THELYPTERIDACEAE* [FIRST DRAFT]

金星蕨科 jing xin jue ke

Lin You-xin (林尤興)

Teresterrial pland. Rhizomes strong, dictyostele radio-symmetrical, brach-bearing or not, erect, ascending or long and creeping, bearina cales at apexes; the scales basiflexed, lanceolate, rearly ovate, brown, thick in tenture, luminae elongate, usually bearing grayish-white short seta or ciliate along margin on dorsa. Fronds clustered, approached or remote, stipes slender, stramineous, unarticulated, two sea horse shape stranges on bael transverse sectionsand and forming into ‘U’ shape up, usually scaly at bases, up more or less bearing grayish-white uncellular acicular hairs, rearely multicellular long haors or stellate hairs.Fronds monomorphic, rearly subdimorphic, moreoblongo-lanceolate or oblanceolate, less ovate or ovato-triangular, usually bipinnatifid, less 3-4 pinnatifid, realy1-pinnate, pinnaeof every time symmentrical at bases, costa  a longitudinal-valleculate on upper side but no opening to rachis, or rounded raised and densely bearing grayish acicular hairs, a expeded tuberfer aerophres at basiflexed of pinnae. According to venation, the genus may divided into 3 tribes : 1. tribe. Thelypterisae Ching : veins free, two typical: (1): all lateral veins reached to margins or near margins above sinus, bottom of the sinus without cartilaginous ( example Parathelypteris Ching etc.); (2). basel one pair of lateral veins reached to cartilagical sinus but incombined; or acroscopic one veinlet of basel one pair of lateral veins reached to cartilagical sinus, basiscopic one veinlet reached to margin above the sinus ( example Pseudocyclosorus and Mesopteris); 2. Tribe Goniopterideae Ching: Veins part combined; at least basel one pair of lateral veins of segment combined into a triangular areola and spreadin a long or short excurrent veinlet from joining point, one or multi-pairs of lateral veins of the others connected with the excurrent veinlet by ends, or reached to end of excurrent veinlet and connecte with translucent line of the sinus, formed on both lateral sides of  excurrent veinlet into oblique-square areolae ( venitio goniopteridis) example Cyclosorus, Ampelopteris; or subtetrasquare ( venitio meniscoidis) exmple  Phronephrium, the two typical areolae all without included veinlet; 3. Tribe Dictyoclineae Ching, veinlets between lateral veins all combined into inregular tetrasquare or pentagnous areolae and with single or forked included veinlets or no ( venitio Dictyoclineoidis). Fronds herbaceous or paperaceous, rarely coriaceous, green or darkish-brown green after dry, both sides ( particular rachis, costa and main veins on upper sides) bearing greyisy-white unicellular acicular hairs, very less glabrous; usually decorated with orange or reddish-orange, petiolued or inpetiolued globular or clab-shape glands, occasionally small scaly along rachis and costa on under sides. Sori rounded, oblong or short-thick linear, dorsifixed on veins, indusiated or exindusiate; the indusia roundo-reniform, fixed by deep-notch, most more or less hairy, persistent or hidden in siri, caduceus; or inconcentrated into sori but scattered along reticulate veins and exindusiate. Sporangia typy of Polypodiodis, with long gametangiophore, usually bearing more kinds of hairs and glandular hairs at places of topical cell of thin wall and top of the gametangiophore. Spores bilateral, rearly tetralateral, tuberculate, spinate, granulate or usually winged perispore on surfaces. Prothallia green, cordate or elongato-cordate, usually with broado-wings, symmetrical, usually bearing hairs or glands. Chromosome x 27- 36 ( lacked 28). 

        Wide spread in all tropic and subtropic zone of the world, less producted in temperate zone, particular more in Asia. About 20 genera, ca. 1000 species, more growth in area of the lower altitude. Very few tropic species growth in 4500 m. 18 genera in China, ca. 365 species.  

              The family is of a very natural family, it is different in throughout plant and along rachis and cota bearing grayish-white unicellular needle-like hairs and pubescences with other families on other similar characters. However owing to asexual and sexual organs and multitype of basel number of chromosome, everybody is different viewpoint on the divisional quension of genera of the family since it be set up. R. C. Ching ( 1963) listed 18 genera ( including Hypodematium) in his ( Acta Phytotax.. Sin. 8 (4): 289-335. 1963), soon afterword 1977 [ ] ( ditto 16 (3): 12-13) added 20 genera ( Hypodematium seted up anoth family). 1971 Holttum divided this family into 23 genera ( Blumea 19 (1): 17-52); 1977 Pich Sermolli main followed Holttum resumed and added some genera and reached 32 genera ( Webbia 3 (2): 213-512); 1990 A. R. Smith divided the family into 5 genera in Kramer the first volium of [  ] i.e. Thelypteris ( including 5 subgenera ), Phegopteris, Pseudophegopteris, Macrothelypteris and Cyclosorus ( including 20 subgenera). In the many systems Holttum and Pich Sermolli’s ones is most small in divisions of genera, inconvenient for using, for example Holttum divided Cyclosoru into Cyclosorus, Christella, Sphaerostephanos and Pneumatopteris according to pinnae on laminal lower part shortened or not,  sporangia and gametangiophore bearing or not glandular hairs and its forms; according to rhizomes creeping brought some species from Parathelypteris to set up Coryphopteris etc. Just pointed out by A. R. Smith (1990): Holtuum’ some genera seem to be natural and unitype, but have to limite it by combined on many characters, some characters concerned minute hairs and glands and must use above 20 times magnifying glass for examination and some characters need also completel specimens, although so, it is difficult also for determinetion. But some genera of A. R. Smith are too mixed, for example Cyclosorus even including all species of infree veining, cause reader is difficulat to master concept of the genus. So the question of divisional genus of the family still need further to study, befor obtaining even more satisfied conclusion the book temporary adopt Ching’ system (1978), parts in system of under genera see R. C. Ching 1963 ( Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8 (4): 289-335).* *

*1940 C. R. Ching set up many new failyies in [  ] ( Snyatsenia 5 (4): 237), containing this family including 12 genera, but the new families becomed nominative nuds owing to nolatin for description. 60 years Pichi Sermolli have written to Ching to make them to latonize, but cause of histoty of that time, Ching did not do it, till 1970 only just formally published by Pich Sermilli.

**1. Cause Holttum set up his system (1971), 1978 Ching’ system adopted Amphineuron,character of genus still mixed, 12 species in the genus, say that 3 of them distributed in china, typical species A. opulentum (Kaulf.) is siminlar to limits of Cyclosorus in laminal vein’ picture pattern and laminae bearing lemon-yellow glads on under surfaces and A. immersum (Bl.) is similar to Thelypteris in laminal veins’ picture pattern, anather species A. tonkinensis (C. Chr.) aready was set up by Ching another new genus Mesopteris. So for Amphineuron including Holttum considered the genus temporal handled do not adopt in the book.. Chinese species separetly see every relative genus.

       2. Trichneuron Ching (in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 10: 118. pl. 22. 1967) had only one piec of specimen and without collected location when be set up, recentry Prof. W. M. Zhu in the university of Yunnan, found again the plant in Pingbian, dawei mountain. Was carefully studied by him and considered it belongs to Lastreopsis of Aspidacea. Its typical location should change also Pingbian, dawei mountain. So it did not be included in the book. 

key to geuns (1)        

1a. Veins free.                                                              

2a. Sori exindusiate.                                                          

    3a. Sorirounded.                                                      

      4a. laminae elongato-oblong or lanceolate, 2-pinnatipartite; veins single and reached to margins; throughout bearing unicelularshort hairs.                          

         5a. A tubercl brown aerophore present on rachis of pinnal bases on under side; fronds mor or less brown after dry;  without cartilaginous hump in  bottom of sinus on segments------------------------------------9. Cyclogramm

         5b. Without a brown tubercle aerophore on rachis of pinnal base on under side; fronds green after dry, a cartilaginous hump present in sinus bootom of segments.

            6b. Plants more or less bearing aciular hairs; pinnae pinnatipartite reached near rachilla; segments falcato-lanceolate, basel one pair of lateral veins reached to near translucent membrane or margin abobe sinu; sori closed to costa-------------------------------11. Glaphylopteridopsis

                       6b. Plant throughout glabrous; pinnae pinnatifid up to 1/2 of the distance to costa; segments triangular, lower 3 pairs of lateral veins reached to margin of line of translucent membrane below sinus but unjoining; sori unclosed to costa-----------------------------------------------13. Mesopteris

4b. Lamiae ovato-traiangular, 3-pinnate; lateral veins forked, veinlets unreached to margin; throughout bearing multicellular long hairs---------5. Macrothelypteris

3b. Sori thick and shortlinear, or oblong.

7a. Sorithick and short linear; veins single; segments entire..

                    8a. Fronds brown or brwinish-green after green, full spreading acicular hairs on both surfaces; lower1-2 pairs of pinnaefree, up ones combined with rachillae; inexpanded at the ends of veins and reached to margn; sori attached at middle of veinlets; sporangia bearing 2-6 acicular hairs at top------------------------------------------------------------------10. Leptogramma

                    8b. Fronds green after dry, subsmoothon both surfaces; pinnae completely free from rachies; veinlets expended at ends and unreached to margin, Sori attached near part of tops of lateral veins------------------------------------7. Craspedosorus 

                 7b. Sorioblong or subrounded; lateral veins more or less forked; segments or ultimate pinnules pinnatifid.

                    9a. Plants small, stipes stramineousish, inpolished; laminae ovato-triangular or narrow-lanceolate; lateral pinnae decurrent along both lateral sides of rachies and conncted to each other; rachies and rachillae bearing more lanceolate scales, the scales ciliate along margin; veinlets reached to margin------------------------------------------------------------6. Phegopteris

                   9b. Plants usually higher and biger, stipesreddish-bown or brownish-stramineous, polished; laminae oblong, rearely broado-lanceolate, lateral pinnae  indecurrent and free to each other; rachies and rachillae without scales; veinlets unreached to margin---------------------------------------------8. Pseudophegopteris

2b. Sori indusiate.

10a. Helophyte; lateral veins biforked-----------------------------------------------1. Thelypteris 

10b. Terresterial plants; lateral veins usually single ( occasionally biforked).

    11a. Rachillae glabrous on upper sides ( or occasionally bearing loose caducousbhairs); stipes bearing many scales on lower parts-------------------------------------2. Lastrea 

       11b. Rachillae densely bearing persistent acicular hairs on upper sides; stipes less bearing loose scales on lower parts. .

        12a. Rachillae roundo-raised on upper sides; ends of veinlets unreached to margin;indusia small, or indeveloped sometime..

                  13a. Laminae oblong or broado-lanceolate, 2-3pinnate, basel one pair of pinnae same shape and size or smaller with above ones, throughout baring unicellular hairs-------------------------------------4. Metethelypteris

            13b. Lamiane triangular-ovate, pinnae 3-4 pinnate, basel one pair biggest,  throughout bearing unicellular hairs--------------------5. Macrothelypteris

        12b. Rachillae depressed one longitudinal vallecula on under side; veins reached to margin; indusia big, brown.

            14a. Rachis without tubercle aerophore at bases of pinnae on under sides, segmental basal one pairs of veins reached to margin above sinus; fronds herbaceous, usually bearing reddish-orange globular glands-------------------------------------------------------3. Parathelypteris

           14b.Rachis presented tubercle aerophore at bases of pinnae on under sides, segmental basel one pair of lateral veins or acroscopic one veinlet reached to cartilaginous bottom of the sinus; fronds paperaceous or coriaceous, without globular gland under surface---------------------------------------------------12.Pseudocyclosorus

1b. Veins partly reticulate or all reticulate.

   15a. Veins partly reticulated into venitio goniopteridis or venitio meniscoidis,  this two typical areolae all without included veinlet; sori rounded or thick - short linear.

     16a. Veins reticulated into venitio-goniopteris; i.e. basel one pair of lateral veins on adjacent segments or one pair of veinlets of between lateral veins of pinnae joining into a triangular areola and spreading a excurrent veinlet from joining point; the excurrent veinlet or a line of translucent membrane on its end connected with the sinus or immediately reached to the sinus, the others’ several pairs of lateral veins connected with the excurrent veinlet or the line of translucent membrane; pinnae small, narrow-lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate. 

          17a. Pinnae parted; one long or short translucent membranous line of bottom of the sinus on segments connected with excurrent veinlet, veins except basel one pair from the second to the fifth pairs of lateral veins connected with the excurrent veinlets or the translucent membranous line and formed rhombic areola, the other lateral veins reached to margins above the sinus; laminae usually bearing orange or reddish-orange globular or clab-shape glands on under surfaces; sori indusiate--------------------------------------------------------------------14. Cyclosorus

         17b. Pinnae pinnatilobete or subentire, without translucent membranous line below the sinus; except basel one pair of veins, the other several pairs of lateral veins connected with the excurrent veinlet or reached to margins above the sinus; laminae without gland on under surfaces; sori exindusiate.

              18a. Plants inlimited growth, i.e. gemma in axile of pinna produced new plant; hair-covering except single hair also with stolked stellate hairs; sori rounded or subrounded; sporangia glabrous-----------------------------16. Ampelopteris

              18b. Plants limited growth; laminae only with single hairs; sori thick and short linear; sporangia bearing several seta at tops-----------------15. Stenogramma

     16b. Veins joining into venitio meniscoidis; i.e. except less veins near margin, all lateral veins joining into square or rectangular areolae; pinnae big, broado-lanceolate; sori rounded when young and usually double combined into venitio meniscoidis when matured----------------------------------------------------------------------------17. Pronephriun

  15b. Veins all connected into reticulaton, with or without single or forked included veinlets in areolae; sori scattered-attaced along reticulate veins---------------------------18. Dictyocline

                             key to genera 2 ( artificially)

1a. Veins free.

2a. Tubercle aerophores presented at pinanl bases on under sides of rachies .              

3a. Basel one pair of lateral veins on segments or acroscopic one veinlet reached to sinus, the other ones reached to margin above sinus; laminae bearing acicular hairs only on both surfaces-----------------------------------------------------------------------2. Pseudocyclosorus 

3b. Lateral veins on segments all reached to margins above the sinus; laminae more or less  mixed curved long hairs , except bearing acicular hairs-----------------------9. Cyclogramma

2b. Without tubercle aerophore at pinnal base on under sides of rachies.                                           

     4a. Without cartilaginous hump in bottom of the sinus on segments, also no traslucent membranous line downwards.                                                            

        5a. Laminae oveto-triangular or triangular, 3- 4-pinnate, basel one pair of pinnae biggest; veinlets unreached to margins; throughout bearing multicellular acicular hairs-------------------------------------------------------------------------5. Macrothelypteris 

        5b. Laminae oblong or broado-lanceolate; bipinnatifid to 3-pinnate; basel one pair of pinnae same in size or smaller with above ones; throughout with unicellular acicular hairs.

           6a. Rachillae without unicellular acicular hair on upper sides ( Occasionally with sparse caduceus pubescens).

              7a. Rachies and rachillae without scale.

                 8a. Marsh plants; segmental lateral veins biforked; sori indusiate; sopores bearing several short seta at tops near annulus------------------1. Thelypteris

                 8b. Terrestrial plants; segmental lateral veins single; sori exindusiate; sporagia bearing several acicular hairs or hairs.

                    9a. Sori rounded, veinlets unreached to margins; sporangia bearing acicular hairs-------------------------------------------8. Psudophegopteris

                   9b. Sori oblong or thick-short linear, veinlets reached to margins; sporngia bearing 2-6 seta at tops-----------------------------------10. Leptogramma

      7b. Rachies and rachillae bearing more small scales.

         10a. Scales on rachies and rachillae with glands at apexes, no cilia; pinnae exstalked base incombined with rachies-----------------------------------------------------2. Lastrea

         10b. Scales on rachies and rachillae no glad at apexes but ciliate below apexes; pinnal bases combined with rachies and decurrent-------------------------------6. Phegopteris

   6b. Rachillae densely covered with persistent grayish-white acicular hairs on upper sides.

         11a. Rachilla roundo-raised on upper sides; sporagia sometime bearing one maulticellular hair that expanded at top on upper part of gametangiophore------------4. Metathelypteris

      11b. Rachillae longitudinal-valleculate on upper sides; gametangiophore sometime decorated with one exstalked globular gland on upper part or sori bearing one seta on upper part on body of sorus.

          12a. Veins inexpanded at ends and reached to margins; sori rounded, indusiate; gametangiophore sometime decorated with 1-3 exstalked globular glads on upper parts---------------------------------------------------------------3. Parathelypteris

          12b. A minute expanded hydathodes at ends of veins and unreached to margins; sori oblong or thick-short linear, exindusiate; usually bearing one seta at tops----------

               -----------------------------------------------------------------------------7. Craspedosorus

4b. A cartiloginous hump presented at bottom of segmental sinus and with one transparent membranous line downwards.

     13a. Plants more or less bearing acicular hairs; pinnae pinnatiparted reached near rachillae; segments falcato-lanceolate, basel one pair lateral veins only reached nearby line of  transparent membrane below the sinus or to margins above the sinus; sori closed to costa------------------------------------------------------------------------11. Glaphylopteriopsis 

     13b. Plants without hair throughout; pinnae pinnatifid up to 1/2 of the distance to costule; segments triangular; lower 3 pairs of lateral veins reached to transparent membranous mrgins below  the sinus but inconnected; sori unclosed to costa ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13. Mesopteris

1b. Veins partly connected; basel one pair of veins on adjacent segments joining into triangular areola, from joining point prodruding one membranous line, the scond to the fifth pairs of lateral veins joining with excurrent veinlet and formed or with transparent membranes to forming into rhombic areolae, the other lateral veins reached to margins above sinus (venitio goniopteridis), or except few lateral veins near margins, all lateral veins joining into square or rhombic areolae (venitio meniscoidis), above two tyical areolaees all without  included veinlet; or all veinlets between lateral veins joining into multiangular areolae, with or without single or forked included veinlets ( venitio Dictyoclineoidis).

   14a. Veins partely joining, sori rounded or thick-short linear.

       15a. Veins joining into venitio goniopteridis.

           16a. Plants limited growth; laminae bearing only single hairs.

               17a. A longitudinal line of translucent membrae downwards from the bottom of the sinus on segment; laminae usually decorated with orange or reddish-orange rounded or clab-shpe glands on under surfaces, sori rounded, indusiate--------------------------------------------------14. Cyclosorus   

               17b. Segmental bottom of the sinus without longitudinal line of the translucent membrane; laminae without gland on under surfaces; sori thick-short linear, exindusiate-------------------------------------------------------15. Stenogramma

                16b. Plants inlimited growth; usually a gamma in pinnal axil and may growing new plant;laminae usually mixed stellate hairs except single ones---------------------------------------------------------------------16. Ampelopteris

          15b. Veins joining into venitio meniscoidis---------------------------------17. Pronephrium

      14b. Veins all reticulated into reticulate; sori scattred attached along reticulalate veins---------------------------------------------------------------------------18. Dictyocline

1. THELYPTERIS Schnidel, Ic. Pl. (ed. Keller) 1: 45. t. 11 (Oct. ) 1762. sen. str., nom cons.

沼澤蕨屬 zhao ze jue shu

Thelypteris Subgen. Thelypteris R. & F. Tryon; Dryopteris Sect. Phegopteris C. Chr.; Thelypteris Sungen. Euthelypteris Ching; Lastrea Cop.

              Mid and small marsh and meodow plants. Rhizomes long and creeping, black, smooth, slightly covered with scales at apexes; the scales ovato-lanceolate, acicular hairy and unisellular glandular hairs on surfaces and along margins. Fronds remote or approached, stiped; stipes subblack at bases and slightly bearing acicular hairs, up stramineous, smooth; laminae oblong-lanceolate, short-acuminate at apexes, intapering or slightly tapering to bases, bipinnatipartite; pinnae meijority, lanceolate, nearly flat-spreading, acute or short-acuminate at apexes, bases truncate, symmetry, pinnatipartite; segments ovato-triangular or oblong, short-point at apexes, thinning along margins, particular on fertile ones, entire or shallow-undulate; Veins free, pinnate on segments, veinlets biforked or usually single on fertile ones, reached to margins. Fronds thick-herbaceous or subcoriaceous, slightly bearing acicular hairs on bother surfsced wheng young and naked when old, rachillae with one longitudinal vallecula on upper siders, under sides raised, sometime bearing one or two membranous small scales. Sori rounded, dorsiflexed at lateral veins, located between costa and margins, in one line on each side of the costa, often more or less covered by reflexed margins; indusia membranous, roundo-reniform, greenish, easy deciduous; sporangia bearing one or two short-capitate glandular hairs on closed to annuli of tops; spores bilateral, reniform, perispores transparent and with spinate ornamentations, smooth on exines. Chromosome x = 35.

              Typical species of genus: Thelypteris palustris (L.) Schott. (Polypodium palustre Salisb. 1796) = Polypodium thelypteris (L.) F. G. Weiss ( Acrostichum thelypteris L. 1753.).

              4 species, 2 and 1 varenty in China.

              The genus nearly contained most species of Thelypteridaceae in the past. According to  recent research showed that their morphs (particular on veinations) more or less alike, but in microcosmic, they took separately developing lines by each own. Here we take conception of narrow sense for classifying.

1a. plants 35-65 cm tall; frond approached, stipes 2-2.5 mm in diam. on bases; rachillae without scale under siders----------------------------------------------------------1. T. palustris

1b. Plants smaller, 14-26 cm tall; fronds remote, stipes slender, ca. 0.5 mm in diam. in base; rachillae sparsely covered with easy deciduous braodo-ovate, brownish membranous scales-------------------------------------------------------------------------------2. T. sqaumulos

1. Thelypteris palustris (L.) Schott, Gen. Fil. anot. t. 10. 1834.

沼澤蕨 zhao ze jue

Acrostichum thelypteris L. Sp. Pl. 1071. 1753; Poltpodium thelypteris (L.) F.G. Weiss; Polystichum thelypteris (L.) Roth; Aspidium thelypteris (L.) Sw.; Athyrium thelypteris (L.) Spr.; Nephrodium thelypteris (L.) Strempel; Lastrea thelypteris (L.) Bory; Dryopteris thelypteris (L.) A. Gray; Thelypteris thelypteris Nieuw-land; Polypodium palustre Salisb.; Aspidium palustre S. G. Gray; Polypodium pterioides Lam.

           Plants 35-65 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, black, smooth or sparsely covered with reddish-brown, ovato-lanceolate scales. Fronds approached; stipes 20-40 cm long, bases black, up darkish-stramineous, polished, usually glabrous, or bearing white pubescens when young; laminae 22-28 x 6-9 cm or minuto-wider sometime, lanceolate, short-acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, bases almostly tapering, bipinnatiprtite; pinnae ca. 20 pairs, subopposite, flat- or oblique-spreading, often slightly bended downwards when matured; basel one pair slightly shortened, mid pinnae 4-5 x 1-1.2 cm, lanceolate, short-acuminate at apexes, bases truncate, pinnatifid nearly reached to rachillae; segments 5-7 x 3-5 mm, round-obtuse or obtuse-pointed at apexes, fertile segments usually recurled to forming pointed along margin. Veins pinnate in segments, lateral veins 4-6 pairs, single or forked and reached to margins, basel one pair coming out from bases of costa. Fronds chartaceous, grass-green or yellowish-green after dry, glabrous on both surfaces, rachies and rachillae longtidinal-valleculate on upper sides, raised on under sides and all glabrous. Sori rounded, dorsiflxed at middles of veinlets, located between costa and magins; indusia small, roundo-reniform, membranous, deciduous when matured. Spores  smooth on surfaces of exine, perispores transparent and with spinate ornamentations. Chromosome 2n = 70.

           In meadow and reed marsh or wet and shady places under forest; 200-800 m.; Hebei, Helongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Nei Mongol, Shandong, Sichuan and Xinjiang [Widely distributing the other temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere].

       1a. Rachies, Rachillae and veins all glabrous------------------------------------1a. var. palustris

    1b. Rachies, rachillae and veins all covered with multicellular acicular long hairs on under sides----------------------------------------------------------------------------1b. var. pubescens

1a. Thelypteris palustris var. palustris

沼澤蕨　zhao ze jue

              Rachies, rachillae and veins all glabrous.

              In meadow and reed marsh or on wet and shady places under forest; 200-800m.; Hebei, Helongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Nei Mongol, Shandong, Sichuan and Xinjinag [ widely distributing in temperate regions of the Northen Hemisphere].

1b. var. pubescens ( Lawson) Fernald in Rhodora 31: 34. pl. 180. f. 7-10. 1929.

毛叶沼泽蕨　mao ye zhao ze jue

                   Rachies, rachillae and veins all covered with multicellular needle-shaped long hairs on under sides. Chromosome 2n = 70.

              In wet meadow and marsh; reached to 800 m.; N. Jiangsu, N-E China and Shandong [ also in other temperate regions of E. Asia and N. Ameirican].

2. Thelypteris squamulosa (Schlecht.) Ching in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. 6: 329. 1936.

鱗片沼澤蕨 lin pian zhao ze jue

Aspidium thelypteris Gray var. squamulosum Schlcht., Adumbr. 23. pl. 11. 1825; Nephrodium squamulosum Hook. f.; N. thelypteris Strempel var. squamulosum Hook.; Lastrea thelypteris Bory var. squamulosa C. Chr.; L. farbankii Bedd.

       Outline of this species same with the former one, but plants short and small, 14-26 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping towards every side, black, apexes including bases of stipes sparsely covere with membranous, brownish ovato-lanceolate scales.Fronds remote; stipes slender, 6-18 cm long, black at bases, up stramineous, gabrous; laminae 8-10 x 3-5 cm, oblong-lanceolate or longly triangular-lanceolate, short-acuminate and pinnatfid at apexes, sometime slightly tapering at bases, bipinnatifid; pinnae 10-12 pairs, alternate or subopposite, mid ones 2-3 x 0.5-0.8 cm, linear-lanceolate, short-pointed at apexes, bases truncate, pinnatipartite; segments oblong or triangular-lanceolate, obtuse at apexes, margins usually reflexed, entire. Veins pinnate in segments, lateral veins forked, veinlets reached to margins. Fronds subcoriaceous, glabrous, along rachies and rachillae sparsely bearing pubescens on upper sides, rachillae sparsely covered with brownish, membranous, easy deciduoud ovato-lanceolate scales. Sori unseen.

       In marsh; S. Yunnan [S. India, New Zealand and S. Africa].

2. LASTREA Bory in Dict. Class. Hist. Nat. 6: 508. 1824.

假鱗毛蕨屬 jia lin mao jue shu

 Thelypteris subg. Lastrea (Hook.) Alston; Thelypteris subgen. Lastrea sect. Lastrea Morton; Oreopteris Holub.

        Mid size, terrestrial plants. Rhizomes short, erect or ascending. Fronds clustered; stipes darkish--stramineous, densely covered with big and thin brown lanceolate scales, up gradually sparsely; laminae oblong-lanceolate, gradually tapering to bases, bipinnatipartite; lower pinnae gradually shortened, basel ones triangular-auricules, mid ones lanceolate, pinnatipartite reached to narrow-wings on both sides of rachillae. Veins pinnate, free, reached to margins. Sori rounded, attached at above middle of lateral veins, far from costa; indusia roundo-reniform, usually bearing glands along margins. Sporangia usually bearing stalked glands on places near annuli joining with gametangiophores. Spores bilateral, reniform, perispores uiobvious and easy deciduous, with granulate ornamentations on surfaces. Chromosome x = 17.

            Tyical species of genus: Lastrea limbospermum (All.) Holub & Pouzar (Polypodium limbospermum All. 1785) = Lastrea oreopteris (Ehrh.) Bory (Polypodium oreopteris Ehrh. ex Wild. 1787).

              3 species, 2 in China.

   1a. Rachies stramineous, sparsely covered with bright-brown or brownish membranous scales; lamiane 20-30 cm wide, lower 3-4 pairs of pinnae slihtly shortened, basel one pair of pinnae triangular-lanceolate----------------------------------------------------1. L. quelpaertensis

   1b. Rachies bright brownish-stramineous, slightly bearing spars brownish short hairs; laminae 6-7 cm wide at middle or bit upper part, lower 8-10 pairs of pinnae gradually shortened, basel one pair of pinnae roundo-auricles or triangular-auricles--------------------2. L. elwesii

1. Latrea quelpaertensis (Christ) Cop., Gen. Fil. 139. 1947.

亞州假鱗毛蕨 ya zhou jia lin mao jue

Dryopteris quelpaertensis Christ in Bull. Acad. Geogr. Bot. Mans. 7. 1910; Athyrium quelpaertensis (Christ) Ching & Thelypteris quelpaertensis; Ctenitis quelpaertnsis H. Ito.; Oreopteris quelpaertensis Holub; Nephrodium montanum Bak. var. fauriei Christ; Dryopteris oreopteris (Ehrh.) Maxon var. fauriei (Christ) Miyabe & Kudo; D. christiana Kodama ex Koidz.; D. yaku-montana Masam; D. kamtshatica Kom.; Ctenitis quelpaertensis H. Ito var. yaku-montana H. Ito; Lastrea quelpaertensis var. yaku-montana Tagawa; 

  Plants (40-) 70-105 cm tall. Rhizomes short, erect or ascending, densely covered with scales; the scales bright-brown, ovato-oblong-lanceolate, acuminate and with small-clab-shape glands, at apexes, entire along margin. Fronds clustered; stipes 10 (20)- 30 cm long, bases darkish-brown, up darkish--stramineous, including rachies covered with denser scales; the scales bright-brown or brownish, ovate, lanceolate or linear, glandular at apexes; laminae (13) 50-70 x (10-) 20-30 cm, oblong-oblanceolate, long-acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, gradually tapering to bases, bipinnatipartite; pinnae 20-35 pairs, opposite or alternate on upper parts, lower 3-4 pairs gradually shortened, basel one pairs of pinnae triangular-lanceolate; mid ones (5-) 10-15 x 1-2.5 cm, long-acuminat at apexes, bases truncate, pinnatipartite nearly reached to rachillae; segments meijority, basel one pair of pinnae longest, triangular-oblong, round-obtuse at apexes, entire or shallowly undulate along margins and often recurled dowanwards. Veins free, lateral veins single or forked on above middle and reached to margins. Fronds herbaceous, grayish-green, covered with brownish linear scales and mixed with grayish-white pubescens, the other glabrous. Sori rounded, attached at above middle of lateral veins and closed to margins; indusia roundo-reniform, brown, membranous, usually with glandular hair–shape projections along margins. Spores with fine granulate. Chromosome 2n = 68.

         Under forest; 1000-1800 m.; Jilin (Chang-bai mountain) [ N and S Japan, Korea and far east region of Russia].

         Outline of this species is similar to Lastrea limbosperma (All.) Ching which distributing W. Asia, Europe and N. Ameirican, but under surfaces of pinna without gland, glabrous above middle of rachillae and under sides of costa, fronds slight thick in texture. It may be geographical subspicies on the two places.

2. Lastrea  elwesii ( Hook. & Bak.) Bedd. Ferns Brit. Ind. Suppl. 18. t. 376. 1876.

錫金假鱗毛蕨 xi jin jia lin mao jue

Nephrodium elwesii Hook. & Bak.., Syn. Fil. 497. 1867; Dryopteris elwesii O. Ktze.; Thelypteris elwesii Ching; Oreopteris elwesii Holtt.

Plants 35-45 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping including bases of stipes covered with brown ovate thin scales. Fronds sparse; stipes 30-32 cm long, blackish-brown at bases, up reached to rachies bright-brownish-stramineous, nearly glabrous on under sides, along longitudinal vellecula pubescent on upper sides; laminae 30-32 x 5-7 cm, oblanceolate, acuminate at apexes, gradually tapering to bases, bipinnatifid; pinnae ca. 10 pairs, pinnae gradually reduced from middle downwards, opposite or alternate, basel one pair of pinnae roundo-auriculate, ca. 5-8 x 5-8 mm, mid ones alternate, flatly spreading or slightly bended upward, 3-4.5 x 0.0-1 cm, pinnatifid up to 2/3 of the distance to costule; segments ca. 5 x 4 mm ( basel acroscopic one piec minute longer), ligulate, roundo-obtuse at apexes. Veins depressed on upper sides, under sides minute raised, lateral veins single or forked, 3-4 pairs on per segment, all reached to margins above sinuses. Fronds papyraceous, after dry brownish-green on upper surfaces, grayish-green on under surfaces, glabrous on both surfaces, bearing more orange-yellow glands on under surfaces. Sori attached at ends of single veinlet or acroscopic one veinlet on forked veins; indusia membranous, brown, glabrous and persistent.

         On stream sides under subalpine needle-forest; ca. 3100 m.; Yunnan [ Sikkim].  

3.PARATHELYPTERIS (H. Ito) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 300. 1963.

金星蕨屬 jin xing jue shu

Thelypteris Sect. Parathelypteris H. Ito in Nakai & Honda, Nov. Fl. Jap. 4: 127. 1939; Thelypteris Subgen. Euthelypters Ching; Thelypteris Subgen. Thelypteri s Sect. Thelypteeris K. Iwats.; Coryphoteris Holtt.; Amphineuron Holtt.; Wangneriopteris Lo”ve & Lo”ve; Thelypteris Subgen. Parathelypteris R. & A. Tryon.

