuo), NW and W Yunnan (Fugong, Gongshan, Tengchong) [NE India, N Myanmar].
The type is from Xizang (Motuo).
Allantodia subintegra is similar to A. diatata, but differs by the scales yellow-brown, not black at margin, stipe and rachis densely scaly, pinnules incised or subentire, sori mostly double, and sori linear from midrib to below margin. It is also similar to A. glingensis (type also collected from Xizang (Motuo), but differs by the scales without black narrow margin.
镰羽短肠蕨 lian yu duan chang jue
Diplazium griffithii T. Moore, Index Fil. 330. 1861; Athyrium griffithii (T. Moore) Milde; Diplazium veitchii sensu C. Christensen (??year), non H. Christ (1906).
Plants evergreen, medium-sized. Rhizome creeping, black-brown, up to ca. 1 cm in diam., apex densely scaly; scales black or black-brown, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, thickly membranous, distal margin toothed; fronds approximate to caespitose. Fertile frond 0.51 m; stipe black-brown at base, upward stramineous or green-stramineous, 2050 cm, 23 mm in diam., base with sparse scales similar to those on rhizome, upward glabrous, shallowly grooved adaxially; lamina 1-pinnate with pinnae pinnatifid to pinnatisect, or lower part 2-pinnate, deltoid, 2050 Χ 2030 cm at base, apex acuminate; pinnae 810 pairs, alternate, slightly ascending or spreading, sickle-shaped lanceolate, asymmetric (wider on basiscopic side), up to 20 Χ 35 cm, stalked (stalk ca. 2 cm), base shallowly cordate or broadly cuneate, pinnatipartite or pinnate on basiscopic side, apex caudate or long acuminate; free pinnules of lower pinnae 1 or 2 pairs, pinna lobes up to ca. 15 pairs, subspreading, approximate or contiguous, sickle-shaped lanceolate or nearly oblong, margin serrate, occasionally pinnatilobate, apex shortly acuminate or rounded; veins visible abaxially, not prominent adaxially, pinnate; veinlets of lower pinnae usually 2-furcate, ascending. Lamina firmly herbaceous when dry, gray-green, glabrous on both surfaces; rachis green-stramineous, glabrous, shallowly grooved adaxially. Sori shortly linear, from costule or near costule to below lamina margin, up to 10 pairs per pinna lobe, mostly single or double on basal acroscopic veinlet, or occasionally forked; indusia brown when mature, membranous, entire, opening acroscopically, persistent. Spores bean-shaped, perispore hyaline, few rugate.
Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests; 10001900 m. W Guangxi (Baise), S Guizhou, S Hunan (Wugang), SE Yunnan (Jinping, Maguan, Yuanyang) [NE India, N Vietnam].
The type is from India (Assam).
假镰羽短肠蕨 jia lian yu duan chang jue
Diplazium petri Tardieu, Asplen. Tonkin 67[??66]. 1932; Allantodia jiulungshanensis Chiu & Yao ex Ching; Athyrium petrii (Tardieu) Ohwi; D. maximum (D. Don) C. Christensen var. formosanum Rosenstock; D. triangulare Tagawa.
Plants evergreen, medium-sized. Rhizome creeping, black, apex densely scaly, with dense black-brown stiff roots on adaxial side; scales black, linear-lanceolate, thick, margin minutely toothed; fronds approximate. Fertile fronds up to 1.3 m; stipe black at base, upward brown-stramineous or green-stramineous, up to 65 cm, 23 mm in diam., base sparsely scaly, scales similar to those on rhizome, upward glabrous, shallowly grooved adaxially; lamina 1-pinnate with pinnae pinnatisect or lower pinnae 2-pinnate, deltoid, up to 65 Χ 50 cm, apex acuminate; pinnae usually 812 pairs, slightly ascending, alternate; lower pinnae usually opposite or subopposite, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, up to 20 Χ 8 cm, with stalk up to 4 cm, base truncate, pinnatisect or 1-pinnate, apex long acuminate; upper pinnae lanceolate, base broadly cuneate, shortly stalked or sessile, pinnatifid to pinnatipartite; free pinnules up to 5 pairs, alternate, sessile, sickle-shaped lanceolate, occasionally oblong, up to 5 cm Χ 515 mm at base, margin dentate or pinnatilobate, apex acuminate or rounded; veins pinnate, prominent on adaxial surface, visible abaxially, veinlets usually forked, ascending, reaching lobe margin. Lamina firmly papery when dry, light green or gray-green abaxially, dark green or pale brown green adaxially, glabrous on both surfaces; rachis brown-stramineous or green-stramineous, costae and costules green-stramineous, glabrous. Sori shortly linear, usually single or double, ascending, not reaching margin; indusia brown when mature, membranous, entire, opening acroscopically, persistent. Spores nearly reniform, perispore prominent, few rugate, granulate ornamentation.
Tropical and subtropical mountains, understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests; 10001800 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [S Japan (Ryukyu Islands), Philippines, N Vietnam].
The type is from N Vietnam (Shaba).
Allantodia petri is similar to A. griffithii, but differs by the pinnae nearly symmetric, and many free pinnules in the lower pinnae.
西藏短肠蕨 xi zang duan chang jue
Plants evergreen, large to medium-sized. Rhizome creeping, black-brown; fronds sparse to caespitose. Fertile fronds up to 1.6 m; stipe black-brown at base, upward brown or pale brown, up to 80 cm, up to 7 mm in diam., sparsely scaly; scales brown, lanceolate, thickly membranous, margin sparsely toothed; lamina 2- or 3-pinnate, deltoid, up to 80 Χ 60 cm, apex acuminate; pinnae ca. 610 pairs, alternate; basal 3 pairs of pinnae oblong, slightly ascending, up to 40 Χ 20 cm, base slightly narrowed, with stalk ca. 1 cm, pinnate, apex acuminate; middle pinnae ovate-lanceolate, pinnatilobate to pinnatifid, acuminate at apex; upper pinnae lanceolate, margin shallowly incised or subentire, base broader, shallowly cordate or broadly crenate, shortly stalked or sessile, ± auriculate; pinnules 8 pairs, lanceolate or narrowly ovate, up to 10 Χ 2.5 cm, base broader, broadly cuneate or subtruncate, sessile or subsessile, margin shallowly incised or repand, or entire, apex acuminate; lobes of lower pinnae up to ca. 9 pairs, oblong and rounded, or subdeltoid, slightly falcate, entire, acute at apex; veins prominent abaxially, slightly visible adaxially, veinlets simple, few forked, oblique, up to 6 pairs at base of pinnule. Lamina thinly membranous when dry, pale abaxially, dark brown-green adaxially; rachis, costae, and costules abaxially sparsely scaly; scales brown, lanceolate, toothed. Sori linear, subcostular or inframedial, from costule or near costule to 1/22/3 of veinlet length, single or double on basal acroscopic veinlets; indusia brown, membranous, lacerate, opening acroscopically when mature. Spores reniform, perispore prominent, few rugate.
* Understories of broad-leaved forests; 9001900 m. SE Xizang (Motuo).
四棱短肠蕨 si leng duan chang jue
Plants evergreen, large. Rhizome erect, trunk up to 40 cm tall, up to 10 cm in diam., apex densely scaly; scales dark brown, linear-lanceolate, margin black, sparsely toothed; fronds caespitose. Fertile frond up to 2 m; stipe green, shorter than lamina, quadrangular (rachis also quadrangular, costae terete), up to 5 mm in diam., base slightly scaly; lamina 2-pinnate with pinnules pinnatilobate, ovate-oblong, up to 1.5 m, apex acuminate; lateral pinnae up to 13 pairs, alternate, slightly ascending, base truncate, apex acuminate; lower pinnae broadly lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, up to 50 Χ 20 cm, with stalk up to 5 cm; pinnules up to 14 pairs, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, up to 10 Χ 3 cm, base truncate, pinnatilobate or incised, apex acuminate; lower pinnules shortly stalked; pinnule lobes up to 10 pairs, slightly ascending, slightly crenate, truncate at apex; veins pinnate, veinlets 7 pairs per lobe, ascending, simple, occasionally forked. Lamina papery when dry, green, glabrous on both surfaces; rachis and costae green, glabrous. Sori linear, 3(or 4) pairs per pinnule lobe, inframedial from costule to 1/23/4 of veinlet length, single or double on basal acroscopic veinlet; indusia brown, membranous, entire; spores reniform, perispore with reticulate ornamentation.
* Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests; 10001300 m. S and SE Yunnan.
The type is from Yunnan (Guangnan).
In some plants, the lamina is 1-pinnate, narrowly deltoid, ca. 35 Χ 25 cm; pinnae lanceolate, pinnatipartite.
Allantodia quadrangulata is distinct in the genus by having a quadrangular stipe and rachis.
毛柄短肠蕨 mao bing duan chang jue
Diplazium dilatatum Blume, Enum. Pl. Jav. 2: 194. 1828; Allantodia crinipes (Ching) Ching; A. veitchii (H. Christ) Ching; A. yaoshanica (Ching) Ching & C. H. Wang[??authors okay]; Asplenium latifolium D. Don (1825), not Bory (1803); Athyrium dilatatum (Blume) Milde; D. crinipes Ching; D. latifolium (D. Don) T. Moore; D. maximum sensu C. Christensen (??year), p.p.; D. veitchii H. Christ; D. yaoshanicum Ching.
Plants evergreen, large. Rhizome creeping to ascending or erect, erect trunk up to 50 cm tall, up to 10 cm in diam., apex densely scaly; scales dark brown or yellow-brown, linear-lanceolate or linear, margin black and toothed, apex long curly; fronds sparse or caespitose. Fertile frond up to 3 m; stipe black-brown at base, upward green-stramineous or green-brown, robust, up to 1 m, up to 1 cm in diam., base densely scaly; scales similar to those on rhizome; hairs brown, curly, short, soft, deciduous; stipe upward gradually glabrous; lamina 2-pinnate or 2-pinnate with pinnules pinnatifid, deltoid, up to 2 Χ 1 m, apex acuminate; pinnae up to 14 pairs, alternate, ascending; lower pinnae ovate or broadly lanceolate, up to 70 cm, upper pinnae lanceolate, base shortly stalked or adnate; pinnules up to 15 pairs, alternate, spreading, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, up to 20 Χ 4 cm, shortly stalked or sessile, base shallowly cordate or broadly cuneate, pinnatilobate to pinnatifid or incised, apex long acuminate or caudate; pinnule lobes up to 15 pairs, slightly ascending, margin shallowly serrate or subentire, apex rounded or truncate; basal basiscopic lobes often prominently large; veins pinnate, veinlets up to 8 pairs per pinnule lobe, simple, ascending, reaching pinnule margin (basal acroscopic veinlets sometimes ending apart from margin). Lamina papery when dry, usually green or dark green on adaxial surface, costae, costules, and midribs with ± white or light brown, subspherical glands, gray-brown abaxially, with brown, linear scales and uniseriate short soft hairs; rachis and costae green-stramineous, glabrous. Sori linear, up to 7 pairs per pinnule lobe, most single, few double, inframedial from costa to 1/2 length of veinlet; indusia brown, membranous, margin ciliate, opening acroscopically, persistent. Spores nearly reniform, perispore prominent, few rugate. 2n = 82.