        Mid or small terrestrial plants. Rearly in marsh or meadow. Rhizomes long and creeping or short and decumbent, ascending or erect, smooth or covered with scales or rusty-yellow hairs. Fronds remote, approached or clusterd; stipes stramineous or castaneous, more or less polished, bases subblack sometime and smooth or bearing spereading grayish-white, multicellular acicular hairs, up smooth or pubescent; laminae ovato-oblong, oblong-lanceolate or laceolate, acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, tapering or intapering to bases, bipinnatipartite; lateral pinnae meijority, narrow-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases symmetrical, truncate or broad-cuneate, uncombinated with rachies, sessile or occasionally short stalked, lower pinnae inshortened or one to several pairs of pinnae obviosly shortened, even reduced to small auricles, pinnatipartite; segments meijority, oblong, rectangular or subsquare, apexes round-obtuse , less pointed or sinus-like angles, margins entire or more or less serrate. Veins pinnate, free, lateral veins single and all reached to margins. Fronds herbaceous or papyraceous, after dry yellowish—green, less brownish-green or subblack, both surfaces more or less with pubescens or acicular hairs, rearly glabrous after dry, sometime with orange-yellow or reddish-purpl glands on under surfaces; rachillae longitudinal valleculate on upper sides and densely covered with short seta,  roundo-raised on under side and usually more or less bearing acicular hairs or pubescens, rarely glabrous. Sori rounded, mid size, dorsiflxed at middles or near ends of lateral veins, located between main veins and margins or minutelt closed to margins; indusia biger, round-reniform, less horse-shoe-shaped, after dry brown, membranous, smooth or hairy, usually persistent. Spores bilateral, roundo-reniform, perispors thin and transparent, corrugate, more or less fine-reticulate on surfaces. Chromosome x = 8, 9 and 31.

        Typical species of genus: Parathelypteris glanduligera (Kze.) Ching ( Aspidium glanduligerum Kze.).

        About 60 species, 24 species and 6 varieties in China.

          The genus is very similar to Metathelypteris Ching in shape, but rachilla longitudinal valleculate on upper side, lateral veins usually single and unforked and reached to margin; indusia biger and easy distinguished. 

1a. Stipes stramineousish, smooth or bearing sparse short hairy near bases; sori usually attached at near ends of lateral veins and closed to margins.

  2a. Several pairs of pinnae on lamianel lower parts clearly shortened.

     3a. Plants short and small, usually no more than 40 cm; rhizomes long and creeping; mid pinnae no more than 3.5 cm long; pinnal bearing more multcellular (usually 3-7 cells) acucular hairs on under surface along rachillae---------------1. P. beddomei

     3b. Plants more than 40 cm tall; rhizomes stronger, creeping or ascending; mid pinnae usually over 4 cm long; pinnae usually bearing unicellular acicular hairs on under surface along rachillae, less bearing with 2-3 cells multicellular hairs.

        4a. 3-4 piars of pinnae on laminal lower parts gradually shortened, basel one pair of pinnae 1-2 cm long, inauriculate--------------------------2. P. Changbaishanensis

        4b. 5-8 pairs of pinnae on laminal lower parts gradually shortened, basel one pair of pinnae reduced to small auricles or lacking.

                5a. Laminae no gland or occasionally with few orange-yellow rounded glads on under surfaces; rhizomes long and creeping and subsmooth-----------         --------------------------------------------------------------------------3. P. nipponica

          5b. Laminae with more orange-yellow rounded glads on under surfaces; rhizomes ascending or creeping, densely covered with rusty-yellow pubescens.

             6a. Rhizomes ascending; rachies with glaucous fine cicular hairs on under sides; indusia bearing dense seta at the back------------------4. P. qinlingensis

           6b. Rhizomes long and creeping, densely covered with rusty-yellow hairs; rachies subentire on under sides; indusia smooth or occasionally with one or two stae at the back-----------------------------------------------------5. P. boreali

      2b. Basel pinnae on laminae inshortened or at least minutely shortened.

         7a. Small plants, usually no more than 20 cm tall; mid pinnae 1.5-2 x 4-8 cm; segments 2-5 pairs; indusia horse-shoe-shaped.

            8a. Pinnae subglabrous on under surfaces; nearly glandless; indusia biger and subsmooth at the back; occasionally bearing few grayish-white seta-----------------------------------------------------------6. P. cystopterioides

            8b. Along rachillae and costa on under surfaces of laminae sparsely bearing

               grayish-white fine acicular hairs and orange-yellow round glands; indusia small and bearing more seta at the back-------------------7. P. granunitoides

         7b. Mid or big plants.

            9a. Mid plants, 25-60 cm tall; mid pinnae 2-6 x ca. 1 cm; segments 6-20 pairs; pinnae glands scattred on under surfaces.

               10a. Rachillae glabrous on under surfaces; segments of fertile fronds crenate along margins---------------------------------------8. P. serrutula 

               10b. Rachillae more or less bearing aicular hairs; segments of fertile fronds entire along margns.

                   11a. Mid pinnae 2-3 cm long, acute at apexes; segments 6-10 pairs; lower several pairs of pinnae minutely shortened; rachillae only bearing few acicular hairs on under sides------9. P. angustifrons

                   11b. Mid pinnae 4.5 cm long, acuminate at apexes, segments over 15 pairs; basel pinnae inshortened; rachillae bearing more acicular hairs on under siders-----------------------------10. P. glanduligera

              9a. Big plants, 2-3 m. tall, lateral pinnae 25-30 x 2-2.5 cm; segments 60-70 pairs, pinnal glands decorated lateral veins only--------11. P. subimmersa

   1b. Stipes at pars or whole ( often till rachies) castaneous or castanousish-brown, rarely stramineous, bases smooth or bearing spreading grayish-white acicular hairs; sori usually dorsiflexd on middles of lateral veins, located beteen osta and margins.

      12a. Pinnae decorated with reddish-purpl globular big glands on under surfaces.

          13a. Stipes bearing spreading and consisting of 2-3 cells grayish-white acicular hairs on bases.

             14a. Laminal under surfaces bearing long acicular hairs along rachillae.

                 15a. Rachies usually hairy on under sides; lateral pinnae 12-15 pairs; segments more or less with angular at apexes, 3-6 lateral veins on per segment; laminae decorated with reddish-purpl glands on under surfaces----------------------------------------------12. P. chingii

                 15b. Rachies usually smooth on under sides, lateral pinnae 18-30 pairs; segments round-obtuse or roundo-truncate at apexes and unangular, 7-8 pairs of lateral veins on per segment; laminae decorated with denser reddish-purpl glands on under surfaces.

       16a. Indusia densely covered bearing grayish-white acicular long hairs--------------------------------------------------------13. P. petelotii

       16b. Indusia glabrous or occasionally  bearing few short seta-------------------------------------------------------14. P. hirsutipes

           14a. Lamiane bearing short hairs or subsmooth on under surfaces along rachies.

                       17a. Lamiane glabrous or bearing few short acicular hairs on under surfaces; indusia glabrous or occasionally bearing short seta at the back-------------------------------------------------------------15. P. caudate

                       17b. Laminae densely bearing short acicular hairs on under surfaces; indusia hairy at the back also.

                           18a. Indusia big, closed from each other, dense short setaceous at the back-----------------------------------------------------16. P. trichochlamys

                      18b. Indusia mid size, separated from each other, sparse pubescent at the back--------------------------------------------17. P. caoshanensis

            13b. Stipes glabrous on bases.

                     19a. Lamiane lanceolate, mid pinnae narrower, 0.8-1.2 cm wide, glabrous or occasionally bearing very few grayish-white pubesces on under surfaces; indusia glabrous or sparsely bearing short hairs at the back; stipes castaneousish-brown, never stramineous----------------------------18. P. chinensis

                     19b. Lamiae ovato-oblong; mid pinnae 1.3-1.6 cm wide, usually bearing grayish-white pubescences on under surfaces, rarely glabrous; stipes usually castaneous, occasionally stramineous---------------------------------19. P. japonica

               12b, Laminae no reddish-purpl globular gland on under surfaces.

                   20a. Stipes densely bearing unicellular grayish-white short acicular hairs; laminae also densely bearing same hairs on both surfaces----------------------------20. P. casanea

                   20b. Stipes bearing spreading multicellualr acicular long hairs on bases.

                       21a. Segments rounded or roundo-truncate and with 2-4 sinus-like angular at apexes.

                          22a. Rhizomes short and erect; bases of stipes except bearing few spreading multicellular long acicular hairs, including above base bearing grayish-white unicellular short seta, indusia sparse pubescent at the back----------------------------------------------------------------21. P. pauciloba 

                          22b. Rhizomes short, decumbent or ascending; stipes densely bearing spreading multicellular acicular long hairs, up near glabrous; indusia densely short setaceous at the back------------------------22. P. angulariloba

                       21b. Segments rounded or roundo-truncate and without sinus-like angular at apexes.

                           23a. Lamiane darkish-green or subblack after dry; pinnae on under surfaces densely pubescent along rachillae, veins and intervel sparsely short hairy; indusia glabrous or occasionally very few pubescent at the back

                                after dry-------------------------------------------------------23. P. nigrescens

                           23b. Laminae greyish-green after dry; pinnae densely bearing multicellular beard-like long acicular hairs; indusia densely pubescent at the back-------------------------------------------------------24. P. indo-chinensis

1. Parathelypteris beddomei (Bak.) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8; 302. 1963.

长根金星蕨 chang gen jin xing jue

Lastrea beddomei Bedd., Ferns Brit. Ind. Corr. 2. 1870; Aspidium beddomei Parantl; Dryopteris beddomei O. Ktze; Thelypteris beddomei Ching.

       Plants 2—0 (-40) cm tall. Rhizomes extremely long and creeping, sparsely covered with brawn ovate small scales and densely brownish long hairs when young. Fronds remote or approached; stipes slender, 4-10 cm long, stramineous and smooth; laminae 15-25(-30) x 3-4 (-6) cm, oblanceolate, acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, gradually tapering to bases, bipinnatipartite; pinnae 20-24 (-30) pairs, alternate, sessile, obliquely or subflatly spreading, lower 7-9 pairs gradually shortened into small auricles, basel one pair of pinnae 1-2 mm long only, mid pinnae 1.5-3.5 x 0.4-0.5 cm, lanceolate, short acuminate at apexes, bases minutely broadened, symmetrical, roundo-truncate, pinnatipartite reached to narrow-wing on both sides of rachillae; segments 10-14 pairs, oblong, rounded at apexes, entire. Veins visible on both sides, lateral veins pinnately free, veinlets single, reached to margins, 3 - 4 pairs on per segment, basel one pair comed out from bases of costa. Fronds herbaceous, yellowish-brown after dry, on under surfaces except bearing few orage-yellow globular glands, more grayish-white and cossisting of 3-7 cells fine long hairs along rachillar and veins, upper surfaces beaing unicellular short acicular hairs along rachillae and veins. Sori small, 2-3 pairs on per segment, attached at near ends of lateral veins, closed to margins; indusia roundo-reniform, small, brown, thick-membranous, glabrous and persistent. Chromosome 2n = 62.

                          In mountain meadow, by stream sides or wet land; 650-2500 m.; N. Taiwan and Zhejinag [ S. India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia and Philippines]. Typical of specimen collected from India.

                        This species is similar to Parathelypteris niponica (Franch. & Sav.) Ching in outline, but more thiner, rhizome extremely slender, pinnae covered with more multicellular long acicular hairs, growth in madid habitat.

2. Parathelpteris changbaishanensis Ching ex Shing, Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 33-35. t :. 5, f.: 1-3. 1999; 

长白山金星蕨 chang bai shan jin xing jue

       Plants 45-60 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, subblack and smooth. Fronds approached; stipes 15-25 cm long, bases subblack, occasionally covered with few darkish-brown ovate scales, up stramineous, glabrous or sometime sparsely bearing grayish-white fine and long hairy; laminae 25-35 x 8-12 cm, oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, clearly patering to bases, bipinnatipartite; pinnae 20-25 pairs, alternate, olique-spreading, sessile, lower 3-4 pairs gradually shortened, basel one pair of pinnae 1-2 cm long, lanceolate and oblique downwards, mid pinnae 4-6 x 0.9 x 1.3 cm, linear-lnceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases minutely broadened, symentrical, subtruncate, pinnatifid nearly reached to rachillae; segments ca. 15 pairs,  basel one pair minute longer, mid ones 4-6 x 0.2-0.3 cm, oblong, round-obtuse at apexes, sparse sharrow and thick serrate along margins.Veins visible, lateral veins oblique up, 5 (-6) pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out from bases of costa. Fronds thin-herbaceous, grass-green after dry, decorated with orage-yellow globular glads on under surfaces, along rachillae bearing dense grayish-white villoses, spars villous along costa; upper sides covered with denser appressed short acicular hairs along longitudinal vallecula and veins. Sori small, rounded, 3-4 pairs on per segment, dorsiflxed at above middles of lateral veins, minute closed to margins; indusia small, roundo-reniform, grayish-yellow, membranous, hairy at the back, persistent.

       In Meadow; 590-1400 m.; endemic in Jilin (chang bai mountain).

   This species is similar to next one in outline, but lower 2-4 pairs of pinnae shortened but unchanged form, pinnae densely bearing orange-yellow globular glands and willoses on under surfaces, growing in meadow.       

3.Paratheplteris nipponica (Franch. & Sav. ) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 302. 1963.

中日金星蕨  zhong ri jin sing jue

Aspidium nipponicum Franch. & Sav. Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 242, 636. 1879; Dryopteris nipponicum C. Chr.; Thelypteris nipponica Ching; Lastrea nipponica Cop.; Wagneriopteris nipponica Lo”ve & Lo”ve.

        Plants 40-60 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, subsmooth. Fronds approached; stipes 10-20 cm long, bases darkish-brown, more or less covered with reddish-brown broad-ovate scales, up bright-stramineous, smooth; laminae 30-40 x 7-10 cm, oblanceolate, acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, gradually tapering to bases, bipinnatipartite; pinnae 25-33 pairs, lower 5-7 pairs subopposite, downwards gradually reduced into small auricles, lowest ones tubercles, mid pinnae alternate, sessile, subflatly spreading, 4-5 x 7-12 cm, lanceolate, auminate at apexes, bases minute broadended, symmetrical, truncate, pinnatifid nearly reached to rachillae; segments ca. 18 pairs, slightly oblique spreading, 3-5 x ca. 2 mm, oblong, round-obtuse at apexes, entire or shallow-thick serrate. Veins clerar, lateral veins single, 4-5 pairs on per segment. Fronds herbaceous, grass-green after dry, under surfaces bearin grayish-white, spreading unicellular and mixed few multicellular acicular hairs along rachillae, costa and margins, interstitial region densely bearing micro-glandular hairs and few orage –yellow globular glads; upper surfaces subglabrous except rachillae and veins covered with short acicular hairs. Sori rounded, mid size, 3-4 pairs on per segment, dorsiflxed at above middles of lateral veins, far from costa; indusia mid size, round-reniform, brown, membranous, bearing few grayish-white long acicular hairs at the back. Spores bilateral, round-reniform, perispores corrugate, exine regular fine reticulate.Chromosome 2n = 124.

        On soil under open forest on hilly region; 400-2500 m. commen; Fujian, Gangsu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, N. Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Yunnan and Zhejiang [ Japan, S. Korea and Nepal]. Typical specimen collected from Nepal.

        Outline of this species is similar to Parathelypteris novoboracensis (L.) Ching which growing along the bank of the atlantic coast, different points only in later one’ segments acute at apexes, indusia glabrous at the back.      

4.Parathelypteris qinlingensis Ching ex Shing, Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 36-37. 1999.

秦岭金星蕨 qin ling jin xing jue

       Plants 45-60 cm tall. Rhizomes ascending. Fronds subclusterd; stipes 10- 20 cm long, bases darkish-brown, sparsely bearing brown broad-ovate scales, up stramineous, smooth; laminae 35-45 x 8-11 cm, oblanceolate,  acuminae and pinnatifid at apexes, gradually tapering to base, bipinnatipartite; pinnae ca. 25 pairs, dowanwards gradually shortened into small auricle, lowest ones tubercle, mid pinnae alternate, flatly spreading, sessile, 4-6 x ca. 1 cm, lanceolate, long-acuminate at apexes, bases symmetrical and minute broader, subtruncate, pinnatifid nearly reached to rachillae; segments ca. 18 pairs, subflatly spreading, 4-6 x ca. 2 mm, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse at apexes, entire. Veins clear, lateral veins single, 5-6 pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out from bases of costa. Fronds thick-herbaceous, grass-green after dry, under surfaces bearing more orange-yellow globulr glads, along rachillae, costa and margins densely bearing grayish-white, spreading,fine acicular hairs, upper surfaces along longitudinal vallecula and veins bearing appressed short seta, along rachies sparely bearing long hairs. Sori rounded, 3-5 pairs dorsiflexed at near ends of lateral veins on per segment and closed to margins; indusia mid size, round-reniform, brown, membranous, covered with more seta at the back, persistent. Spores bilateral, round-reniform, perispores corrugate and obvious fine-reticulate on surfaces, exine fine retculate.

       Under forest of Pinus armandii Pranch.; ca. 1800m.; common; Gansu and Shaanxi. Typical specimen collected from Shaanxi.

    This species is different with Parathelypteris nipponica (Franch, & Sav.) Ching in rhizomes ascending, fronds subclustered, pinnae covered with more orange-yellow globular glands and fine acicular long hairs on under sirfaces; indusia densely covered with setae at the back.

5. Parathelypteris borealis (Hara) Shing, Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): t. 5, f.: 19-21. 1999.

狭脚金星蕨 xia jiao jin xing jue

Parathelypteris nipponica var. borealis Nakaike, New Fl. Jap. Pterid. 842. 1992; Dryopteris nipponica var. borealis Hara; Parathelypteris subnipponica Ching.   

    Plants 45-65cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, densely bearing rustyish-yellow hairs.Fronds approached; stipes 13 cm long, stramineous, smooth, bases sparsely bearing brown ovate scles; laminae 25-50 x 5-11 cm, alternate, flatly spreading, sessile, lower 7-8 pairs abruptly tapering into auricules, lowerst ones tubercle, mid pinnae 3-6 x 0.6-0.9 cm, lanceolate, acuminat at apexes, bases minute broadened, symmetrical, subtruncate, pinnatifid nearly reached to rachillae; segments 12-18 pairs, 3-4.5 x 1.5 –2 mm, oblong, obtuse at pexes, entire. Veins clear, lateral veins single, 4-5 pairs on per segmen, basel one pair come out from above bases of costa. Fronds herbaceous, after dry yellowish-dark-green, densely bearing orage-yellow globular glads on under surfaces, sparsely bearing grayish-white fine acicular hairs along rachillae, costae and margins, upper surfaces along longitudinal vallecula of rachilla bearing short hairs, the other smooth. Sori rounded, dorsiflexed at neat ends of lateral veins and closed to margins, 1-4 pairs on per segmen; indusia small, roundo-reniform, brown, membranous, nearly glabrous at the back. Spores bilateral, roundo-reniform, perispores few corrugate and fine reticulate on corrugations.

       In thickets on valley or shady wet places under forest; 400-1850 m.; commoner N. Anwei, N. Fujinag, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan [Japan]. Typical specimen collected from Japan.

      This species is extremely similar to Parathelypteris nippinica (Franch, & Sav.) Ching in outline, but laminae densely bearing orange-yellow globular gland on under surfaces; indusia subsmooth at the back.. Also is similar to Parathelypteris qinlingensis Ching, but later’ rhizomes ascending , rachillae bearing denser long acicular hairs on under sides; indusia bearing more seata at the back.

6. Parathelypteris cystopteroides (Eaton) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 302. 1963. 

马蹄金星蕨 ma ti jin xing jue

 Athyrium cystopteroides Eaton in Proc. Amer. Acad. 4: 110. 1858; Dryopteris cystptroides Kodama ex Tagaw; Thelypteris cystoptroides Ching; Lastrea cystoptroides Cop.; Dryopteris gracilescens Subsp. glanduligera var. abbreviate Kodama; Dryopteris abbreviatipinna Mikino & Ogata ex Makino.

       Plants 7-20 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, franching mixed to forming felt-like, sparsely bearing darhish-brown lanceolate small scales. Fronds approached; stiped 3-5 (-13 ) cm long, slender, darkish-stramineous, subsmooth; laminae 4-7 x ca. 1.5 cm, lanceolate, acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, inpatering to base, bipinnapartite; pinnae 7-10 pairs, alternate, flatly spreading, stalks short, basel one pair same shape with above ones, 7-10 x 6-7 mm, obtuse at apexes, bases subtruncate, pinnatipartite near reached to rachillae; segments 2-3 pairs, ca. 3 x ca. 1’5 mm, oblong, basel one pair often inregularly bilobete. Veins clear, lateral veins single, ca. 3 pairs on per segment. Fronds herbaceous, after dry darkish-green, near smooth on under surfaces, upper surfsces sparsely bearing appressed short hairs along longitudinal vallecula on rachillae, rachillae sparsely pubescent. Sori rounded or oblong, mid size, 2-4 on per segment, dorsiflexed at minute above middle of lateral veins; indusia big, round-reniform, brown, thick-membranous, occationally bearing few grayish-white seta at the back, persistent.

       On rocks under forest; Along the coast offshore islands of Fujiang and Taiwan [ Japan and Korea]. Typical specimen collected from Fujiang. 

7. Parathelypteris grammitoides (Christ) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin.: 302. 1963.

矮小金星蕨 ai xiao jin xing jue

Aspidium grammitoides Christ in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 6: 193. 1898; Dryopteris grammitoides C. Chr.; Thelypteris grammitoides Ching; Lastrea grammitoides Cop.; Athyrium hylostegium Cop.; Dryopteris cystoptroides C. Chr.

       Plants 10-18 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, apexes including bases of stipes bearing reddish-brown narrow-lanceolae small scales. Fronds approached; stipes 3-10 cm long, darkish-stramineous, covered with grayish-white fine acicular hairs; laminae 5-8 x 2-3.5 cm, lanceolate, acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, intapering or binute tapering to bases, bipinnatpartite; pinnae 6-8 pairs, alternate, nearly flatly spreading, lanceolate, obtuse or acute at apexes, bases symmetrical and intapering, round-truncate, pinnatifid nearly reached to rachillae; segments 3-5 pairs, oblique spreading, basel one pair 2-3 x 1.5-2 mm, oblong, rounded at pexes, entire, up segments gradually shortened. Veins visible on under sides, lateral veins single, 3-4 pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out above bases of costae. Fronds thick-coriaceous, after dry darkish-green, bearing orange-yellow globular glands on under surfaces, along rachillae and costae sparsely covered with glaucous needle-shaped long hairs, upper surfaces along longitudinal vallecula on rachillae bearing more acicular hairs. Sori small, rounded, 1-6 on per segment, dorsiflexed at near ends of lateral veins, closed to margins; indusia horse-shoe shaped, mid size, brown, thick-membrnous, bearing more fine and long seta at the back, persistent. Spores bilateral, round-reniform, perispores corrugate, with fine reticulate on corrugations.

       On rocks under forest; 1000-1350 m.; Taiwan [M and S. Japan, Korea and Philippens]. Typical specimen collected from Philippens.

8. Parathelypteris serrulata (Ching) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 303 1963.

有齿金星蕨 you chi jin xing jue

Thelypteris serrulata Ching in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. Ser. 6: 319. 1936; Parathelypteris serrulata Y. Z. Zhang & al. nom. nud.

       Plants ca. 50 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, smooth, apexes sparsely covered with darkish-brown lanceolate scales. Fronds approached or remote; stipes ca. 25 cm long, darkish-stramineous, subsmoothl laminae ca. 25 x ca. 13 cm, broad-lanceolate, acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, bases intapering, bipinnatipartite; pinnae ca. 20 pairs, flatly spreading, alternate or subopposite on lower ones, near sessile, 5-7 x ca. 1.5 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases symmetrical, subtruncate, lower pinnae minute tapering to bases, pinnatipartite near reached to rachillae; segments ca. 18 pairs, subflatly spreading, ca. 7 x ca. 0.2 cm, lanceolate, acute at apexes, segments on fortile fronds crenate along margins, sterile ones sharply lobete along margins. Veins clear, lateral single, 6-7 pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out from bases of costae, sparsely bearing globular glands on under sides, glabrous, upper sides densely bearing short hairs along longitudinal valleculae on rachillae and costae. Sori mid size, rounded, 5-6 on per segment, dorsiflxed at near ends of lateral veins, closed to margins; indusia small, roundo-reniform, brown, membranous, smooth or occasionally spars hairy and deciduous when old. Spores bilateral, roundo-reniform, perispores few corrugate.

       By stream sides under forest; ca. 100 m.; Guizhou, S. W. Sichuan and Zhejinag. Less common. Typical specimen collected from Sichuan.

9. Parathelypteris angustifrons (Miq.) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 302. 1963.

狭叶金星蕨 xia ye jin xing jue

Aspidium angustifrons Miq. In Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bot. 3: 178. 1867; Thelypteris angustifrons Ching; Athyrium cystopteriodes var. elatus Eaton; Lasrea miqueliana Tagawa; Dryopteris glacilescens var. hyalostegia H.Ito.

       Plants 25-35 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, apexes including bases of stipes slightly bearing darkish-brown lanceolate thick scales. Fronds approached; stipes 10-15 cm long, stramineous, subsmooth, upper parts including rachies bearing more grayish-white pubscens; laminae 15-20 x 3-4 cm, lanceolate, acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, bases minute tapering, bipinnatipartite or subbipinnate; pinnae 10-15 pairs, alternate, subflatly spreading, sessile or very short stalked, basel one pair same shape but minute shorter with above ones, mid pinnae 2-3 x ca. 1 cm, lanceolate, obtuse or acute at apexex, bases subsymemtrical,truncate; pinnaetipartite near reached to rachillae or subpinnate; segments or pinnules 6-20 pairs, lower 2-3 pairs, usually free, basel one pair of pinnae biger, 4-5 x ca. 2 mm, oblong, obtuse at apexes, bases cuneate, minute conbined with rachillae, entire or thick serrate along margin, up every pair gradually  reduced. Veins clear on under sides, lateral veins single, 3-4 pairs on per segment. Fronds herbaceous, after dry darkish-green, bearing orangr-yellow globular glands on under surfaces, bearing few acicular hairs along rachillae and costae, upper sides bearing sparser acicular short hairs along longitudinal valleculae. Sori rounded, mid size, 3-4 on per segment, dorsiflexed at upper parts of lateral veins, closed to margins; indusia roundo-reniform, mid size, brown, membranous, bearing more seta at the back, persistent.

       On racks under forest; Fujiang and Taiwan [ Japan]. Typical specimen collected from Japan. 

10. Parathelypteris glanduligera (Kze.) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 303. 1963.

金星蕨 jin xing jue

Aspidium glanduligera Kze., Anal. Pterid. 44. 1837; Lastrea glanduligera Moore; Dryopteris glanduligera Christ; Christella glanduligera Ching; Nephrodium gracilescens var. gladuligera Bak.; Aspidium gracilescens var. glanduligerum Franch. & Sav.; Lastrea gracilescens var. glanduligera Bedd.; Dryopteris graciiscens var. glanduligera C. Chr.; Nephrodium gracilescens Hook. Dryopteris gracilescens Subsp. glanduligera C. Chr.

       Plants 35-50 (-60) cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, smooth, apexes slightly bearing lanceolate scales. Fronds approached; stipes 15-20 (-30) cm long, stramineous, more or less bearing short hairs or smooth sometime; laminae 18-30 x 7-13 cm, lanceolate or broado-lanceolate, acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, intapering to bases, bipinnatipatite; pinnae ca. 15 pairs, flat or oblique spreading, alternate or subopposite on lower ones, sessile, 4-7 x 1-1.5 cm, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases symmetrical and minute broadened, or basel one pair minute tapering to bases, truncate, pinnatifid nearly reached to rachillae; segmemts 15-20 pairs or more, speading, 5-6 x ca. 2 mm, oblong-lanceolate, roundo-obtuse or obtuse-pointed at apexes, entire, basel one pair, particular acroscopic one piec of segment longer. Veins clear, lateral veins single, 5-7 pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out from above bases of costae. Fronds herbaceous, after dry grss-green or darkish-green sometime, pinnae except bearing orange-yellow globular glands, smooth or short pubescent on under surfaces, upper surfaces densely bearing acicular hairs along longitudinal valleculae on rachillae, along veins occasionally bearing few short acicular hairs, along rachies more or less grayish-white pubescent. Sori small, rounded, 4-5 pairs on per segment, dorsiflexed at near ends of lateral veins, closed to margins; indusia mid size, roundo-reniform, brown, thick-membranous, sparsely bearing grayish-white seta at the back, persistent. Spores bilateral, roundo-reniform, perispores corrugate with regular fine-reticulate. Chromosome 2n = 144.

       On places under open forest; 50-1500 m.; Widely distributed provinces and area in South of changjiang river, the north reached to Henan, N. Anhui, the east to Taiwan, the south to Hainan, the west reached to Sichuan and Yunnan [ N. India, Japan, S. Korea, Sikkim and Vietnan]. Typical specimen collected from Guangzhou.

1a. Under surfaces of pinnae except sparsely bearing grayish-white acicular hairs along rachillae and costae, the other subsmooth, upper surfaces bearing short acicular along rachillae, occasionally bearing few appressed short acicular hairs along veins-------------------------------------------------------------------------10a. var. glanduligera    

1b. Under surfaces of pinnae bearing denser pubescens, along rachillae bearing more acicular fine hairs, upper surfaces except bearing acicular hairs along longitudinal valleculae on rhachillae, also bearing sparse appressed fine acicular hairs along veins and in intercostals area---------------------------------------------------------10b.var. puberula

10a. Parathelypteris glanduligera var. glanduligera

金星蕨 jin xing jue

       Under surfaces of pinnae except sparsely bearing grayish-white acicular along rachillar and main veins, the othes subsmooth, upper urfaces bearing short acucular hairs along rachillae, occasionally bearing few appressed short acicular hairs along veins. 

        On places under forest; 50-1500 m.; Widely distributed provinces and area in south of changjiang, the north reached to Henan, N. Anhui, the east rached Taiwan, the south to Hainan, the west to Sichuan and Yunnan [ N. India, Japan, S. Korea, Sikkim and Vitnan].

10b. Parathelypteris glanduligera var. puberula ( Ching) Ching ex Shing, Fl, Jiangxi 1: 199. 1993. 

微毛金星蕨 wei mao jin xing jue

Thelypteris subimmersa Ching in Bull. Fan mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. Ser. 6: 306. 1936; Amphineurom immersum Holtt.

       Under surfaces of pinnae bearing dense pubescens, along rachillae bearing more acicular fine hairs, upper surfaces except bearing acicular hairs along longitudinal valleculae on rachillae, also bearing sparse appressed fine acicular hairs along veins and in intercostals area.

       On wet shady places under Phyllostchys pubescens; 250-1000 m.; Anhui, Jiangsu and Jiangxi. Typical specimen collected from Jiangxi.

11. Parathelypteris subimmersa (Ching) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 303. 1963.

海南金星蕨 bai nan jin xing jue  

Thelypteris subimmersa Ching in Bull. Fan mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. Ser. 6: 306. 1936; Amphimeuron immersum Holtt. pro parte.

Plants 2.6-3 m. tall. Rhizomes strong, woody and ascending.Fronds approached; stipes near reached to 1 m long, thick ca. 1 cm in diam., bases bearing thick and form lanceolate scales, up sparsely bearing short seta, darkish-stramineous; laminae big, 160-200 x 50-60 cm, oblong-lanceolate, acuminae and pinnatifid at apexes, bases nearly tapering or sometime basel one pair of pinnae minute shortened, bipinnatipatite; pinnae meijority, subopposite, flatly spreading, sessile, mid pinnae 25-30 x 2-2.5 cm, linear-lanceolate, caudato-acuminate at apexes, bases symmetrical, truncate, pinnatipartite reached to both narrow-wings of rachillae; segments 60-70 pairs, flatly spreading, pectnately arranged, 8-10 x 2.2 –2.5 mm, linear, rounded or acute at apexes, entire. Veins clear, lateral veins single, 12-14 on per segment, basel one pair come out from bases of costae, all reached to margins above sinuses or basel acroscopic one veinlet closed to the sinus. Fronds paperaceous, after dry grass-green, under surfaces of pinnae more or less bearing yellow globular small glands along veins, the other smooth, upper surfaces along longitudinal valleculae densely bearing grayish-white fine and long acicular hairs and along veins sparse short hairy. Sori rounded, mid size, dorsiflexed at middles of lateral veins, 8-10 pairs on per segment; indusia roundo-reniform, subcoriaceous glabrous, sulphureous glands along margins, persistent. Spores round-reniform, perispores inregular spinate and spars small spinete.

       On moist sand soil of slope under forest; endemic W. Hainan.

This species is similar to Amphiineuron immersum (Bl.) Holtt., which produced in Malaysia. But latter’ pinnae broader (3-3.3 cm), segments densely bearing  grayish-white fine and long acicular hairs on under surfaces. Owing to more complex characters on Amphineuron Holttu., except the plant of this species particular big and strong, the others characters do not different, so listed here.

12. Parathelypteris chingii Shing & J.F. Cheng in Jaingxi Sci. 8(3): 44. 1990.      

秦氏金星蕨 qin shi jin xing jue

Plants 35-60 cm tall. Rhizomes short and erect. Fronds clustered; stipes 15-30 cm long, bases occasionally bearing lanceolate scales and sparsely greish-white multi-cellular spreading acicular hairy, darkish-brown on lower parts, up brownish-stramineous; sparsely short hairy or subsmooth; laminae 20-30 x 10-13 cm, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, bases intapering, bipinnatipartite; pinnae 12-15 pairs, sessile, spreading, basel one inshortened, oblique-dowanwards, pinnae from middle dowanwards 5-8 x 1.4-1.7 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases minute broadened, round-truncate, symmetrical, pinnatiprtite reached to both narrow-wings of rachillae; segments 8-15 pairs, lower ones 4-8 x 3-4 mm, oblong, minute tapering to and roundo-truncate at apexes, sometime angular and entire on both lateral sides. Veins clear, lateral veins single, 3-5 pairs on per segment, basel one pair came out from high places above bases of costae. Fronds thick-herbaceous, after dry grass-green or darkish-green, under surfaces sparsely bearing reddish-purpl globular glads, along rachillae and veins bearing more grayish-white spreading acucular hairs, upper surfaces along longitudinal valleculae densely bearing acucular hairs and appressed short seta, also mexed multicellular spreading acicular hairs. Sori rounded, dorsiflexd at middles of lateral veins, located between costae and margins, 2-5 pairs on per segment; indusia big, roundo-reniform, brown, thick-membranous and separated from each other and bearing grayish-white acicular hairs at the back.

On wet places under dense forest on valley; 300-500 m.; N. Fujian and S. Jiangxi. Typical specimen collectd from Fujiang, wuuyi mountain.

This species is similar to Parathelypteris japonica (Bak.) Chng, but shorter and smaller, stipes bearing spreading acicular hairs on bases, pinnae bearing spreading fine and long acicular hairs on under surfaces; indusia separated from each other.

1a. Plants 35-60 cm tall, pinnae sessile, under surfaces of frond along rachillae and veins bearing grayish-white acicular hairs and upper surfaces along longitudinal valleculae of rachillae bearing appressed short seta and multicellular acicular hairs, rachies bearing denser  acicular hairs--------------------------12a. var. chingii

1b. Plant reached to 75 cm tall, lower pinnae stalked, along rachillae and veins densely bearing short hairs except long acicular hairs on under sides; rachies densely bearing seta on upper sides, sparsely bearing grayish-white fine and long acicular hairs on under sides--------------------------------------------------------12b. var. major

 12a. Parathelypteris chingii var. chingii

秦氏金星蕨 qin shi xing jue

              Plants 35-60 cm tall. pinnae sissile, under surfaces of fronds along rachillae and veins bearing grayish-white acicular hairs on under sides and upper upper surfaces along longitudinal valleculae of rachillae bearing appressed short seta and multicellular acicular hairs.

        On wet places under denser forest on valley; 300-500 m.; N. Fujian and S. Jiangxi.

12b. Parathelypteris chingii Shing var. major (Ching) Shing, Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 46. 1999.

大羽金星蕨 da yu jin xing jue

Thelypteris angulaliloba var. major Ching in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. 6: 325. 1936.

Plants reached to 75 cm tall. lower pinnae stalked, along rachillae and veins densely bearing short hairs except long acicular hairs on under sides; rachies densely bearing seta on upper sides, sparsely bearin grayish-white fine and long acicular hairs on under sides.

           On wet and shady places under forest on mountain feet; endemic Guangdong. 

13. Parathelypteris petilotii (Ching) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 303. 1963. 

长毛金星蕨 cahng amo jin xing jue

Thelypteris petelotii Ching in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. ser. 6: 326. 1963; Lastrea petelotii Tagawa; Coryphopteris petelotii Holtt.

        Plants reached to 70 cm tall. Rhizomes thick and erect, subtrunk-like. Fronds clustered; stipes ca. 30 cm long, slightly bearing scales on bases and densely bearing grayish-white multicellular acicular hairs, up castaneousish-brown and subentire; laminae ca. 40 x ca. 15 cm, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, slightly tapering to bases, bipinnatipatite; pinnae ca. 20 pairs, alternate, sessile, lower ones nearly inshortened, oblique dowanwards, basel pinnae ca. 10 x 2-2.5 cm, lanceolate, long-acuminate at apexes, bases truncate, symmentrical, pinnatipartite nearly reached to rachillae; segments 20-4 pairs, flatly spreading, segments on below middle ca. 1 x ca. 0.3 cm, narrow-rectangular, slightly bend upward, rounded at apexes, shallow-undulate or usually sparsely blunt serrate along margins. Veins clear on both sides, lateral veins single, 6-8 pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out from bases of costae. Fronds herbaceous, after dry darkish-green, bearing denser reddish-purple globular glands on under surfaces, along rachillae and veins densely bearing grayish-white multicellular acicular hairs; upper surfaces spreading all over with appressed pubescent; rachies darkish-stramineous, pubescent on upper sides, smooth on under sides. Sori rounded, dorsiflxed at middles of lateral veins, 3-6 on per segment; indusia big, roundo-reniform, thick-membranous, brown, spreading all over with grayish-white long acicular hairs at the back, persistent.

Under evergreen forest; ca. 1500 m.; S. Guangxi [N. Vietnan]. Typical specimen collected from Vietnan.

 14. Parathelypteris hirsutipes (Clarke) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 303. 1963.

毛脚金星蕨 mao jiao jin xing jue

Nephrodium gracilescens var. hirsutpes Clarke in Trans. Linn. Soc. 2, Bot. 1: 514. t. 67. f. 1. 1880; Lastera hirsutipes Bedd.; Dryopteris hirsutipes C. Chr.; Thelypteris hirsutipes Ching; Dryopteris gracilescens var. chinensis Christ; Coryphopteris hirsutipes Holtt.;

        Plants 5-60 cm tall. Rhizomes strong, cylindraceous, erect. Fronds clustered; stipes 10-20 (-30 ) cm long, lower parts darkish-brown, bases densely bearing grayish-brown, multicellular spreading acicular long hairs ( after dry easy fallen) and few darkish-brown lanceolate scales, up darkish-stramineous and subentire; laminae 25-30 x 9-14 cm, narrow-oblong, acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, slightly tapering to bases, bippintpartite; pinnae 20-25 pairs, alternate, flatly spreading, lower 3-4 pairs inshortened, more or less downwards, mid pinnae 5-8 x 1-1.5 cm, lanceolate, caudato-acumiate at apexes, bases truncate, symmetrical, pinnatipartite nearly reached to rachillae; segments 15-18 pairs, flatly spreading, 4.5-6.5 x 2-3 mm, rectangular, rounded at apexes, margins entire or slightly undulate. Veins visible on both sides, lateral veins single, 5-8 pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out from bases or bit upper parts of costae. Fronds herbaceous, after dry darkish-green, under surfaces bearing denser reddish-purple, globular glands and along rachillae and veins bearing denser multicellular acicular hairs, upper surfaces spreading all over with appressed pubescens; rachies stramineous and sparsely pubescent on both sides. Sori rounded, dorsiflexed at middle of lateral veins, 1-5 pairs on per segment; indusia big, roundo-reniform, thick-membranous, brown, smooth or occasionally few short setaceous at the back.

         Under mountain seasonal rain forest or mixed forest; 1400-1600 m.; S.E. Yunnan [ N. India, Myanmer and Sikkim]. Typical specimen collectd from Sikkim.

15. Parathelypteris caudate Ching ex Shng, Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 49. 1999.

尾叶金星蕨 wei ye jin xing jue

       Plants 50-80 cm tall. Rhizomes thick and short, erect. Fronds clustered; stipes 20-40 cm long, bases subblack and bearing grayish-brown, spreading multicellular acicular hairs and few brown laceolate scales, up castaneousish-brown, subsmooth or along longitudinal vallecula bearing brownish acicular hairs; laminae 30-40 x 10-20 cm, oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, slightly tapering to base, bipinnatipartite; pinnae 20-25 pairs, alternate, spreading, sessile, lower ones inshortened, oblique-downwards, basel one pair 4.5-9 x 1.2-2 cm, lanceolate, caudate or acuminate at apexes, bases slightly tapering, roundo-truncate, symmetrical, pinnatifid reached to narrow-wing on both of rachillae; segments 20-28 pairs, subflatly spreading, 5-9 x2.5-3 mm, linear-lanceolate to rectangular,  rounded or roundo-truncate at apexes, along margins undulate-crenate or thick-serate. Veins clear on under sides, lateral vein single, 6-9 pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out from bases or minute upper part of costae. Fronds papyraceous or thick-herbaceous, after dry darkish-green, under surfaces bearing reddish-purple globular glands, usually glabrous or along rachies, rachillae and veins bearing few grayish-brown pubescens; upper surfaces bearing appressed reddish-brown pubescens, along rachies and longitudinal valleculae and rachillae bearing grayish-brown acicular haies. Sori rounded, mid size, dorsiflexed at middle of lateral veins, 5-7 pairs on per segment; indusia big, roundo-reniform, brown, thick-membranous, smooth or occasionally short setaceous at the back.

       Under Mossy forest or Bambusa forest on mountain subalpine; 1700-1900 m.; M. Guangxi, S. Yunnan and area of the E-China. Typical specimen collected from Yunnan.

16. Parathepteris trichochlamys Ching ex Shing, in Addenda on Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4(1): 320. 1999.

毛盖金星蕨 mao gai jin xing jue

       Plants reached to 50 cm. tall. Rhizomes short and erect. Fronds clustered; stipes 18-20 needle-shaped hairs and darkish-brown linear-lanceolate scales, up castaneousish-red and including rachies and rachillae densely bearing short acicular hairs; laminae 26-30 x ca. 6 cm, apexes acuminate and pinnatifid, intapering to bases, mid pinnae 5-6 x ca. 1 cm, narrow-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases slightly tapering and truncate, symmetrical, sligly bended upwards, pinnatipartite reached to both narrow-wings; segments ca. 16 pairs, 4-4.5 x ca. 3 mm, oblongo-triangular, lightly tapering to apexes, obtuse at apexes, margins entire and often recurled after dry, Veins clear, lateral veins single, ca. 5 pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out from bit upper parts on bases of costae. Fronds thick-herbaceous, after dry brownish-green, under surfaces sparsely covered reddish-purple globular glands, densely covered with short acicular hairs on both surfaces. Sori rounded, dorsiflxed at middles of lateral veins; indusia mid size, roundo-reniform, closed to each other, brown, thick-membranous, densely bearing short seta at the back, persistent.

       On wet places in thickets; endemic W. Guangdong ( huai-ji, dang shan). Common.

17. Parathelypteris caoshanensis Ching ex Shing in Addenda on Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1); 50. 1999. 

草山金星蕨 cao shan jin xing jue

       Plants ca. 38 cm tall. Rhizomes short and erect, black. Fronds clustered; stipes 14-18 cm long, bases darkish-brown, densely bearing spreading acicular long hairs and few lanceolate scales, up castaneousish-red and till rachies densely bearing unicellular short acicular hairs; laminae 20-22 x ca. 9 cm, apexes acuminate and pinnatfid, nearly intapering to bases, bpinnatipartite; pinnae 11-15 pairs, alternate( lower ones subopposite), oblique-up, short stalked, basel pair inshortened or slighly shortened, mid ones ca. 6 x ca. 1 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases roundo-truncate, symmentrical, pinnatifid reached near rachillae; segments ca. 18 pairs, ones below middle ca. 5 x ca. 2.5 mm, oblong, rounded at apexes, entire along margins. Veins clear, lateral veins single, ca. 6 pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out from nearby bases of costae. Fronds herbaceous, after dry darkish-brown, under surfaces spreaded all over with short acicular hairs and including veins bearing reddish-purple globular glands, upper surfaces spreaded all over with shaprs pubescens. Sori rounded. dorsiflexed at minute high places on bases of lateral veins; indusia mid size, roundo-reniform, brown, thin-heraceous, separated from each other, sparsely bearing pubescens at the back, persistent.

       On wet soil under forest in valley; endemic Taiwan ( taibei, caoshan).

18. Parathelypteris chinensis (Ching ) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 303. 1963.

中华金星蕨 zhong hua jin xing jue

Thelypteris chinensis Ching in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst Biol. Bot. 6: 311. 1936; Dryopateris chinensis Ching; Aspidium parathelypteris C. Chr.; Dryopteris japonica var. elongata Rosenst. Parathelypteris mudipes Ching nom. nud.

Plants 57-80 cm tall. Rhizomes short and decumbent or ascending. Fronds approached; stipes 27-40 cm long, bases subblack, sparsely bearing lanceolate scales, up castaneousish-brown or reddish-brown, glabrous, polished; laminae 30-40 x 8-12 cm,  lanceolate, apexes acuminate and pinnatid, intapering to bases, bipinnatipartite; pinnae ca. 18 pairs, opposite or alternate up, oblique spreading, sessile, basel one pair intapering, mid ones 5-7 x 0.8-1.2 cm, narrow-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases truncate, symmetrical, pinnatipartite reached to both narrow-wings on rachillae, segments 18-24 pairs, flatly spreading, 3-5 x 2-3 mm, oblong or triangular-oblong, obtuse at apexes entire along margins. Veins clear, lateral single, 4-5 (- 6 )pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out from minute high places on bases of costae. Fronds herbaceous, brownish-green after dry, on surfaces glabrous except reddish-orange globular glands; upper surfaces pubscent along rachillae. Sori rounded, dorsiflexed atmiddles of lateral veins, ca. 3 pairs on per segment; indusia big, roundo-reniform, brown, membranous, nearly contocted with each other, smooth at the back, persistent.

       On wet and shady places under ferest in valley; 700-1000 m.; S. Anhui, N. Fujiang, Guangdong, S. Guangxi, W. Hunan, Jiangxi, S. Sichuan and Zhejiang. Typical specimen collected from Anhui.

1a. Fronds glabrous except reddish-orange glands on under surfaces; sori nearly contacted with each other and indusia glabous at the back---------------------------18a. var. chinensis 

1b.Ssparsely bearing glands on under sides of rachillae and along rachillae  veins and intercostals area bearing sparse short bearing hairy; sori more or less separated from each other; indusia sparsely bearing short hairs at the back------------------------------------------------------------------------------18b.var. hirticarpa

18a. Parathelypteris chinensis var. chinensis

中华金星蕨 zhong hua jin xing jue     

Fronds glabrous except reddish-orange glands on under surfaces; sori nearly contacted with each other and indusia glabrous a the back.

          On wet shady places under ferest in valley; 700-1000 m.; S. Anhui, N. Fujiang, Guangdong, S. Guangxi, W. Hunan, Jiangxi, S. Sichuan and Zhejiang.

 18b. Parathelypteris chinensis var. hirticarpa Ching ex Shing & J. F. Cheng in Jaingxi Sci. 8 (3): 44. 1990. 

毛果金星蕨 mao guo jin xing jue

     Sparsely bearing glands on under sides of rachillae and along rachillae, veins and intercostals area bearing sparse short needle-shaped hairs; sori more or less separated from each other; indusia sparsely bearing short hairs at the backs.

       Under forest on valley or in thickets; 700-2100 m.; Guizhou, Jiangxi and Ynnan. Typical specimen collected from Guizhou.

19. Parathelypteris japonica (Bak.) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 304. 1963.

光脚金星蕨 guan jiao jin xing jue

Nephrodium japonicum Bak. in Ann. Bot. 5: 318. 1891; Dryopteris japonoca C. Chr.; Christella japonica Le’v.; Thelypteris japonoca Ching; Lastrea japonica Cop.; Wagneriopteris japonica Lo”ve & Lo”ve. Parathelypteris japonica var. musashiensis (Hiyama) Jiang in Fl. Anhui 1: 124. 1985.

      Plants 55-70 cm tall. Rhizomes short, decumbent or ascending. Fronds approache or subclustered; stipes 25-35 cm long, bases subblack, slightly bearing reddish-brown lanceolate scales, up castaneousish-darkkish-brown or astaneousish-brown, glabrous; laminae 30-35 x 17-20 cm, ovato-oblong, apexes acuminate and pinnatifid, bases intapering, bipinnatpartite; pinnae 15-20 pairs, flatly spreading, lower 3-4 pairs of pinnae longer, opposite or subopposite, sessile; mid pinnae 8-10 x 1.3-1.6 cm, lanceolate, apexes acuminate, bases subtruncate, symmetrical, pinnatfid reached to both narrow-wing on rachillae, segments 25-30 pairs, 5-7 x ca. 2.6 mm, lanceolate and bitly falcate, apexes obtuse or acute, entire. Veins clear, lateral veins single, 8-9 (10) pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out from nearby bases of costae. Fronds herbaceous, darkish-green after dry, under surfaces along rachillae, costae ( sometime including lateral veins) and margins bearing grayish-white sparse pubescens and more reddish-brown ,globose big glands, upper surfaces along longitudinal valleculae on rachillae densely bearing acicular hairs, along rachies bearing appressed short needle-shaped hairs. Sori rounded, dorsiflxed at bit high placese on middles of lateral veins, 3-4 pairs on per segment; indusia big, roundo-reniform, brownish, membranous, bearing more grayish-white pubescens at the back, persistent. Chromosome 2n = 124.

             On shady places under forest; ca. 1000 m.; Anhui, N. Fujiang, M. N. Guizhou, Mi Hunan, N. Jiangsu, Jiangxi, W. Sicuan and Taiwan, N. Yunnan and W. S. Zhenjiang (Japan and S. Korea). Typical specimen collected from Japan.

        1a. Stipes and rachies subblack on bases, up castaneousish-brown; indusia bearing more glaucous pubescens at the back----------------------------------------------19a. var. japonica

        1b. Stipes and rachies stramineous, under surfaces of pinnae and indusia all glabrous at the back------------------------------------------------------------------------------19b. var. glabrata

19a. Parathelypteris jaonica var. japonica

光脚金星蕨 guang jiao jin xing jue

             Stipes and rachies subblack on bases, up castaneousish-brown, under surfaces of pinnae and indusia bearing sparse pubescens, indusia bearing more glaucous pubescens at the back.

On shady under forest; ca. 1000 m.; N. Fujiang, M. N. Guizhou, N. Jiangsu, Jiangxi, W. Sichuan and Taiwan (Japan and S. Korea).

 19b. Parathelypteris japonica var. glabrata (Ching) Shing, Fl. Jiangxi 1: 201. 1993.

光叶金星蕨 guang ye jin xing jue

Thelypteris japonica var. glabrata Ching in Bull. Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. 6: 313. 1936;       Stipes and rachis stramineous, under surfaces of pinnae and indusia all glabrous at the back.

     Onder forest; Jiangxi [ Japan and S. Korea]. Typical specimen collected from Korea.

20. Parathelypteris castanea (Tagawa) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 304. 1963.

台湾金星蕨 tai wan jin xing jue

Dryopteris castanea Tagawa in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 4: 132. 1935; Thelypteris costanea Ching.

   Plants ca. 70 cm tall. Rhizomes short and ascending, black. Fronds clustered; bases black, up castaneousish-brown, polished, thorough body covered with dense glaucous short acicular hairs; laminae ca 30 x ca. 14 cm, narrow-oblong, apexes acuminate and pinnatifid, bases intaperig, bipinnatipartite; pinnae 15-17 pairs, opposite or alternate up, spreading, sessile, lower several pairs inshortened, 7-8 x ca. 1.4 cm, lanceolate, more or less falcate, acuminate at apexes, bases slightly tapering, truncate, pinnatipartite reached to narrow –wings on both lateral sides; segments 15-18 pairs, ca. 6 x ca. 2.8 mm, apexes rounded, entire. Veins visible, lateral single, 6-7 pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out from bases of costae. Fronds herabaceous, after dry darkish-brown, pinnae densely bearing grayish-white short acicular hairs on both surfaces, the hairs along rchillae denser and longer; rachies brown, bearing grayish-white pubescens on under sides. Sori rounded, dorsiflxed above middles of lateral veins, minute closed to margins, 1 pair on per segment; indusia smaller, roundo-reniform, brown, membranous, densely bearing pubescens at the back. Persistent.

           On moist places under forst; Taiwan [ Japan]. Typical collected from Taiwan.

 21. parathelypteris pauciloba Ching in Addenda 321. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 55. 1999.

阔叶金星蕨 kuo ye jin xing jue

             plants 30-35 cm tall. Rhizomes short and erect, black. Frond clustered; stipes 12-14 cm long, slender, bases subblack, mixed with grayish-white seta and few spreadinf multcellular long hairs, up castaneousish-brown and bearing grayish-white seta; laminae 17-22 x 9-12 cm, oblong, apexes acuminate and pinnatifid, bases intapering, bipinnatipartite; pinnae 10-12 pairs, alternate, sessle, lower pinnae inshortened, 5-6.5 x 1.2-1.6 cm, acuminate at apexes, bases slightly tapering, truncate, symmetrical, pinnatpartite reached to broad-wing on both lateral sides of rachillae; pinnae 5-8 pairs, approached, 5-7 x ca. 5 mm, rectangular, apexes rounded or roundo-truncate and with 2-4 angulars. Veins clear, lateral single, 3-4 pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out from higher places above bases of costae. Fronds herbaceous, after dry deep-green, under surfaces sparsely covered short setae along rachillae, upper surfaces sparsely bearing appressed short hairs, the hairs along longitudinal valleculae on rachillae denser; rachies stramineous, densely bearing short seta. Sori rounded, 1-2 on per segment, dorsiflxed at bit high places on middles of lateral veins, in one row on each side of rachillae; indusia mid size, roundo-reniform, brown, thick-membranous, slightly bearing pubescens at the back, persistent.

             On wet soil under forest by stram sides; ca. 800 m.; endemic N. Fujiang.

           The species is similar Parathelypteris angulariloba (Ching) Ching, different in the late’ s rhizomes short and erect, stipes thorough bearing grayish-white short seta, and mixed few spreading multicellular long acicular hairs; rachillae sparsely cbearing unicellular short setae on under sides; indusia slightly bearing pubescens at the back.

22. Parathelypteris angulariloba (Ching ) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 304. 1963.

钝角金星蕨 dun jiao jin xing jue

Thelypteris angulariloba Ching in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. 6: 323. 1963; Lastrea angulariloba Tagawa; Coryphopteris hirsutipes Holtt. pro parte.; Thelypteris simozawae Tagawa; Parathelypteris simozwae Ching. Parathelypteris subpinnatifida Ching nom. nud.

.    Plants 30-60 cm tall. Rhizomes short, decumbent or ascending, subblack. Fronds subclusterd; stipes 10-30 cm long, bases subblack, densely bearing spreading multicellular acicular hairs, up castaneousish-red or castaneousish-brown, nearly entire; laminae 17-30 x 6-12 cm, narrow-oblong, apexes acuminate and pinnatifid, bases intapering, bipinnatipartite; pinnae ca. 20 pairs, alternate basel one pair intapering, more or less oblique-downards, mid pinnae 5-6 x 7-15 cm, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, apexes acuminate and pinnatifid or sometime entire, bases truncate, subsymmetrical, sessile, pinnatipartite reached to 1/2 – 1/3; segments 8-12 pairs, 3-5 x ca. 3.5 mm, rectangular or subsquare, apexes rounded or roundotruncate and with 2-4 blunt angulars, entire. Veins clear, lateral veins single, 2-3 (-4) on per segment, basel one pair come out from above bases of costae. Fronds thick-herbaceous, after dry subgreen, under surfaces along rachillae and main veins bearing multicellular short acicular hairs, sometime mixed orange capital glands; upper surfaces along longitudinal valleculae on rachillae bearing acicular hairs, others smooth. Sori rounded, dorsiflxed at middles of lateral veins, 1-2 on per segment,; indusia mid size, roundo-reniform, brown, thick-membranous, densely bearing grayish-white short seta at the back., persistent.

     By stream sides under foerest in valley or shady and wet places in thickets; 500-800 m.; N. and S-E Fujiang, N. and S-E Guangdong, E, Guangxi and Taiwan [ Japan]. Typical specimen collected from N. Guangdong (le-chang).

23. Parathelypteris nigrescens Ching ex Shing in Addenda in Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 56. 1999.

黑叶金星蕨 hei ye jin xing jue

     Plants 50-70 cm tall. Rhizomes short and erect, black. Fronds clusterd; stipes 20-35 cm long, subblack at lower parts and bearing spreading grayish-white, multicellular long acicular hairs, up castaneousish-brown bearing sparse pubescens; laminae 30-38 x 12- 15 cm, oblong or narrow-oblong, apexes acuminate and pinnatifid, bases intpering, bipinnatipartite; pinnae 15-18 pairs, spreading, alternate, lower ones stalked sometime, basel one pair intapering, mid pinnae 8-11 x 1.2- 1.5 cm, lanceolate, slighly falcate, long-acuminate at apexes, bases truncate, symmetrical, pinnaetipartite reached to narrow-wings on both lateral sides of rachillae; segments 15-20 pairs, oblique spreading, 5-7 x 3-3.5 mm, long-ligulate, roundo-obtuse at apexes, entire alon both lateral sides. Veins visible, lateral veins single, 5-6 pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out from bases of costae. Fronds herbaceous, fter dry darkish-green, or blackish-brown, under surfaces sparsely bearing short hairs, along rachillae densely bearing pubescens, upper sufaces along rachillae densely bearing short acicular hairs. Sori rounded, dorsiflxed at middle of lateral veins; indusia mid size, roundoreniform, brown, membranous, separated from each other, entire or occasionally one or two pubescent at the back, persistent or deciduous.

     By steram sides under forest in valley; 1000- 1200 m.; Guangxi and Yunnan

24. Parathelypteris lido-chinensis (Christ) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 304. 1963.

滇越金星蕨 dia yue jin xing jue

Dryopteris indo-chinensis Christ in Journ. Bot. France 21: 231. 1908; Thelypteris indo-chinensis Ching.

  Plants ca. 60 cm tall. Rhizomes short and decumbent. Fronds subclustered; stipes ca. 30 cm long, lower part black, polished, bearing denser grayish-white, multicellular long acicular hairs, up castaneousish-brown, sparsely pubescent; lamine ca. 30 x 20-40 cm, oblong, apexes acuminate and pinnatifid, bases intapering, bipinnatipartite; pinnae ca. 15 pairs, spreading, alternate, sessile, basel one pair inshortened, mid pinnae 10-12 x ca. 2 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases intapering, truncate, symmetrical, pinnatpartite reached to narrow-wings on both lateral sides of rachillae; segments ca. 24 pairs, linear-lanceolate, slightly falcate, bitly tapering to apexes, roundotruncate, entire. Veins clear, lateral single, 6-7 pairs on per segmentbasel one pair come out from higher places above bases of costae. Fronds herbaceous, after dry grayish-green, under surfaces densely bearing multicellular, barba-like long hairs, upper surfaces along longitudinal valleculae of rachillae densely bearing long acicular hairs, main veins slightly setaceous or subsmooth, rachies densely bearing long acicualr hairs on upper sides. Sori rounded, dorsilexed at middles of lateral veins, 5-6 on per segment; indusia smaller, roundoreniform, brown, membranous, separated from each other, densely pubescent at the back, persistent.

             On Shady and wet places under forest in valley; S. Guangxi and S. Yunnan and a common boundry with Vietnan. Typical specimen collected from Vietnan.

4.METATHELYPTERIS (H. Ito) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 305. 1963 

凸轴蕨属 tu zhou jue shu

Thelypteris Sect. Metathelypteris H. Ito in Nakai & Honda, Nov. Fl. Jap. 4:137. 1939.

          Mid or small terrestrial plants. Rhizomes short, decumbent, ascending or erect, rare long and creeping, covered with brown lanceolate scales and glaucous short hairs or subsmooth. Fronds approached or clustered; stipes subdarkkish-brown on bases, up straineous, smooth or sparsly hairy; laminae oblong, lanceolate or ovato-triangular, apexes acuminate and pinnatifid, bipinnatipartite, rearly tripinnate, if late, 1-pinnules separated from each other, never connected with narrow-wing along rachillae; Fronds herbaceous or thin-herbaceous, after dry usually green, both surfaces more or less bearing grayish-white, unicellular (rare multicellular) acicular hairs, the hairs denser along rachies and rachillae, pinnae usually gladless under sufaces, rarely orange-red globular glandular, rachillae roundo-raised on upper sides, never deprssed to formed longitudinal vallecula. Veins pinnate, lateral single or forked, oblique-up, unreached to margins. Sori small, rounded, attached at above middles of lateral veins; indusia mid size, roundo-reniform and attached by sinus, membranous, usually green, after dry grayish-yellow or brownish, persistent. Spres bilateral, perispores corrugate, often with small feveolate ornamentations on surfaces; exine with fine-retculate on surfaces. Chromosome x = 7 (35).

           Typical species of the genus: Metathelypteris gracilescens (Bl.) Ching ( Aspidium graci,escens Bl.).

         About. 12 species ( 10 species and one variety in China).

1a. Pinnae without orange-red globular gland on under surfaces; along rachillae bearing grayish-white unicellular acicular hairs or subsmooth on under sides. 

2a. Lamiane oblong or lanceolate.                                           

  3a. Fronds thick in texture, papyraceous or thin-herbaceous; plants taller and biger, usually 75-95 cm tall or more; pinnaee smooth under surfaces or along rachillae nad costae occasionally sparsely acicular short hairy-----------1. M. singalanensis 

  3b. Fronds thiner in texture, herbaceous or thin-herbaceous; plants smaller and shorter, no more than 65 cm tall; pinnae more or less bearing short acicular hairs or smooth on under surfaces.                                       

     4a. Pinnae smooth on under surfaces, or at the most along rachillae , costae occasionally bearing very sparse acicular hairs.                 

        5a. Basel pinnae usually inshortened, also intapering to bases; laminal upper surfaces densely bearing gayish-white acicular hairs along rachies and rachillae, lateral veins usually single, occasionally biforked--------------------------------------------------------2. M. gracilescens

         5b. Lower 1-2 pairs of pinnae of fronds more or less shortened, pinnal bases clearly tapering; upper surface bearing grayish-white short acicular hairs along rachies and rachillae; laterl veins of pinnules on basel pinnae usually biforked, up ones single------------------------------3. M. adcendens

     4b. Pinnal under surfaces at the least bearing denser short acicular hairs along rachillae.

        6a. Pinnal arrangement sparser, lower ones 2-4 cm from each other in distance, bases clearly tapering; segments entire or usually thick-crenational sinuses, or pinnatifid --------------------------------------------------------------4. M. laxa

        6b. Pinnal arrangement denser, lower ones 1-2 cm from each other in distance, bases nearly intapering, segments usually entire, at the most shallow-undulate---------------------------------------------------5. M. uraiensis

    2b. Lamina ovato-tringular.                                           

       7a. Lamiane bipinnapartite, segments entire------------------------6. M. decipiens

7b. Lamiane bipinnatipartite or 3-pinnate to 4-pinnatifid.                

   8a. Laminae ovato-triangular, hairy on both surfaces; also hairy at indusia.

      9a. Lower pinnae sessile or with 0.5-1 mm long stalked, 1-pinnules roundo-obtuse or acute at apexes, sessile---------------7. M. hattori        

      9b. Lower pinnae with 3.5-5 mm long stalked, 1-pinnules caudato-long-acuminate at apexes, stalks 4-7 mm llong-----------------------------------------------------8. M. petiolulata

    8b. Lamiane oblong, except rachillae long villous on upper sides, the other smooth; indusia glabrous------------- ----9. M. wuyishanensis

         1b. Pinnae orange-red globular glandular or exglandular on under surfaces, along rachillae bearing grayish-white multicellular acicular hairs on under sides.

            10a. Pinnae glandular under surfaces; under surfaces bearing unicellular short acicular hairs along lateral veins and intercostals area------------10. M. glandifera

            10b. Pinnae glandless, bearing grayish-white, multicellular spreading long acicular hairs on both surfaces------------------------------------------------------11. M. flacida

1. Matathelypteris singalanensis (Bak.) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 306. 1963.

鲜绿凸轴蕨 xian lu tu zhou jue

Nephrodium singalanensis Bak., in Jouen. Bot. 18: 212. 1880; Latrea singalaensis Bedd.; Dryopteris singalaensis C. Chr.; Thelypteris singalaensis Ching; Dryopteris media v. A. v. R.

        Plants 75-95 cm tall. Rhizomes thick and short, erect, apexes including bases of stipes densely bearing scales; the scales brown, linear-lanceolate, caudate at apexes. Fronds clustered; stipes 30-50 cm long, stramineous, smooth above bases, polished; laminae 30-70 x 20-30 cm, lanceolate to broado-lanceolate, acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, bases more or less tapering, roundo-truncate, bipinnatipartite; pinnae 15-25 pairs, flatly spreading or oblique-up, sessile, basel one pair usually slightly shortened, above ones 12-18 x 2-3..3 cm, linear-lanceolate, sometime falcate, caudato-acuminate t apexes, bases subtruncate, pinnatpartite nearly reached to rachillae; segments 20-30 pairs, basiscopic ones on rachillae longer than acroscopic ones, 8-15 x 3-5 mm, oblong, apexes blunt-pointed, entire or serrate along margins. Veins clear, lateral single, or biforked on lower segments, 6-10 (- 12) pairs, unreached to margins. Fronds papyraceous, after dry fresh-green or yellowish-green, smooth on under surfaces, or sometime sparsely bearing short cicular hairs along rachillae and costae, upper surfaces bearing grayish-white short acicular hairs along rachies and rachillae. Sori small, glandular, attached at ends of lateral veins or middles of acroscopic one vein on forked lateral veins; indusia small, roundo-reniform, membranous, after dry brownish-yelow, sometime sinuate along margins, smooth or sparsely capital shor hairy. Chromosome 2n = 144.

                 By stream sides under forest; 800- 1000 m.; S. E. Hainan [ Indonesia, Malaysia and Tailand]. Typical specimen collected from Indonesia.

2. Metathelypteris gracilescnes (Bl.) Ching in Act Phytotax.. Sin. 8: 306. 1963.

凸轴蕨 tu zhou jue

Aspidium gracilescens Bl. Enum. Pl. Jav. 155. 1828; Lastrea gracilescens Moore; Nephrodium gracilescens Hook.; Dryopteris gracilescens O. Ktze.; Thelypteris gracilescens Ching; Dryopteris sublaxa Hayata; Dryopteris arisanensis Rosenst.