Understories of wet broad-leaved forests in tropical mountains. Chongqing, S Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, E and S Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, S Zhejiang; 1001900 m [India, Indonesia, S Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam; tropical Australia, Polynesia].
The type is from Indonesia (Java).
Allantodia dilatata is remarkably polymorphic in the genus: rhizome slender and creeping, ascending to robust and erect; lamina less than 1 m, fertile fronds 1-pinnate to 2-pinnate. Plants with 1-pinnate fronds have been separated as Allantodia veitchii (H. Christ) Ching and A. yaoshanica (Ching) Ching & C. H. Wang.
圆裂短肠蕨 yuan lie duan chang jue
Diplazium uraiense Rosenstock, Hedwigia 56: 336. 1915; Allantodia cycloloba (H. Christ) Ching; D. dilatatum sensu Nakaike (??year), p.p. quoad syn. D. latifolium var. cyclolobum H. Christ & D. uraiense var. cyclolobum (H. Christ) Tagawa[??] [??not Blume (1828)]; D. latifolium T. Moore var. cyclolobum H. Christ; D. uraiense Rosenstock var. cyclolobum (H. Christ) Tagawa.
Plants evergreen, large to medium-sized. Rhizome erect, brown, ca. 1.5 cm in diam., apex like base of stipe, densely scaly; scales dark brown, linear-lanceolate, ca. 1 cm, membranous, margin black, narrow, toothed; fronds caespitose; fertile frond up to 1.4 m; stipe brown at base, upward gradually gray-stramineous, up to 60 cm, ca. 7 mm in diam., upward glabrous, somewhat quadrangular, shallowly grooved adaxially; lamina 2-pinnate, oblong-deltoid, up to 80 Χ 60 cm; pinnae up to 9 pairs, alternate, slightly ascending, slightly narrowed to base, apex pinnatipartite; second basal pinnae largest, oblong, ca. 40 cm; pinnules up to 13 pairs, alternate, slightly ascending, linear-lanceolate, or lower pinnules narrowed, narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, up to 10 cm, base rounded or crenate, symmetric or nearly symmetric, sparsely shallowly incised or pinnatilobate, apex acuminate; pinnule lobes round, entire or minutely crenate; veins pinnate, visible abaxially, not prominent adaxially, veinlets 4 or 5 pairs per pinnule lobe, simple, ascending. Lamina papery, brown-green when dry, glabrous on both surfaces; rachis brown-stramineous, slightly quadrangular, glabrous, shallowly grooved adaxially; costules abaxially with sparse hairlike red-brown scales. Sori linear, ± falcate, 25 pairs per lobe, inframedial from costule to 1/2 or more to margin, single or double on basal acroscopic veinlets; indusia light brown, linear, membranous, opening acroscopically, persistent.
* Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests; 5001000 m. Hainan, Taiwan.
The type is from Taiwan (Taibei, Wulai).
Allantodia uraiensis is similar to A. dilatata, but differs by the pinnule linear-lanceolate, symmetric at base, and shallowly pinnatilobate.
肉刺短肠蕨 rou ci duan chang jue
Plants evergreen, large. Rhizome ascending, apex with adpressed scales; scales brown, broadly lanceolate, membranous, margin toothed and inconspicuously black; fronds approximate to distant. Fertile frond up to 2 m; stipe black-brown at base, upward pale green, shorter than lamina, base up to 7 mm in diam., with slightly fleshy green short aculeate or verrucose protuberances throughout stipe, or at lower part of stipe; lamina 2-pinnate with pinnules pinnatilobate, ovate-deltoid, up to 1 m Χ 80 cm, apex acuminate; pinnae up to 12 pairs, alternate, slightly ascending, 1-pinnate, acuminate at apex; lower pinnae broadly oblong-lanceolate, with stalk up to 10 cm, basal pinnae slightly shortened, second basal pinnae largest, up to 70 Χ 30 cm; pinnules up to ca. 13 pairs, alternate or subopposite, spreading, lanceolate, broadly lanceolate, or broadly deltoid-lanceolate, symmetric or subsymmetric, up to 10(15) Χ 23(5) cm, base truncate or broadly cuneate, sometimes slightly cordate, pinnatilobate to pinnatipartite, apex acuminate or shortly caudate; lower pinnules shortly stalked, upper pinnules sessile; pinnule lobes contiguous, subsymmetric, spreading, oblong or rectangular, apex rounded or truncate, rarely acute, entire or shallowly serrate; veins visible abaxially, not prominent adaxially, veinlets up to 11 pairs per lobe, ascending, simple or rarely forked. Lamina thinly papery when mature, green, dark adaxially, costules with granular thin glands adaxially, abaxially minutely scaly; rachis and costae abaxially sometimes with fleshy, green, small verrucose or shortly aculeate protuberances, sori linear, membranous, entire; spores reniform, perispore hyaline and wide, not rugate, tuberculate. n = 41.
* Understories of tropical rainforests, beside streamlets; 3001200 m. Yunnan.
The type is from SE Yunnan (Jinping, Mengla Ba).
In some plants, the lamina is 1-pinnate, ca. 50 Χ 30 cm; pinnae lanceolate, pinnatifid to pinnatipartite.
Allantodia similis is similar to A. maxima in the lamina shape, but differs by the rhizome ascending to erect, scales sparse, adpressed, brown, not shiny, inconspicuous black margin, stipe and rachis with ± tender-green, fleshy aculeate or short aculeate protuberances, costa and costule with granulate thin glands, spores with prominent wide perispore.
异裂短肠蕨 yi lie duan chang jue
Diplazium laxifrons Rosenstock, Hedwigia 56: 337. 1915; Allantodia immensa Ching, nom. nud.; A. inaequiloba Ching; A. tamingshanensis Ching, nom. nud.; D. polypodioides Blume var. sinense H. Christ.
Plants evergreen, large to medium-sized. Rhizome creeping, ascending to erect, sometimes trunk up to 40 cm tall, ca. 10 cm in diam., apex slightly scaly; scales brown and thin, adpressed; fronds approximate to caespitose. Fertile frond up to 2.5 m; stipe dark brown at base, upward brown or green-stramineous, up to 1 m, up to 1 cm in diam., glabrous, shallowly grooved adaxially; lamina 2-pinnate with pinnules pinnatilobate to pinnatipartite, deltoid or ovate-deltoid, up to 1.5 Χ 1 m, apex acuminate; pinnae up to 20 pairs, alternate, ascending; lower pinnae broadly oblong-lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, symmetric, up to 60 Χ 20 cm, with stalk up to 6 cm, base black-brown, apex acuminate; upper pinnae lanceolate, slightly asymmetric (basiscopic lobe longer), base sessile or subsessile, pinnatifid to pinnatipartite, apex acuminate; pinnules up to 20 pairs, alternate, spreading, lanceolate, up to 13 Χ 3 cm, base shallowly cordate, truncate, or broadly cuneate, asymmetric, acroscopic lobe prominent and[??] small, pinnatipartite or subpinnatisect, apex acuminate or long acuminate; pinnule lobes more than 15 pairs, ascending, oblong or rectangular, margin dentate, sometimes shallowly serrate or subentire, apex rounded or truncate; basal basiscopic lobes in middle pinnules much larger and shallowly pinnatilobate or dentate; veins not prominent on adaxial side, visible abaxially, pinnate, veinlets up to 9 pairs per lobe, usually 2-furcate or pinnate, sometimes simple, oblique. Lamina herbaceous, green or gray-green when dry, not shiny, rachis and costa green-stramineous or light brown, costae and costules abaxially with deciduous short hairs and small scales. Sori linear or shortly linear, up to 7 pairs per lobe, subcostular, reaching to 2/3 of veinlet length; indusia brown when mature, membranous, persistent. Spores nearly reniform, perispore prominent and hyaline, not rugate, with granulate ornamentation.
Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests, beside streamlets; 3002200 m. Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Sichuan, Taiwan, SE Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India].
The type is from Taiwan (Pingdong, Wanjin Wanluan).
Allantodia laxifrons is characterized by the naked base of stipe, stalk of lower pinnae black-brown, basal basiscopic lobes of middle pinnules markedly larger and shallowly pinnatilobate.
东北短肠蕨 dong bei duan chang jue
Diplazium taquetii C. Christensen, Bull. Acad. Gιogr. Bot. Mans. 69: 1911. D. nipponicum Tagawa (1933).
Plants summer-green, large to medium-sized. Rhizome creeping, apex scaly; scales adpressed, brown, ovate-lanceolate. Fertile frond up to 70 cm, ca. 8 mm in diam.; stipe brown at base, scaly; scales fewer but similar to those on rhizome; stipe upward stramineous, deeply grooved adaxially; lamina 2-pinnate with pinnules pinnatipartite, deltoid, up to 70 Χ 60 cm, apex acuminate; pinnae up to 8 pairs, alternate, ascending, with stalk up to 4 cm, base brown, upward stramineous, basal pinnae largest, broadly lanceolate, up to 40 Χ 17 cm, slightly narrow to base, base truncate, apex acuminate; pinnules up to 15 pairs, alternate, slightly ascending, with stalk up to 4 mm, lanceolate, up to 9 Χ 2 cm, base asymmetric, cordate, pinnatipartite, apex caudate-acuminate; pinnule lobes up to 12 pairs, spreading, deltoid or sickle-shaped lanceolate, ca. 1 cm Χ 4 mm, apex slightly narrowed, acuminate or nearly rounded; basal basiscopic lobe markedly larger, dentate at margin, basal 1 to 2 pairs of pinnule lobes nearly free, upper pinnule lobes connate with narrow wings; veins not prominent on adaxial side, visible abaxially, pinnate, veinlets 8 pairs per pinnule lobe, mostly forked, ascending. Lamina light brown, nearly membranous when dry, costules abaxially with sparse light brown glands; rachis and costa stramineous, shallowly grooved adaxially. Sori linear, up to 3 mm, 6 pairs per pinnule lobe, from costule upward to 2/3 of veinlet length, single or double on basal acroscopic veinlets; indusia light brown, linear, thinly membranous, persistent. Spores reniform, perispore densely aculeate ornamentation.
Forest understories. Liaoning (Liaodong Peninsula) [Korea].
The type is from Korea (Chejudao).
奄美短肠蕨 an mei duan chang jue
Diplazium amamianum Tagawa, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 3: 35. 1934.