Plants 40-60 cm tall. Rhizomes short, decumbent or ascending, apexes including bases of stipes covered with reddish-brown lanceolate small scales.  Fronds subclustered; stipes 15-30 cm long, stramineous or deep-stramineous, smooth or sparsely short acicular hairy; laminae 20-30 x 6.5-10 cm, narrow-oblong, apexes acuminate and pinnatifid, bipinnatipartite; pinnae 15-18 pairs, subopposite or alternate on upper ones, flatly spreading, lower 1-2 pairs inshortened, tapering to bases, reflexed downwards, sessile, mid ones 4-6.5 x 1-1.4 cm, linear-laceolate, auminate at apexes, bases intapering, subtruncate, pinnatipartite reached to narrow-wings on both lateral sindes of rachillae; segments 12-15 pairs, oblique-up, 4-6 x 2-4 mm, oblong, apexes roundo-obtuse, entire or bitly undualto-crenate on upper parts. Veins clear on under sides, lateral veins single, occasionally biforked, 5-6 pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out from above bases of costae. Fronds herbaceous, after dry yellowish-green, under surfaces smooth or along upper parts of rachillae sparsely short acicular hairy, upper surfaces densely bearing grayish-white short acicular hairs, also along veins sparsely bearing same hairs on upper parts. Sori small, rounded, 3-4 on per segment, dorsiflexed at middles of lateral veins, located between main veins and margins; indusia small, roundo-reniform, membranous, brownish, smooth, persistent or sometime deciduoud.

     On mountain soil under dense forest; 980-2500 m; Taiwan and M. Yunnan [ Indonesia, S. Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Polynesia]. Typical specimen collected from Indonesia ( Java).

3. Metathepteris adscendens (Ching) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 306. 1963. 

微毛凸轴蕨 wei mao tu zhou jue

Thelypteris adscendens Ching in Bull. Fan Mem. Onst. Biol. Bot. 6: 332. 1936; Metathelypteris subadscendens Ching.

     Plants 25-50 cm tall. Rhizomes short, decumbent, sparsely bearing short hairs and brown ovato-lanceolate scales. Fronds clustered or approached; stipes 10-25 cm long, stramineous, smooth abover bases; laminae 15-25 x 8-12 cm, apesxes long-acuminate and pinnatifid, more or less tapering to bases, bipinnatipartite; pinnae 10-15 pairs, alternate, sessile, lower 1-2 pairs more or less shortened, bases bitly tapering, mid ones 4-6 x 1-1.5 cm, narrow-lanceolate, long acuminate at apexes, sometime slightly caudate, pinnatipartite reached to narrow-wings on both lateral sdes of rachillae; segments 10-14 pairs, spreading, approached from each other, 4-6 x c. 2.5 mm, oblong-lanceolate, roundo-obtuse at apexes, entire or thick-serration-like sinus along margins on lower segments. Veins visible, lateral veins usually biforked on lower segments, up ones single, 3-5 pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out from minute high places above bases of costae, unreached to magins. Fronds herbaceous, after dry green, smooth on both surfaces, only occasionally sparsely short acicular hairy along rachillae and costae on under sides. Sori small, rounded, 2-4 (-5) pairs on per segment, attached at subends of lateral veins, closed to margins; mindusia small, roundo-reniform, membranous, green, or brownish after dry, glabrous or occasionally several short hairy and usually fallen after maturity.

     Under forest in valley; ca. 250 m.; Fujiang, Guangdong, GUANGXI AND Taiwan. Typical specimen collected from Guangxi ( wuzhou0.

4. Metathelypteris laxa (Frach. & Sav.) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 306. 1963.

疏羽凸轴蕨 shu yu tu zhou jue

Aspidium laxum Franch. & Sav. Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 237. 1876; Nephrodium laxum Diels; Dryopteris laxa C. Chr.; Thelypteris laxa Ching; Lastera laxa Cop.; Nephrodium macarthyi Bak.; Dryoperis macarthyi C. Chr.

         Plants 30-60 cm tall. Rhizomes long, decumbent or ascending, including bases of stipessparsely bearing grayish-white short hairs and reddish-brown lanceolate scales. Fronds approached; stipes 10-35 cm long, stramineousish, above bases subsmooth; lamianae 15-35 x 10-18 cm, long-oblong, apexes acuminate and pinnatifid, bases nearly intapering, bipinnatipartite; pinnae 8-18 pairs, subopposite, 5-9 x 1-2 cm, linear-lanceolate, bases truncate, subsymmetrical, sessile, pinnatipartite reached to narrow-wings on both sides of rachillae; segments oblong-lanceolate, mid ones 4-8 x 2-3 mm,  obtuse-pointed or acute at apexes, entire or thick-crenations-like sinuate, or parted into small segments. Veins visible, lateral veins biforked on segments on lower pinnae, the others single, 5-7 pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out from above bases of costae, unreached to margins. Fronds herbaceous, green after dry, under surfaces spreading all over pubescents, upper surfaces acicular hairy along rachies, rachillae and veins. Sori small, rounded, 4-6 pairs on per segment, attached at ends of lateral veins or acroscopic one vein on forked lateral veins, closer to margins; indusia small, roundo-eniform, membranous, green, after dry grayish-yellow, sparsely pubsecnents at the back.

        Under forest in piedmont or under denser forest in valley; 100-750 m.; widely distributed every province of drainage area on changjiang, towards east reached to Fujiang and Taiwan, the south to Guangxi, S-West to Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan [ Japan and S. Korea]. Typical specimen collected from Japan. 

5. Metathelypteris uraiensis (Rosent.) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 306. 1963.     

乌来凸轴蕨 wu lai tu zhou jue

Dryopteris uraiensis Rosenst. In Hedwgia 56: 341. 1915; Thelypteris uraiensis Ching; Lastrea uraiensis Cop.; Macrothelypteris uraiensis (Rosenst.) L”ove & L”ove; Dryopteris hirsutisquamata Hayata.

 Plants 30-40 cm tall. Rhizomes short, decumbent or ascending, apexes including bases of stipes sparsely bearing deep-brown small scales and grayish-white short acicular hairs. Fronds subclustered; stipes 14-20 cm long, stramineous, glaucouns short hairy; laminae 16-22 x 8-15 cm, oblong-lanceolate, apexes long-acuminate and pinnatifid, intapering to bases, bipinnatpartite; pinnae 12-15 pairs, opposite or upper part’ ones alternate, sessile, basel one pair usually bitly shortened, bases bitly tapering, oblique-downwards, above several pairs 4-8 x 1.2-1.7 cm, lear-lanceolate, caudate-acuminate at apexes, bases intapering, roundo-truncate, symmetrical, pinnatipartite reached to narrow-wings on both lateral sides of rachillae; segments 14-20 pairs, spreading, approached, 4-7 x 2-3 mm, oblong-lanceolate, roundo-obtuse at apexes, entire or sometime undulate along margins. Veins clear on under sides, lateral veins susally biforked, or upper part’ ones single, 5-7 on per segment, basel one pair come out from above bases of costae. Fronds thin herbaceous, after dry yellowish-green, under surfaces grayish-white short acicular hairy, the hairs along rachies and rachillae denser, upper surfaces densely covered with grayish-yellow acicular hairs along rachies and rachillae. Sori small, rounded, 2-4 on per segment, attached at subends of lateral veins, closer to margins; indusia small, roundo-reniform, membranous, green, after dry brownish, sometime lacerate along margins and needle-shaped hairy, persistent. Chromosome 2n = 124.

 By steam sides under forest in valley; 500-1100 m.; N. Guangdong, N. Taiwan and W. Yunnan [ S. Japan and Philippinse. Typical specimen collected from Taiwan (Urai).

   1a. Basel one pair of pinnae on lamina bitly shortened, bases bitly tapering; lateral veins biforked on lower pinnae, intercostals area on under surfaces short needle-shaped hairy----- 

      -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5a. var. uraiensis

   1b. Basel one pinnae same shape and size with above ones, lateral veins single, occasionally bi forked, undr surfaces of pinnae except along rachies and rachillae covered with glaucous short needle-shaped hairs, others smooth------------------------------------------5b. var. tibetica

5a. Metathelypteris uraiensis var uraiensis                                       

乌来凸轴蕨 wu rai tu zhou jue

            Basel one pair of pinnae on laminae bitly shortened, bases bitly tapering; lateral veins biforked on segments of lower pinnae, intercostals area on under surfaces short needle-shaped hairy.

           By stream sides under forest in valley; 500-1100 m.; N. Guangdong, N. Taiwan and W. Yunnan [ Japan and Philippines].

5b. Metathelypteris uraiensis var. tibetica Shing, Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 67. 1999.

西藏凸轴蕨 xi zang tu zhou jue

            Basel one pair of pinnaesame shape and size with above ones, lateral veins single, occsioanlly biforked, under surfaces of pinae except grayish-white short acicular hairy along rachies and rachilae, the other smooth.

            Under broad-leaved forest on slope; ca. 1700 m.; S. E. Xizang (motuo).             

6. Metathelypteris decipiens ( Clarke ) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 306. 1963.

迷人凸轴蕨 mi ren tu zhou jue

Nephrodium gracilescens var. decipiens Clarke in rans. Linn. Soc. 2, Bot. 2: 514. t. 65. f. 2. 1880; Lastrea gracilescens var. decipiens Bedd.; Dryopteris gracilescens var. decipiens v. A. v. R.; Thelypteris decupiens Ching.

     Plants 23-55 cm tall. Rhiomes short, ascending including base of stipes bearing grayish-white acicular hairs and few brown linear-lanceolate small scales. Fronds approached; stipes 10-30 cm long, stramineous, subsmooth above bases; laminae 13-30 x 10-16 cm, ovato-triangular, long-acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes; broadest at bases, bipinnatipartite; pinnae 10- 14 pairs, subflatly spreading, lower ones subopposite, up ones alternate, lower pinnae biggest, bended upward, 5.- 9.5 x 1.2-2.2 cm, lnear-lanceolate; long-acuminate at apexes, bases truncate, sessile, pinnaetipartite reached to narrow-wings on both lateral sides of rachillae; segments 12-20 paies, 5-10 x 2-3 mm, obruse-pointed at apexes, entire. Veins clear on under sides, lateral veins single or biforked, 5-6 pairs on per segment, unreched to margins. Fronds thin-herbaceous, after dry yellowish-green, bearing grayish-white short acicular hairs on both surfaces,  the hairs along rachies and rachillae denser. Sori small , rounded, attached at subends of lateral veins, closer to margins; indusia small, roundo-reniform, thin-membranous, green, after dry grayish-brown, densely bearing acicular hairs at the back, persistent.

           In crevices among rocks by stream sides or by stream sides unde bamboo forest; 600-2200 m.; Hunan and Yunnan [ N. India]. Typical specimen collected from India.

7. Metathelypteris hattorii (H. Ito) Ching in Acta Phytotx. Sin. 8: 306. 1963.

林下凸轴蕨 lin xia tu chou jue

Dryopteris hattorii H. Ito in Bot. Mag. Tokyo 99: 359. 1935; Thelypteris hattori Tagawa; Lastrea hattorii Tagawa; Dryopteris laxa var. dilatata Koidz.; Lastrea laxa var. dilatata Honda; Thelypteris nemolaris Ching.

        Plants 30-60 cm tall. Rhizomes short, decumbent, apexes including bases of stipes densely covered with reddish-brow, lanceolate scales and grayish-hite seta. Fronds approached; stipes 15-30 cm long, bases darkish-brown, above bases stramineous, subsmooth; laminae 15-35 x 14-26 cm, broadest at bases, ovato-triangular, apexes acuminate and pinnatifid, bases roundo-truncate, 3-pinnatipartite; pinnae 12-16 pairs, lower ones subopposite, up ones alternate, sessile, or lower pinnae sometime with 0.5-1 mm stalks, basel one pair inshortened, same shape and size with above ones, 10-15 x 2.5-3.5 cm, lanceolate, acuminae at apexes, basei pinnae intapering except 2 pairs, roundo-truncate, bipinnaetipartite; pinnules ca. 16 pairs, subopposite, above mid ones connected from each other by narrow-wings, lower ones  2.5-3 x ca. 1 cm, oblong-lanceolate, apexes roundo-obtuse or acute, bases decurrent, seeeile, separated from each other, pinnatpartite reached to 2/3; segments up, 3.5-4 x ca. 2.4 mm, oblong, roundo-obtuse at apexes and entire. Veins unclear, latera veins single or boforked, 2-3 pairs on per segment, unreched to margins. Fronds herbaceous, after dry green, bearing denser grayish-white pubescens on both surfaces. Sori small, rounde, usually one on per segment, attched at subends of acroscopic veinlets on bases and closer to margins; indusia small, roundoreniform, membranous, after dry grayish-brown, sparsly pubescent at the back, persistent.

            Under deser forest in valley; 120-1700 m.; S. Anhui, N. Fujiang, N. Guangxi, M. Hunan, Jiangxi, S. W. Sichuan and Zhejiang [ Japan]. Typical specimen collected from Japan.

8. Metathelypteris petiolulata Ching ex Shing in Addenda 321 on Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin 4 (1): 69. 1999.                                                               

有柄凸轴蕨 you bing tu zhou jue

           plants 55-65 cm tall. Rhizomes short and decumbent. Fronds subclustered; stipes 23-30 cm long, darkish-brown, densely bearing grayish-wite acicular hairs, up stramineous, subsmooth, polished. Laminae 30-40 cm long, broadest at bases and nearly same in size with the length, ovat-triangular, acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, bases broad-cordate, 3-pinnate to 4-pinnatifid; pinnae 10-12 pairs, ascending, lower ones opposite or subopposite, stalkes 3.5-5 cm long, up ones alternate, sessile, basel one pair biggest, 17-22 x 10-12 cm, triangular-lanceolate, caudato-acuminate apexes, bses subtruncate, 2-pinnate to 3-pinnatiprtite; pinnules 10-15 pairs, alternate or subopposite, approached, short stalkes of lower several pairs 4-7 mm long, up ones sessile, basiscopic pinnules of rachillae longer than acroscopic ones, but basel one pair of pinnules bitly shortened sometime, above ones 6-7 x ca. 2.5 cm, lanceolate, caudato-acuminate at apexes, bases broado-cuneate, pinnatipartite; pinnules of 2-pinnate ca. 10 pairs, lower 2-3 pairs bitly shortened, 6-15 x 3-4 mm, narrow-oblong, apexes round-obtuse or acute, bases combined with costules, decurrent, connected from each other by narrow-wings, margins lobed up to 1/2 of the distance to the costule; segments 4-5 pairs, triangular, obtuse-pointed at apexes, entire. Veins unclear, lateral veins usually biforked, 2-6 pairs on per ultermate pinnule or segment and unreached to margins. Fronds thin-herbaceous, after dry yellowish-green, sparsely grayish-white short acicular hairy on both surfaces. Sori rounded, 1-5 pairs on per pinnule or segment, attached at subends of acroscopic one vein of forked veins, minute closed to margins; indusia small, roundo-reniform, membranous, green, short needle-shaped hairy at the back, persistent.

           On shady and wet under forest in valley; 850-1500 m.; Anhui, Fujiang, N. W. Jiangxi and S. Zhenjiang. Typical specimen collected from Jiangxi ( xiushui).

           This species is similar to Metathelypteris httirii (H. Ito) Ching, but laminae far broad, 3-pinnate to 4-pinnatipartite, lower pinnae and pinnule of 1-pinnate al with stalkes, apexes of pinnules of 1-pinnate caudato-acuminate.

9. Metathelypteris wuyishanensis Ching in Wuyi Sci. Journ. 1: 5. 1981.

武夷山凸轴蕨 wu yi shan tu zhou jue

           Plants reached to 40 cm tall. Rhizomes short and erect. Fronds clustered; stipes ca. 20 cm long, stramineous, bases densely bearing darkksish-brown lanceolate scales and glaucous acicular hairs, up smooth; lamiinae  ca. 25 x ca. 15 cm, oblong, apexes acuminate, 3-pinnatipartite; pinnae ca. 10 pairs, spreading, basel one pair same in size with above ones ca. 7 x ca. 3 cm, oblong-lanceolate, short stalked, pinnaetipartite; pinnules ca. 14 pairs, basiscopic ones on rachillae loner than acroscopic ones, ca. 2 x 0.5 cm, lanceolate, apexes obtuse-pointed, bases connected by narrow-wings, pinnatilobete; acroscopic segments ca. 1.2 x ca. 0.3 cm, pinnatilobete. Fronds thin-herbaceous, after dry brownish, except rachillae villous on uppersides, the other smooth. Sori small, 4-5 pairs on per ultermate pinnule; indusia small, roundo-reniform, brown, glabous, deciduous. On shady places among rocks in thickets of mountain; Fujiang and Zhejiang. Typical specimen collected from Fujiang.

 10. Metathelypteris glandulifera Ching ex Shing in addenda of Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1) : 71. 1999. 

有腺凸轴蕨 you xian tu zhou jue

           Plants 50-60 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, apexes including bases of stipes bearing deep-brown linear-lanceolate scales and grayish-white acicular hairs. Fronds approached; stipes 20-30 cm long, stramineous, above bases sparsely same hairy and few scaly; laminae ca. 30 x 14-16 cm, oblong-lanceolate, apexes acuminate and pinnatifid, nearly intapering to bases, bipinnatipartite; pinnae 10-14 pairs, flatly spreading, subopposite, sessile, 7-8 x 1-1.5 cm, lanceolate, long-acuminate at apexes, bases slightly tapering, roundo-truncate, pinnatipartite nearly reached to rachillae; segments ca. 17 pairs, spreading, 1-1.2 x ca. 0.3 cm, lanceolate, sometime falcate, apexes roundo-obtuse or acute, bases decurrent, connected from each other by narrow-wings, margins crenate. Veins unclear, lateral veins biforked, 8-10 pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out from above bases of costae and unreached to marginsFronds herbaceous, after dry darkish-green, under surfaces covered with grayish-white multicellular acicular hairs along rachies, rachillae and costae, along lateral veins and itercostal area covered with short unicellular needle-shaped hairs, also mixed orange-red globose small glands, upper surfaces densely  grayish-white acicular hairs along rachies and rachillae, the hairs along veins loose. Sori small, rounded, 6-7 on per segment, attached at subends of acroscopic one vein of forked lateral veins; sporangia with 4-5 globose micro small gland along both lateral sides of annuli; indusia roundo-reniform, greenish, after dry grayish-brown, membranous, subentire, uneasy seen when maturity.

           Under dense forest; endemic N. Guangxi.

        Outline of this species is extremely similar Metathelypteris flaccida (Bl.) Ching, but pinnae covered with orange-red globose glands on under surfaces sporagia also with few same glands along both lateral sides of annuli, pinnae civered with unicellular short needle-shaped hairs along lateral veins and intercostals area.

11. Metathelypteris flaccida (Bl.) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 306, 1936.

薄叶凸轴蕨 bo ye tu zhou jue

Aspidium flaccidium Bl., Enum. Pl. Jav. 161. 1828; Lastrea flaccida Moore; Nephrodium flaccidum Hook.; Dryopteris flaccida O. Otze; Thelypteris flaccida Ching.

Plants 40-60 cm tall. Rhizomes thick and short, erect, bearing deep-brown linear-lanceolate scales. Fronds clusterd; stipes 15-30 cm long, bases darkish-brown, bearing same scales and grayish-white short acicular hairs, up stramineous and sparsly short hairy; laminae 25-40 x 12-16 cm, oblong-lanceolate, apexes acuminate and pinnatifid, nearly intapering to bases, 3-pinnatipartite; innae 10-15 pairs, subflatly spreading, subopposite, sessile, lower ones 7-9 x 2-2.5 cm, lanceolate, caudato-acuminate at apexes, bases more or less tapering, roundo-truncate, bipinntipartite; pinnules 10-15 pairs, flatly spreading, 1-1.5 x 0.3-0.5 cm, lanceolate, roundo-obtuse at apexes, bases decurrent to formed narrow-wing along rachillae, pinnatipartite up to 1/2 – 2/3 of distance to costole; segments 5-7 pairs, 1-2 x ca. 1 mm, triangular-lanceolate, obtuse-poined at apexes, entire. Veins unclear, lateral veins single or biforked, 2-3 on per segment, basel one pair come out above bases of costae, unreached to margins. Fronds thin-herbaceous, after dry yellowish-green, densely bearing spreading multicellular acicular hairs on both surfaces. Sori small, rounded, one on per segment, attached at above middles of acroscopic one vein of forked lateral veins; indusia small, roundo-reniform, membranous, greenish, after dry grayish-brown, glabrous or occasionally few acicular hairy along margins, persistent. Chromosome 2n =140.

       By steam sides under forest; 700-1800 m.; S. M. Guizhou and S. W. Yunna [ India,Indonesia,  Malaysia, Philippines, Sli Lanka, Tailand and N. Vietnam]. Typical specimen collected from Indonesia.

5. MACROTHELYPTERIS (H. Ito) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 308. 1963.

针毛蕨属 zhen mao jue shu                                        

Thelypteris Sect. Macrothelypteris H. Ito in Nakai & Honda, Nov. Pl. Jap. 4: 141. 1939.

       Mid terrestrial plants, sometime subtree like, reached to 4 m. tall. Rhizomes thick and short, erect, ascending or decumbent, bearing brown lanceolate long scales; the scales thick in texture, bearing acicular cilia along margns. Fronds clustred; stipes stramineous or reddish-brown, smooth, or with same scales and after fallen remained lunate marks; laminae big, ovato-triangular, 3-4 pinnatipartite; pinnae and pinnules of every time oblque or subflatly spreading and connected from each other by narrow-wings along rachillae or costules; Veins pinnate, free, lateral veins single, sometime biforked. Fronds herabaceous or subpapyraceous, after dry yellowish-green, rachillae and costules rounded raised on upper sides, more or less hairy on both sides and intercostals area, rearly glabrous, the hairs slender,grayish-white acicular, unicellular or cossisting of several celles, except above hairs along rachies, often also bearing brown multicellular acicular thick hairs and few lanceolate or subulate thick scales and raimed protruding marks after scales fallen. Sori small, attached at subends of lateral veins, exindusia or with small and often decidous indusia; sporangia sometime bearing short stalked capital hairs at near tops. Spores bilateral, elliptical reniform; perispores transparent and corrugate, with small spinate or small feveolate on surfaces; exines with fine reticulate ornamentations on surfaces. Chromosome  x = 31.

       Typical species of genus Macrothelypteris oligophlebia (Bak.) Ching ( Nephrodium oligophlebium Bak.)

About 10 species; 7 species and one variety in China.

1a. Rachies and costae coved with scales on under sides; the scales inflated or incrassate at bases and remained rough-marks after fallen.                                            

  2a. Plants 3-4 m. tall, castae and costules covere with inflated base of scales on under sides.

     3a. The scales on rachies denser, the scales on costae entire-------------------------1. M. ornata        

     3b. The scales on rachies loose, the scales on costae bearing dense acicular hairs along margins------------------------------------------------------------------2. M. polypodiodes

  2b. Plants 1-1.4 m. tall; costae and costules bearing base incrassate of scales and inflated----------------------------------------------------------------------------------3. M. setiger

1b. Rachies and costae no scale on under sides, or bearing grayish-white acicular hairs, or glabrous.                                                                   

  4a. Pinnae smooth or bearing unicellular acicular hairs.                           

     5a. Fronds herbaceous, after dry Yellowish-green, pinnules oblique-up and intersected with costae by sharp-angle, pinnae smooth under surfaces, at the most spaesly bearing acicular hairs along costae----------------------------------------------4. M. oligophlebia

     5b. Fronds thin-herbaceous, after dry grass-green or darkish-green; pinnules flatly spreading and intersected with costae by right angle; pinnae bearing more, spreading acicular hairs on under surfaces------------------------------------------------------------5. M. viridifrons

  4b. Pinnae bearing spreading multicellular acicular hairs on under surfaces.

    6a. Fronds herbaceous, pinnules oblique-up and intersected with costae by sharp-angle; lower pinnae with 2-2.5 cm stalks; the hairs on under surfaces more and elongate and 2.5-3 mm long ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------6. M. torresiana

    6b. Fronds thin-herbaceous, pinnules flatly spreading and intersected with costae by right-angle; pinnae nearly sessile; the hairs on under surfaces loose and short and 1.5-2 mm long------------------------------------------------------------------------------7. M. contigens

1. Macrothelyptris ornate (Bedd. Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 309. 1963.

树形针毛蕨 shu xing zhen mao jue

Polypodium ornaum Wall. ex Bedd., Ferns South Ind. t. 171. 1864; Phegopteris ornatus F’ee; Nephrodium ornatum Christ; Aspidium ornatum Christ; Dryopteris ornate C. Chr.; Thelypteris ornata Ching; Lastrea ornata Cop.; Nephrodium tenericule Hook.

           Plants 3-4 m. or more tall. Rhizomes erect, cylindraceous, densely bearing scales the scales brownish, ciliate along margins, long-subulate and thick in texture. Fronds clustered; stipes 60-100 cm long, thick ca. 2.5 cm in diam., straminousish, polished, bases bearing same scales that on rhizome, up looser, after fallen and remained tubercule-like or lunate rough-marks; laminae big, long and wide reached above 2 m., triangular-ovate, acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, intapering to bases, 4-pinnatifid; pinnae 18-25 pairs, subopposite, spreading, lower ones stalked, ca. 60 x ca. 30 cm, oblong-lanceolate, acuminat at apexes, 3-pinnatifid; pinnules of 1-pinnate majority, flatly spreading, unclear short petioled, 10-16 x 3-4 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases flatly truncate, symmetrical, bipinnatifid;  Pinnules of 2-pinnate 18-25 pairs, subopposite, spreading, sessile, 1.5-2 ca. 0.4 cm, lanceolate, bitly falcate, pointed at apexes, bases decurrent, connected from eached other by narrow-wing along costae, pinnatpartite up to 1/2 or more of the distance to cosules; segments 10-12 pairs, crenation-like or trianugular, oblique-up, entire. Veins pinnate, lateral vein 2-3 pairs on per segment, forked, unclear. Fronds herbaceous, after dry yellow-sh-green, under sides bearing multicellular needle-shaped hairs along costule and main veins, costae of every time sparsely bearing linear-lanceolate scales on under sides, the scales iflated at base, persistent, upper sides bearing short needle-shaped hairs along costae. Sori small, rounded, one pair on per segment, attached at near tops of basel acroscopic veinlets; indusia indeveloped. Choromosome 2n = 62.

           Under forest in river valley of subtropic region; S. E Xizang and W. Yunnan [ Buhtan, India and Tailand].

2.Macrothelypteris polypodiodes (Hook.) in Blumea 17: 29. 1969

.挱罗针毛蕨 sha luo zhen mao jue

Alsophila polypodiodes Hook. in Nightingale, Oceanic Skelches 131. 1835; Lastrea leucolepis Presl; Dryopteris leucolepis Maxon; Thelypteris leucolepis Ching; Macrothelypteris leucolepis Ching; Cheilanthes gigantean Cesati; Polypodium heilanthoides Bak.; Dryopteris brunneo-villosa C. Chr.; Phegopteris cheilanthoides (Bak.) v. A. v. R.    

Outline of this species is extremely similar above one Macrothelypteris ornate (Bedd.) Ching, but outline big and strong as Alsophila, rhizomes short and decumbent, thick ca. 20 cm in diam., stipes 1.5 cm, covered with scales throughout; the scales linear and hairy; the scales on rachies loose, or subentir sometime, scales on castae bearing denser cilia along margins; indusia persistent.

On forest-margin; ca. 700 m.; Taiwan [ Philippines, Thailand; Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea and Pacific Islands]. Typical specimen collected from New Zealand.

3. Macrothelypteris stigera (Bl.) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 309. 1963.

刚鳞针毛蕨 gang lin zhan mao jue                                        

Cheilanthes setigera Bl., Enum. Pl. Jav. 138. 1828; Hypolepia setigera Hook.; Nephrodium setigerum Hook.; Aspidium setigerum Kuhn; Dryopteris setigera O. Ktze.; Thelypteris setigera Ching; Cheilanthes stenophylla Kze.; Dryopteris backeri v. A. v. R.

       Plants 1-1.4 m. tall. Rhizomes thick and ascending, densely bearing brownish linear-lanceolate scales; the scales ca. 1 cm long, thick in texture, sparsely bearing hairs along margins. Fronds clustered; stipes 50-60 cm long or more, stramineous, bases bearing same scales with in rhizome, up loose, the scales inflated at base and remained tubercle-like rough-marks after fallen; laminae 50-80 x 30-50 cm, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, bases intapering, 3-pinntifid; pinnae 14-18 pairs, subopposite, flatly spreading, sessile or nearly sessile, basel one pair biger, 15-30 x 5-15 cm, broado-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases flatly truncate, symmetrical, bipnnate; pinnules of 1-pinnate 20-30 pairs or more, sessile, spreading, 2.5-7 x 0.5-1.5 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases symmetrical, pinnatisect; pinnules of bipinnate 12-20 pairs, 2.5-7 x 1.5-2.5 mm, lnceolate, obtuse at apexes, bases decurrent, connected from each other by narrow-wings, entire or sharply lobate, margins often reculed. Veins unclear, lateral veins single or biforked, 3-5 on per ultermate pinnule. Fronds herbaceous, brownish after dry, under surfaces including costae and costules baering more glaucous multicellular acicular hairs, upper surfaces baering acicular hairs along costae of evry time, rachies bearing hard scales. Sori small, rounded, attached at above middles of lateral veins, wraphed up by reculed margins; indusia small, deciduous or hidden in sori.

       Under tropic rain forest; Taiwan [ Indonesia and Malaysia]. Typical specimen collected from Indonesia (Java).

4. Macrothelypteris oligophblebia (Bak.) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 309. 1936.

针毛蕨 zhen mao jue

Nephrodium oligaplebium Bak. in Journ. Bot. 291. 1875; Dryopteris oligoplebia C. Chr.; Thelypteris olioplebia Ching; Lastrea oligoplebia Cop.; Nephrodium setigerum var. calvatum Bak.; Thelypteris uliginosa var. calvata K. Iwats.; Thelypteris torresiana var. calwata K. Iwats.; Macrothelypteris trresiana var. calvata Holtt.; Hypoleepis punctata var. henryi Christ.

       Plants 60-150 cm tall. Rhizomes short and ascending, including bases of stipes  bearing deep-brown lanceolate, spars hairy along margin scales. Stipes 30-70 cm long, stramineous, smooth above bases; laminae nearly same length with stipe, 30-45 cm wide at lower part, triangular-ovate, acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, bases intapering , 3-pinnatifid; pinnae ca. 14 pairs, oblique-up, alternate, or lower ones opposite, stalks reached to 2 cc long or more, basel one pair biger, ca. 20 x ca. 5 cm, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, slightly tapering to bases, second pair and above every pair of pinnae gradually reduced, intapering to bases, stalks 1-1.5 cm, lanceolate, apexes acuminate, bases roundo-truncate, symmentrical, sessile ( lower ones short petioled), more or less decurrent ( upper ones connected from each other by narrow-wing), pinnatipartite nearly reached to costules; segments 10-15 pairs, spreading, 5-12 x 2-3.5 mm, obtuse or blunt-pointed at apexes, bases connected from each other by narrow-wings, margins entire or sharply lobete. Veins clear on under sides, lateral veins  single or biforked on sharp-lobete segments, 4-8 pairs on per segment. Fronds herbaceous, after dry grass-green, glabrous on both surfaces, bearing orange-yellow, transparent capital glandular hairs on under surfaces, or along costules and near ends of costae bearing a few unicellular acicular hairs, upper surfaces bearing grayish-white short acicular hairs along costae and costules, often with reddish-purple spots on costae. Sori small, rounded, 3-6 on per segment, attached subends of lateral veins; indusia small, roundo-reniform, grayish-green, smooth, deciduous when maturity or hidden in sori.

       By stream sides in valley or wet soil on forest edge; 400-800 m.; S. Anhui, N. Guangxi, S. Henan, Hebai, Hunan, S. Jiangsu, Jiangxi and Zhejiang [ Japan]. Typical species collected from Jiangxi.

1a. Pinnae glabrous on both surfaces--------------------------------------------------4a. var. oligophlebia

1b. Pinnae along cosate, costules all bearing grayish-white unicellular acicular short hairs on under surfaces--------------------------------------------------------------------4b. var. changshaensis

4a. Macrothelypteris oligophlebia var. oligophlebia

针毛蕨 zhen mao jue

       Pinnae glabrous on both surfaces.

       By stream sides in valley or wet soil on forest edge; 400-800 m.; S. Anhui, N. Guangxi, S. Henan, Hubei, Hunan, S. Jiangsu, Jiangxi and Zhejiang [ Japan].

4b. Macrothelypteris oligophlebia var. elegans (Koidz.) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 309. 1963.

雅致针毛蕨 ya zhi zhen mao jue

Dryopteris elegans Koidz. In Bot. Mag. Tokyo 38: 108. 1924; Thelypteris oligphlebia var. elegans Ching; Lastrea uligenosa var. elegans K. Iwats.; Thelypteris uliginosa var. calvata K. Iwats.; Macrothelypteris oligaphlebia var. chanshaensis (Ching) Shing.

       Pinnae along costae and costules bearing grayish-white unicellular short acicular hairs on under furfaces. Chromosome 2n = 62, 124.

       By stream sides in valley or forest edge or on slopes and  plain on lower elevation; widely destribed every provinces and region on the south of changjiang, the north to S. Henan, the eath to N. Fujian, towards the west to N.E. Guizhou [M. S. Japan and S. Korea]. Typical specimen collected from Japan.

5. Macrothelypteris viridifrons (Tagawa) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 310. 1963. 

翠绿针毛蕨 cui lu zhen mao jue

Thelypteris viridifrons Tagawa in Journ. Jap. Bot. 12: 747. 1936; Dryopteris viridifrons Tagawa; Lastrea viridifrons Tagawa; Dryopteris elegans var subtripinnata H. Ito; Thelypteris oligophlebia var. subtripinnata H. Ito; Lastrea oligophlebia var. subtripinnata Ohwi.

Plants 6- 110 cm tall. Rhizomes short and erect, bearing reddish-brown, hairylanceolate scales at apexes. Fronds clustered; stipes 30-50 cm long, stramineous, bases bearing grayish-white short acicular hairs, up smooth; laminae nearly same lengh with stipe or bitly longer, 20-50 cm at lower parts, acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, intapering to base, 4-pinnatifid; pinnae 10-12 pairs, alternate or subopposite, oblique-up, stalks 1.5-5 cm long, basel one pair biggest, 24-30 x ca. 10 cm, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases slightly tapering, roundo-truncate, since second pair of pinnae up all pinnae same shape with basel one pair, bu intapering to bases, grandually reduced, short stalked, 3-pinnatifid; pinnules of 1-pinnate, 10-15 pairs, alternate, spreading, basel one pair slightly shortened, above ones 5-6.5 x 2.5-3 cm, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases flatly truncate, short stalked, 2-pinnatifid; pinnules of 2-pinnate 10-15 pairs, 1-1.5 x 0.4-0.7 cm, lanceolate, obtuse or blunt-pointed at apexes, bases roundo-truncate and decurrent, connected from each other on both lateral sides by narrow-wings, pinnatelobete or pinnatipartite reached up to 2/3 of the distance of costules; Segments ca. 25 x ca. 1.5 mm, elliptic, rounded at apexes, entire or slightly undulate along margins. Veins visible, lateral veins single, 2-3 pair on per segment. Fronds thick-herbaceous, after dry grass-green, bearing more spreading acicular hairs on under surfaces, upper surfaces bearing more short acicular hairs along costules; rachies stramineous, smooth on under sides, polished. Sori small, rounded, 1-2 on per segment, attached at subends of basel lateral veins; indusia small, roundo-reniform, green, membranous, bearing 1-2 villoses at the back and deciduous after maturity. Chromosome 2n = 124.

On shady and wet places under forest in mountain valley; ca. 750 m.; Anhui, N. Fujiang, Hunan, S. Jiangsu, Jiangxi and Zhejiang [ M. S. Japan and S. Korea]. Typical specimen collected from Japan.

6. Macrothelypteris torresiana (Gaud.) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 30. 1963.

普通针毛蕨 pu ton zhen mao jue

Polystichum torresiana Guad. In freyc., Voy Bot. 333. 1824; Lastrea torresiana Moore; Thelypteris torresiana Alston; Aspidium uliginosum Kze.; Dryopteris uliginosa C. Chr.; Thelypteris uliginosa Ching; Polypodium tenericaule Wall. ex Hook.; Lastea tenecaulis Moore; Nephrodium tenecaule Hook.; Dryopteris tenecaulis Ching; Polypodium trichodes J. Sm.; Nephrodium setigerum Hook.& Bak.; Dryopteris satigera C. Chr.; Aspidium mollissium Christ; Dryopteris mollissium C. Chr.; Dropteris lasiocarpa Hayata; Dryopteris oligophlebia var. lasiocarpa Nakai; Thelypteris oligophlebia var. lasiocarpa H. Ito. 

       Plants 60-150 cm tall. Rhizomes short, erect or ascending, densely bearing reddish-brown, hairy, linear-lanceolate scales at apexes. Fronds clustred; stipes 30-70 cm long, gryish-green, after dry stramineous, bases short hairy, up subsmooth; laminae 30-80 x 20-50 cm, triangular-ovate,  acuminae and pinnatifid  at apexes, bases intapering, 3-pinnate; pinnae ca. 15 pairs, subopposite, stalks 2-2.5 cm long, basel one pairs biggest, 10-12 x 4-12 cm, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases slightly tapering, acroscopic sides parallel with rachies, basiscopic sides downwards, 2-pinnate; pinnules of 1-pinnate 15-20 pairs, alternate, up ones more or less combined with costae and decurrent and connected from each other, lower several pairs short stalked, 3-10 x 0.8-2 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases roundo-truncate, pinnatifid; segments 10-15 pairs, approached, 4-12 x 2-3 mm, lanceolate, obtuse or blunt-pointed at apexes, bases connected from each other by narrow-wings, margins entire or often sharply lobete; from secod pair up to every pair of pinnae same shape with basel one, but intapering at base and gradually shortened. Veins unclear, lateral veins single or forked on sharply lobete segments, 3-7 pairs on per segment. Fronds herbaceous, after dry darkish-brownish-green, bearing more grayish-white multicellular spreading long acicular hairs and capital short glands on under surfaces, upper surfaces bearing short acicular hairy along costae and costules, rachies and costae stramineousish, smooth on under sides, upper surface bearing multicellular slender acicular hairs. Sori small, 2-6 on per segment, attached at subends of lateral veins; indusia small, roundo-reniform, greenish, hidden in sori when maturity. Sporangia bearing 2-3 capital short hairs at the topes. Chromosome 2n = 144, 186.

       On moist places in mountain valley, from seacoast reached to 1000 m.; widely distributed in every provinces and region of the south of changjiang, to the west reached Sichuan and N. E. Yunnan [ Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Japan, Myanmer, Nephal, Philippines, Vietnam; Australia, tropic and subtropic rigions of American]. Typical specimen collected fom the facefic     Islands.

7. Macrothelypteris cntingens Ching in Acta Pytotax. Sin. 8: 310. 1963.

细裂针毛蕨 xi lie zhen mao jue

       Plants ca. 1 m. tall. Rhizomes short and erect, bearing darkish-brown lanceolate scales.Fronds clustered; stipes ca. 50 cm long, stramineous, bases caly, up smooth; laminae same  with stipes in length, 15-30 cm at lower parts, ovato-lanceolate, acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, intapering to bases, 3-pinnatipartite; pinnae ca. 15 pairs, opposite, up ones alternate, spreading, nearly sessile, basel one pair of pinnae 14-18 x 8-9 cm, broado-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases slightly tapering, truncate, bipinnatipartite; pinnules of 1-pinnate 15-20 pairs,  contached with each other, spreading, lower ones oppositer, up ones alternate, 3-4 x ca. 1 cm, oblong-lanceolate, acuminat at apexes, bases connected along both lateral sides by narrow-wings, partite; segments 12-15 pairs, approached, flatly or oblique spreading, 3.5-4.2 x ca. 2.2 mm, elliptic, rounded at apexes, bases decurrent and connected from each other by narrow-wings, margins sharply lobete into 3-4 crenations; above ones from secnd pair of pinnae same with basel one pair in size, but intapering at bases. Veins visible, lateral 2-3 forked, occasionally single, 3-4 on per segment. Fronds thin-herbaceous, after dry green, bearing sparse glaucous, multicellular spreading needle-shaped hairs on under surfaces, upper surfaces sparsely bearing same short acicular hairs, costae of every time stramineousish, smooth or subsmooth on under sides, heiry on upper sides. Sori small, rounded, 3-4 on per segment, attached at subends on acroscopic veinlets of forked lateral veins; indusia small, no very developed.

       On wet soil under forest in mountain valley; 900-1050 m.; S. Yunnan and S. Zhejiang. Tyical specimen collected from Yunnan.

6. PHEGOPTERIS F’ee, Gen. Fil. 242. 1852, emend. Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 312. 1963.

卵果蕨属 luan guo jue shu

Phegopteris Sect. Euphegopteris H. Ito; Polypodium Sect. Phegopteris Presl; Dryopteris Sungen. Phegopteris C. Chr.; Thelypteris Subgen. Phgopteris Ching; Thelypteis Subgen. Phegopteris Sect. Phegopteris K. Iwats.

       Mid and small terrestria plants. Rhizomes long and creepind or short and erect, densely covered with brownscales and grayish-white acicular hairs.Fronds remote or clusterd; stipes slender, stramineousish, polished, bases scaly; the scales brown, lanceolate and sparely long hairy along margin; lamiae ovato-triangular or narrow-lanceolate, bipinnatifid; pinnae combined with costae, connected from each other by narrow-wings, or lower 1-3 pairs free, lower pinnae inshortened or basel one pairs slightly shortened, or lower more pairs gradually reduced  into auricles; veins pinnate, lateral veins single or more or less forked, veinlets reached to margins. Fronds herbaceous or soft-papyraceous, more or less bearing grayish-hite acicular hairs on both surfaces, rachies, rachillae and costules round-raised on both sides and densely bearing same hairs, sometime mixed forked hairs, bearing more brownish hairs on under sides and lanceoalte ciliated scales. Sori ovato-rounded or oblong, dosiflexed at above middles of lateral veins, exindusiate; Sporangia often bearing a few short acicular hairs or capital hairs at tops near annuli places. Spores bilateral, reniform, perispores wing-shaped, thin and trasparrent, grenulate on surfaces.. Chromosome x = 30.

       Typical species of the genus: Phegoperis polypodiodes (L.) F’ee ( Polypodium phegopteri L.).

       The genus is one natual genus. Diferrent with Pseudophegopteris Ching is except distributive area, the plant slender, stipe stramineousish, lamina usually triangular or narrow-lanceolate; pinnal base broado-decurrent, and combinated with rachis and connected from each other; veinlets reached to margin, scales on under sides of rachis and rachilla sparse ciliate. 

4 species, 3 in China.

1a. Rhizomes long and creeping; laminae more or less triangular, lower 1-3 pairs of pinnae free, intapering or basel one pair slightly shortened, other connected from each other by narrow-wing.

  2a. Laminae triangular, length and width near equal or length minute big than width, basel one pair of pinnae biggest and often reflexed dowanwards-----------------------------1. P. connectilis

  2b. Laminae narrowly long-triangular, length almostly 2 times as width, lower 1-3 pairs of pinnae free, basel minute shortened, flatly spreading or slightly oblique-up--------2. P. tibetica

1b. Rhizomes short and erect; laminae lanceolate, pinnae connected from each other by narrw-wings, majority pairs of pinnae below middle gradually shortened, basel one of pinnae aulicles----------------------------------------------------------------------------3. P. decursive-pinnata

1. Phegopteris connectilis (Michx.) Watt in Canada. Nat. & Quart. Journ. Sci. n. s. 3: 29. 1866.

卵果蕨 luan guo jue

Polypodium connectilis Michx. in Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 271.1803; Phegopteris polypodioides F’ee; Polypodiun phegopteris L.; Polystichum phegopteris (L.) Roth; Lastrea phegopteris (L.) Bory; Aspidium phegopteris (L.) Daumg.; Gymnocarpium phegopteris (L.) Newm.; Phegopteris phegopteris (L.) Keys; Thelypteris phegopteris (L.) Sloss.; Dryopteris phegopteris (L.) C. Chr.; Phegopteris vulgeris Mett.

       Plants 25-40 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, bearing bright-brown, ovato-lanceolate thin scales at apexes. Fronds remote; stipes 15-30 cm long, darkish-brown, sparsly scaly, up stramineous, subsmooth; lamiane triangular, acuminate and pinnedifid at apexes, 13-20 x 10-18 cm, bipinnatifid;  pinnae ca. 10 pairs, susally opposite, flatly spreading, lanceolate, basel pair biggest, slightly spareading downwards, acuminate at apexes, bases slightly or intapring, free from second pair of pinnae, 5-9 x 1-2 cm; segments oblong, rounded or obtuse at apees, entire or undulate lobete along margins; above pinnae of every pair gradually shortened, bases connected from each other along rachies by obtriangular-wings. Veins pinnate, lateral veins single or occasionally forked. Fronds herbaceous or papyraceous, after dry grayish-green or yellowish-green, sparsely bearing grayish-white acicular hairs on both surfaces, more or less bearing small scales along rachies and rachillae; the scales brownish, longly ovato-lanceolate and ciliate along mergin. Sori ovato-rounded or rounded, dorsiflexed at near ends of lateral veins and closed to margins, exindusiate. Sporangia 1-2 setaceous at places near annuli on tops. Chromosome 2n = 60. 90.

       Under forest; 1200-3140 m.; Guizhou, Nelongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Sichuan and Yunnan [ Widdly distributed temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, toeards south reached to mountain land of mid Asia and the Himalayas rigion. Typical specimen collected from The North Ameirica.

       The species is very similar to Phegopateris hexagonopteris (Michx. ) F’ee which produced in the North America only, but late pinnae clearly tapering to base, basel and second pairs of pinnae connected by decurrent wings; fronds thin-herbaceous, sparsly short hairy on both surfaces, lateral veins biforked. Although the species sometime the second pairs of pinnae more or less decurrent by obtriangular-wings, but extremely connected with basel one pairs of pinnae and hair-covering and texture sharply different.

2. Phegopetris tibetica Ching, Fl. Xizang. 1: 161. f. 40. 1983. 

西藏卵果蕨 xi zang luan guo jue

       plants ca. 45 cm tall. Rhizomes unseen. Stipes 24-27 cm long, bases darkish-brown, bearing triangular-lanceolate scales, up stramineous, rounded at dorsal sides, subsmooth or short rough hairy, longitudinal valleculate at ventral sides and acicular hairy in valleculae; laminae 18-20 x 10-14 cm, oblong, acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, bases indecurrent, bipinnatipartite; pinnae 13-15 pairs, lower 2-3 pairs free, flatly or slightly obliquely spreading, 5-7 x ca. 2 cm ( basel one pair bitly shortened ), oblong-lanceolate, slightly tapering to base, more or less combined with rachies, pinnatipartitr; segments oblong, roundo-obtuse at apexes, entire along margins ( or occasionally undulate crenate on long segments), sparsely ciliate; pinnae above middle gradually shortened, linear-lanceolate, bases decurrent and connected from each other along rachies by narrow-wings. Veins pinnate, lateral veins forked or single and reached to margins. Fronds herbaceous, after dry deeply green, rachies raised on under sides, upper sides longidudinal valleculae and densely bearing acicular hairs, rachillae nd costae all bearing acicular hairs on both sides and mixed a few forked hairy, sparsely bearing brownish narrow-lanceolate scales on under sides; the scales sparsly long ciliate along margins, nearly smooth in itercostal area on both surfaces. Sori rounded or subrounded, dorsiflexed at subends of lateral veins and closed to margins, exindusiate. Sporangia occasionally 1-2 setaceous at places near annuli on tops.   

       Under forest of Abies; ca. 3600 m.; endemic Xizang ( Bomi).

       The specied is minute similar to above one in outline, but laminae intriangular, length 2 time as width, lower 2-3 pairs of pinnae usually separated from each other by rachies, basel one pair of pinnae slightly shortened, smooth in itercostal area of both surfaces.

3. Phegopteris decursive-pinnata (van Hall) F’ee, Gen. Fil. 242. t. 20 A. f. 1. 1852. 

延羽卵果蕨 yan yu luan guo jue

Polypodium decursive-pinnatum van hall, Niewe Verhbl. Nederl. Inst. 5: 204 c. 1836; Aspidium decursiv-pinnatum Kze.; Nephrodium decursive-pinnatum Hook.; Lastrea decursive-pinnata J. Sm.; Leptogramma decursive-pinnata J. Sm.; Dryopteris decursive-pinnata O. ktze; Thelypteris decursive-pinnata Ching; Lastrea decurrent J. Sm.

       Plants 30-60 cm tall. Rhizomes short and erect, including bases of stipes bearing reddish-brown, ciliate narrow-lanceolate scales. Fronds clustered; stipes 10-25 cm long, stramineousish; laminae 20-50 x 5-12 cm, lanceolate, acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, gradually tapering to bases, bipinnatifid or 1-pinnate and thick-teethed along margins; pinnae 20-30 pairs, alternate, obliquely spreading, mid ones biggest, 2.5-6 x ca. 1 cm, narrow-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases broad and decurrent, connected by rouno-auricles or triangular- wings between pinnae, pinnatifid up to 1/3 to 1/2 of the distance to costules; segments obliquely spreading, ovato-triangualr, obtuse at apexes, entire, pinnae gradually shortened to both ends, basel one pair of pinnae often shortened into small auricles. Veins pinnate, lateral veins single and reached to margins. Fronds herbaceous, along rachies, rachillae and veins bearing grayish-white unicellular acicular short hairs on both sides, under sides mixed forked at ends or stellate hairy, under sides of rachies and costae sparsly bearing brownish, hair-shaped or lanceolate and cilate scales. Sori subrounded, dorsiflexed at near ends of lateral veins, 2-3 on per segment, with bunched petioled forked hairs in center when young, exindusiate; Sporangia sometime 1-2 short setaceous or petioled capital hairy at places near annuli on tops. Chromosome 2n = 60, 90, 120.

       On both coasts of river on shuvial plains or lower mountain regions of hills or under forest by road sides; 50- 2000 m.; widely distributive subttropic regions of china, the north reached to S. Henan and qingling mountain of Shaanxi, the east to plain region of Taiwan, towards the west reached to Sichuan, Guizhou and E-S and E, Yunnan [ Japan, S. Korea and N. Vietnam].

       The species is clear different with other species of the genus in short and erect rhizome and narrow-lanceolate laminae. K. Iwatsuki according to these chracters removed it out from Thelypteris Subgen. Phegopteris Sect Phegopteris and took it and some species which belong to Pseudophegopteris along with all the others classified in Sect. Lastrea. Chromosome of this species are known 3 kinds of type, but they are not clealy different chracter in morphlogy. Holttum (1969) considered that Sori of this species bearing bunched, petioled forked hairs in center were simplified from indusia. For these discussions need to making further request proven.

7. CRASPEDOSORUS Ching & W. M. Chu in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16 (4): 24. t. 1. 1978.

边果蕨属 bian guo jue shu

       Mid terrestrial plants. Rhizomes erect including bases of stipes bearing scales and short rough hairs; the scales reddish-brown, ovato-lanceolate, ciliate and dense short rough hairy at the back. Fronds clustred; stipes greenish, densely bearing divided grayish-white, transparent acicular fine long hairs; laminae broad-lanceolate, acuinate and pinnatifid at apexes, bases intapering , bipinnatipartite; pinnae majority, basel one pair of pinnae inshortened, lanceolate, pinnatfid reached to no far places from rachillae; segments with sami-transparent membranous narrow-edge and undulate along margins, after dry often reflexed and uneasy seen; rachillae longitudinal valleculate on upper sides, under sides rounded; veins free, lateral veins on segments single (occasionally forked from middle), slightly inflated at ends and unreached to margins; veinal type same with Pseudocyclosorus, i.e.acroscopic one veinlet of basel one pair of veins reched to

excartilaginous sinuse, basiscopic one veinlet reached to margin above sinus. Fronds herbaceous, along rachies and rachillae except setaceous and mixed short rough hairs. Sori oblong, attached at below places of ends of lateral veins and closer to margins, exindusia. Sori hairless or susally one short acicular hairy nert annuli; Spores spinate .

       Typical species of the genus : Craspedosorus sinensis Ching & W. M. Chu.

       One species.

       The genus is clearly closed to Leptogramma J. Sm. in relation. They both are very similar in outline, segmental pattern, type of veination and sori etc., but plants far big, pinnae more and free from rachies except apecal ones, pinnatipartite nearly reached to rachillae; lateral veins unreached to margins, segments micro-undulate along margins and with transluscent membranal narrow-edge ( usually reflexed after dry and uneasy seen); Sori short and thick, oblong, attached at near ends of lateral veins and closer to margins; Sporangia hairless or bearing one short acicular hair. It is perhaps a advance developed type of the former. Needed to go a step further stady in anatomy and cytology.

1. Craspedosorus sinensis Cing & W. M. Chu in Acta Pytotax. Sin. 16 (4): 34. t.. 1978.

边果蕨 bian guo jue

       Plants reached to 1.1 m. tall. Stipes ca. 40 cm long, smooth above bases; laminae ca. 65 x ca. 22 cm, broad-lanceolate, bases intapering, bipinnatifid; pinnae ca. 25 pairs, sessile, alternate, mid ones ca. 14 x ca. 2.5 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases flatly truncate on acroscopic sides and parallele with rachllae, basiscopic sides obliquely cutting off, pinnatifid up to above 2/3 of the distance to cstule; segments ca. 20 pairs, mid ones ca. 1 ( lower 3-4 pairs bitly shorter) long, 5 mm wide, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or blunt-pointed at apexes, with translucent membranal narrow-edge along margin and micro-undulate, usually reflexed after dry. Lateral veins in segments 5-9 pairs, single or occasionally forked at middle, slightly thickened at the end and unreached to margin. Fronds herbaceous, green ater dry, under surfaces hairless, upper surfaces including rachies and rachillae except bearing long seta and mixed short rough hairs. Sori oblong, attached at slightly belowe places on the end of lateral veins and closer to margin, costae with broadly sterile-space on both lateral sides; Sporangia usually bearing one short acicular hair at place near annuli.

       On shady land in thickets; 1400-1500 m.; endemic N.-E. Yunnan.

8. PSEUDOPHEGOPTERIS Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16 (4): 12. 1936.

紫柄蕨属 zi bing jue shu

Dryopteris Subgen. Phegopteris Ching group 4; Phegopteris sensu Tagawa; Phegopteris Sect. Lastrea H. Ito; Theypteris Subgen. Phegopateris Sect. Lastrella K. Iwats.;

Mid terrestrial plants. Rhizomes short and erect, ascending or long and creeding, including bases of stpes bearing grayish-white acicular hairs and brown lanceolate scales. Fronds clustered, sparse or remote; stipes costaneousish-brown, castaneousish or reddish-brown, less stramineous or brownish-stramineous, pplished, sometime mixed stellate hairs on base, up smooth; laminae lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, oblong or ovate, acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, tapering or intapering to base, 2-3 pinnatifid; pinae opposite or subopposite, flatly or obliquely spreading, pinnae below middle incombined with rachillae, sessile or short stalked, lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases inbroadened, round-truncate, or  insymmetrical hastate, rachillae raised on both sides, usually same colour with stepe and rachies or lighter, hairy on upper sides, under sides smooth or bearing grayish-white acicular hairs, occasionally mixed stellate hairs. Veins free, lateral veins single or forked, with a spindle-shaped hydathode at the end and unreached to margin. Sori oblong, ovate or subrounded, dorsiflexed at middle or above middle, exindusiate. Sporangia smooth or bearing short seta. Spores bilateral, round-reniform, perispores tine and transparent, more  reticulate or less feveolate on surfaces, smooth on exine. Chromosome x = 31.

About 20 species, tropical and subtropical Asia, the east to the Pacific Islands, the west reached to west of Africa. 12 species ( 4 endemic) in China.

1a. Stipes stramineous, bases including under sides of rachies and rachillae except bearing grayish-white acicular hairs and mixed inregular forked stellate hairs.                    

  2a. Stipes same size or minute shorter with laminae, 15-30 cm long, pinnae sparsely bearing acicular hairs on upper surfaces--------------------------------------------------------1. P. levingei

  2b. Stipes equal to 1/4 of laminae in lengh, laminae 8-10 cm long; pinnae except rachillae sparsely bearing acicular hairs on upper surfaces, the other glabrous------------2. P. brevipes

1b. Stipes reddish-castaneous or castaneousish-brown, if stramineous or brownish-stramineous and bases of stipe, under sides of rachies and  rachillae never mixed acicular hair.

   3a. Basel one pair of pinnules or segments on lower pinnae, paticular basiscoic one piec clearly longer than adjacent one and divided along margin, pinnal base insymmetrical hastate.

     4a. Laminae intapering to base, i.e. lower 1-2 pairs of pinnae biggest; pinnae all sessile----------------------------------------------------------------------------3. P. yigongensis

     4b. Lamiane more or less tapering to base, i.e. lower 1-2 pairs of pinnae smaller than above ones.                                                                

        5a. Pinnae bilow middle short stalked---------------------------------------------4. P. tibetica 

        5b. Pinnae all sessile.                                                     

           6a. Rhizomes long and creeping; stipes near same in length or slightly short than laminae; frands chartaceous, after dry brownish-green, glabrous on both surfaces----------------------------------------------------------------------------5. P. aurita

           6b. Rhizomes short and erect; stipes much shorter than laminae; fronds thin-herbaceous, after dry yellowish-green, bearing fine acicular hairs on both surfaces--------------------------------------------------------------------6. P. subaurita

    3b. Basel one pair of pinnules or segments on lower pinnae same shapes and sizes with above ones or at most slightly inflated, pinnae inhatate at base.  

       7a. Stipes reddish-castaneous, castaneousish-brown or reddish-brown, never stramineous or brownish-stramineous.                                                 

         8a. Laminal wide above 20 cm, 3-pinnatifid.                                  

            9a. Laminae oblong or oblong-lanceolate, basel one pairs of pinnae same size with above ones or slightly shorter, 10-20 x 2.5- 7 cm; pinnules pinnatfid up to 1/2 of the distance to costule.

                10a. Rhizomes long and creeping; laminae sparsely bearing acicular short hairs or glabrous sometime on under surfaces; sporangia hairless also ----------------------------------------------------------------------7. P. pyrrhrachis 

                10b. Rhizomes short and ascending, laminae densely bearing acicular short hairs on under surfaces; sporangia 2 to more short setaceous-----------

                     ----------------------------------------------------------------------8. P. hirtirachis

                  9b. Laminae ovate, basel one pair of pinnae biggest, 30-45 x 13-20 cm, pinnules pinnatipartite nearly reached to costules------------------------9. P. yunkweiensis

          8b. Lamiae narrower and less than 20 cm, bipinnatipartite.

             11a. Sori dosiflexed at near the end of acroscopic one veinlet on forkrd veinlets and closer to margin; sori glabrous; pinnae subglabrous on under surfaces---------------------------------------------------------------10. P. zayyensis 

             11b. Sori dorsiflexed at middle of lateral veins, located between costae and margin, Sporangia bearing 1-2 seta at subtop; pinnae sparsely bearing fine acicular hairs on under surfaces------------------------------------------11. P. rectangularis

            7b. Stipes stramineous, occasionally brownish-straminaeous; plants 90-120 cm tall; laminae 60-80 x 20-30 cm; segments thick-teeth-shaped along margin and less entire------------------------------------------------------------------------12. P. microstegia

1. Pseudophegopteris levingei (Clark) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 314. 1963.

星毛紫柄蕨 xing mao zi bing jue

Gymnogramma levingei Clarke in trans. Linn. Soc. 2, Bor. 1: 95. 1880; Leptogramma aurita var. levingei Bedd; Leptogramm levingei Bedd.; Dryopteris levingei C. Chr. Thelypteris levingei Ching; Phegopteris levingei Tagawa.

Plants 60-80 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, bearing reddish-brown broad-lanceolate scales and gayish-white aicular hairs. Fronds remote; stipes 15-30 cm long, stramineous, sparsely bearing same scales on lower parts and denser grayish-white acicular hairs and a few inregular forked stellate hairs; laminae 35-60 x 7-15 cm, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, slightly tapering to base, bipinnatipartite; pinnae ca. 20 pairs, opposite, sessile, ones above middle subapproached, lower 2-3 pairs remote from each other, gradually shortened into triangular and more or less obliquely downwards, basel one pair of pinnae smallest, 3-5 cm long, the others 5-8 (-11) x 1.5 – 2.5 cm, lanceolate, acuminae at apexes, bases round-truncate, subsymmetrical, pinnatipartite nearly to rachillae; segments 8-15 pairs, opposite, obliquely spreading, approached, 1-1.3  ca. 0.5 cm, oblong, roundo-obtuse at apexes, slightly broader at base, connected from eacher other by narrow-wing, entire or crenate or occasionally parted along margins of biger segments. Veins visible on both sides, lateral veins single or bifoked, 5-7 on per segment, basel one pair come out from above bases of main veins. Fronds herbaceous, after dry darkish-green, under surfaces bearing dense grayish-white stellate short hairs and acicular hairs along rachillae and veins, also more or less hairy in intercostal area, upper surfaces sparsely bearing acicular hairs, the hairs denser along rachies. Sori biger, subrounded or oblong, 3-5 (-7) pairs on per segment, dorsiflexed at above middle of lateral veins and closer to margin, exindusiate; Sporangia bearing 2-3 seta at tops. Chrimosome 2n = 124.

               Under forest by stream sides or in theckets; 1300-2900 m.; S-E. Guansu, S-M. Shaanxi, M. Sichuan, E.and S. Xizang and N-W. Yunnan [ N-E. India, Kasshmir and Sikkim]. Typical species collected from Sikkim.

         The species is similar to Pseudophegoperis bukoeensi (Tagawa) Holtt., but the late biger in outline; lamine 3-pinnatipartite; pinnae suboblong, pinnules same shape, parted reached up to 2/3 of distence to costule, rachillae bearing more stellate hair-like scales on under sides.

2. Pseudophegopteris breviped Ching, Fl. Xizang. 1: 163. 1983.

短柄紫柄蕨 duan bing zi bing jue

              Plants 50-60 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, including bases of stipes sparsely bearing grayish-white long hairs and reddish-brown scales; the scales thin-membranous, oveto-lanceolate, apexes hair-like pointed, hairy at dorsa and margins. Fronds remote; stipes 8-20 cm long, stramineous, sparsely bearing grayish-white pubescens and stellate hairs, the hairs deser in longitudinal vallecula on upper sides; laminae 40-45 x 12-16 cm, acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, gradually tapering to base, bipinnatipartite; pinnae ca. 20 pairs, opposite or subopposite, flatly spreading, sessile, lower 2 pairs of pinnae slightly shortened, basel one pairs shortest, 3.5-5 cm long, ovato-lanceolate, above ones lanceolate, 6-8 x ca. 2 cm, acuminate at apexes and entire, bases widest and subsymmetrical, roundo-truncat, pinnatipartite nearly reached to rachillae; segments ca. 12 pairs, closer, spreading, 8-9 x ca. 4.5 cm, oblong, roundo-obtuse at apexes, ciliate along margins. Veins slender, visible on upper side, lateral veins biforked, 4-5 pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out from higher places above bases of costae. Fronds thin-herbaceous, after dry deeply green or darkish-brown-green, sparsely bearing grayish-white hairs, the hairs denser along rachillae and veins and mixed a few inregular forked stellate hairs, upper surfaces sparsely bearing acicular hairs along rachillae, rachies stramineous, spars hairy. Sori oblong, 2-4 pairs on per segment, attached near the ends of forked lateral veins and closer to margins, exindusiate. Sporangia acicular short seta at upper parts.

              In crevices among rocks in valley; ca. 2330 m.; endemic E-S. Xizang ( chayu).

3. Psudophegopteris ygongensis Ching, Fl. Xizang. 1: 165. 1983.

易贡紫柄蕨 yi gong zi bing jue

             Plants 60-75cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, bearing lanceolate scales and villoses. Fronds remote; stipes 30-40 cm long, bases blackish-brown, densely baring villoses, up brownish-stramineous, polished and subsmooth; lamiane 25-35 x 6-10 cm, narrow-oblong or long-lanceolate, acuminate or long-acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, bases intapering, bipinnatipartite ( basel pinnules on basel one pair of pinnae often pinnate); pinnae 9-12 pairs, opposite, subflatly spreading, bases decurrent and connected, mid pinnae more or less decurrent and combined with rachies, but inconnected from each other, lowest 1-2 pairs of pinnae biggest, sessile and indecurrent, 7-9 x  ca. 4.5 cm, long-acuminate at apexes, bases insymmetrical, pinnatipartite; basiscopic segments on rachies longer than acrosopic ones, particule basel basiscopic one piec of segment longest and reached to 3-4 cm long, pinnatifid, the other segments entire. Veins visible on both sides, lateral veins single or forked, 4-6 pairs on per segment, nearly reached to margin. Fronds thin-herbaceous, after dry yellowish-green, subglabrous on upper surfaces, under surfaces villosus along veins, rachies stramineous and sparsely villous. Sori oblong, dorsiflexed at middle or above middle, 2-4 pairs on per segment, exindusiate; Sporangia bearing 2-4 acicular hairs on tops.

              Under dense forest ca. 2500 m.; endemic in S.-E. Xizang ( Yigong and bomi).

    The species is slightly similar to Peudophegopteris levingei (Claeke) Ching, different in lateral pinnae less, lower 2 pairs much big than above ones, sparsely bearing only villoses on under surfaces.

4. Pseudophegopteris tibitica Ching & S. K. Wu, Fl. Xizang. 1: 164. 1983.               

西藏紫柄蕨 xi zang zi bing jue

              Plants 85-90 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, sparsely bearing darkish-brown lanceolate scales. Fronds remote; stipes ca. 40 cm long, reddish-castaneous, polished, bases bearing a few scales and acicular hairs, up entire; laminae 45-50 x 12- 16 cm, lanceolate, long-acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, slightly tapering to base, bipinnatpartite ( pinnules on basel one pair of pinnae often relobete); pinnae ca. 17 pairs, more or less opposite or subopposite, pinnae above middle more or less combined with rachies, pinnae below middle short stalked, lower 1-2 pairs of pinnae 7-7.5 x ca. 3 cm, oblique-triangular, acminate at apexes, bases insymmetrical, pinnatipartite; segments majority, basicopic basel one piec of segment on rachillae biggest, ca. 2 x ca. 1 cm, oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid; the other segments entire; above pinnae ca. 8 x 2-2.2 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, symmetrical, pinnatifid up to 1/2 of the distance to castae; segments oblong, entire. Veins clear on under sides, lateral veins biforked or single on upper ones, 3-6 pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out from bases of costae. Fronds chartaceous, after dry yellowish-green, upper surfaces subentire, under surfaces bearing sparse pubescens along veins and margins, rachies brown, sparsely villous, denser on upper side. Sori oblong, dorsiflexed at above middle of lateral veins, 2-4 pairs on per segment; Sporangia bearing one seta on the top.

             Under dense forest; ca. 2010 m.; endemic S-E. Xizang.

5. Peudophegopteris aurita (Hook.) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 314. 1963                   

耳状紫柄蕨 er zhuang zi bing jue

Gymnogramma aurita Hook., Ic Pl. 10: t. 974. 989. 1854; Grammitis aurita Moore; Phegopteris aurita J. Sm.; Polypodium auritum Lowe; Leptogrmma aurita Bedd.; Nephrodium auritum Hand.-Mazz.; Thelypteris aurita Ching; Dryopteris distans var. coreana Christ.