Plants evergreen, large. Rhizome erect, up to 50 cm tall, up to 6 cm in diam., apex scaly; scales sparse, loose; fronds caespitose. Fertile frond up to 1.5 m; stipe up to 50 cm, up to 7 mm in diam. at base, sparsely scaly; scales rust-colored, ovate-lanceolate, membranous, deciduous; stipe upward glabrous, grooved adaxially; lamina 2-pinnate with pinnules pinnatipartite to pinnatisect, broadly ovate-deltoid, up to 1 m Χ 80 cm, apex acuminate; pinnae ca. 17 pairs, alternate, spreading, oblong-lanceolate, up to 45 Χ 17 cm, base truncate, with stalk ca. 4 cm, apex acuminate; pinnules spreading or subspreading, lanceolate, up to 10 Χ 2 cm, base broadly cuneate or subtruncate, sessile or lower pinnules shortly stalked, pinnatipartite to pinnatisect, obliquely dentate, acuminate at apex; pinnule lobes up to 15 pairs, subspreading or ascending, oblong, ca. 10 Χ 4 mm, margin dentate, apex rounded; veins pinnate, prominent abaxially, visible adaxially; veinlets 6 pairs, simple or forked, ascending. Lamina thickly herbaceous when dry, light green abaxially, dark green adaxially; rachis pale brown, grooved adaxially, abaxially with sparse verrucose processes; costae deeply grooved adaxially, abaxially glabrous or with small verrucose processes; costules grooved adaxially, glabrous or with sparse small glandular hairs abaxially. Sori linear, up to 7 pairs per pinnule lobe, from middle of veinlet or close to midrib to 2/34/5 of veinlet length, mostly single or double on basal acroscopic veinlet; indusia brown, linear, flattened, margin shallowly lacerate, persistent. Spores reniform, perispore few rugate. 2n = 82.
Taiwan (Nantouxitou) [Japan].
The type is from Japan (Amami-o-Shima).
粗糙短肠蕨 cu cao duan chang jue
Diplazium asperum Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae 2: 195. 1828; Asplenium asperum (Blume) Mettenius ex Hooker [??not Bergsm. (1857)]; Athyrium asperum (Blume) Milde; D. polypodioides Beddome; Microstegia aspera (Blume) C. Presl.
Plants evergreen, large. Rhizome erect, black-brown, robust, trunklike, apex densely scaly; scales brown, linear or linear-lanceolate, up to 2 cm, thickly membranous, margin toothed, with narrow black band; fronds caespitose. Fertile fronds up to 4 m; stipe brown at base, upward dark stramineous or light brown, robust, up to 2 m, up to 2 cm in diam., base densely scaly, scales similar to those on rhizome, upward with many stiff short aculeate protuberances, with similar processes on rachis; lamina 2-pinnate with pinnules pinnate, ovate-oblong, up to 2 Χ 1.4 m, apex acuminate; pinnae 24 pairs, alternate, ascending, broadly oblong-lanceolate, up to 85 Χ 25 cm, base truncate, stipe up to 7 cm, apex acuminate; pinnules up to 30 pairs, alternate or subopposite, spreading, nearly symmetric; lower pinnules often shortly stalked, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, up to 13 Χ 2.5 cm, base truncate, slightly asymmetric (acroscopic lobe smaller), pinnatipartite to costa, apex acuminate; pinnule lobes or secondary pinnules up to 20 pairs or more, sickle-shaped oblong, slightly oblique, margin regularly serrate, apex rounded or nearly acute; veins visible, pinnate, veinlets simple, ascending, up to 14 pairs per pinnule lobe. Lamina stiffly papery when dry, usually gray-green, occasionally gray-brown, paler abaxially; rachis and costa stramineous or light brown, abaxial side with shortly aculeate protuberances, adaxially shallowly grooved, with light brown dirty short hairs. Sori linear or nearly oblong, up to ca. 10 pairs per pinnule lobe, often single or double on basal acroscopic veinlets, costal-inframedial, from costule to 1/2 of veinlet length or longer, often contiguous when mature; indusia brown when mature, lacerate, membranous, opening acroscopically, persistent. Spores nearly reniform, perispore hyaline and wide, few rugate. 2n = 82.
Tropical mountain valleys, understories of rainforests, beside streamlets; 3001200 m. Hainan, SE and SW Yunnan [Cambodia, S India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam].
The type is from Indonesia (Java).
草绿短肠蕨 cao lv duan chang jue
Diplazium viridescens Ching, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 167. 1959; Allantodia obtusipinnula Ching; A. truncatula Ching.
Plants evergreen, medium-sized. Rhizome erect, black-brown, short, up to 3 cm in diam., with many black-brown, stiff, long and thick roots, apex slightly scaly; scales dark brown, ovate-lanceolate, 35 mm, membranous, entire, apex acuminate; fronds few, caespitose. Stipe black-brown at base, upward green-stramineous or pale brown, shorter than lamina, 24 mm in diam., base with sparse scales similar to those on rhizome, upward glabrous, shallowly grooved adaxially; lamina 2-pinnate with pinnules pinnatilobate, ovate-deltoid, up to 80 Χ 50 cm; pinnae up to 10 pairs or more, usually alternate, slightly ascending, symmetric, upper pinnae lanceolate and pinnatilobate, other pinnae broadly oblong-lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, pinnate, with stalk of basal pinnae up to 3.5 cm; pinnules up to ca. 10 pairs, spreading, alternate, often lanceolate, occasionally narrowly ovate-orbicular, symmetric or nearly symmetric, sessile or lower pinnules shortly stalked, apex acuminate or rounded; pinnule lobes up to 10 pairs, ascending, oblong or rectangular, base occasionally reduced, margin entire or shallowly repand to shallowly pinnatilobate, apex rounded or nearly truncate; veins prominent abaxially, slightly visible adaxially, pinnate, veinlets simple or forked, up to ca. 7 pairs per pinnule lobe. Lamina grass-green, darker on adaxial surface, thinly papery or papery when dry, with glandular hairs in adaxial grooves except on rachis, elsewhere glabrous; rachis, costae, and costules abaxially usually with brown lanceolate scales. Sori usually linear, inframedial-medial, from costule or near costule up to 3/4 of veinlet length, single or double on basic acroscopic veinlets; indusia light brown when mature, membranous, entire, persistent. Spores bean-shaped, perispore prominent and hyaline, surface glabrous.
Understories of tropical rainforests; 7001200 m. Guangxi, Hainan [near Vietnam border].
The type is from Hainan (Wuzhi Shan).
Allantodia viridescens is variable ontogenetically: small lamina only 30 cm, 1-pinnate pinnatipartite, or lower part 2-pinnate, pinnules rounded at apex.
金佛山短肠蕨 jin fo shan duan chang jue
Plants large. Rhizome creeping, black-brown, ca. 2 cm in diam., apex densely scaly; scales dark brown, broadly lanceolate, entire, central cells prominently larger than marginal cells; frond approximate. Fertile frond ca. 1.4 m; stipe dark brown at base, upward pale brown to stramineous, ca. 65 cm, ca. 5 mm in diam. at base, with sparse repand scales, upward glabrous; lamina 2-pinnate with pinnules pinnatifid to pinnatipartite, deltoid, ca. 75 Χ 65 cm, apex acuminate; pinnae ca. 8 pairs, alternate or nearly alternate, slightly ascending, lower pinnae broadly oblong-lanceolate, base slightly narrowed, stalked, nearly symmetric, apex acuminate; basal pinnae large, ca. 40 Χ 15 cm, with stalk up to 4 cm; pinnules of lower pinnae up to 10 pairs, alternate, subspreading, up to 8 Χ 2.5 cm, base asymmetric, subspreading or shallowly [??] on basiscopic side, apex acuminate; lower pinnules shortly stalked; pinnule lobes up to 10 pairs, slightly ascending, oblong, margin crenate, apex rounded; basal acroscopic lobe smaller; veins visible abaxially, not prominent adaxially, veinlets up to 7 pairs per pinnule lobe, ascending, forked or simple, few pinnate. Lamina thinly herbaceous when dry, green abaxially, dark green adaxially, glabrous, rachis and costae with brown short glandular hairs. Sori linear, from near costule to apart from pinnule margin, single or double; indusia light brown, membranous, persistent. Spores round, perispore prominent, few rugate.
* Valleys, understories of broad-leaved forests; ca. 1500 m. Chongqing (Jinpo, Nanchuan).
Allantodia jinfoshanicola is similar to A. hachijoensis, but differs by the lamina thinly herbaceous when dry, cells in the center of scales prominent larger than those in the margin, sori close to midrib, and spores round.
中华短肠蕨 zhong hua duan chang jue
Asplenium chinense Baker, Syn. Fil. 237. 1867; Diplazium chinense (Baker) C. Christensen; D. naganumanum Makino; D. orientale Rosenstock.
Plants summer-green, medium-sized. Rhizome creeping, black-brown, 58 mm in diam., apex densely scaly; scales brown to black-brown, lanceolate, 58 mm, membranous, entire, apex long acuminate; fronds approximate. Fertile frond up to ca. 1 m; stipe black-brown at base, upward dark stramineous, 2050 cm, 23 mm in diam., base sparsely scaly, upward glabrous; lamina 2-pinnate with pinnules pinnatipartite to pinnatisect, deltoid, 3060 Χ 2540 cm, apex acuminate; pinnae up to 13 pairs, ascending, mostly alternate, asymmetric (basiscopic pinnules larger), apex acuminate; basal pinnae largest, subopposite or opposite, broadly oblong-lanceolate, 2030 Χ 1012 cm, with stalk 13.5 cm; upper pinnae reduced, lanceolate, pinnatipartite, slightly shortly stalked or sessile; pinnules up to ca. 13 pairs, spreading, mostly alternate, symmetric or subsymmetric, shortly stalked or sessile, lanceolate to oblong, 58 Χ 1.52 cm, pinnatifid to costa, connate to each other, with narrow wings, base broadly cuneate to shallowly cordate, apex acuminate; pinnule lobes up to 15 pairs, ascending, lobes of lower pinnules slightly free, lobes of upper pinnules approximate or contiguous, oblong to linear-lanceolate, margin dentate, or lower lobes pinnatifid, apex rounded or acute; veins pinnate, visible abaxially, not prominent adaxially, veinlets 68 pairs per pinnule lobe, ascending, mostly forked or simple, rarely 3-furcate or pinnate. Lamina herbaceous, grass-green or brown-green when dry, glabrous on both surfaces; rachis and costae stramineous, glabrous, shallowly grooved adaxially. Sori 5 or 6 pairs per lobe, shortly linear, occasionally narrowly elliptic to elliptic, borne from middle of veinlet or near midrib to 1/22/3 of veinlet length, mostly single, partly double; indusia light brown when mature, membranous, opening acroscopically, persistent or partly remaining. Spores nearly reniform, perispore not prominent, irregular aculeate ornamentation. 2n = 82, 164.
Understories of valley forests, beside streamlets, rock crevices, in shade; sea level up to 800 m. Anhui, Chongqing (Youyang), Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, S Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shanghai, Sichuan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea, N Vietnam].
The type is from Shanghai.
薄盖短肠蕨 bo gai duan chang jue
Diplazium hachijoense Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 35: 148. 1921; Allantodia glandulifera Ching, nom. nud.; A. omeiensis (Ching) Ching; Athyrium hachijoense (Nakai) Ohwi; D. omeiense Ching; D. siroyamaense Tagawa.