              Plants 40-100 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, densely bearing villoses and scales at apexes; the scales brown, 3-4 mm long, narrow-lanceolate and ciliate along margins. Fronds remote; stipes 30-60 cm long, reddish-castaneous, polished; laminae 20-70 x 15-30 cm, ovato-lanceolate, acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, slightly tapering to bases, bipinnatpartite; pinnae 10-18 pairs, opposite, flatly spreading, sessile, lower 1-2 pair of pinnae slightly shortened, lanceolate, above pinnae 7-15 x 2-4 cm, acuminat at apexes, bases hastate, insymmetrical, pinnatipartite nearly reached to narrow-wings on both lateral sides of rachillae, pinnae above middle subsymmetrical on base and combined with rachillae; segments (10-) 15-20 pairs, flatly spreading, basiscopic segments of rachillae longer than acroscopic ones, basel one pair biggest, particular basiscopic one piec loggest and obliquely downwards, 2.5-4 x 0.7-1 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, margins pinnately lobete or crenate, acroscopic one piec shorter, parallel with rachies, 1-2 cm long, oblong, roundo-obtuse at apexes, entire or shallowly undulate. Veins clear on under sides, lateral veins biforked or single, 5-7 pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out from bases of costae, with one clear hypothode at the end and unreached to margins. Fronds papyraceous, after dry brown-green, along rachillae on both sides ( or upper side only) bearing short hairs, the others smooth,  rachies densely bearing short hairs on upper sides, under sides smooth. Sori oblong or ovato-rounded sometime, dorsiflexed at above middle of lateral veins, far from costae, 2-5 pairs on per segment, exindusiate. Chromosome 2n = 62, 124.

        Under forest by stream sides on high mountain; 1200-2000 m.; M. Fujiang, M. Guizhou, S. and W. Jiangxi, Chongqin, S-E. Xizang and W. Yunnan [ Butan, N-E. India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, N. Myanmer, Phillipines and N. Vietnam; Papua new guinea]. Typical specimen collected from India.

6. Pseudophegopteris subautita (Tagawa) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 315. 1963.

光轴紫柄蕨 guang zhou zi bing jue

Dryopteris subaurita Tagawa in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 1: 157. 1932; Thelypteris subaurita Ching; Phegopteris subaurita (Tagawa) Tagawa.

Plants 50-80 ( occasionally above 1 m ) cm tall. Rhizomes short and erect, apexes including bases of stipes densely bearing brown linear-lanceolate hairy scales. Fronds clustered; stipes 10-30 cm long, reddish-castaneous, upper sides bearing dense seta along longitudinal vallecula and sparse on under sides; laminae 40-55 (- 100) x 15-20 cm, oblong-lanceolate, long-acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, slightly tapering to base, bipinnatipartite; pinnae 15-20 pairs, opposite, obliquely spreading, sessile, basel one pair of pinnae smallest, ca. 6 x 4-6 cm, elongato-triangular, above pinnae gradually elongated, the second pair of pinnae 9-15 x ca. 2 cm, triangular-lanceolate, acumniate at apexes, bases abrupt broadened reached to 4 cm and insymmetrical hastate, pinnatifid nearly reached to rachillae; segments 15-20 pairs, opposite, obliquely spreading, basel one pairs clearly longer than above every pair, paticular basiscopic one piec of segment longest and pinnatifid, obliquely downwards, ca. 2.5 x ca. 1 cm, lanceolate, tapering and acute at apexes, acroscopic one piec closed rachies, reached to 1.5 cm long, the others segments –1.2 x ca. 0.5 cm, oblong, obtuse-pointed or round-obtuse at apexes, margins crenation-like lobete, up ones thick crenate or entire. Veins clear on under sides, lateral veins single or biforked on lower biger segments, basel one pair come out from bases of costae and all reached to margins. Fronds herbaceous, after dry yellowish-green, bearing fine acicular hairs on both surfaces, the hairs along rachillae and veins denser on under side. Sori subrounded, dorsiflexed at middle or supermiddle of lateral veins and closed to margin, exindusiate. Sporangia occasionally bearing 1-2 short seta. Chromosome 2n =62.

Under forest by stream sides or on open land of thickets; 200-1000 m.; N. and S. Taiwan [Japan ( Ryukyu Island) ]. Typical specimen collected from Taiwan.

7. Peudophegopteris pyrrhorachis (Kunze) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 315. 1963.        

紫柄蕨 zi bing jue

Polypodium phrrhorachis Kunze in Linnaea 24: 257. 1851; Phegopteris pyrrhorachis Tagawa; Lastrea pyrrhorachis Cop.; Macrthelypteris pyrrhorachis Pic. Ser; Thelypteris pyrrhorachis Nayar; Phegopteris distans Mett.; Polypodium distans var. adnatum Clarke; Polypodium brunneum Hand.-Mazz.; Thelypteris brunnea Ching; Polypodium late-repens Troter ex Hope; Dryopteris late-repens and D. brunnea C. Chr..

              Plants 80-100 cn tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, densely bearing short hairs at apexes. Fronds approached or sparse; stipes 20-40 cm long, reddish-castaneous, polished, bases bearing short seta and a few lanceolate scales, up glabrous; laminae 60-70 x 20-35 cm, oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate at apexes, bases nearly tapering, bipinnatipartite; pinnae 15-20 pairs, opposite, sessile, lower pinnae narrow-lanceolate, mid pinnae biger, 13-20 x 2.5-5 cm, short-acuminate at apexes, bases slightly broadend, roundo-truncate, lower 1-3 pair slightly shortened sometime, 1-pinnatipartite; pinnules 15-25 pairs, opposite, flatly spreading, lanceolate and slightly falcate, 1.5-2.5 x 0.5-0.8 cm, short-acuminate at apexes, bases slightly broadened and combined with rachillae, connected from each other by narrow-wing, lobete up to 1/2 of distance to costule; segments triangular-oblong, acuminate at apexes and entire. Veins unclear, pinnate on segments, pinnules single, 2-4 pairs on per segment, basel one pairs come out from surpe base of costae. Fronds herbaceous, after dry darkish-brown - green, upper surfaces bearing short seta along costules and veins, under surfaces sparsely bearing short acicular hairs, the hairs along rachillae, costules and veins denser; rachies and rachillae reddish-brown, smooth or sparsly short-setaceous. Sori subrounded or ovate, 1-2 on per segment, dorsiflexed at super-middle of veinlets and closed to margins, arranged in inregular one row on each lateral side of costules, exindusiate. Sporangia glabrous or 1-2 setaceous on the top. Chromosome 2n = 62, 124 and 186.

              Under forest by stream sides; 800-2400 m.; widely distributed in every provinces and region on the south of Changjiang, the east to Taiwan, the S-West reached to Yunnan, the N-West to S. Gansu, the North to Henan [ Butan, N. India, Myanmer, Nepal, Sikkim, Siri Lanka and Vietnam].

1a. Laminal under surfaces bearing dense short acicular hairs along rachillae, costules and veins, sparsely hairy in intercostal area----------------------------------------------------7a. var. pyrrhorachis

1b. Laminal under surfaces glabrous or at the most bearing extremely short capital hairs along rachies, rachillae and costules----------------------------------------------------------7b. var. glabrate

7a. Peudophegopateris pyrrhorachis var. pyrrhorachis

紫柄蕨 zi bing jue 

Laminal under surfaces bearing dense short acicular hairs along rachillae, cstules and veins, sparsely hairy in itercostal aea.

       Under forest by stream sides; 800-2400 m.; widely distributed in every provinces and region on the south of Changjiang, the East to Taiwan, the S-West reached to Yunnan, the W-North to S. Gansu, towards the North to Henan [ Butan, N. India, Myanmer, Nepal, Sikkim, Sri Landka and Vietnam]

7b. Pseudophegopteris pyrrhorachis var. glabrata (Clarke) Holtt. In Blumea 17: 24. 1969.

光叶紫柄蕨 guang ye zi bing jue

Polypodium distans var. glabrous Clarke in Trans. Linn. Soc. 2. Bot. 1: 544. 1880; Phegopteris distans var. glabrata Beed.

 Laminal under surfaces glabrous or at the most bearing extremely short capital hairs along rachies, rachillae and veins.

Under forest by stream sides; altidude reached to 3000 m.; N. Guizhou, W. Hubei, Sichuan and Yunnan [ N. India, Myanmer and S-W regions of The Himalayas]. Typical specimen collected from India.

8. Pseudophegopteris hirtirachis (C. Chr.) Holtt. in Blumea 17: 22. 1969.

密毛紫柄蕨 mi mao zi bing jue

Dryopteris hirtirachis C. Chr. in Leveil, Fl. Kouy-tscheou 49. 1915; Thelypteris brunea var. hirtirachis Ching; Phegopteris pyrrhotachis sensu Tagawa; Pseudophegopteris pyrrhorachis var. hirtirachis Ching. 

              Plants reached to 1 m. Rhizomes ascending, including bases of stipes bearing brown lanceolate. Fronds subclustered; stipes reached 55 cm tall, brownish-castaneous, polished, bases bearing scales and grayish-white hairs, up subentire; laminae ca. 80 x 30-35 cm, oblong,  acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, slightly tapering to base, 3-pinnatfid; pinnae majority, opposite, sessile, lower ones lanceolate, mid pinnae biggest, 20 cm or more long, reached 6 cm in wide, acute at apexes, roundo-truncate, slightly insymmetrical, lower 1-2 pairs shortened, basel one pair ca. 10 cm long, bipinnatifid; pinnules ca. 20 pairs, opposite, flatly spreading, lanceolate, basiscopic ones on rachillae minute longer than acrscopic ones, ca. 3.5 x 0.8 cm, short acuminate at apexes, bases slightly broadened and combined with rachillae, connected from each others by narrow-wings, basel one pair of pinnules same size or minute longer, pinnatifid up to 1/2 of distance to costule; segments triangular-oblong, obtuse-pointed at apexes, entire. Veins slender, inclear, lateral veins single, 2-4 pairs on per segment and unreached to margin, basel one pair come out from super-bases of costae. Fronds herbaceous after dry deep-green, under surfaces densely bearing grayish-white acicular short hairs along costules and veins, upper surfaces bearing appressed thick short seta along rachies, rachillae and costules, rachies brownish-castaneous or reddish-castaneous and bearing dense or sparse short and hard, spreading seta on under sides. Sori subrouded, dorsiflxed at near the ends of lateral veins, exindusiate; Sporangia usually bearing 2 to more short seta.

              Under forest by stream sides; 1500-2000 m.; N. Guangdong, N. Guangxi, S. Guizhou, M. Sichuan and W. Yunnan [ N-D. India]. Typical specimen collected from Guizhou ( guiding).

              The species is similar to Pseudophegopteris pyrrhorachis (Kunze) Ching in outline, but rhizomes shorter and ascending; rachies and rachillae bearing short, hard and spreading seta on under sides, including costules and costae densely bearing grayish-white short  acicular hairs on under sides; sporagia bearing 2 to more short seta.

9. Pseudophegopteris yunkweiensis (Ching) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 6: 315. 1963.             

云贵紫柄蕨 yun gui zi bing jue

Thelypteris yunkweiensis Ching in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. 6: 274. 1936; Phegopteris yunkweiensis Tagawa.

          Plants reached to 1.5 m. tall. Rhizomes strong ( short and ascending ?). Stipes 40-55 cm long, reddish-castaneous, polished, bases densely bearing brown ovato-lanceolate, haiy scales, up smooth; laminae ca. 100 x 40-60 cm, ovate, acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, intapering to base, 3-pinnatipartite; pinnae 10 or more pairs, opposite, or upper ones subopposite, obliquely up, sessile, basel one pairs biggest, 30-45 x 13-20 cm, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases insymmetrical, broado-cuneate, bipinnatifid; pinnules 15-20 pairs, alternate, subflatly spreading, lower pinnae free from each others, upper ones connected by narrow-wing, 6-13 x 1.4-2.4 cm, lanceolate, acute at apexes, bases broado-cuneate, sessile, more or less connected with rachillae, pinnatipartite reached to narrow-wing on both lateral sides of costule; segments ca. 15 pairs, falcato-lanceolate, acute or roundo-obtuse at apexes, margins crenate or entire on upper parts. Veins clear, lateral veins forked, 4-7 pairs on per segment, bearing a hydathode at the end. Fronds thick-herbaceous, afer dry greenish, glabrous on both surfaces, under surfaces bearing sparse long acicular hairs along veins, rachies and rachillae reddish-castaneous, bearing denser acicular hairs on upper sides. Sori subrounded, dorsiflexed at middle of lateral veins, located between costae and margins, 3-6 pairs on per segment, exindusiate; sporangia hairlees.

              On under forest by stream sides; S-W. Guizhou (zhunyi) and S-D. Yunnan ( menzi)[ N. Vietnam]. Typical specimen collected from Yunnan.

10. Pseudophegopteris zayuensis Ching & S, K. Wu, Fl. Xizang. 1: 164. 1983.

察隅紫柄蕨 cha yu zi bing jue

              Plants ca. 85 cm tall. Rhizomes unseen. Stipes ca. 30 cm long, reddish-brown, polished, including rachies sparsely grayish-white acicular hairs and scales and denser on bases; the scales linear-lanceolate, reddish-brown, smooth, or occasionally a few long hairy at the back;.laminae ca. 55 x ca. 16 cm, short-acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, slightly tapering to base, bipinnatipartite; pinnae ca. 25 pairs, opposite or subopposite, lower 1-2 pairs sessile, flatly spreading, basel one pairs shortest, ca. 5 cm long, mid pinnae ca. 8 x 1.5-2 cm, linear-lanceolate, acute at apexes, bases flat-truncate, symmetrical, pinnatifid up to 3/4 of the distance to costule; segments ca. 20 pairs, 7-8 x 4-5 mm, rectangular, nearly flat-truncate and undulate-sinus, entire on both lateral sides and long acicular hairy. Veins slender, visible on under sides, lateral veins biforked, 4-5 pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out from super base of lateral veins and nearly reached to margins. Fronds thin-papyraceous, after dry green, subglabrous on both surfaces, rachillae raised on both sides, reddish-castaneous on under sides, polished, sparsely bearing acicular hairs, upper sides stramineous, densely bearing short acicular hairs. Sori rounded, attached at near top on acroscopic one vein of forked lateral veins and closed to margin, exindusiate. Sporangia hairless.

              Under broad-leave forest; ca. 2100 m.; endemic S. Xizang.

11. Pseudophegopteris rectangularis (Zoll.) Holtt. In Blumea 17: 19. 1969.

对生紫柄蕨 dui sheng zi bing jue

Polypodium rectangulare Zoll., Syst. Verz. 37, 46. 1854; Thelypteris rectangularis Nayar & Kaur; Polypodium distans var. miror Clarke; Dryopteris moussetii Rosent.; Phegopteris moussetii v. A. v. R.; Phegopateris oppositipinna v. A. v. R.; Dryopteris oppositipinna C. Chr.; Thelypteris oppositipinna Ching; Pseudophegopteris oppositipinna Ching.

              Plants 40-70 cm tall. Rhizomes short and erect. Fronds clustred; stipes 10-25 cm long, brownish-castaneous, polished, throught bearing spreading short acicular hairs, bases bearing narrow-lanceolate, brownish, sparsely hairy thin scales; lminae 30-45 x 7-12 cm, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, slightly tapering to base, bipinnatipartite; pinnae ca. 20 pairs, opposite, flatly spreading, sessile, lower 1-3 pairs slightly shortened, 3 cm long only, up ones 4-6 x 0.8-1.8 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, entire, pinnatipartite reached up to 3/4 of the distance to cosule; segments 12-17 pairs, obliquely spreading, oblong-triangular, obtuse-poined at apexes, entire along maegin. Veins clearer, lateral veins single or biforked, 3-5 pairs or more on per segment, basel one pair come out from super base of costae, acroscopic one vein reached to sinus and all unreached to margin. Fronds herbaceous, after dry greenish, upper surfaces nearly smooth except heiry along rachillae, under surfaces bearing sparsely fine acicular hairs, the hairs along rachillae denser, also bearing a few capital short hairs in intercostal area, rachies same colour with stipe and densely bearing acicular hairs. Sori subrounded, dorsiflexed at middle of lateral veins, 2-3 pairs on per segment; Sporangia usually bearing 1-2 fine acicular hairs at the subtop. Spores roundo-reniform, perispores clear big reticulate, areolae diferrent size. Chromosome 2n = 124.

              Under forest by strem sides; 1000 – 1500 m.; N. Guangxi, S-D. Xzang and W. and S-D Yunnan [ N-D. India, Indonesia and Malaysia]. Typical specimen collected from Indonesia (Java).

12. Pseudophegopteris microstegia ( Hook.) Ching, Fl. Xizang. 1: 162. f. 5-3. 1983.

禾杆紫柄蕨 he gan zi bing jue

Polypodium microstegium Hook., Sp. Fil. 1: 119. t. 250. 1862; Thelypteris brunnea var.

pallida Ching; Pseudophegopteris pallida Ching.

              Plants 9-120 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, slightly bearing appressed brownish, broado-lanceolate scales. Fronds remote; stipes 30-40 cm long, stramineous, occasionally brownish-stramineous, bases sparsely bearing brownish lanceolate scales, up subentire; laminae 60-80 x 20-30 cm, acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, nearly intapering to base, bipinnatipartite; pinnae 20-25 pairs, subopposite, obliquely or nearly flatly spreading, sessile, lower pinnae 10-15 x 2-3 cm, leaner- lanceolate, acute at apexes, bases roundo-truncate and closed to rachies, lower 2-3 pairs slightly shortened sometime, 7-10 cm long, pinnatipartite nearly reached to rachillae; segments ca. 25 pairs, opposite, subflatly spreading, basel one pair of segments same shaped and size with next ones, 1-1.5 x ca. 0. 5 cm, oblong, round-obtuse or roundo-truncate at apexes, thick tooth-like along margin, less entire and sparsely ciliate. Veins clear on under sides, lateral veins forked, 6-7 pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out from super base of lateral veins, veinlets unreached to margin.Fronds thin-herbaceous, after dry greenish, both surfaces bearing short seta along rachillae and veins, denser on upper surfaces, rachies stramineous, upper sides densely hirsute along longitudinal vallecula. Spri ovato-rounded, dorsiflexed at middle on acroscopic one vein of lateral veins, exindusiate; Sporagia hairless.

        Under evergreen broadleaved forest; 2300-2400 m.; Chongqin (nanchuan), M. Sichua, S-D. and S. Xizang and N-W and S-D Yunnan [ N-D India]. Typical specimen collected from India.

     The species is extremely similar to Pseudophegopteris pyrrhorachis (Kunze) Ching, main different in rachies stramineos, under surfaces glabrous except rachillae and costae.

9. CYCLOGRAMMA Tagawa in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 7: 52. 1938 

钩毛蕨属 gou mao jue shu

Thelypteris Subgen. Cyclogramma K. Iwats.; Cyclosorus Subgen. Cyclogramma A. R. Sm.; Glaphyropteris Sect. Cyclogramma H. Ito; Thelypteris Subgen. Phegopteris Ching group 6 Ching.

Mid terrestrial plants. Rhizomes short and strong, erect or long and creeping, bearing grayish-white unicellular short acicular hairs and a few thick scales; the scales brown, broad-lanceolate and bearing acicular and hooked hairs on back or along margin. Fronds clusterd or sparse; stipes more or less hairy or subsmooth; lamine oblong or broad-lanceolate, cuminate or pinnatifid at apexes; pinnae majority, alternate or opposite, lanceolate, lower several pairs shortened into auricles sometime, sessile or occasionally short stalked, mid pinnae pinnatipartite; segments majority, lanceolate or suboblong, round-obtuse or obtuse-pointed at apexes, margins entire; Veins pinnate, free, lateral ones single, reached to margin upper sinus. Fronds herbaceous or papyraceous, after dry brownish-green or subbrown, both surfaces more or less bearing grayish-white unicellular short acicular hairs and a few hooked thick long hairs, aerophores present at bases of pinnae on under sides of rachies. Sori smoll, consisting of a few sporangia, rounded, dorsiflexed at middle or below middle of lateral veins, arranged in one row on each lateral side of costae, exindusia; sporangia short stalked and bearing 1-3 erect short seta or hooked hairs on both lateral sides of annuli near top. Spores bilateral, roundo-reniform, perispores clear spinate or corrugate on surfaces, exine smooth. Chromosome x = 9.

        About 10 species mainly produced in the mountain of the subtropical region. 9 species ( seven endemic) in China.

1a. Laminae clearly tapering to base, i.e. lower 1 to several pairs of pinnae shortened, basel one auricles.

2a. Lower 2-5 pairs of pinnae gradually shortened, basel 1-2 pairs of pinnae auricles, less than 1 cm long.                                                                  

  3a. Plants biger and taller, reached to super 1 m. tall; rhizomes short and erect; upper surfaces sparsely bearing appressed short hairs on intercostals area, rachies bearing thick and long acicular hairs and inremained marks after fallen; sori 1-2 setaceous at subtop-------------------------------------------------------------------------------1. C. auriculata

  3b. Plants smaller, 60-70 cm tall; rhizomes long and creeping; upper surfaces subgrabrous on intercostal area, the hairs on both sides of rachies remained tubercular marks after fallen; sporangia hairless--------------------------------------------------------2. C. omeiensis

2b. Laminal lower 1-3 pairs of pinnae gradually shortened or abruptly shortened, basel one pair of pinnae unauricles, 2-4 cm long.

  4a. Basel one pair of pinnae abruptly shortened; upper surfaces subsmooth on intercostals area; sori dosiflexed at middle of lateral veins, located between costae and margins and inconfluent when matured---------------------------------------------------------3. C. leveillei

  4b. Lower 2-3 pairs of pinnae gradually shortend; upper surfaces sparsely bearing appressed short acicular hairs; sori dorsiflxed at near base of lateral veins and closed to costae, more or less confluent when matured--------------------------------------4. C. costularisora

1b. Fronds intapering to bases, i.e. basel one pair of pinnae same size with above ones.

   5a. Linear-lanceolate to triangular-lanceolate aerophores present at bases of pinnae on rachies.

6a. Pinnae from middle clear short stolked; sori dosiflexed middle or supermiddle and far from costae------------------------------------------------------------------5. C. marguanensis

      6b. Pinnae exstalked; sori dorsiflexed at below-middle of lateral veins and slightly closed to costae.

         7a. Rhizomes short and erect; fronds papyraceous; sporangia usually hairless; plants 1.3-2.2 m. tall-------------------------------------------------------------6. C. neoauriculata

         7b. Rhizomes long and creeping; fronds herbaceous; sporangia bearing 1-2 short seta; plants shorter and less than 1.02 m. tall---------------------------------------7. C. chunii

    5b. Smaller aerophores unclearly present at bases of pinnae on rachis.

       8a. Rhizomes long and creeping or ascending; pinnae sparsely bearing short acicular hairs on under surfaces, upper surfaces densely bearing short acicular hairs along rachillae; sori dorsiflexed at below middle of lateral veins and slightly closed to costae------------------------------------------------------------------------------8. C. flexilis 

       8b. Rhizomes short and erect; pinnae densely bearing short acicular hairs on under surfaces, upper surfaces densely bearing short acicular hairs along rachillae and mixed a few long acicular hairs; sori dorsiflexed at super middle of lateral veins and far from costae--------------------------------------------------------------9. C. tibetca

1. Cyclogramma auriculata (J. Sm. ) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 317. 1963.

耳羽钩毛蕨 er yu gou mao jue

Phegopteris auriculata J. Sm., Hist. Fil. 4: 233. 1875; Polypodium auriculata Wall ex Hook; Thelypteris auriculata K. Iwats.; Polypodium subvilosa Moore; Thelypteris subvilosa Ching; Dryopteris squamistipes C. Chr.; Dryopteris himalayensis C. Chr.; Cyclogramma himalayensis Tagawa; Lastrea himalayyensis Cop.; Thlypteris simulans Ching; Cyclogramma simulans Tagawa; Glaphyropteris simulans H. Ito; Lastrea simulans Cop.

       Plants reached to super 1 m. tall. Rhizomes short and erect, black, bearing scales or smooth when old. Fronds clustered; stipes strong, 10-20 (-30) cm long, bases black, bearing grayish-white acicular hairs and scales; the scales darkish-brown, oblong-triangular, both surfaces and margns staceous, up deeply stramineous and till rachies bearing same hairs; laminae (60) 90-130 x 20-30 cm, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, gradually tapering to base, bipinnatipartite; pinnae 30-50 pairs, opposite or up ones alternate sometime, subflatly spreading, sessile, lower 3-5 pairs of pinnae gradually shortened downwards, basel ones auricles, 1 cm long only; mid pinnae 12-20 x 1.5- 2.5 cm, linear-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases inshortened, roundo-truncate, pinnaetipartite up to 3/4 to 4/5 of distance to costule; segments 20-30 pairs, 5-10 x 4-6.5 mm, oblong, roundo-obtuse at apexes, margins entire and sparsely acicular hairy. Veins visible, lateral veins single, 10-12 pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out from bases of costae. Fronds herbaceous or subpapyraceous, after dry brownish-green, under surfaces bearing denser, hooked long hairs along rachillae and  slightly pubescent along costae, the others subsmooth, longitudinal valleculate on upper sides of rachillae and densely bearing long acicular hairs, sparsely bearing appressed short hairs on intercostals area, under sides of rachies presented  a petaliform and hairy brown aerophrores at attached place of rachillae. Sori rounded and dorsiflexed at below middle of lateral veins and closed to costae, 8-10 on per segment, exindusiate; sporangia 1-2 setaceous near top. Chromosome 2n = 144.

       Under evergreen broad-leaved forest by stream sides; 1800-2800 m.; E. Taiwan and M and W. Yunnan [ Butan, N. Indua, Indonesia, Myanmer, Nepal and Sikkim]. Typical specimen collected from Nepal.

2. Cyclogramma omeiensis (Bak.) Tagawa in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 7: 53. 1938.             

峨眉钩毛蕨 e mei gou mao jue

Polypodium omeiensis Bak. in Journ. Bot. 229. 1875; Nephrodium omeiensis Diels; Dryopteris omeiensis C. Chr.; Thelypteris omeiensis Ching; Leptogramma omeiensis Tagawa; Glaphyropteris omeiensis H. Ito; Lastrea omeiensis Cop.; Cyclosramma leveillei (Christ) Nakaike. 

       Plants 60-70 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping. Fronds remote; stipes 15-20 cm long, subsmooth on super-bases; laminae 45-50 x ca. 20 cm, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, bases tapering, bipinnatipartite; pinnae 25-28 pairs, alternate, obliquely spreading, sessile, lower 2-3 pairs of pinnae clearly shortened, basel one pair of pinnae 1 cm long only or more short, mid pinnae 9-12 x ca. 2 cm, linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate and 1.5-2 cm long tailed at apexes, bases intapering and roundo-truncate, symmetrical, pinnatipartite nearly reached to rachillae; segments 15-22 pairs, 7-12 x 3-4 mm, falcato-lanceolate, obtuse or acute at apexes, entire. Veins clear on under sides, lateral veins single, 1-12 pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out from super-base of costae and all reached to margins above sinus. Fronds chrtaceous, brownish after dry, under surfaces sparsely bearing thick long accular hairs along rachillae, slightly short hairy along costae, upper surfaces densely bearing short acicular hairs along longitudinal vallecula and mixed hooked thick long hairs, bearing same hairs along costae; bearing deser thick long hairs along rachies, presented petaliform brown aerophrores at attached place of pinnae. Sori small, rounded, dorsiflexed at below middle of lateral veins and closed to costae, 10-11 on per segment, exindusiate; sporangia hairless.

       On grass-slopes or under forest by stream sides; 950-1700 m.; M. Sichuan and Mi. Yunnan. Typical specimen collected from Sichuan ( Mountain emei).

3. Cyclogramma leveillei (Christ) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 208. 1963.                         

Dryopteris leveillei Christ in Bull. Acad. Geogr. Mans 20: 176. 1909; Dryopteris izuensis Kodama; Leptogramma izuensis H. Ito; Thelypteris omeiensis Ching; Cyclogrmma omeiensis Tagawa; Glaphyropteris omeiensis H. Ito; Lastrea omeiensis Cop. 

       Plants 45-100 cm tll. Rhizomes long and creeping, including bases of stipes bearing langceolate, hairy at the back, brown thinck scales and grayish-white acicular hairs. Fronds pproached; stipes 15-45 cm long, bases brown, up stramineous, sparsely bearing short hairs or subsmooth; laminae 30-55 x 12-20 cm, oblongo-lnceolate, acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, abrupt tapering to base, bipinnatipartite; pinnae 12-20 pairs, lower ones often opposite, nearly flatly spreading or reflexed downwards sometime, mid pinnae alternate, obliquely spreading, basel one pair clearly shortened, 2-4 x 1-1.5 cm, oblong-lanceolate, short-coudato-acuminate at apexes, bases clearly tapering; the second pair and above every pair same length or slightly shortened, mid ones 7-13 x 1.5-2  pinnatipartite up to 3/4 of the distance to costule; segments 10 12 pairs, 6-8 x 4-5 mm, oblong or subelliptic, rounded at apexes and entire. Veins clear on under sides, lateral veins single, 6-10 pairs on per segment, basel one pairs come out from super bases of costae and all reached to margins above sinus. Fronds herbaceous, brownish-green after green, under surfaces bearing denser spreading grayish-white acicular sata along rachillae and costae, slightly bearing villoses or smooth on intercostals area, upper surfaces densely bearing short hairs along longitudinal vallecula of rachillae, sparsely short hairy along costae and a few long acicular hairs near apexes, rachies densely bearing short acicular hairs on both sieds and at intervals mixed hooked thick long hairs, at under side of attached place of pinnae presented brown petaliform aerophrore. Sori small, rounded, dorsiflexed at middle of lateral veins, 5-7 pairs on per segment; sporangia usually bearing 2-3 seta at near top. Perispores forked at base inregular spinulate, exine smooth.

       In humus soil on rock nder forest; 560-2100 m.; N. and S-D. Fujiang, N. Guangdong,  Guizhou, Sichuan, N. and S-D. Taiwan and Yunnan [ Japan]. Typical specimen collected from Sichuan.

       The species is similar to Cyclogramma omeiensis (Bak.) Ching, the both are determined into one in the past. But the species is only basel one pair of pinnae shortened, 2-4 cm long and never auricles, upper sides bearing only short acicular hairs along rachillae, under sides bearing spreading acicular hairs and all inmixed hooked hair; sporangia bearing 2-3 seta near top. So it is suitable to divide them into two species.

4. Cyclogramma costularisorum Ching ex Shing in Addenda 322, Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 110. 1999. 

无量山钩毛蕨 wu liang shan gou mao jue

       Plants ca. 65 cm tall. Rhizomes short and thick, decumbent or acending, including bases of stipes sparsely bearing brown, ovato-triangular, hairy scales and grayish-white dense short hairs. Fronds approached; stipes 25-28 cm long, bases blackish-brown, up stramineous, polished and sparsely grayish-white short hairy; laminae 35-40 x 10-16 cm, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, tapering to base, bipinnatipartite; pinnae 14-20 pairs, alternate or lower ones subopposite, lower 2-3 pairs of pinnae gradually shortened and reflexed downwards, basel one pair shortest, but inchanged form, ca. 2 cm long, mid pinnae 6.5-9.5 x 1.5-2 cm, liner-lanceolate,  caudate or entire at apexes, bases intapering, roundo-truncate, pinnatipartite up to 4/5 of the distance to costule; segments ca. 14 pairs, 6-8 x 3-3.5 mm, oblong, rounded at apexes, entire along margin and more or less recurled downwards. Veins clear, lateral veins single, ca. 8 pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out from base of costae and all reached to margins above sinus. Fronds herbaceous, smooth or brownish-green, under surfaces including rachillae and costae densely bearing short acicular hairs, upper surfaces densely bearing short hairs along longitudinal vallecula of rachillae and sparser long acicular hairy along costae, sparsly appressed short hairs on intercostals area, rachies densely bearing short acicular hairs and sparer long acicular hairs, under sides of attached places of pinnae presented brown petaliform aerophrores. Sori rounded, attached at subbases of lateral veins and extremely closed to costae, 6-7 on per segment and confluent when matured. Sporangia bearing 1-2 seta at top.

       By shady and wet stream sides under forest; ca. 2400 m.; endemic S-W. Yunnan (Jingdong).

5. Cyclogramma maguanensis Ching ex Shing in Addenda 322, Fl. Rripubl. Popul. Sin. 4(1): 111. 1999.   

马关钩毛蕨 ma guan gou mao jue

       Plants ca. 80 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping. Fronds approached; stipes ca. 37 cm long, bases blackish-brown, bearing denser grayish-white short hairs and occasionally bearing brown, hairy thick small scales, up stramineousish, sparsely bearing acicular hairs or subsmooth when old; laminae ca. 43 x ca. 25 cm, lanceolate, acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, bases intapering, bipinnatipartite;pinnae ca. 12 pairs, alternate, or lower several pairs opposite or subopposite, pinnae below middle 1-3 mm long stalked, 12-14 x 2.5-3 cm, lanceolate, long-acuminate at apexes, bases nearly flatly spreading, pinnatipartite up to 4/5 of destance to costule; segments ca. 20 pairs, 8-12 x 5-6 mm, oblong, roundo-obtuse at apexes, entire along margin and slightly recurled after dry. Veins clear on under sides, lateral veins single, ca. 12 pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out from super base of costae and all reached to margins above sinus. Fronds herbaceous, after dry darkish-green on under surfaces, bearing grayish-white acicular hairs along rachillae and veins, upper surfaces yellowish-green, bearing denser, appressed short acicular hairs along longitudinal vallecula of rachillae, bearing denser hooked acicular hairs on both surfaces of rachis, under sides of attached places presented brown, triangular-lanceolate aerophrores. Sori rounded, dorsiflexed middle or super middle of lateral veins, minute far from costae, 7-9 pairs on per segment, exindusiate; sporagia 2-4 setaceous at subtop, the seta hooked at the ends.

       On shady and wet places under forest on slopes; ca. 1000 m.; endemic S-E. Yunnan.

6. Cyclogramma neoauriculata (Ching) Tagawa in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 7: 53. 1938. 

滇东钩毛蕨 dian dong gou mao jue

       Dryopteris neoauricualta Ching in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. 2: 196. f. 10. 1931; Thelypteris neoauriculata Ching.

       Plants 1.3-2.2 m. tall. Rhizomes thick and short, erect. Fronds clustered; stipes 70-120 cm long, bases brown, bearing deep-brown triangular-lanceolate, short-hairy scales and glaucous short acicular hairs, up deep-stramnieous, upper aprts including rachies bearing grayish-white, hooked long hairs; laminae 60-100 or more x 25-40 cm, narrow-oblong, apexes acuminate and pinnatifid, bases intapering, bipinnatpartite; pinnae 25-30 pairs, upper ones alternate, lower ones subopposite, flatly spreading, 15-20 x 3-3.5 cm, linear-lanceolate, caudato-acuminate at apexes, bases broad-cuneate, pinnatipartite nearly reached to costae; segments ca. 23 pairs, subflatly spreding, mid ones 11-14 (basel 1-2 pairs slightly shortened) x 5-6 mm, oblongo-lanceolate, round-obtuse at apexes, entire. Veins clear on under sides, lateral veins single, 10-15 piars on per segment, basel one pair come out from minutet high places on base of costae and all reached to super margins of sinus. Fronds papyraceous, after dry brownish-green, subsmooth on both surfaces or sparsely bearing short acicular hairs on under surfaces, rachies longitudinal valleculate on upper sides, densely bearing hooked long hairs on both sides, under sides occasionally brown lanceolate small scaly, attached places of pinnae presented brown linear-lanceolate aerophroes. Sori rounded, smaller, attached at below middle of lateral veins and closer to costae, 7-12 pairs on per segment; sporangia hairless.

       Under open forest on mountain slopes; ca. 1800 m.; endemic S-D, Yunnan.

7. Cyclogramma chunii (Ching) Tagawa in Acta –hytotax. Geobot. 7: 55. 1938.

焕镛钩毛蕨 huan yong gou mao jue

Thelypteris chunii Ching in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. 6: 284. 1963;

       Plants 70-105 cm. tall. Rhizomes strong, long and creeping, subblack, including bases of stipes bearing brown, triangular-lanceolate scales and grayish-white short hairs. Fronds subapproached; stipes 30-50cm long, bases darkish-brown, up stramineous, subentire; laminae 40-55 x 20-25 cm, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, indeformed to base, bipinnatipartite; pinnae 12-18 pairs, alternate,obliquely spreading, or lower ones opposite, subflatly spreading, sessile, 10-15 x 2-3 cm, linear-lanceolate, short caudate-acuminate at apexes, bases slightly tapering, roundo-truncate, pinnatipartite up to 3/4 of the distance to costule; segments 16-20 pairs, 8-12 x 4-7 mm, oblong-lanceolate, roundo-obtuse at apexes, entire along margins. Veins inclear, lateral veins single, 10-11 pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out from bit high places on bases of costae, or basiscopic one veinlet come out frm bases of costae and all reached to margins above sinuses. Fronds thin-herbaceous, after dry brownish-green, under surfaces bearing acicular short hairs along rachillae and costae, upper surfaces bearing short hairs along longitudinal vallecula on costae, rachies bearing denser hooked hairs, at under sides on attached point of pinnae presented deep-brown, linear-lanceolate or linear-bended aerophrores. Sori small, rounded, attached below middle of lateral veins and slightly closed to costae, 7-10 pairs on per segment; sporangia bearing 1-2 short seta near the top.

       On rocks under forest in mountain valley; endemic S-W. Guangdong ( xinyi).

8. Cyclogramma flexilis (Christ) Tagawa in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 7: 55. 1938.

小叶钩毛蕨 xiao ye gou mao jue

 Asplenium flexile Christ in Bull. Acad.Geogr. Bot. Mans. 252. 1902; Thelypteris flexilis Ching; Dryopteris subthelypteris C. Chr.

       Plants 30-60 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping or ascending, black, sparsely bearing black-brown, hairy lanceolate scales. Fronds approached; stipes 10-30 cm long,bases black, sparsely bearing blackish-brown, triangular-lanceolate scales and dense glaucous short acicular hairs, up stramineous and subsmooth; laminae 20-30 (- 40) x 6-10 (-14) cm, narrow-lancolate,  caudate long-acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, bases intapering, bipinnatipartite; pinnae 12-20 pairs, alternate or basel ones opposite, obliquely spreading, sessile, lower ones 3.5-8 x 0.8-2.5 cm, linear-lanceolate, short caudate-acuminate at apexes, bases symmetrical, roundo-truncate, pinnatipartite reached to narrow-wings of both lateral sides; segments 7-13 (-15) pairs, 4-12 x 2-4 mm, oblong, roundo-obtuse at apexes, margins entire. Veins clear on under sides, lateral veins single, 4-9 pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out from super bases of costae and all reached to margins above sinuses. Fronds papyraceous, after dry darkish-green, under surfaces bearing glaucous short hairs, the hairs along rachilla and costae denser and mixed a few acicular long hairs, upper surfaces densely bearing short aicular hairs along longitudinal vallecula of rachillae only, the others subsmooth, rachies densely bearing short acicular hairs on both sides, under sides mixed a few thick and long acicular hairs and at attached point of pinnae presented smaller brownish tubercle aerophrores. Sori small, rounded, attached at below middle lateral veins and miinute closed to costae, 4-6 on per segment; sporangia bearing 1-2 (-3) short seta near the top.

       On limestone under forest; 350-1400 m.; M. Guizhou and Sichuan. Typical specimen collected from Sichuan ( mountain emei).

8. Cyclogramma tibetica Ching & S. K. Wu, Fl. Xizang. 1: 156. f. 38: 4-7. 1983.

西藏钩毛蕨 xizang gou mao jue

      Plants ca. 75 cm tall. Rhizomes short and erect, including bases of stipes sparsely bearing scales and short hairs. Fronds clustered; stipes ca. 30 cm long, darkish-brown on lower parts, up till rachies brownish-stamineous, short hairy on upper parts; laminae ca. 45 x ca. 18 cm, lanceolate,  acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, bases nearly intapering, bipinnatipartite; pinnae ca. 20 pairs, pinnae on super- middle alternate, flatly spreading or lower ones suboposite, reflexed downwards, sessile, 8-9.5 x 1.4-1.7 cm, linear-lanceolate, acuminate or caudate at apexes, bases nearly flat-truncate and slightly narrowed, pinnatipartite nearly reached to rachillae; segments ca. 20 pairs, oblong, entire along margins,. Veins clear on under sides, lateral veins single, 8-9 pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out from bases of costae and all reached to margins above sinuses. Fronds papyraceous, after dry darkish-green on under surfaces, upper surfaces subbrown, both surfaces including rachies denasely bearing short acicular hairs and a few thick and long acicular hairs, at attached poin of pinnae on under sides on rachies presented unclear small tubercle aerophrores. Sori rounded, dorsiflxed at bit high places of middle of lateral veins; sporangia bearing one ( less two) hooked hairs neat the top.

       Under broad-leaved forest; ca. 1530 m.; Endemic S-D. Xizang (metuo).

10. LEPTOGRAMMA J. Sm. in Journ. Bot. 51.1841.

茯蕨属 fu jue shu

Stegnogramma Holtt. Cyclosorus Subgen. Stegnogramma A. R. Sm. Lastrea sensu Cop.

Mid and terrestrial ferns. Rhizomes short and erect or ascending, sparsely bearing scalesl the scales ovato-oblong or lanceolate, reddish-brown, hairy at the back. Fronds clusterd; stipes deep-stramineous, sparsely bearing scales on lower parts, throughout bearing grayish-white, mostly unicellular acicular long hairs and unicellular short seta; laminae oblong, hastate or lanceolate, bipinnatipid; pinnae 7-8 pairs ( or more), oblique or subflat speding, lanceolate, obtuse or aciminate at apexes, bases rounded or trncate, symmetrical, usually sessile, lower 1-2 paies or several pair of pinnae free, up more or less combined with rachies, basel pair in- or slightly shortened, sometime prolongate, one longidudinal vallecula along upper side of rachillae, pinnatifid usually eached to 1/2 – 2/3 of distance to costule; segments rounded or oblong, entire and rounded at apexes. Veins free, 3-6 pairs of lateral veins on per segment, inforked and reached to margins, rarely reached to sinus. Fronds herbaceous or papyraceous, after dry darkish-brown or brownish-green, often bearing acicular hairs or short seta on both surfaces, or the both mixed. Sori elongate, born along lateral veins, the length minute short than lateral vein, exindusiate; sporangia bearing 2-6 erect seta at the top; spores bilateral, reniform, spinulate on surfaces. Chromosome x = 72 (36).

About 15 species,:tropic and subtropic area of Asia, towards the West to Africa, ten ( six indemic)species in China.

1a. Basel one pair of pinnae longer than above ones and showed hastate.

2a. Plants short and small, laminae hastato-laceolate, pinnae roundo-obtuse at apexes-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1. L. totoides

2b. Plants far tall and big, normally over 30 cm tall, laminae hastato-oblong or hastately oblong-lanceolate, pinnae acuminate at apexes----------------------------------2. L. intermedia

1b. Basel one pair of pinnae same length with above ones or minute shorter, unshowed hastate.

    3a. Lower free pinnae with short stalks.

4a. Lamina intapering to base; free pinnae 5 pairs; sporangia bearing 3-4 seta near at the top-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3. L. scallanii  

4b. Laminae slightly tapering to base; free pinnae 9 pairs; sporangia bearing 1-2 seat near at  the top----------------------------------------------------------------------------4 L. pozoi

   3b. All pinnae sessile.

      5a. Stipes darkkish-brown, frond subcoreaceous and brown after dry; free pinnae 7-9 pairs----------------------------------------------------------------------------5. L. huishuiensis 

5b. Stipes stramineousish or deep-stramineous, fronds herbaceous and greenish to deep-green after dry, free pinnae 1-7 pairs.

   6a. Fronds darkish-brown after dry; pinnae inbearing hair on itercostal area ------------------------------------------------------------------------------6. L. yahanensis

   6b. Fronds greenish to deep-green after dry; bearing hairs on intercostals area.

      7a. Rhizomes ascending, fronds yellowish-green after dry---------7. L. jinfoshaensis

      7b. Rhizomes erect, fronds greenish to deep-green after dry.

         8a. Fronds greenish after dry;sporangia near smooth near at top--------------------------------------------------------------8. L. cento-chinensis

         8b. Fronds deep-green after dry; sporangia bearing 2-4 seta near at the top.

            9a. Pinnae sparsely bearing acicular hairs on upper surfaces, under surfaces all bearing pubescens-----------------------------------------9. L. himalaica

            9b. Pinnae densely bearing acicular hairs on both surfaces-------10. L. sinica

1. Leptogramma tottoides H. Ito in Bot. Mag. Tokyo 44: 434. f. 7. 1935.

小叶茯蕨 xiao ye fu jue

Leptogramma totta var. tottoides H. Ito in Nakai. & Honda, Nova Fl. Jpa. No. 4: 166. 1939; Leptogramma caudate Ching; Stenogramma tottoides (H. Ito) K. Iwats.;

   Plants 17-32 cm tall. Rhizomes short and erect, including bases of stipes spasely bearing reddish-brown, broado-lanceolate scales and grayish-white acicular hairs. Fronds clustered; stipes 10- 17 cm long, slender, deep-stramineous, throughout sparsely bearing unicellular acicular long hairs; laminae hastato-lanceolate, 14-20 x 4-6 cm, bases hastate and brodest, apexes acuminate , 1-pinnate; pinnae 16-20 pairs, subopposite and flatly spreading, subsessile, lower 2-3 pairs free, up ones more or less combined with rachies, basel one pair biggest, 2-3 x ca. 1 cm, flatly spreading, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or short acute at apexes, bases truncate, symmetrical, pinnatifid up to 1/2 of distace to costule; segments 4-6 pairs, ovato-rounded, entire; from second pair, pinnae abrupt shortened, 1.5-2 cm long, same shape with basel one pair, mid every pair of pinnae same size and shape, bases combined with rachies but free from each other, upper every ones minute shorter than mid ones, bases connected from each other by broad-wings, entire or crenate on lower part. Veins clear, veilets 3-4 pairs on segment, single, basel one pair come out from far place on super-base of costae and acroscopic one reached to sinus or margin of sines, basiscopic one reached to margin of far from sinus. Fronds thin-herbaceous, darkish-brown after dry, pinnae full bearing acicular hairs on upper surfaces, under surfaces including rachies bearing spreading grayish-white acicular fine hairs, along veins sparsely puberulous. Sori linear, usually attached at lower half-part on basel pair of veinlets; sporangia bearing 3-4 seta near at the top.

     On rocks under forest; 800-2500 m.; Fujian, Guizhou, Jiangxi, Taiwan and Zhejiang. Typical specimen collected from Taiwan.

2. Leptogramma intermedia Ching ex Y’ X.Lin, Fl. Zhejiang 1: 154. 1993.                    

中间茯蕨 zhong jian fu jue

    Plants over 30 cm tall. Rhizomes short and erect, including bases of stipes sparsely bearing reddish-brwon, lanceolate scales and dense acicular hairs. Fronds clusding, stipes 20-35 cm long, sparsely bearing scales and aciculate hairs; laminae triangular-ovate, 15-30 x 12-20 cm, apexes acuminate and pinnatipartite, 1-pinnate; pinnae 15-18 pairs, alternate, nearly flatly spreading, sessile, basel one pair of pinnae biggest, 6-10 x 1.5-2 cm, flatly spareading, lanceolate, showed falcate, acuminate at apexes, bases cuneat at basiscopic sides, acroscopic truncate, pinnatipartite up to 1/2 of distace to costule; segments 12-15 pairs, ovato-triangular, rounded at apexes, entire, 5-7 x ca. 5 mm; from secod pair up pinnae abruptly shortened, ca. 5 x ca.1.5 cm, flatly spreading, lower 1-2 pairs free, above every pair more or less combined from each other, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases truncate, symmetrical. Veins clear, veins bened up, basel one pair come out frm over bases of costae, acroscopic one veinlet reached to sinus, basisopi one reached to margin above sinus. Fronds herbaceous, after dry darkish-green, upper surfaces full bearing appressed acicular long hairs, under surfaces bearing grayish-hite acicular hairs along costae and bearing also spreading acicular hairs along rachies. Sori linear, attached at lower parts of along veinlets, 3-4 pairs on per segment and free from each other. Sporangia bearing 3-6 long hairs at near at top.

    Under forest or wet land by stream sides; 400-1100 m.; Fujiang and Zhejiang. Typical specimen collected from Fujiang.

3. Leptogramma acallanii (Christ) Ching in Sinensia 7: 101.t. 7. 1936.

峨眉茯蕨 e mei fu jue

    Aspleniu scallanii Christ in Bull. Sco. Bot. Ital. 296.1901; Dryopteris scallanii C. Chr.; Stenogramma scallanii (Christ) K. Iwats.

    Plants 20-30 cm tall. Rhizomes short and erect, including lower parts of stipes sparsely bearing reddish-brown, lanceolate, hairy scales and dense acicular hairs. Fronds clusteres; stipes 5-10 cm long, deeply stramineous, densely bearing acicular long hairs on upper part, laminae 14-20 x 5-7 cm, oblong, apexes acuminate and pinnetifid, bases intapering, 1-pinnate; pinnae 10-14 pairs, alternate, lower 3-5 pairs short stlked, same size with above ones, mid pinnae 2.5-4 x o.7-1 cm, lanceolate, acuminate or short-acuminate at apexes, bases subtruncate, symmetrical, pinnatipartite up to 1/3- 1/2 of distance to costule; segments ca. 10 pairs, ovato-rounded, entire, separated from each other by obtriangular sinuses. Veins clear, 4-5 pairs of lateral veins on per segment, basel one pair come out grom above bases of costae, acroscopic one veinlet reached to sinuses. Frods papyraceous, after dry brownish-green, upper surfaces slightly bearing one or two acicular hairs along costae and lateral veins, lower surfaces sparsely bearing acicular thick hairs along rachillae and costae. Sori oblong or linear, attached under sides along veinlets, 1-2 on per segment. Sporangia bearing 2-3 seta near the top.

    Wet land under forest or on rocks in ravine; 400-1380 m.; Fujiang, Guangdong,  Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan and Zhejiang [N. Vietnam]. Typical specimen collected from Sichuan ( mountain Emei).

4. Leptogrammma pozoi (Lag.) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 313. 1963.

毛叶茯蕨 mao ye fu jue

Hemionitis pozoi Lag. Nov. Gen. sp. 331. 1816; Thelypteris pozoi (Lag.) Morton; Leptogramma pozoi (Lag.) Subsp. mollossoma (Kze.) Nakaike; Leptogramma mollissima (Kze.) Ching; Leptogramma africana Ching; Stenogramma pozoi (Lag.) K. Iwats. 

Plants 35-45 cm tall. Rhizomes short and erect, bearing brown lanceolate hairy scales. Fronds clusterd; stipes ca. 13 cm long, stramineousish, bases bearing brown scales, up to rachies all bearing grayish-white acicular hairs; laminae 20-28 x 10-13 cm, lanceolate,  pinnate-acuminate at apexes, slightly tapering to base, bipinnatifid; lateral free pinnae 9 pairs, lower pinnae short stalked, basel one pair same shape and size and reflexed dowanwards, mid pinnae lanceolate, longo-caudate at apexes, bases truncate, ca. 6 x ca. 1.5 cm, pinnatifid up to 1/2 of didtance to costule; segments rectangular, obtuse-rounded at apexes, entire. Veins clear, lateral veins single, basiscopic one vein on basel one pair come out from rachilla, acoscopic one vein come out from bases of costae and reached to margins. Fronds herbaceous, after dry deep-green, except rachies, rachillae and veins all bearing acicular hairs, bearing acicular short hairs on intercostals area of both surfaces. Sori narrow-ovate, attached at mid-lower parts of lateral veins and slightly closed to bases. Sporangia bearing 1-2 seta near the top. Chromosome 2n = 144.

On lower mountain area; E. Taiwan ( Indo-China Island, Japan [ Africa]).

5. Leptogramma huishuiensis Ching ex Y. X. Lin in Addenda 323 of Fl Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 ( 1):: 122.t. 21, f. 3-4. 1999.

惠水茯蕨 shui shui fu jue

    Plants reaches 33 cm tall. Rhizome unseen. Stipes 10-13 cm long, darkish-bown, bases sparsely bearing brown lanceolate scales, up densely bearing grayish-white acicular long hairs; laminae 12-25 x 5-10 cm, lanceolate, bases slightly tapering, pinnatifido-acuminate at apexes, bipinnatifid; lateral free pinnae 7-9 pairs, sessile, upper pinnae combined with rachies, basel one pair same shape and size with above ones, mid pinnae ca. 5 cm long, acuminate at apexes, bases truncate, lanceolate, pinnatifid up to 1/2 of distance to costule; segments ca. 12 pairs, oblong, obtuse at apexes, entire, separated from each others by obtriangular sinuses. Fronds subcoriaceous, after dry ddakish-brown, rachies, costae and lateral veins densely bearing acicular hairs on under sides, upper sides bearing short seta, under surfaces sparsely bearing short seta on intercostals area. Sori long-ovate, attached at mid-lower parts along veinlets. Sporangia bearing over 3 seta near the top.

    Detail habitat unknow; endemic Guizhou ( hui-shui).

6. Leptogramma yahanensis Ching ex Y. X. Lin in Addenda 324 of Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin 4 (1) : 124. 1999.

雅安茯蕨 ya an fu jue

   Plants reached to 18 cm tall. Rhizomes short and erect, including bases of stipes sparsely bearing reddish-brown, lanceolate, hairy scales and acicular hairs. Fronds 5-6 cm long, thtoughtout bearing acicular hairs; laminae 10-12 x ca. 4 cm, broad-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases intapering, 1-pinnate; pinnae ca. 10 pairs, alternate, except basel one paie, the others more or less combined with rachies, mid pinnae 2-2.5 x 0.7-0.8 cm, lanceolate and slightly falcate, short-acuminate at apexes, margions undulate or crenate. Veins clear, veinlets 2 pairs of per group, basel one paie come out from far places above bases of costae, acroscopic one veinlet reached to sinus. Fronds herbaceous, after dry darkish-brown, upper surfaces subsmooth exceptly slightly bearing short hairs along rachillae, unde surfaces bearing spreading acicular long hairs along rachillae and costae. Sori linear, only attached at middle on acroscopic one veinlet of each group. Sporangia bearing 2-3 seta neat the top.

    On rocks under forests ; ca. 1000 m.; endemic SW Sichuan ( ya-an).

7. Leptogramma jinfoshanensis Ching & Z. Y. Liu in Bull. Bot. Res. 4: (3): 17. Photo 19. 1984.

金佛山茯蕨 jin fo shan fu jue

    Plants 30-35 cm tall. Rhizomes ascending. Fronds clustered; stipes ca. 22 cm long, stramineous, densely bearing grayish-white lanceolate acicular hairs; laminae ca. 30 x 8-18 cm, lanceolate, pinnatifid-acuminate at apexes, 1-pinnate; free-pinnae 3-7 pairs, sessile, subflatly truncate, basel one pair same shape and size with above ones, caudate at apexes, bases slightly tapering; mid pinnae lanceolate, long-caudate at apexes, bases truncate, 7-8 x ca. 1.5 cm, pinnatipartite up to 1/2-2/3 of distance to costae; segments rectangular, rounded at apexes, entire, bearing acicular hairs on intercostals area of both surfaces, densely bearing acicular seta along rachies and veins. Veins clear, lateral veins reached to margins above sinuses, 4-5 pairs on per segment. Fronds herbaceous, after dry yellowish-green, all bearing acicular hairs on both surfaces. Sori ovate, attached near bases of veinlets. Sporangia bearing 2-4 acicular hairs near the top.

    On wet rocks under broad-leaved forests; ca. 1650 m.; endemic Congqin (nanchuan).

8. Leptogramma centro-chinensis Ching ex Y. X. Lin in Addenda 323 on Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4(1): 120. t.21 : 1-2. 1999.

华中茯蕨 hua zhong fu jue

     Plants 30-35 cm tall. Rhizomes short and erect, including bases of stipes slightly bearing broad-lanceolate hairy scales and acicular short hairs. Fronds clusterd; stipes 8-14 cm long, deeply stramineous, super-bases densely bearing short hairs and mixed a few aicular long hairs; laminae 18-24 x ca. 6 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, 1-pinnate; pinnae 14-16 pairs, alternate, flatly spreading, sessile, basel one pair inshortened and same shape and size with above ones, lower 2 pairs free, up ones more or less combined with rachies, mid ones 3-3.5 x ca. 1 cm, broad-lanceolate, short-acuminate at apexes, bases truncate, symmetrical ( basel one pair of pinnae minute broad and basel basiscopic cuneate), pinnatifid up to 1/2 of distance to costule; segments 7-8 pairs, broado-ovate, entire, separated by obtriangualr sinuses. Veins clear, 4 (-3) pairs of lateral veins on per segment, basel pair ( basiscopic one veinlet) come out from bases of costae and all reached to margins above sinuses. Fronds herbaceous, after dry greenish, upper surfaces full bearing  appressed acicular hairs, under surfaces bearing pubescens along rachillae and costae and bearing acicular short hairs along rachies. Sori long-rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins. Sporangia nearly smooth.

    On wet land under open forest; endemic W. Hubei.

9. Leptogramma himalaca Ching in Sinensia 7: 100. t. 6. 1936.

喜马拉雅茯蕨 xi ma la ya fu jue

Stenogramma himalaica (Ching) K. Iwats; Leptogramma yunnanensis Ching.

   Plants 30-35 cm tall. Rhizomes short and erect. Fronds clustered; stipes reached 20 cm long, grayish-stramineous at lower parts, densely bearing pubescens and one or two reddish-brown lanceolate hairy scales, up stramineous, polished and subsmooth; laminae 22-26 x 6.5-8 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases intapering, 1-pinnate; pinnae 12-16 pairs, opposite, up ones alternate, sessile, lower 2-3 pairs free, up ones more or less combined with rachies, mid pinnae 3-3.5 x ca. 1 cm, lanceolate, short-pointed or acute at apexes, bases truncate, symmetrical, pinnatipartite up to 1/3 of distnce to costule; segments 6-8 pairs, ovate, separated by obtriangular sinuses. Veins clear, 3 pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out from above bases of costae and all reached to sinuses. Fronds herbaceous, after dry darkish-green, pinnae sparsely bearing acicular hairs on upper surfaces, under surfaces and rachies full bearing pubescens. Sori linear, attached at middle of lateral veins. Sporangia bearing 3-4 seta near at the top.

    On shade places by rock or slope; 2100-2500 m.; Xizang and N W Yunnan [ N. India and N W Himalayas; 1800 m.]. Typical specimen collected from India.

10. Leptogramma sinica Ching ex Y. X. Lin in Addenda of Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4     (1): 124. t. 23, f.–3.1999.

中华茯蕨 zhong hua fu jue

    Plants 16-23 cm tall. Rhizomes short and erect, including bases of stipes sparsely bearing reddish-brown, ovato-lanceolate hairy scales and grayish-white unicellular acicular long hairs. Fronds clustered; stipes 5-7 cm long, slender, deeply straineous; laminae 11-16 x 5-7 cm, oblong-ovate, apexes pinnatifid-acuminate, intapering to base, 1-pinnate; pinnae 7-14 pairs, alternate, basel one pair inshortened, sessile, from second pair up more or less combined with rachies, mid pinnae 2.6-4 x ca. 1 cm, broad-lanceolate, short-acuminate at apexes, basel acroscopic truncate, basiscopic rounded, pinnatipartite up to 1/2 distace to costule; segments 7-11 pairs, oblong, entire, separated by obtriangular-sinuse. Veins clear, 4-5 pairs on per segments, basel one pair come out from above bases of costae, acroscopic one vein reached to sinuses. Fronds herbaceous, after dry darkish-green, both surfaces densely bearing acicular hairs on intercostals area, exceptly bearing acicular hairs along rachillae and veins. Sori linear, attached along lateral veins, 2-3 pairs on per segment, free from each others. Sporangia bearin 2-3 seta near the top.

    On shade and wet rocks in revine under forest; ca. 800 m.; Guizhou and Hunan. Typical specimen collected from Hunan.

11. GLAPHYROPTERIDOPASIS Chingin Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 319. 1963.

方杆蕨属 fang gan jue shu

Dryopteris Subgen. Phegopteris C. Chr.; Thelypteris Subgen. Phegopteris Ching; Glaphyropteris Fe’e; Glaphyropteris Subgen. Euglaphyropteris H. Ito. 

Big and mid terrestrial Ferns. Rhizomes short and thick, decumbent or acending, sessile, slightly bearing scales. Fronds clustered or approached; stipes strong, sparsely bearing brown lanceolate scales at bases; laminae elliptic, bases intapering, bipinnatipartite; pinnae majority, linear-lanceolate, sessile, free, opposite or subopposite and places on under sides of bases connected with rachies presented tubbercule aerophrores, rachies rectangular on under sides, flat, smooth or sparsely bearing short hairs, after dry reddish, rachillae with a longitudinal valleculate on upper side and densely hairy inside, pinnatifid nearly reached to costule; segments majority, lanceolato-falcate. Veins free, pinnate on segments, veinlets single, majority and dense and reached to margin, basel one pair reached near sinuses or margins above sinuses. Fronds herbaceous, papyraceous or coriaceous, after dry yellowish-green, rachies and rachllae more or less bearing grayish-white long hairs on both sides, exglandular. Sori rounded, attached at bases of lateral veins, in a row on each lateral side closed to costae of segments, often confluens into linear when matured, exindusiate or indusiate. Sporangia susally bearing acicular hairs at near top. Spores elliptic, bilateral, bearing inregular spinate or small tuberculate on surfaces. Chromosome x = 12 (36).

    12 species in China, India, Nepal and Malay Island. Ten species in China ( nine endemic).

1a. Sori exindusiate.

  2a. Sporangia hairless----------------------------------------------------------------1. G. erubescens 

  2b. Sporangia bearing hairs--------------------------------------------------------2. G. sichuanensis

1b. Sori indusiate.

3a. Sori bearing scale-shape small indusia, usually covered by matured sori and uneasy seen.

  4a. Sporangia hairless.

    5a. Plants over 1 m. tall, basel one pair of lateral veins of segments reached to bottom of sinuses-------------------------------------------------------------3. G. Moolis

    5b. Plants normally 50-60 cm tall, Basel one pair of lateral veins on segments reached to margins above sinuses---------------------------------------4. G emeiensis

  4b. Sporangia bearing hairs.

    6a. Basel one pair of lateral veins on segments reached to both lateral sides of  bottom of sinuses, all smooth on rachies, veins and intercostals area----------------

       ------------------------------------------------------------------------------5. G. eriocarpa

    6b. Basel one pair of lateral veins on segments reached to margins above sinuses, rachies, veins and intercostals area more or less bearing short seta or acicular hairs.

      7a. Rachis, rachillae and veins all densely bearing long acicular hairs, laminae only bearing short seta on under surfaces, smooth on intercostals area, produced in Sichuan---------------------------------------------------6.G. splendens 

     7b. Rachis sparsely bearing short seta on under sides, rachillae and veins slightly bearing long seta, fronds sparsely bearing seta on veins and intercostals area---

        ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------7. G. pallida

  3b.  Sori clear normal indusiate.

    8a. Indusia glabrous----------------------------------------------------8. G. jinfushanensis

    8b. Indusia bearing acicular hairs.

      9a. Rachies, rachillae, veins and intercostals area all smooth on under surfaces--------------------------------------------------------------------9. G. glabrata

      9b. Rachies, rachillae, veins and intercostals area on under surfaces all densely bearing acicular hairs.

        10a. Lamina glabrous on under surfaces, sporangia smooth-----------G.. villosa

        10b. Laminal under surface bearing short seta on interostal area, sporangia densely bearing acicular hairs----------------------------11. G. rufostraminea

1. Glaphyropteridopsis erubescens (Hook.) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin 8: 320. 1963.

方杆蕨 fang gan jue

Polypodium erubescens Wall. ex Hook., Sp. Fil. 4: 236. 1862; Glaphyropteris erubescens F’ee; Phegopteris erubescens J. Sm..; Nephrodium erubescens Diels; Asplenium erubescens Christ; Dryopteris erubescens C. Chr.; Christella erubescens Lev.; Thelypteris erubescens Ching; sPolypodium braineoide Bak.; Nephrodium braineoides Diels; Dryopteris braineoides (Bak.) C. Chr.; Asplenium glanduliferum Wall.; Asplenium distans var. carieri Christ.

Plants 2-3 m. tall or more. Rhizomes strong, decumbent, woody and smooth. Fronds clustered; stipes 1-2 m. long, thick than 1 cm, ribed, throughout smooth, stramineous and often decorated reddish; laminae 100-200 x 25-50 cm, acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, intapering to bases, bipinnatipartite or subbipiinate; pinnae 40-50 pairs, opposite ,sessile, lower several pairs strongly obliquely up, bases tapering; mid pinnae subflatly spreading, (10) 20-30 ( or more) x (1.5) 2.5-4 cm, linear, acuminate at apexes, bases truncate and closed to rachillae, pinnatifid near both lateral narrow-wings of rachillae; segments majority ( ca. 50 pairs), pectnate-arrangement, subflatly spreading, linear-lanceolate, minute falcate, 1.4-2 x 0.4 cm, pointed at apexes, slightly broadened to bases, entire, separated by narrw-sinuses. Veins clear, rachillae with a longitudinal valleculate on upper sides and bearing pubescens, under sides rounded-raised, smooth or sparsely hairy sometime, lateral veins 12-23 pairs on per segment, single, basel one pair come out from bases of costae and reached to both lateral sides of round-sinuses. Fronds chartaceous, after dry greenish or yellowish-green, pinnae smooth on upper surfaces, bearing one or two acicular hairs along margins, or minute hairy on under surfaces; rachies rectangular on under sides, flat, straminaeous or decorated reddish, bearing grayis-white acicular hairs when young and then deciduous. Sori rounded, 10-15 pairs on per segment, attached at bases of lateral veins, closed to both lateral sides of costae and in one row on each side, confluent into linear when matured, exindusiate. Sporangia smooth.

Under forest in revine of lower mountain; 800-1800 m.; Guizhou, Sichuan, Taiwan and Yunnan ( Butan, N. India, S. Japan, N. Myanmer, Nepal, Philippines, Sikkim and N. Vietnam). 

2. Glaphyropteridopsis sichuanensis Y. X. Lin in Addenda 324 of Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 131. t. 25, f. 1-4. 1999.

四川方杆蕨 si chuan fang gan jue

    Plants reached to 1.2 m. tall. Rhizomes strong, creeping, darkish-brown, woody, hard. Fronds approached; stipes ca. 60 cm long, darkish-brown, bearing brown lanceolate scales, up stramineous, smooth; laminae broado-lanceolate, ca. 60 x ca. 30 cm, pinnatifid-acuminate at apexes, bases slightly tapering, bipinnatipartite; lateral free pinnae reached 25 pairs, lower ones subopposite, upper ones alternate, sessile, subflatly spreading; mid pinnae oblong-lanceolate, ca. 17 x ca. 1.5 cm, pinnatifid-acuminate at apexes, bases flatly truncate, 1-pinnatipartite nearly reached to rachllae; segments ca. 40 pairs, lanceolate, apexes minute bended up, acute at apexe, entire, ca. 1 x 0.4 cm, separated by narrow-interval, basel one pair extremely elongated, acroscopic one reached to 2 cm long. Veins clear, raised on under sides, basel one pair of veinlets come out bases of costae, acroscopic one veins reached to bottom of sinuses, basiscopic one reached to margin above sinus, 15- 16 pairs of lateral veins on per segment. Fronds chartaceous, after dry brownish, bearing acicular long hairs on intercostals area of under surfaces, smooth on intercostals area of upper surfaces, setose along margins. Rachies sparsely bearing acicular hairs on under sides, rachillae and veans densely bearing long acicular hairs, densely bearing acicular seta along both lateral sides of longitudinal vallecula of rachies and rachillae, sparsely bearing appressed short seta along both lateral sides of longitudinal vallecula on upper sides of costae, under sides of veins nearly smooth. Sori rounded, attached at bases of veinlets and closed to costae, 8-12 pairs on per segment, exindusiate. Sporangia beraing fine acicular hairs.