Plants large to medium-sized. Rhizome creeping, black-brown, 510 mm in diam., apex densely scaly; scales brown to black-brown, lanceolate, 58 mm, thickly membranous, entire; lamina often approximate. Stipe of fertile frond black-brown at base, upward stramineous, dark stramineous, or pale brown, up to 70 cm, 25 mm in diam., base often with sparse scale remains, upward nearly glabrous, shallowly grooved adaxially; lamina 2-pinnate with pinnules pinnatipartite, deltoid or ovate-deltoid, up to 80 Χ 70 cm at base, apex acuminate; pinnae ca. 10 pairs, alternate, ascending, lower pinnae short and broadly lanceolate, pinnae below apex 1-pinnate with pinnules pinnatilobate, stalked; upper pinnae lanceolate, pinnatilobate, shortly stalked or sessile; basal pinnae largest, up to 50 Χ 20 cm at middle, with stalk up to 5 cm; pinnules ca. 10 pairs, alternate, spreading, sessile or lower pinnules very shortly stalked, often lanceolate, up to 12 Χ 3 cm, sometimes shorter, 1.53 Χ 0.51 cm, oblong-ovate, base broadly cuneate or subtruncate, sometimes shallowly cordate, slightly asymmetric, pinnatilobate to pinnatifid, apex acuminate or rounded; pinnule lobes more than 10 pairs or more, subspreading, contiguous, oblong or obliquely rectangular, slightly oblique, entire or sparsely shallowly serrate, rounded or truncate; veins pinnate, prominent abaxially, visible adaxially, veinlets ca. 7 or 8 pairs per pinnule lobe, usually simple or forked, occasionally 3-furcate, ascending. Lamina thickly herbaceous when dry, green, darker adaxially or nearly concolored on both surfaces; rachis and costa green-stramineous or light brown-stramineous, shallowly grooved adaxially, with many thin glands in groove, abaxially with deciduous multicellular short glandular hairs and sparse lanceolate brown small scales; costules and veins abaxially with similar glands and scales. Sori shortly linear or oblong, 5 or 6 pairs per pinnule lobe, median, single or double; indusia light brown, membranous, entire, opening acroscopically when mature, persistent. Spores bean-shaped, perispore prominent, slightly hyaline, often rugate. n = 123.
Understories of broad-leaved forests; 4001700 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].
The type is from Japan.
短果短肠蕨 duan guo duan chang jue
Asplenium wheeleri Baker, Ann. Bot. 5: 309. 1891; Diplazium virescens sensu Tagawa (??year), p.p., not Kunze (1848); D. wheeleri (Baker) Diels [??not (Baker) C. Christensen].
Plants evergreen, medium-sized. Rhizome creeping, ca. 1 cm in diam., apex like base of stipe, densely scaly; scales brown, linear-lanceolate, ca. 4 mm, thickly membranous, entire; fronds approximate. Fertile frond up to ca. 1 m; stipe brown at base, upward stramineous, 4050 cm, ca. 4 mm in diam., base sparsely scaly, upward glabrous, shallowly grooved adaxially; lamina 2-pinnate with pinnules pinnatifid to pinnatipartite, deltoid-ovate, 5060 Χ ca. 50 cm at base, apex acuminate; lamina ca. 8 pairs, alternate, ascending; basal pinnae largest, broadly lanceolate, 2530 Χ ca. 11 cm at middle, slightly narrowed to base, base truncate, with stalk ca. 3 cm, apex acuminate; pinnules 1012 pairs, alternate, spreading, lanceolate, ca. 7 Χ 1.5 cm, base truncate, shortly stalked, pinnatifid to pinnatipartite, apex acuminate; pinnule lobes 810 pairs, subspreading, contiguous, nearly rectangular, ca. 6 Χ 5 mm, rounded or rounded-truncate, distal margin subentire or few serrate, lateral margin entire; veins visible abaxially, not prominent adaxially, pinnate, veinlets ca. 6 pairs per each lobe, simple or occasionally forked, ascending. Lamina gray-green when dry, herbaceous, glabrous on both surfaces; rachis and costa stramineous, glabrous, shallowly grooved adaxially. Sori shortly linear, 12.5 mm, 4 or 5 pairs per each lobe, inframedial or medial, single or double; indusia brown, linear, membranous, persistent; spores reniform, perispore few rugate.
Understories of mountain forests, beside streamlets; 1001000 m. Guangdong, Sichuan, Zhejiang [Japan].
The type is from Japan.
日本短肠蕨 ri ben duan chang jue
Diplazium nipponica Tagawa, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 2: 197. 1933; Athyrium nipponicola Ohwi.
Plants large to medium-sized. Rhizome creeping, ca. 1 cm in diam., apex with loose scales; scales black-brown, narrowly lanceolate, ca. 5 mm, thickly membranous, margin toothed; fronds approximate. Fertile frond 80140 cm; stipe brown at base, upward stramineous, 4060 cm, ca. 8 mm in diam. at base, with dense scales similar to those on rhizome, upward glabrous, shallowly grooved adaxially; lamina 2-pinnate with pinnules pinnatipartite to pinnatisect, 6080 Χ ca. 50 cm at base, apex acuminate; pinnae 810 pairs, alternate, ascending, lower pinnae ca. 10 cm apart, with stalk ca. 3 cm; basal pinnae largest, broadly lanceolate, ca. 40 Χ 10 cm, narrowed to base, base cuneate, apex acuminate; pinnules 1012 pairs, alternate, spreading, ca. 2 cm apart, shortly stalked, lanceolate, ca. 7 Χ 2 cm, base cuneate, pinnatifid, apex acuminate; pinnule lobes ca. 8 pairs, ascending, oblong, ca. 6 Χ 5 mm, slightly narrowed to obtuse apex, margin minutely serrate, lateral margin entire; veins pinnate, not prominent, veinlets ca. 5 pairs per pinnule lobe, simple or forked, ascending. Lamina gray-green or gray-brown when dry, herbaceous, glabrous on both surfaces; rachis stramineous, glabrous, shallowly grooved adaxially, costae occasionally with linear brown scales. Sori linear, 26 mm, 24 pairs per pinnule lobe, borne from costule to near pinnule margin, single or double on basal acroscopic veinlet; indusia light gray, linear, membranous, persistent. Spores reniform, perispore prominent, rugate.
* Shaded places in understories of valley forests, beside streamlets; ca. 800 m. Zhejiang.
褐色短肠蕨 he se duan chang jue
Asplenium polypodioides Blume var. vestita C. B. Clarke; Allantodia pseudosikkimensis Ching, nom. nud.; Diplazium axillare Ching; D. polypodioides Blume var. vestitum (C. B. Clarke) C. Christensen.
Plants evergreen, large. Rhizome erect, robust, up to 70 cm tall, up to 20 cm in diam., apex densely scaly; scales brown, linear or linear-lanceolate, 1.52 cm, membranous, margin with black narrow band, toothed, apex filiform, curly; fronds caespitose. Fertile frond more than 2.5 m; stipe dark brown, 60120 cm, 815 mm in diam., base with dense scales similar to those on rhizome; lamina 2-pinnate with pinnules pinnatilobate, deltoid or ovate-deltoid, 11.5 m Χ 80120 cm, apex acuminate; pinnae 1520 pairs, up to 60 Χ 25 cm, alternate, ascending, symmetric or subsymmetric; upper pinnae 7 or 8 pairs, lanceolate, 1-pinnate, sessile or subsessile; lower pinnae mostly broadly lanceolate, with stalk up to 6 cm, apex acuminate; basal pinnules broadly oblong-lanceolate, shorter; pinnules ca. 20 pairs, alternate, spreading, lanceolate, up to 14 Χ 4 cm, pinnatipartite to near costule, base asymmetric, shallowly cordate at basiscopic side, subtruncate at acroscopic side, margin subentire to pinnatifid, apex shortly caudate; veins not prominent on adaxial surface, visible abaxially, pinnate, veinlets 710 pairs per pinnule lobe, mostly forked or pinnate, sometimes simple, ascending. Lamina herbaceous, lower parts of costules and midrib of lower pinnule lobes abaxially often with linear or linear-lanceolate brown scales, glabrous adaxially; rachis and costae dark brown, with dense dirty glandular hairs and few small scales. Sori shortly linear, 7 or 8 pairs per pinnule lobe, costular from midrib to ca. 1/2 of veinlet length, single or double on basal acroscopic veinlets; indusia brown, membranous, margin irregularly incised, opening acroscopically, gradually ruptured and part remaining. Spores reniform, perispore slightly hyaline and narrow, not rugate, prominent and average[??] granulate ornamentation.
Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests; 8002400 m. N Guangxi, S Guizhou, SW Sichuan, SE Xizang, SE and W Yunnan [India]
The type is from Sikkim.
台湾短肠蕨 tai wan duan chang jue
Diplazium kappanense Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 8: 143. 1919; Allantodia taiwanensis (Tagawa) Ching; D. taiwanense Tagawa; D. virescens (Kunze) Ching var. taiwanense (Tagawa) Sa. Kurata.
Plants evergreen, medium-sized. Rhizome ascending to erect, brown, densely scaly at apex; scales black-brown to black, shiny, linear-lanceolate, ca. 1.5 cm, thickly membranous, margin with black, narrow band, toothed, apex filiform; fronds caespitose. Fertile frond up to ca. 1 m; stipe brown at base, upward green-stramineous, 3045 cm, ca. 6 mm in diam., base densely scaly; scales brown, linear-lanceolate, upward glabrous, grooved adaxially; lamina 2-pinnate with pinnules pinnatifid, deltoid to ovate-deltoid, 5070 Χ 4060 cm, apex acuminate; pinnae ca. 10 pairs, alternate, slightly ascending, with stalk up to 4 cm, 1-pinnate with pinnules pinnatifid; basal pinnae largest, oblong, 2530 Χ 1520 cm, slightly narrowed to base, base truncate, apex acuminate; pinnules 1012 pairs, alternate, spreading, with stalk ca. 5 mm, lanceolate, ca. 10 Χ 2 cm, base slightly wider, truncate or broadly cuneate, pinnatilobate to 1/3 from margin, apex long acuminate; pinnule lobes up to 10 pairs, subspreading, oblong, ca. 5 mm wide, margin minutely serrate, apex rounded or nearly truncate; veins pinnate, veinlets 4 or 5 pairs, simple, ascending. Lamina dark green when dry, herbaceous, glabrous on both surfaces; rachis green stramineous, shallowly grooved adaxially, costae and costules abaxially with sparse, linear [??or] diamond-shaped, brown small scales or subglabrous. Sori oblong, short, straight, 12 mm, 1 or 2 pairs per lobe, medial; indusia brown, oblong, membranous, opening acroscopically, persistent. Spores hemispherical, perispore with aculeate protuberances on surface.
Understories of mountain forests. Taiwan [S Japan].
The type is from Taiwan (Jiaoban Shan, Taoyuan).
Diplazium kappanense Hayata and D. taiwanense Tagawa were considered to be different species with forked or simple veinlets; however, here they are treated as conspecific.
南川短肠蕨 nan chuan duan chang jue
Plants evergreen, large to medium-sized. Rhizome often creeping to erect, occasionally uniformly creeping, apex scaly; scales sparse, loose, dark brown, linear-lanceolate, margin with black, narrow band, toothed; fronds approximate or caespitose, rarely distant. Fertile frond 60150 cm; stipe light green, shorter than lamina, 25 mm in diam., base slightly scaly, upper part and rachis with sparse, fleshy, green, small aculeate and verrucose processes; lamina 2-pinnate, broadly ovate-deltoid, 5090 Χ 3050 cm, apex acuminate; pinnae 810 pairs, mostly alternate, rarely subopposite, ascending; lower pinnae broadly oblong-lanceolate, up to 33 Χ 15 cm, with stalk up to 2 cm, apex acuminate; pinnules up to 10 pairs, alternate, spreading, lanceolate, up to 8 Χ 2 cm, base truncate, symmetric or subsymmetric, sessile, pinnatilobate to pinnatifid, apex acuminate; pinnule lobes up to 10 pairs, contiguous, ascending, margin entire or slightly crenate, apex rounded; veins pinnate, veinlets up to 7 pairs per pinnule lobe, ascending, mostly simple, rarely forked. Lamina thinly papery when dry, green, darker adaxially, subglabrous on both surfaces; rachis and costa light green. Sori shortly linear, less than 4 pairs per lobe, basal sori long, inframedial from midrib to 3/4 length of veinlet, other sori shorter, medial, mostly single or double on basal acroscopic veinlets; indusia brown when mature, membranous, entire. Spores reniform, perispore not prominent, glabrous on surface.
* Calcareous mountains, beside streamlets; 600800 m. Chongqing (Jinfo Shan, Nanchuan).
Allantodia nanchuanica is similar to A. similis, but differs by the narrow lamina, linear-lanceolate, loose scales, and glabrous costae and costules.
拟长果短肠蕨 ni chang guo duan chang jue
Plants evergreen, large. Rhizome creeping to ascending, brown, up to 5 cm in diam. including remaining stipe bases, apex like base of stipe, densely scaly; scales brown, lanceolate, ca. 1 cm, membranous, margin black, regularly toothed, base subcordate; fronds approximate. Fertile fronds up to 1.8 m; stipe brown at base, upward light brown stramineous, up to 70 cm, ca. 8 mm in diam., upward glabrous, shallowly grooved adaxially; lamina 2-pinnate with pinnules pinnatifid to pinnatisect, deltoid, more than 1 m Χ 8090 cm, apex acuminate; pinnae ca. 1012 pairs, alternate, ascending, subsymmetric, apex long acuminate; upper 5 or 6 pairs of pinnae broadly lanceolate or sickle-shaped lanceolate, acroscopic base broadly cuneate, basiscopic base cordate, shortly stalked or sessile, pinnatifid to pinnatipartite, apex ascending, sickle-shaped; middle and lower pinnae oblong-lanceolate, pinnate, stalked; basal pinnae largest, up to 60 Χ 20 cm, with stalk 23 cm; pinnules up to ca. 15 pairs, spreading, alternate, shortly stalked or upper pinnules not stalked, broadly lanceolate or lanceolate, up to 11 Χ 3 cm, acroscopic base truncate or broadly cuneate, basiscopic base shallowly cordate, sometimes both sides of base cuneate or truncate, basal acroscopic pinnule lobe often shorter, incised ca. 1.5 cm from margin, apex acuminate or long acuminate; pinnule lobes up to ca. 10 pairs, subspreading, alternate, contiguous, broadly oblong, ca. 1 cm wide, margin shallowly crenate or repand, apex rounded; veins visible abaxially, not prominent adaxially, pinnate, veinlets up to 8 pairs per pinnule lobe, usually forked or simple, occasionally 3-furcate or pinnate, ascending. Lamina herbaceous, dark green when dry, glabrous, gray-green abaxially, slightly small pale brown scales; rachis and costa stramineous, glabrous, shallowly grooved adaxially, costule glabrous abaxially. Sori linear, nearly straight, up to 6 pairs per pinnule lobe, mostly borne from midrib to 2/34/5 of veinlet length, basal acroscopic sori longest, single or double; indusia light brown when mature, thinly membranous, opening acroscopically, persistent. Spores reniform, perispore broad and hyaline, sometimes few rugate, few inconspicuous granulate ornamentation.
* Understories of evergreen forests in valleys; 21002200 m. Yunnan (Jingdong, Wuliang Shan).
Allantodia calogrammoides is similar to A. calogramma, but differs by the dense scales with black margin, cordate pinnule base, and smooth costa abaxially without green fleshy aculeate processes.
深绿短肠蕨 shen lv duan chang jue
Diplazium viridissimum H. Christ, Notul. Syst. 1: 45. 1909; Allantodia austrochinensis Ching; A. distans Ching, nom. nud.; A. elata Ching, nom. nud.; A. phaeolepis (Tagawa) Ching; A. pseudodoederleinii (Hayata) Ching; Diplazium phaeolepis Tagawa; D. pseudodoederleinii Hayata.
Plants evergreen, large, but ontogenetically variable and even small plants fertile. Rhizome ascending to erect, robust, up to 40 cm tall, up to 10 cm in diam., apex densely, [??or] loosely scaly; scales brown to dark brown, linear-lanceolate, more than 3 cm, membranous, margin black and sparsely toothed, apex linear and long caudate; fronds caespitose. Lamina more than 2 m; stipe black at base, upward stramineous or green-stramineous when dry, usually shorter than lamina, up to 1.2 m, up to 1.5 cm in diam., base with dense scales similar to those on rhizome, upward shallowly grooved adaxially; lamina 2-pinnate with pinnules pinnatipartite, deltoid, up to 1.5 Χ 1.3 m; pinnae to ca. 15 pairs, alternate, slightly ascending, symmetric or nearly symmetric, mostly narrowly lanceolate, basiscopic 2 pairs of pinnae largest, up to 70 Χ 25 cm, with stalk up to 6 cm; upper pinnae gradually narrowed to lanceolate, sessile, 1-pinnate pinnatipartite; pinnules up to ca. 15 pairs, alternate or nearly so, spreading, deltoid-lanceolate or lanceolate, symmetric, base broadly cuneate or subtruncate, sometimes slightly shallowly cordate, apex often acuminate to long acuminate; middle pinnules up to 15 Χ 4 cm, lower pinnules often stalked, stalk up to 3 mm, pinnatilobate to pinnatipartite; pinnule lobes up to ca. 15 pairs, slightly ascending, ovate-oblong, slightly oblique, margin shallowly serrate, apex rounded or nearly truncate; veins visible abaxially, not prominent adaxially, pinnate per pinnule lobes, veinlets up to 9 pairs, ascending, usually forked or simple, occasionally 3- or 4-furcate. Lamina herbaceous or thinly herbaceous, gray-green abaxially, green or dark green adaxially, glabrous, costules and midribs with light brown or gray-white small glands; rachis and costa green-stramineous or stramineous, with sparse brown linear scales. Sori shortly linear, from midrib to ca. 2/3 of veinlet length, up to 7 pairs per pinnule lobe, often single or double on basal acroscopic veinlets; indusia ruptured before sori mature. Spores nearly reniform, perispore prominent, not rugate. 2n = 82.
Understories of broad-leaved forests, beside streamlets; 4002200 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan [Himalaya, NE India, NE Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Vietnam].
The type is from Yunnan (Mile).
The curly tender laminas are used as a wild vegetable in W and NW Yunnan.
Allantodia viridissima is similar to A. gigantea, but differs by the rhizome ascending to erect, often subarborescent, and the pinnules often deltoid-lanceolate, symmetric or nearly so at base.
长果短肠蕨 chang guo duan chang jue
Diplazium calogramma H. Christ, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 1: 45. 1909.
Plants evergreen, large. Rhizome creeping, scales at apex sparse and adpressed; scales dark brown, lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, margin black, small toothed; fronds approximate. Fertile fronds more than 2 m; stipe slightly brown or black-brown at base, upward dark stramineous or green-stramineous when dry, shorter than lamina, 6090 cm, ca. 1 cm in diam., lower part sparsely scaly; scales similar to those on rhizome apex, deciduous, upward glabrous; lamina 2-pinnate with pinnules pinnatifid to pinnatipartite, ovate-deltoid, 110120 Χ 7080 cm, apex acuminate; pinnae more than 15 pairs, alternate, ascending, apex pinnatipartite, acuminate; lower pinnae oblong-lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, 3050 Χ 1020 cm, pinnate, with stalk 25 cm; upper pinnae lanceolate, pinnatilobate or pinnatipartite; pinnules 815 pairs, often alternate, spreading or slightly ascending, not contiguous, lanceolate, 312 Χ 13 cm, symmetric or nearly so, base broadly cuneate, shortly stalked, pinnatipartite to pinnatifid, apex caudate; pinnule lobes 815 pairs, slightly ascending, not contiguous, margin subentire or few sparsely serrate, apex often rounded; veinlets pinnate in pinnule lobe; veinlets 9 pairs, often simple, rarely forked, ascending, not reaching margin, apex slightly swollen. Lamina thinly herbaceous, green; rachis and costa green-stramineous; costae and costules abaxially with prominent fleshy green aculeate processes, and few brown lanceolate scales, glabrous adaxially. Sori linear, often as long as veinlets, 8 pairs per pinnule lobe, often single or double on basal acroscopic veinlet; indusia brown when mature, membranous, entire. Spores reniform, granulate ornamentation on surface.
Understories of wet evergreen broad-leaved forests; 14001700 m. SE Yunnan [Vietnam].
The type is from Yunnan (Yuanyang, Fengchunling).
Allantodia calogramma is similar to A. similis, but differs by the costa and costule abaxially with many fleshy green aculeate processes.
肉质短肠蕨 rou zhi duan chang jue
Asplenium succulentum C. B. Clarke, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 1: 502. 1880; Diplazium succulentum (C. B. Clarke) C. Christensen.
Plants evergreen, large. Rhizome creeping, robust, brown, up to 5 cm in diam. including remaining stipe bases, apex densely scaly; scales brown, lanceolate, membranous, margin black, toothed; fronds approximate. Fertile frond up to 2.5 m; stipe brown at base, upward green-stramineous, up to 1 m, up to 1 cm in diam., upward glabrous; lamina 2-pinnate with pinnules pinnatipartite, deltoid, up to 1.5 Χ 1.2 m at base, apex acuminate; pinnae up to ca. 10 pairs, alternate, ascending, slightly asymmetric, basiscopic pinnules longer; basal pinnae largest, oblong-lanceolate, up to 60 Χ 30 cm, base slightly narrowed, stalked, broadly lanceolate, apex acuminate; pinnules up to 15 pairs, alternate, spreading, broadly lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, up to 16 Χ 6 cm, pinnatifid to pinnatipartite; lower pinnules stalked, symmetric or basiscopic lobes longer, base truncate or basiscopically shallowly cordate, apex acuminate or caudate long acuminate; lobes of lower pinnules up to 15 pairs, slightly ascending, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, apex mostly acute; lobes of upper pinnules gradually narrowed, rounded at apex, sparsely crenate or pinnatilobate; veins pinnate, prominent abaxially, veinlets up to 13 pairs per pinnule lobe, ascending, simple to pinnate. Lamina nearly fleshy when fresh, thickly papery when dry, grass-green, darker adaxially; rachis and costae green-stramineous, shallowly grooved adaxially, costae and costules with often ± deciduous, fine-sandy[??] glands in grooves on adaxial side, with linear or linear-lanceolate brown scales abaxially; scales on abaxial side of rachis black and toothed at margin. Sori linear, up to 12 pairs per pinnule lobe, borne from costule to more than 2/3 of veinlet, often close to pinnule margin, mostly single or double on basal acroscopic veinlet; indusia light brown, membranous, entire, opening acroscopically, persistent. Spores reniform, perispore hyaline and prominent, reticulate ornamentation.
Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests, beside streamlets; 6002100 m. Guizhou, Yunnan [India].
The type is from India (Darjeeling).
大叶短肠蕨 da ye duan chang jue
Asplenium maximum D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 8. 1825; Allantodia verruculosa Ching & W. M. Chu, nom. seminud.; Asplenium diversifolium Wallich [??okay]; Diplazium diversifolium (Wallich) J. Smith, nom. inval.; D. maximum (D. Don) C. Christensen.
Plants evergreen, large. Rhizome creeping, robust, up to 3 cm in diam., with dense loose scales at apex; scales brown or chestnut, slightly shiny, lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, up to 1.5 cm, thickly membranous, margin with black band, toothed; fronds nearly approximate. Stipe of fertile frond black-brown at base, upward green-stramineous, up to 1.2 m, up to 1 cm in diam., base with sparse scales similar to those on rhizome, upward glabrous, smooth or sparsely verrucose; lamina 2-pinnate with pinnules pinnatifid to pinnatipartite, deltoid, up to 1.8 Χ 1 m, apex acuminate; pinnae 813 pairs, alternate, ascending; basal pinnae largest, broadly lanceolate, up to 65 Χ 23 cm, with stalk up to 5 cm; pinnules up to ca. 10 pairs, alternate, subspreading, broadly lanceolate or deltoid, up to 15 Χ 4 cm, lower pinnules often shortly stalked, base subtruncate, slightly asymmetric, pinnatifid to pinnatisect, long acuminate at apex; pinnule lobes up to 15 pairs, slightly ascending, contiguous or approximate, oblong or nearly rectangular, shallowly crenate or entire, apex rounded or subtruncate, rarely acute; veins pinnate, veinlets up to 10 pairs per pinnule lobe, mostly simple, ascending, reaching pinnule margin. Lamina herbaceous when dry, pale abaxially, glabrous on both surfaces; rachis and costa green-stramineous. Sori linear, often occupying the whole length of veinlet, up to 6 pairs per lobe, often single or double; indusia brown when mature, membranous, entire, opening acroscopically. Spores bean-shaped, without perispore, tuberculate ornamentation.
Valleys, understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests, beside streamlets, 9001800 m. Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Jiangxi, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, NE Myanmar, Nepal].
The type is from Nepal.
大型短肠蕨 da xing duan chang jue
Gymnogramma gigantea Baker, J. Bot. 27: 177. 1899; Allantodia infraimpressa Ching, nom. nud.; A. laipoensis Ching, nom. nud.; A. longiloba Ching, nom. nud.; A. sunghsienensis Ching & Y. P. Hsu; Diplazium falccidum H. Christ[??spelling]; D. giganteum (Baker) Ching.
Plants summer-green, large. Rhizome creeping, apex densely scaly; scales brown, narrowly lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, membranous, margin sparsely toothed, often black (sometimes black margin discontinuous or not prominent), apex linear, caudate; fronds caespitose. Fertile frond more than 2 m; stipe dark brown at base, upward stramineous or green-stramineous, up to 90 cm, up to 1 cm in diam., base densely scaly, scales similar to those on rhizome, upward gradually glabrous, deeply grooved adaxially; lamina 2-pinnate with pinnatipartite pinnules, deltoid, up to 1.5 Χ 1 m, apex acuminate; pinnae ca. 15 pairs, alternate, slightly ascending, mostly broadly oblong-lanceolate; apex acuminate; basal 2 pairs of pinnae largest, up to 60 Χ 20 cm, with stalk 26 cm, pinnate; upper pinnae reduced to lanceolate, pinnatilobate, sessile or subsessile; pinnules up to 20 pairs, alternate or subopposite, spreading or subspreading, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, base asymmetric (basiscopic side shallowly cordate, acroscopic side broadly cuneate or nearly truncate, acroscopic lobes often smaller), shortly stalked or sessile, pinnatifid to pinnatipartite, apex acuminate or shortly acuminate; middle pinnules up to 15 Χ 5 cm; pinnule lobes up to ca. 15 pairs, slightly ascending, oblong, margin entire or crenate, apex rounded or nearly truncate; veins visible abaxially, inconspicuous adaxially, pinnate, veinlets up to 9 pairs per pinnule lobe, ascending, often forked or simple, sometimes 3- or 4-furcate. Lamina herbaceous or thinly herbaceous when dry, pale green to gray-green abaxially, green adaxially, glabrous, veinlets with light brown or gray-white thin glands and pale brown small scales, midribs of pinnule lobes abaxially glandular; rachis and costae stramineous or green-stramineous, abaxially with pale brown short nodose hairs and many small scales, then glabrous. Sori mostly shortly linear, medial-inframedial, from base of midrib or near base to more than 2/3 of veinlet length, sometimes short, up to 7 pairs per pinnule lobe, often single or double on basal acroscopic veinlets (often forked along veinlets); indusia brown when mature, membranous, opening acroscopically, often part remaining, sometimes deciduous. Spores nearly reniform, perispore prominent, not rugate, granulate ornamentation. 2n = 82.
Understories of broad-leaved forests, beside streams; 4002600 m. Chongqing, Guizhou, W Henan, W Hubei, S Jiangxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [E Himalaya: Bhutan, NE India].
The type is from Hubei (Badong).
阔羽短肠蕨 kuo yu duan chang jue
Plants large. Fertile frond up to 2 m; lamina 2-pinnate with pinnatilobate pinnules; rachis to 1 cm in diam.; pinnae alternate, ascending, middle pinnae broadly oblong-lanceolate, up to 80 Χ 30 cm, base slightly narrowed, with stalk up to 3 cm, apex acuminate; pinnules up to ca. 15 pairs, subspreading, basal pinnules slightly reduced, oblong-lanceolate, up to 17 Χ 5 cm, base truncate, slightly asymmetric (acroscopic lobes smaller), subsessile, pinnatifid to pinnatipartite, apex acuminate; pinnule lobes up to 18 pairs, oblong, subspreading, margin crenate, apex rounded; veins visible abaxially, inconspicuous adaxially, veinlets up to 12 pairs per pinnule lobe, forked or simple, basal veinlets curved, not forked, basal basiscopic veinlet running to sinus between pinnule lobes, basal acroscopic veinlet running above sinus. Lamina thinly herbaceous, green, darker adaxially, glabrous on both surfaces. Sori long linear, medial, from near midrib to more than middle of veinlet; indusia brown, membranous, entire, opening acroscopically.
* Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests; ca. 800 m. SE Xizang (Motuo).
Allantodia latipinnula is similar to A. gigantea, but differs by the oblong-lanceolate, glabrous pinnules.
菜蕨属 cai jue shu
Anisogonium C. Presl.
Plants evergreen, large. Rhizome robust, erect or ascending, usually cylindrical, scaly; scales brown, margin cilia-form serrate; fronds caespitose. Stipe robust, glabrous or aculeate; lamina elliptic, 1- or 2-pinnate, acuminate at apex; pinna 1-pinnate, large, broadly lanceolate, acuminate at apex, base truncate, asymmetric, entire or serrate or pinnatilobate at margin, base of pinna basiscopic sometimes free, base connate with stipe; pinnules lanceolate, acuminate at apex, pinnatilobate; midrib and lateral veins prominent, basiscopic pairs of veinlets ascending, apex connate in oblique rectangular aperture, also 1 short vein outside pointing from joint point, slightly like Amauropelta. Lamina herbaceous or nearly leathery, without hairs on rachis, costa and midrib adaxially with rust-yellow nodose short hairs; rachis acroscopic occasionally with [??]gemma of a fungus. Sori elliptic or linear, nearly borne on all veinlets; indusia yellow-brown, linear, thickly membranous, entire, persistent or deciduous. Perispore large chondros[??] or tuberculate ornamentation on surface. x = 41.
Callipteris as defined here comprises about five species, distributed in the Pacific islands and SE Asia; two species in China; distributed in all provinces and autonomous regions south of Changjiang; growing on sandy banks of valley streamlets and rivers.
Molecular evidence shows that Callipteris merges in Diplazium (including Allantodia); further taxonomic revision is needed.
1a. Rachis glabrous, not spininous ........................................................................ 1. C. esculenta
1b. Rachis spinous ............................................................................................. 2. C. paradoxa
菜蕨 cai jue
Rhizome erect, up to 15 cm tall, densely scaly; scales brown, narrowly lanceolate, ca. 10 Χ 1 mm, thin, toothed at margin; fronds caespitose. Fertile fronds 60120 cm; stipe brown-stramineous, 5060 cm, 35 mm in diam. at base, sparsely scaly, upward glabrous or hairy; lamina 1-pinnate or 2-pinnate, deltoid or broadly lanceolate, 6080 cm or longer, 3060 cm wide, apex acuminate; pinnae 1216 pairs, alternate, ascending, lower pinnae stipitate, broadly lanceolate 1620 Χ 69 cm, pinnatilobate or 1-pinnate; upper pinnae subsessile, linear-lanceolate, 610 Χ 12 cm, base truncate, serrate at margin or pinnatilobate (lobes minutely serrate), apex acuminate; veins per lobes pinnate, veinlets 810 pairs, ascending, lower 2 or 3 pairs usually conjoined. Lamina stiffly herbaceous, glabrous or hairy, rachis glabrous or hairy; costae shallowly grooved, glabrous or occasionally with light brown short hairs. Sori mostly linear, slightly curved, from near midribs to laminar margin; indusia yellow-brown, linear, membranous, entire. Spore surface with large granulate or tuberculate projections. 2n = 82.
Understories of valley forests, beside brooks; 1001200 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [tropical Asia, subtropical and tropical Polynesia].
2a. Rachis and costa not hairy ......................................................................... 1a. var. esculenta
2b. Rachis and costa with dense rust-yellow soft hairs on adaxial side............... 1b. var. pubescens
菜蕨(原变种) cai jue (yuan bian zhong)
Hemionitis esculenta Retzius, Observ. Bot. 6: 38. 1791; Anisogonium esculentum (Retzius) C. Presl; Athyrium esculentum (Retzius) Copeland; Callipteris ambigua (Swartz) T. Moore; Diplazium esculentum (Retzius) J. Smith [??author, not (Retzius) Swartz (1803), nor M. Kato (1994)]; Microstegia esculenta (Retzius) C. Presl.
Rachis and costae not hairy.
Understories of valley forests, beside brooks; 1001200 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [tropical Asia, subtropical and tropical Polynesia].
The type is from Indonesia.
The young frond is edible.
毛轴菜蕨 mao zhou cai jue
Diplazium pubescens Link, Hort. Berol. 2: 72. 1833; D. esculentum (Retzius) Swartz var. pubescens (Link) Tardieu & C. Christensen.
Rachis and pinnae with dense rust-yellow soft short hairs on adaxial side.
Forest understories beside streamlets; 200900 m. Guizhou, Hainan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Myanmar, Vietnam].
The young frond is edible.
刺轴菜蕨 Pin Yin
Diplazium paradoxum Fιe, Mιm. Foug. 5: 214. 1852; Anisogonium smithianum (Baker) Beddome; Asplenium smithianum Baker; Callipteris smithiana (Baker) Beddome.
Rhizome ascending. Fertile fronds above 1 m; stipe dark stramineous, 3040 cm, ca. 6 mm in diam., with slightly aculeate protuberances, slightly scaly to base, all with sparse soft hairs when young, then glabrous; scales brown, narrowly lanceolate, up to 1 cm, margin serrate; lamina lower part 2-pinnate, upper part 1-pinnate, deltoid-ovate, 5070 Χ ca. 40 cm at base; pinnae ca. 10 pairs, alternate, ascending, lower pinnae with stalk ca. 1.2 cm; basal pinnae sessile, large, oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, expanded, 46 Χ 11.5 cm, base symmetric, broadly cuneate or subtruncate, margin subentire or repand, crenate, serrate to apex, apex shortly acuminate; veins abaxially prominent, 4 or 5 pairs per lobe, ascending, basal 1 or 2 pairs anastomosing with tip-deltoid aperture. Lamina herbaceous, both surfaces without hairs; rachis and costa adaxially with dense aculeate protuberances. Sori linear, 3 or 4 pairs per lobe. Basal line abaxial often geminate on 1 vein; indusia brown, linear, membranous, persistent.
Dense on wet sandy riverbanks. Guangdong, Hainan [Sri Lanka].
The type is from Sri Lanka.
轴果蕨属 zhou guo jue shu
Plants terrestrial or lithophytic, evergreen, medium-sized. Rhizome erect or creeping, apex and base of stipes scaly; scales brown, lanceolate, entire, long; fronds caespitose, rarely distant or approximate. Fertile fronds up to 2 m; stipe pale stramineous, rarely red-brown, usually as long as lamina, base not thickened, with sparse scales, upward glabrous throughout. Lamina deltoid or ovate-deltoid, herbaceous, glabrous, pinnate lobes 2- or 3-pinnate or ultimate pinnules pinnate, acuminate at apex. Pinnae alternate, ascending, stipitate, pinnules anadromous, acuminate at apex, base asymmetric or nearly symmetric. Lobes anadromous, obtuse, usually asymmetric at base basiscopic, serrate or crenate of ultimate pinnules at margin, sometimes entire. Veins free, prominently, lateral veins mostly forked or pinnate on ultimate pinnules, rarely simple. Costae slightly shallowly grooved adaxially, bilateral margin slightly protuberance. Sori shortly linear, or slightly lunate, solitary on acroscopic veinlets of ultimate pinnules base, usually in 1 line per lobe, 1 or 2 pairs per lobes with pinnate veins, close to ultimate pinnules or midrib of lobes, in parallel lines with each other. Sori and indusia similar, solitary, thickly membranous, slightly swollen, pale gray or gray-green at first, then mostly becoming pale brown, entire, persistent, Spores 2-sided, semicircular in equatorial plane view. Spores perispore prominent, slightly hyaline, rough, with regular or irregular filiform ornamentation, circular projection, or rarely broad flakelike folds. x = 40.
Seven species: mainly distributed in subtropical and tropical areas of China, east to Japan, the Philippines, south to Vietnam and Indonesia (Sumatra); five species in China (three endemic).
Based on molecular evidence that Rhachidosorus does not form a monophyletic group with Athyriaceae (cf. Sano, R. et al. 2000. Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 15: 403413), Zhang proposed the family Rhachidosoraceae X. C. Zhang (Christenhusz et al. 2011. Phytotaxa 19: 754).
1a. Stipe and rachis red-brown; pinnules asymmetric ........................................... 1. R. mesosorus
1b. Upper part of stipe and rachis stramineous; pinnules symmetric or nearly symmetric.
2a. Pinnules and pinnule lobes contiguous or approximate, lobes truncate, entire or shallowly crenate 2. R. truncatus
2b. Pinnules and pinnule lobes (particularly basal ones) apart, lobes round, crenate.
3a. Pinnule lobes and secondary pinnules usually oblong, rarely ovate ........... 3. R. consimilis
3b. Pinnule lobes and secondary pinnules ovate.
4a. Basal pinnae wider than upper ones, narrowly ovate, relative length to width ca. 2:1, surface of spores with few irregular, broadly flakelike folds ........................................... 4. R. blotianus
4b. Basal pinnae similar to upper ones, broadly lanceolate, relative length to width ca. 3:1, surface of spores with sparse irregular flakelike and filiform protuberances ...................... 5. R. pulcher
轴果蕨 zhou guo jue
Asplenium mesosorum Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 12: 120. 1898; Athyrium mesosorum (Makino) Makino; Diplazium mesosorum (Makino) Koidzumi.
Rhizome long or shortly creeping, apex and stipe base densely scaly; scales brown, lanceolate, clathrate, membranous, hyaline, with long multicellular marginal hairs; fronds approximate. Fertile fronds 5060 cm; stipe pale castaneous or red-brown, shiny, 2040 cm, 23 mm in diam., upward glabrous; laminae 2- or 3-pinnate with pinnules or ultimate pinnules pinnatipartite, broadly ovate to deltoid, 3040 Χ 1525 cm at base, apex abruptly narrowed, acuminate; pinnae ascending, narrowly ovate to broadly lanceolate, apex long acuminate; basal pair largest, 1520 ΄ 4.510 cm, with stalk 24 cm; pinnules 815 pairs, alternate, subspreading, ovate-deltoid, base asymmetric (acroscopic base nearly truncate, basiscopic base broadly cuneate), lower pinnules stalked, usually basiscopic pinnules longer than acroscopic pinnules, ca. 8 ΄ 3 cm, pinnatilobate or nearly pinnate; pinnule lobes slightly oblique, ovate-deltoid or oblong, connate to each other with narrow wings, pinnatilobate to pinnatipartite or nearly pinnate, apex rounded-obtuse; ultimate pinnules obtuse apex, shallowly toothed at margin. Veins prominent on both sides, pinnate, veinlets simple or forked; lamina green or brown-green, thinly herbaceous or nearly membranous, glabrous on both surfaces; lower part of rachis and costae pale castaneous or red-brown, upper part stramineous, shiny. Sori lunate, narrowly elliptic, single and costular on basal acroscopic veinlets; indusia pale green when young, becoming pale brown when mature; perispore with irregularly warty ornamentation.
Wetlands in forest understories; 1001000 m. Hubei (Badong), Jiangsu (Yixing), Zhejiang (Linan) [Japan, Korea].
The type is from Japan.
云贵轴果蕨 yun gui zhou guo jue
Rhachidosorus subfragilis Ching.
Rhizome erect; fronds caespitose. Fertile frond up to 1.6 m; stipe castaneous-brown at base, upward stramineous, shiny, up to 70 cm, base with dense brown lanceolate scales, upward glabrous; lamina 2- or 3-pinnate with pinnules or secondary pinnules pinnatilobate, deltoid, up to 1 m Χ 80 cm, glabrous, acuminate at apex; pinnae up to 20 pairs, all stalked, stalk of lower pinnae ca. 2 cm, slightly ascending, basal 2 pairs of pinnae largest, broadly lanceolate or narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, up to 40 ΄ 14 cm, base nearly symmetric, apex acuminate, shortly caudate; upper pinnae lanceolate; pinnules up to 15 pairs, alternate, spreading, up to 10 ΄ 3 cm, with stalk ca. 4 mm, narrowly winged, pinnules on basiscopic side longer than acroscopic, apex shortly acuminate to rounded; pinnule lobes up to ca. 10 pairs, oblong or ovate, up to 15 Χ 8 mm, pinnatilobate to pinnatifid with 4 or fewer lobes, apex rounded or truncate and entire or slightly repand. Veins prominent on abaxial side, pinnate, veinlets 1 or 2 pairs in ultimate lobes, mostly simple, occasionally forked. Lamina green abaxially, usually brown adaxially, herbaceous when dry, rachis and costae pale stramineous, shiny. Sori and indusia lunate, usually 1 per lobe, costular. Perispore with dense irregular warty ornamentation.
* Under bushes, calcareous rock crevices; 6001500 m. Guangxi (Napo), Guizhou (Anlong, Ceheng, Libo), Yunnan (Maguan, Malipo, Xichou).
The type is from Guizhou (Ceheng).
喜钙轴果蕨 xi gai zhou guo jue
Athyrium fragile Tardieu (1932), non Sprengel (1804); Rhachidosorus blotianus Ching [??but accepted as next species].
Rhizome erect, up to 4 cm (including remaining stipe bases); fronds caespitose. Fertile frond up to 2 m; stipe yellow-brown at base, upward stramineous, up to 1 m, up to 1 cm in diam. at base, base with dense yellow-brown lanceolate scales, upward glabrous; lamina 2- or 3-pinnate, deltoid, as long as stipe, apex long acuminate; pinnae up to 25 pairs, basal 2 pairs largest, up to 50 ΄ 15 cm, broadly lanceolate, pinnatilobate and caudate, with stalk up to 3 cm, apex long acuminate; pinnules up to 20 pairs, alternate, spreading, anadromous, up to 8 ΄ 2.5 cm, broadly lanceolate, symmetric or base slightly asymmetric, with stalk up to 5 mm, apex acuminate, long caudate; pinnule lobes up to 8 pairs, ovate or oblong, ca. 1 cm ΄ 7 mm, base asymmetric, wider acroscopically, cuneate at basiscopic base, shallowly lobed, apex rounded; secondary lobes of pinnule lobes less than 5 pairs, contiguous, oblique, truncate to rounded. Veins pinnate, veinlets less than 5 pairs per pinnule lobe, 2 pairs in secondary lobe, others forked or simple. Lamina green, paler abaxially, herbaceous when dry, rachis stramineous, glabrous. Sori slightly lunate, oblique, costular to 5 pairs in pinnule lobe; indusia pale brown when dry. Perispore surface with irregular warty ornamentation.
* Under bushes in calcareous areas; 6001800 m. Guizhou (Anshun, Libo), Sichuan (Emei Shan), Yunnan.
The type is from Sichuan (Emei Shan).
脆叶轴果蕨 cui ye zhou guo jue
Athyrium fragile Tardieu (1932), non Sprengel (1804).
Rhizome robust, erect, brown, up to 3 cm in diam. (including remaining stipe bases), woody, apex scaly, scales brown-lanceolate. Fertile fronds up to 2.2 m; stipe brown or castaneous-brown at base, upward gradually pale stramineous, up to 1.1 m, up to 7 mm in diam. at base; lamina 3-pinnate with secondary pinnules lobed, deltoid, up to 1.25 Χ 1 m at base, apex long acuminate; pinnae 9 or 10 pairs, ascending, mostly alternate, with stalk up to 3.5 cm; basal 1 or 2 pairs of pinnae narrowly deltoid or narrowly ovate-lanceolate, up to 70 ΄ 30 cm, apex caudate, long acuminate; pinnules up to 19 pairs, alternate, stalked (stalk up to 1 cm), ascending, lanceolate, lower pinnules up to 16 ΄ 5 cm, pinnatisect, apex caudate, long acuminate and roughly serrate; pinnule lobes up to 10 pairs, ovate, pinnatilobate to pinnatifid, connate to each other with narrow wings, spreading, base asymmetric, broadly cuneate, acroscopic secondary lobes larger, roughly crenate at apex; secondary pinnule lobes less than 5 pairs, shallowly crenate. Veins visible abaxially, pinnate in pinnule lobe, veinlets forked or simple. Lamina mostly brown, paler abaxially, herbaceous or thinly herbaceous when dry, rachis stramineous, shiny. Sori shortly linear or slightly lunate, single in secondary lobes or 1 or 2 pairs in basal ones, costular; indusia light gray when young, pale brown when mature, shortly linear or lunate. Perispore with mostly broad flakelike folds.
Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests; 7001400 m. Guangxi (Baise), Guizhou (Guiding), Yunnan [Vietnam].
The type is from N Vietnam.
台湾轴果蕨 tai wan zhou guo jue
Diplazium pulchrum Tagawa, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 4: 144. 1935; Athyrium fragile sensu Tagawa (??year), non Sprengel (1804), nor Tardieu (1932).
Rhizome erect, up to 4 cm in diam. (including remaining stipe bases), apex densely scaly; scales yellow, lanceolate or linear, up to 1 cm, membranous, entire. Fertile frond up to 2 m; stipe brown at base, upward stramineous, up to 1 m, up to 5 mm in diam. at base, sparse scaly, scales similar to those on rhizome, upward nearly glabrous; lamina pinnate to nearly 3-pinnate, deltoid, up to 1 m ΄ 80 cm, apex acuminate; pinnae ca. 15 pairs, alternate, ascending, usually narrowly ovate-lanceolate, base slightly asymmetric with anadromous pinnules shorter, apex shortly caudate; basal 1 or 2 pairs of pinnae largest, up to 50 ΄ 20 cm, stalked (stalk 23 cm), nearly 2-pinnate; pinnules spreading, separate, deltoid-lanceolate, up to 11 ΄ 4 cm, asymmetric, acroscopic lobes larger, lower pinnules stalked, stalk short, narrowly winged, pinnatifid to pinnatisect, or nearly pinnatisect, apex caudate, long acuminate; pinnule lobes up to 10 pairs or more, basal lobes mostly ovate, other lobes elliptic or oblong, base slightly asymmetric, acroscopic base larger, pinnatifid to pinnatisect, or only sparsely crenate, apex obtuse. Laminae green or pale green, slightly deeper colored adaxially, thinly membranous when dry, rachis and costae stramineous. Sori mostly narrowly elliptic, rarely lunate, costular, oblique; indusia pale green when young, pale brown. Perispore with flattened tuberculate ornamentation.
* Valleys, understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests, among shrubs; ca. 1400 m. Taiwan (Gaoxiaong, Hualian), Yunnan (Fugong, Yinjiang).
The type is from Taiwan (Hualian).
Rhachidosorus pulcher is very similar to R. blotianus in the morphology of lamina, pinnules and pinnule lobes, so the two species have usually been considered conspecific; however, they differ in spore ornamentation.
肠蕨属 chang jue shu
Plants terrestrial, medium-sized. Rhizome robust and ascending or erect, with sparse dark brown broadly lanceolate entire thick scales; fronds caespitose. Stipe herbaceous, upward glabrous, deeply grooved on adaxial side; lamina imparipinnate, elliptic; lateral pinnae 110 pairs, alternate, nearly sessile, lanceolate, base symmetric, rounded-truncate, entire or slightly repand, apex acuminate or caudate; costae robust, shallowly grooved adaxially; veins anastomosing with 24 rows of polygonal areoles without included veinlets, marginal areoles smaller, vein endings free, submarginal, or connected by submarginal veinlets. Sori linear along veinlets, often single, rarely double from base to near margin; indusia inframedial or subcostal, gray, then black-brown when mature, sausage-shaped, thick, membranous when young, open acroscopically or often irregularly ruptured on back side. Spores semicircular, perispore hyaline, with multilayered, broadly rugate, marginally rugate, aculeate projections. x = 41.
Three species: distributed in tropical, subtropical, and temperate Asia; all three species in China.
Based on molecular evidence (Sano, R. et al. 2000. Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 15: 403413; Wei et al. 2010. Acta Bot. Yunnan., suppl. 17: 4654. 2010), the family Diplaziopsidaceae X. C. Zhang & Christenh. consisting of Diplaziopsis and Homalosorus (and provisionally Hemidictyum) was proposed ((M. J. M. Christenhusz, X.-C. Zhang & H. Schneider. 2011. Phytotaxa 19: 754).
1a. Veinlets 2-furcate near costa, rarely at costa; sori subcostal from near costa to below middle of pinna; pinna lanceolate, apex acuminate ........................................................................ 1. D. cavaleriana
1b. Veinlets 2-furcate at costa, rarely near costa; sori subcostal from near costa to middle of pinna; apex of pinna acuminate or caudate.
2a. Pinnae, especially lower pinnae broadly lanceolate-elliptic or nearly oblong, apex often considerably narrowed and caudate; basal pinnae shortened ...................................................... 2. D. brunoniana
2b. Pinnae oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at apex, basal pinnae not shortened ...... 3. D. javanica
川黔肠蕨 chuan qian chang jue
Allantodia cavaleriana H. Christ, Bull. Acad. Gιogr. Bot. Mans 243. 1906; Diplaziopsis intermedia Ching; D. javanica (Blume) C. Christensen subsp. cavaleriana (H. Christ) Nakaike; D. javanica var. cavaleriana (H. Christ) Tagawa; Diplazium cavalerianum (H. Christ) M. Kato; D. javanicum (Blume) Makino.
Rhizome short, erect, apex like base of stipe, scaly with few brown lanceolate scales; fronds caespitose. Fertile fronds up to 1.2 cm; stipe stramineous or green-stramineous when dry, 2545 cm, 23 mm in diam., upward glabrous; lamina broadly lanceolate, 3570 Χ 1520 cm at middle, base often slightly narrowed; lateral pinnae 415 pairs, alternate, sessile or shortly stalked, slightly ascending, oblong-lanceolate, apex acuminate; basal 13 pairs of pinnae often reduced, ovate or narrowly ovate; middle pinnae nearly contiguous, 815 Χ 1.53 cm, base broadly cuneate or nearly truncate, entire; apical pinnae larger than lateral pinnae, similar, base asymmetric; veins anastomosing with 2 or 3 rows of oblique long hexagonal areoles. Lamina green or yellow-green when dry, pale on abaxial surface. Sori thick, linear, 5(8) mm, often from near costa to near or below middle of pinna; indusia brown, sausagelike, opening acroscopically or ruptured on back side when mature, persistent. 2n = 164.
Understories of broad-leaved forests in valleys; 10001800 m. Chongqing (Nanchuan, Zuanjiang), Fujian (Wuyi Shan), Guizhou (Chishui, Fanjing Shan, Huishui), Hubei (Xianfeng), Jiangxi (Jinggangshan), Sichuan (Daxiangling, Emei Shan), Yunnan, Zhejiang (Suichang) [Japan, Vietnam].
The type is from Guizhou (Huishui).
阔羽肠蕨 kuo yu chang jue
Allantodia brunoniana Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 1: 44. 1830; A. javanica sensu Beddome (??year), p.p., non Trevisan (1875); Diplaziopsis hainanensis Ching; D. javanica sensu Ching (??year), p.p., not (Blume) C. Christensen (1905).
Rhizome erect, apex like base of stipe, with brown, entire lanceolate scales; roots long, steel wire-shaped, fleshy; fronds caespitose. Fertile frond up to 1.5 m; stipe black-brown at base, upward brown, 1540 cm, 25 mm in diam., glabrous; lamina elliptic, 15100 Χ 1535 cm; lateral pinnae 114 pairs, alternate or nearly opposite, base nearly sessile or slightly adnate to rachis, obliquely ascending, 1120 Χ 2.55.5 cm, elliptic, broadly lanceolate, or nearly oblong, base rounded-cuneate or shallowly cordiform, margin entire, apex abruptly narrowed to caudate (tail up to 2.5 cm); apical pinnae similar to lateral pinnae, often large, ca. 23 cm, base often asymmetric, stalk up to 2 cm; basal pinna short; veins prominent, anastomosing with 24 rows of areoles, 2-furcate at costa, rarely near costa, oblique, vein endings free inframarginally or connected by inframarginal veinlets. Lamina nearly membranous when dry, dark green adaxially, green abaxially. Sori thick, linear, up to 1.5 cm, close to costa, ca. 4 mm apart, borne on acroscopic vein of 2-furcate vein, basiscopic veinlet sterile; indusia sausage-shaped, thick but thinly membranous when young, wrapping all sporangia, thick when mature, ruptured irregularly from back surface or opening acroscopically, persistent.
Guizhou (Chishui), Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan [India, Nepal, Philippines, Vietnam].
The type is from Nepal.
Diplazopsis brunoniana is usually identified as D. javanica (Blume) C. Christensen. The two differs in that the lower pinnae of D. brunoniana are elliptic broadly lanceolate or nearly oblong, apex often abruptly narrowed to caudate, basal pinnae short; the pinnae of D. javanica are oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at apex, and the basal pinnae are not shortened. Diplaziopsis hainanensis Ching, in fact, is based on a tiny specimen of D. brunoniana.
肠蕨 chang jue
Asplenium javanicum Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae 2: 175. 1828; Allantodia javanica (Blume) Trevisan, p.p.
Rhizome erect, apex like base of stipe, with brown, entire lanceolate scales; roots steel wire-shaped, fleshy, long; fronds caespitose. Fertile fronds more than 1 m; stipe brown, up to 70 cm, up to 7 mm in diam. Lamina broadly lanceolate, ca. 75 Χ 30 cm; lateral pinnae up to 12 pairs, ascending, lanceolate, up to 18 Χ 4 cm, base broadly cuneate or nearly truncate, base asymmetric, pinna stalk ca. 1 cm, entire, slightly irregularly repand, apex long acuminate or slightly shortened; veins prominent on both surfaces, anastomosing with 2 or 3 rows of areoles, 2-furcate at costa, rarely above costa, slightly ascending, distal veins free, ending inframarginally or connected by inframarginal veinlets. Lamina dark green adaxially, pale (light) green abaxially, nearly membranous when dry. Sori linear or sausage-shaped, up to 1 cm, thick, often borne on acroscopic vein of 2-furcate vein, basiscopic vein sterile; indusia thick, membranous, opening acroscopically, persistent.
Taiwan (Gaoxiong) [Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka; Pacific islands (Tahiti), Polynesia].
The type is from Indonesia (Java).
In The Ferns of Burma, F. G. Dickason (1946) recorded Diplaziopsis javanica (Blume) C. Christensen from Burma-road; possibly, it is D. brunoniana (Wallich) W. M. Chu.