    The habite unknow; endemic Sichuan.

3.Glaphyropteridopsis mollis Ching & Y. X. Lin in Addenda 324 of Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 131. 1999. 

柔弱方杆蕨 rou ruo fang gan jue

   Plants ca. 1.5 m. tall. Rhizomes creeping, thick ca. 1.5 cm, darkish-brown, woody and hard. Fronds approached; stipes ca. 80 cm long, darkish-brown, up deeply stramineous and glabrous; laminae broado-lanceolate, ca. 62 x ca. 38 cm, pinnatifid-acuminate at apexes, basel pinnae nearly inshirtened, bipinnatipartite; free pinnae ca. 31 pairs, opposite, subflatly spreading, sessile, mid pinnae lanceolate, ca. 20 x ca. 2.5 cm, pinnatifid-long-acuminate at apexes, bases subcuneate, 1-pinnatipartite; segments ca. 31 pairs, lanceolate, ca. 12 x 4-4.5 mm, acute at apexes, entire, basel one pair exteremly elongated and reched to 2 cm long. Veins visible on both sides, costae raised on under sides, upper sides depressed, 15-17 pairs of lateral veins on per segment, basel one pair come out from bases of costae and all reached to bottom of sinuses. Fronds darkish-brown after dry, under surfaces bearing acicular haira along rachies, rachillae, veins and intercostals area, upper surfaces densely bearing short seta only along rachillae and the others glabrous. Sori rounded and attached at bases of veinlets and closed to costae; indusia small and bearing hairs on the back. Sporangia glabrous.

   Under broad-leaved forest; 850-900 m.; endemic Sichuan (mountain e-mei).

4. Glaphyropteridopsis emeiensis Y. X. Lin in Addenda 324. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 131. t. 26, f. 1-4. 1999. 

峨眉方杆蕨 e mei fang gan jue

   Plants ca. 80 cm tall. Rhizome unseen. Stipes ca. 40 cm long, straminaeous, glabrous; laminae lanceolate, ca. 70 x 20-25 cm, pinnatifid-acuminate at apexes, bipinnatipartite; lateral free pinnae ca. 25 pairs, obliquely spreading, lower ones subopposite, up ones alternate, subsessile; mid pinnae lanceolate, ca. 13 x ca. 1.7 cm, pinnatifid-acuminate at apexes, bases subflatly truncate, 1-pinnatipartitr; segments ca. 30 pairs, ca. 3 mm wide,  obtuse-pointed at apexes, entire, basel one pair ( particularly acroscopic one piec) exsremly elongated.Veins visible on both sith sides, costae raised on under sides, upper sides depressed, lateral veins 12 pairs on per pinna, basel one pair come out from unfar places super- bases of costae and all reached to margins above sinuses. Fronds darkish-green or green after dry, papyraceous, rachis,, rachillae, veins and under sides of intercostals area all densely bearing acicular hairs, upper surfaces densely bearing short hairs along both lateral sides on longitudinal vallecula of rachillae, veins, intercostals area and margin bearing short seta. Sori rounded and attached at lower parts of veinlets, closed to costae, indusiate and hairy at the back. Sporangia hairy.

  Under mixed forest by road sides or in crevices among rocks by stream sides; 1800-1900 m.; endemic Sichuan ( mountain e-mei).

5. Glaphyropteridopsis eriocarpa Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 321. Pl. 26: 5-7. 1963.

毛囊方杆蕨 mao nang fang gan jue

    Plants reached to 1.2 m. tall. Rhizomes strong and decumbent, subwoody and smooth. Fronds subapproached; stipes ca. 50 cm long, stramineous, smmoth; laminae ca. 70 x ca. 27 cm, narrow-oblong, acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, bases intapering, bipinnatipartite reached to both lateral narrow-wing of rachillae; pinnae 25-30 pairs, opposite or subopposite, sessile, flatly spreading, lower several pairs inshortened, obliquely downwards, bases taptering, mid pinnae ca. 17 x ca. 2 cm, linear-lanceolate, long-acuminat at apexes, bases subflatly truncate and reached 3 cm wide, symmetrical, pinnatipartite reached both lateral narrow-wing of rachillae; segments 25-30 pairs, flatly spreading, lanceolate, ca. 9 (basel one pair reached 1.5 cm long) x ca. 3 mm, gradually tapering to base, acute at apexes and entire. Veins clear, 11-12 pairs of lateral veins on per segment, basel one pair come out from bases of costae and all reached to both lateral sides on bottom of sinuses. Fronds chartaceous, greenish or darkish-green after dry, except upper sides of rachies bearing hairs, including rachillae, veins and under surfaces of intercostals area all glabrous. Sori rounded, 6-9 pairs on per segment, attached at bases of lateral veins and in a row closed to each side of costae, indusia scaly and small. Sporangia bearing acicular hairs at near top.

    In revine under forest; 720-1500 m.; Chongqin (nanchuan).

6. Glaphyropteridopsis splendens Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 322. 1963.

大叶方杆蕨 da ye fang gan jue

    Plants ca. 1.2 m. tall. Rhizomes strong, decumbent, subwoody and smooth. Fronds subapproached; stipes c. 50 cm long, deep-valleculate, smooth, stramineous; laminae c. 80 x ca. 28 cm, narrow-oblong, acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, bases intapering, bipinnatipartite nearly reached to rachillae; pinnae ca. 30 pairs or more, opposite or subopposite, sessile, lower several pairs inshortened; mid pinnae ca. 21 x ca. 2.5 cm, ( ca. 3.5 cm wide at base), linearo-lanceolate, long-acuminate at apexes, bases symmetrical, acroscopic sides truncate and closed to rachies, basiscopic sides rounded, pinnatifid nearly reached to rachillae; segments 35-40 pairs, subflatly spreading, lanceolate and minute falcate, ca.1.2 x ca. 0.4 cm ( lower one pair 1.6-2 cm long), gradually broadened to base and gradually tapering and pointed at apex and entire, separated by obtriangular-sinuses. Veins visible, ca. 14 pairs on per segment, single, basel one pair come out from bases of costae and reached to margins above sinuses. Fronds thin-herbaceous, green after dry, pinnal upper surfaces bearing short seta along costae, under surfaces densely bearing grayish-white acicular hairs along rachis, rachillae and veins; rachies stramineous, rectangular. Sori rounded, 10-12 pairs on per segment, attached at bases of lateral veins, in one row on each lateral side of costae; indusia scale-like and small and hairy at the back. Sporangia hairy at near top.

    On rocks under forest; ca. 560 m.; endemic Sichuan ( mountain e-mei).

7. Glaphyropteridopsis pallida Ching & W. M. Chu ex Y. X. Lin in Addenda 325. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 134. 1999.

灰白方杆蕨 hui bai fang gan jue

    Plants ca. 82 cm. tall. Rhizomes decumbent, woody, bearing one or two brown, broado-lanceolate thick scales. Fronds sparse; stipes 28 cm long, strmineousish,  longitudinal valleculate on upper side, throughout glabrous; laminae ca. 56 x ca. 22 cm, oblong, acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, bases nearly intapering to base, bipinnatipartite; pinnae ca. 26 pairs, sessile, opposite, up ones alternate, flatly spreading, closed, without iterval, basel one pair slightly shortened and minute reflexed, ca. 10 cm long, tapering to base, the second pair of pinnae ca. 12 x ca. 2..4 cm, falcato-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases flatly truncate and closed to rachies, pinnatipartite nearly rached to costa; segments ca. 28 pairs, flatly spreading, separated by narrow-interval, falcato-lanceolate, ca. 1.3 (Basel acroscopic one piec longer) x 0. 3 cm, pointed at apexes and entire. Veins fine, unclear, lateral veins 10-12 pairs on per segment, basel one pair reached to margins above sinuses. Fronds chartaceous after dry, greenish, upper surfaces densely bearing seta along inside of longidudinal vallecula of rachies, veins and intercostals area beraing sparse hairs, under surfaces densely bearing long seta along rachillae and veins, occasionally sparsely hairy on intercostal area. Sori rounded, 4-5 pairs on per segment, attached at bases of lateral veins and in one row on each sides of both lateral sides of costae; indusia small and hairy at the back. Sporangia bearing one or two acicular hairs at near top.

    On shade and wet places on limestome mountain under mixed forest; ca. 500 m.; N.E. Yunnan.

8. Glaphyropteridopasis jinfushashanensis Ching & Y. X. Lin in Addenda 325. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4(1): 134. Pl. 25: 5-7. 1999. 

金佛山方杆蕨 jin fo shan fang gan jue

    Plants ca. 1.5 m. tall. Rhizomes decumbent. Fronds approached; stipes 54 cm long, ca. 1 cm thick at base, darkish-brown, up grayish-brown and glabrous; laminae broado-lanceolate, ca. 10 x 40 cm, pinnatfid at apexes, bipinnatipartite; normal free lateral pinnae ca. 32 pairs, subflatly spreading sessile, lower 5 pinnae abruptly reduced into butterfly-shaped; mid pinnae narrow-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases subround-cuneate, ca. 25 x ca. 3 cm, 1-pinnatipartite nearly reached to racnillae; segments ca. over 40 pairs, lanceolate, acute at apexes, entire, ca. 1.5 x 0. 4 cm. Veins clear, costae raised on both sides, lateral veins 10-11 pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out from bases of costae, basiscopic one veinlet reached to bottom of sinuse, acroscopic one reached to margins above sinuses. Fronds chartaceous after dry, deep-green, glabrous on both surfaces of intercostals area, under surfaces bearing long hairs along along apex of rachillae, costae and laterl veins sparsely bearing appressed short seta, upper surfaces densely bearing strong seta along rachies, rachillae and veins. Sori rounded, attached at over mid part of veinlets and closed to margins; indusia big, coriaceous, brown, persistent and glabrous.

    Under mixed forest by stream sides; ca. 750 m.; Chongqin ( nanchuan Jinfo mountain).

9. Glaphyropteridopsis glabrata Ching & W. M. Chu ex . X. Lin in Addenda 325. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 135. 1999.

光滑方杆蕨 guang hua fang gan jue

Plants ca. 85 m tall. Rhizomes creeping, smooth. Fronds sparse; stipes ca. 35 cm long, bases darkish-brown, up stramineous, longitudinal valleculate on upper sides, throughout glabrous; laminae oblong, ca. 50 x ca. 20 cm, acuminate and pinnatipartite at apexes, bases minute tapering, bipinnatipartite; pinnae ca. 30 pairs, opposite, sessile, basel 2 pairs minute shortened, 7-10 cm long, tapering to base, the third pair of pinnae ca. 12 x 1.5 cm, linear-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, base widest, truncate, pinnatipartite reached to unfar places to rachillae; segments ca. 35 pairs, subflatly spreading, basel one pair longest (9-11 mm), above ones ca. 7 x 3 mm, triangular-lanceolate, pointed at apexes and entire. Veins clear, lateral veins 9-10 pairs on per segment, basel one pair reached to margins above sinuses. Fronds herbaceous, green after dry, except both lateral sides on longitudinal vallecula on upper sides of rachies, the others all glabrous. Sori rounded, attached at bases of lateral veins and in one row on each side of costae; indusia normal, bearing acicular hairs at the back. Sporagia bearing 1-3 acicular hairs at near top.

In mixed forest margin of valley; 1500-1800 m.; N.E. Yunnan.

10. Glaphyropteridopsis villosa Ching & W. M. Chu ex Y. X. Lin in Addenda 325 on Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 135. 1999.

柔毛方杆蕨 rou mao fang gan jue

    Plants ca. 65 cm tall. Rhizome unseen. Stipes ca. 34 cm long, stramineousish, upper sides longitudinal valleculate, sparsely bearing brown scales, hairless; laminae ca. 32 x ca. 20 cm, broado-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases intapering, bipinnatipartite; pinnae 24 pairs, sessile, pinnae on below middle opposite, flatly spreading, up ones alternate, obliquely spreading, lower 2 pairs unshortened, reflexed, same size with above one, but cuniate at base, above pinnae ca. 10 x ca. 1.6 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, base widest, roundo-cuniate, painatipartite reached to unfar places to rachillae; segments ca. 25 pairs, ca. 7 ( basel acroscopic one piec ca. 1 cm long) x ca. 2.5 mm, falcato-lanceolate, pointed at apex. Veins unclear, lateral veins ca. 9 pairs on per segment, basel acroscopic one vinlet reached to bottom of sinuses, basiscopic one reached to margins above sinuses. Fronds chartaceous, grayish-green after dry, under surfaces densely bearing grayish-white acicular hairs along rachillae, veins and intercostals area, upper surfaces densely hairy along costae, lateral veins rarely and glabrous on intercostals area. Sori rounded, 5-7 pairs on per segment, attached at near bases of lateral veins and in one row on each side of costae; indusia normal and bearing long hairs at the back. Sporangia glabrous.

    In shade and wet limestone crevices; ca. 650 m.; Yunnan.

11. Glaphyropteridopsis rufostraminea (Christ) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin 8 (4): 321. 1963.

粉红方杆蕨 fen hon fang gan jue

Aspidium rufostramineum Christ in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 70, Mem. 1: 36. 1905; Dryopteris rufostraminea C. Chr.; Thelypteris rufostraminea Ching.

   Plants 50-100 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping and smooth. Fronds approached; stipes 20-40 cm long, stramineous, smooth and usually dressed reddish; laminae 40-50 x 18-25 cm, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, bases intapering, bipinnatipartite nearly reached to rachillae; pinnae 20-28 pairs, opposite or up subalternate, sessile, subflatly spreading or minute oblique-bended upward, linearo-lanceolate, long-acuminat at apexes, lower 1-2 pairs slightly shortened and obliquely downwards, bases tapering; mid pinnae 10-16 x 1.2-2 cm, wider at base and subtruncate, pinnaetifid nearly reached to rachillae; segments 30-35 pairs, subflatly spreading, linearo-falcate, 6-10 x 2.2.5 mm, basel one pair loger, obtuse-pointed or acute at apexes, entire. Veins clear, lateral veins 8-10 pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out from bases of costae and reached to margins above sinuses. Fronds papyraceous, after dry yellow-green, under surfaces densely bearing long acicular hairs along rachies, rachillae, veins and itercostal area, upper surfaces only bearing short seta. Sori rounded, 3-5 pairs on per segment, attached at bases of lateral veins and in one row on each side of costae; indusia normal and fully bearing acucular hairs on the back. Sporangia bering acicular hairs.

    On forest margins or by road sides; 1300-1500 m.; Chongqin, Guizhou, W. Hubei, Sichuan and N. Yunnan.

12. PSEUDOCYCLOSORUS Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8 (4): 322. 1963.     

假毛蕨属 jia mao jue shu

Thelypteris Subgen.Euthelypteris group 8 Ching; Trigospara Holtt.; Pneumatopteris Holtt.; Cyclosorus Subgen. Pseudocyclosorus A. R. Sm.

    Mid ferns. Rhizomes creeping, decumbent or erect, bases sparsely bearing lanceolate brown scales. Fronds remote, approached or clusterd; stipes usually sparsely bearing short hairs, stramineous; laminae bipinnatifid, lower pinnae gradually shortened into auricle, butterfly-shaped or abruptly contracted into tubercule, pinnael attached point on under sides of rachies usually presented a darkish-brown tubercle aerphrore but sometome unclear. Veins free, costae raised on both sides, basel one pair on adjacent segments sometime reached to cartilaginous sinuses, rarely connivent, but usually acroscopic one veinlet reached to sinus and basiscopic one reached to margin above sinus. Fronds usually deep-green after dry, most paperaceous, less herbaceous or coriaceous, laminal under surfaces densely bearing appressed seta along longitudinal vallecula of rachillae, sparsely setacous also along veins, under surfaces most bearing acicular hairs on intercostals area, rarely glabrous. Sori rounded, usually attached at middle of lateral veins, less at upper or lower parts; indusia roundo-reniform, thick in texture, most in brown, persistent, bearing fine hairs at the back or glabrous, less glandular. Spores normely monolete, less trilete, exine spinate, perispore ribbed. Chromosome x = 7 (35).

    About 50 species: tropic and subtropic regions. 36 species ( 30 indemic).   

     1a. Laminal lower pinnae abruptly reduced into aerophrore or auricle or butterfly-shaped.

 2a. Laminal lower pinnae abruptly reduced into brown aerophrore.

   3a. Basel one pair of veinlets on segments of mid pinnae reached to bottom of sinus.

4a.Sori attached at lower parts of lateral veins and closed to costae.

  5a. Plants short and small, lateral pinnae ca. 13 x 1-1.4 cm, segments ca. 2 mm wide------------------------------------------------------------------------1. P. tylodes

  5b. Plants tall and big, lateral pinnae length and widgh separately over 15 and 2 cm, segments ca. 4 mm wide-----------------------------------2. P. tuberculiferus

4b. Sori attached at upper parts of lateral veins and closed to margins-----------------------------------------------------------------3. P. cavaleriei

         3b. Basel acroscopic one veinlet on segments of mid pinnae reached to bottom of sinus, basiscopic one reached to margin above sinus.

           6a. Plants tall over 1 m; laminal under surfaces acicular fine hairs on intercostals area; also hairy at the back of indusia-------------------------------4. P. xinpingensis

           6b. Plants sort and small, 25-58 cm tall only, laminal under surfaces smooth on intercostals area and indusia-----------------------------------------------5. P. torrentis

   2b. Lamianl lower pinnae gradually reduced into auricle or butterfly-shaped.

     7a. Rachies more or less bearng long acicular hairs on under sides, rachillae and veins usually bearing acicular hairs on under surfaces, less glabrous.

        8a. Indusia bearing hairs at the back.

     9a. Pinnar extremely oblique-upward, basel basiscopic segments clearly contracted or incontracted.

        10a. Pinnal basel basiscopic segments clearly contracted.

          11a. Plants 55-110 cm tall, pinnae 1.4-1.5 cm wide in middle, costae slightly depressed on upper sides and bearing appressed acicular hairs, inpolished--------

               --------------------------------------------------------------------------6. P. subfalcilobus

          11b.  Plants 25-40 cm tall only , pinnae 9-10 mm wide in middle, costae roundo-raised on upper sides, submooth and polished-------7. P. peudofalcilobus

       10b. Pinnal basel segments incotracted.

         12a. Rachies, rachillae and costae mixed sparse long acicular hairs and short fine hairs on under sides, and hairless on intercostals area on under sides--8. P. dehuaensis

           12b. Rachies, rachillae and costae densely bearing long acicular hairs on under sides only and hairy on intercostal area---------------------------------------9. P. guangsiensis

      9b. Pinnae flatly spreading or minute oblique-spreading, basel one pair or acroscopic one piec of segments clearly elongated.

        13a. Sori attached at below middle of lateral veins and closed to costae.

           14a. Fronds dimorphic; pinnal basel one pair of segments inclearly elongated, acroscopic one veinlet of pinnal basel one pair reached to bottom of sinus-----------

                -----------------------------------------------------------------------10. P. shuangbaiensis

           14b. Fronds monomorphic; pinnal basel one pair of veinlets clearly elongated, basel veinlets of segments all reched to bottom of sinuse-----------11. P. dulongjiangensis

        13b. Sori attached at middle of lateral veins.

          15a. Laminal under surfaces bearing fine seta on intercostal area---------------12. P. canus

          15b. Laminal under surfaces inbearing fine seta on intercostals area.

             16a. Indusa densely bearing hairs.

                17a. Laminal lower 2-3 pairs of pinnae reduced into butterfly-shaped.

                   18a. Lateral pinnae reached to 30 pairs, flatly spreading----13. P. fugongensis

                   18b. Lateral pinnae ca 17 pairs, basel one pair slightly reflexed downwards, the others bened upward----------------------------------------14. P. lushuiensis

             17b. Laminal lower pinnae major pairs reduced into butterfly-shaped or auricled.

                19a. Basel one pair of segments on lower pinnae unclearly shortened--------------------------------------------------------15. P. zayuensis

                19b. Basel one pairs of segments on lower major pairs of pinnae clearly shortened------------------------------------------------------------16. P. pectinata

      16b. Indusia bearing less fine hairs only.

         20a. Laminal lower 3 pairs of pinnae abruptly reduced into butterfly-shaped.

           21a. Pinnal basel one pair of segments ( particule acroscopic one piec) clear broadened, margins pinnatifid; segments 11-14 x 5-6 mm; frond herbaceous sori attached at over middle of lateral veins---------------------------------------17. P. gongshanensis

           21b. Pinnal basel one pair of segments slightly shortened; segments ca. 9 x ca. 3 mm; frond paperaceous; sori attached at middle of lateral veins—-18. P. pseudorepens

         20b. Laminal lower 7-9 pairs of pinnae abruptly reduced into linearo-auricled, basel ones reduced into small tubercles, under surfaces glabrous on intercostals area-------------

              ------------------------------------------------------------------------------19. P. parachthodes

8b. Indusia glabrous at the back.

  22a. Pinnae linear and oblique-up.

    23a. Pinnae extremely oblique-up, basel acroscopic segments clearly elongated; indusia glandular at the back----------------------------------------------------------------20. P. falcilobus

    23b. Pinnae slightly oblique-up, basel acroscopic segments unclearly elongated; indusia gladless at the back---------------------------------------------------------------------------21. P. lushanicus

  22b. Pinnae unlinear, flatly spreading, at least lower pinnae flatly spreading.

    24a. Rachillae and veins glandular on under sides.

       25a. Laminal under surfaces glabrous on itercostal area.

          26a. Sori attached at middle of lateral veins.

            27a. Pinnae lnceolate, basel acroscopic one veinlet reached to bottom of sinus, basiscopic one reached to margin above sinus----------------------22. P. esquirolii

            27b. Pinnae linearo-lanceolate, basel one pair of veinlets all reached to bottom of sinus--------------------------------------------------------------------------23. P. linearis

         26b. Sori attached at over-middle of lateral veins and closed to margins----------------------

             -------------------------------------------------------------------------------24. P. submaginalis      

25b. Laminal under surfaces hairy on intercostals area.

         28a. Plants reached to1.4 m. tall, laminae ca. 1 m. long, pinnae ca. 17 x 2-2.5 cm; segments separated from each others by broad-interval, under surfaces sparsely bering short hairs along rachillae and veins----------------------25. P. qingchengensis  

        28b. Plants 90 cm tall, laminae 50 cm long; pinnae 9-13 x 1.5 cm; separated from each others by narrow-interval, under surfaces sparsely mixed short seta and fine hairs along rachillae and veins------------------------------------------------26. P. angustipinnus

   24b. Rachiilae and veins inglandular on under sides.

      29a. Laminal under surfaces bearing fine hairs on intercostal area-------------27. P. stramineous

      29b. Laminal under surfaces glabrous on intercostals area.

         30a. Basel segments on lower pinnae entire along margins----------------28. P. ducloixii

         30b. Basel segments on lower several pairs of pinnae lobed along margins------------------

             --------------------------------------------------------------------------------29. P. jijiangensis

7b.Rachies, rachillae and veins bearing only fine hairs on under sides, at most bearing one or two acicular hairs on apexes.

31a. Pinnae flatly spreading or subflatly spreading.

   32a. Indusia glabrous.

33a. Sori attached at middle of lateral veins---------------------------------------------30. P. tsoi

33b. Sori attached at over middle of lateral veins.

   34a. Veins single, inforked and glandular on under sides------------------31. P. emeiensis

   34b. Veins biforked, gland-less on under sides--------------------32. P. forcato-venulosus

   32b. Indusia bearing fine hairs at the back-----------------------------------33. P. damingshanensis

31b. Pinnae obliquely spreading.

   35a. Plants over 1.2 m. tall; fronds ca. 100 x ca. 30 cm, mid pinnae ca. 25 x ca. 3 cm; segments reached to 35 pairs, over 1.2 cm long--------------------------------------------34. P. obliquus

   35b Plants below 1 m. tall; fronds 70—80 x ca. 20 cm; mid pinnae 10-15 x 1.2-2 cm; segments below 30 pairs, the length less than 9 mm---------------------------------35. P. subochthodes

1b. Laminal basel pinnae ingradually reduced and unreduced into tubercle.

36a. Spores monolele

37a. Laminal under surfaces glabrous on intercostal area------------------------36. P. latilobus

37b. Laminal under surfaces bearing fine and long acicular hairs on intercostal area----------------------------------------------------------------------37. P. guanxianensis

36b. Spores trilete.

38a. Basel one pair of veinlets on segments reached to bottom of sinus--------38. P. ciliiatus

38b. Basel one veinlet on segment reached to bottom of sinus, the anather reached to margin above sinus----------------------------------------------------------39. P. caudipinnus

1. Pseudocyclosorus tylodes (Kze.) Holtt. In Fern Gaz. 11 (1): 55. 1974.

假毛蕨 jia mao jue

Aspidium xylodes Kze. Linn. 24: 283. 1851; Nephrodium xylode Hope; Dryopteris xylodes Christ; Thelypteris xylodes Ching; Dryopteris ochthodes var. xylodes C. Chr.; Asplenium xylodes Christ; Lastrea xylodes Bedd.; Nephrodium prolixum var. xylodes Bak.; Nephrodium ochthodes Hook.; Nephrodium prolixum Clarke.

      Plants reached to 1.2 m. tall. Rhizomes erect, apexes and bases of stipes sparsely bearing brown lanceolate scales. Fronds clustered; stpes 25-40 cm long, graysh-brown at bases, up deeply stramineous and glabrous; laimnae 45-80 x ca. 24 cm, oblongo-lanceolate, acuminat-pinnatifid at apexes, bases slightly tapering, bippiantipartite; lower major pairs of pinnae abruptly reduced into tubercle aerophrores, normal pinnae ca. 34 pairs, alternate, obliquely up, sessile, mid pinnae ca. 13 x 1.2-1.4 cm, lanceolate, longo-acuminate at apexes, lower ones tapering to bases, over mid pinnae minute broadened to bases and broado-cuneate, pinnatipartite; segments 40-45 pairs, obliquely spreading, similar to ligulate, ca. 5 x 1.5 –2 mm, pointed or obtuse-pointed at apexes, entire. Veins clear on both sides, lateral veins 9-10 pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out from bases of costae and all reached to sinuses. Fronds firme-paperaceous after dry, brownish, except rachies, rachillae bearing acicular hairs, the others all glabrous,. Sori rounded, attached at below middle of lateral veins and closed to costae; indusia roundo-reniform, thick in texture, hairless and persistent.

      Under forest by steram sides or on rocks; 800-4300 m.; Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan, S. E Xizang and Yunnan ( India, Indo-china Island, Myanmer and Sri Lanka). Typical specimen collected from S. India.

2. Pseudocyclosorus tuberculiferus (C. Chr.) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 324. 1963.

瘤羽假毛蕨 liu yu jia mao jue

Dropteris tuberculifera C. Chr. in Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 2: 275. 1985; Thelypteris tuberculifera Ching.

      Plants over 2 m. tall. Rhizomes erect, firm, apexes densely bearing brownish lanceolate scales. Fronds clustered; stipes 100-130 cm long, brownish, sparsely scaly, up smooth; laminae ca. 100 x ca. 45 cm, broadly oblongo-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases intapering, bipinnatipartite; lower major pairs of pinnae abruptly reduced into brown aerophrores, mid normal pinnae 28-30 pairs, lower ones opposite or subopposite, spreading, up alternate, obliquely spreading, sessile; mid pinnae 20-30 x 2.2-3 cm, linearo-lanceolate, linear-acuminate at apexes; lower pinnae slightly tapering, cuneate, up pinnae slightly broadened to bases, roundo-cuneate, pinnaetifid reached to broado-wings on both lateral sides; segments 35-45 pairs, obliquely up, minute bended, subfalcate, 8-14 x ca. 4 mm, acute at apexes, entire. Veins clear, raised on both sides, lateral veins 11-15 pairs on per segment, basel one pair reached to bottoms of sinuses. Fronds chartaceous after dry and brownish-green, under sides of rachies and costa sparsely bearing acicular hairs at apexes, rachillae densely bearing appressed seta along longitudinal vallecula on under side, the others smooth. Sori rounded, attached at below middle of lateral veins and closed to costae; indusia roundo-reniform, thick in texture, brown, hairless and persistent.

      On gravavelly soil by stream sides; 600-1900 m.; Guangdong, Guangxi and Yunnan ( Sikkim). Typical specimen collcted from Yunnan.

3. Psudocyclosorus cavalesriei (Leveilie) Y. X. Lin, Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 143. 1999.

青岩假毛蕨 qing yan jia mao jue

Christella cavaleriei Leveili’e, Fl. Kouu-Tsch’eou 474. 1915.

      Unseen complete specimen. Rachis subrectangular, mid pinnae flatly spreading, alternate, ca. 18 x ca. 3 cm, pinnatifid-acuminate at apexes, bipinnatipartite; segments ca. 35 pairs, separated by braodo-sinuses, lanceolate, ca. 1 x 0.4 cm, acute at apexes, basel one pair clearly elongated, reached 1.5 cm long, basel one pair on segments reached to bottoms of sinuses. Sori rounded, attached at over middle of lateral veins and closed to margins, ca. 10 pairs on per segment.

      The specien of this species collected by Cavalerie in August five 1903 from Guiyang Ging-yan (Tsin Gai), Guizhou province, no. 1244 (type). It is a mid part of lamina and has 7 pairs of pinnae, stored in the herbarium of the University of Edinburgow and named Christella cavaleriei. R.C. Ching examined the specimen and named Dryopteris xylodes (Kze.) C. Chr. in 1931. The species are named Thelypteris equirolii by Holttum in 1936 and soon afterwards included Pseudocyclosorus in 1963 and 1980.

      According to characters of rachies subrectangular, pinnae opposite and basel one pair of veinlets reached to bottoms of sinuses etc, the species was not should to included in P. esquirolii, but closer to P. tylodes. But its sori attached at upper parts of lateral veins and closed to margins that are different with others. So it treated as independent species is included here and to hope from now on the specimen of this species can be collected in that place of production. 

4. Pseudocyclosorus xinpingensis Ching ex Y. X.Lin in Addenda 326. Fl. Reipul. Popul. Sin.4(1): 143. Pl. 28: 1-5. 1999.  

新平假毛蕨 xin ping jia mao jue

Plants reached to 110 cm. tall. Rezomes ascending, brown. Fronds clustered; stipes 54 cm long, deeply stramineous, bearing fine hairs; laminae lanceolate, ca. 57 x ca. 22 cm, bases minute tapering, acuminate-pinnatifid at apexes, bipinnatiparte; lateral pinnae ca. 25 pairs, alternate, flatly spreading, short stalked, lower 3 pairs of pinnae abruptly reduced into black erephrores, mid pinnae elongato-lanceolate, ca. 14 x ca. 1.4 cm, acuminate at apexes, bases minute tapering, lowest several pinnae clearly shortened, 1-pinnatipartite; segments ca. 24 pairs, ca. 9 x ca. 5 mm, acute at apexes, entire. Veins clearly raised on both sides, lateral veins 9 pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out from bases of costae, basiscopic one veinlet reached to margin of sinus, acroscopic one reached to bottom of sinus. Fronds green after dry, chartaceous, rachis sparsely bearing short seta on under sides, upper sides including rachillae densely bearing short seta, rachillae and veins sparsely bearing short seta on under sides, costae sparsely bearing appressed short hairs on upper sides, lateral veins one or two setaceous, accular hairy on under surfaces of intercostals area and glabrous on upper surface, setaceous along margins. Sori attached at middle of lateral veins, 6-7 pairs on per segment; indusia big, brown, membranous, acicular hairy on the back, persistent.

      On shaded under mossy forest on mountain top; ca. 2300m.; endemic Yunnan (xinping).

5. Pseudocyclosorus xinpingensis Ching ex Y. X. Lin in Addenda 326 on Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 143. 4 (1): 145. Pl. 28: 1-5. 1999.

急梳假毛蕨 ji shu jia mao jue

      Plants 30-35 cm tall. Rhizomes erect. Fronds clustered; stipes 13-23 cm long, stramineous, basesbearing brown scales, up bearing acicular hairs on under sides. Laminae oblong-lanceolate, 10-15 x 7-10 cm, bases bitly tapering, lower 2-3 pairs abruptly reduced into auricles or tubercles, apexes pinnatfid-acumiate, bipinnatipartite; lateral normal pinnae ca. 10 pairs, mid pinnae lanceolate, 4-6 x ca. 0.5 cm, bases broadened owing to one pair of segments elongated, pinnatifid-acuminate apexes, 1-pinnatipartite; segments ca. 11 pairs, lanceolate, ca. 4 x ca. 2.5 mm, acute at apexes, entire. Fronds after dry darkish-brown, chartaceous; under sides of rachies sparsely bearing seta on upper halfpart, upper sides densely setaceous along longitudinal vallecula, under sides of costa and veins all glabrous, Upper sides of main veins bearing appressed short seta along longitudinal area, glabrous on both lateral veins and interostal area, a few short setaceous along margins. Veins clear, raised on both sides, lateral veins 4-5 pairs on per segment, basel basiscopic one veinlet come out from over bases of mainveins and reached to margins above sinuses, acroscopic one veinlet come out from bases of main veins and reached to bottom of sinus. Sori rounded and attached at lower parts of lateral veins and closed to main veins, 1-3 on per segment; indusia brown, thick in texture, glabrous and persistent.

      The habitat unknow; 800-1500 m.; endemic Yunnan ( the way of yingjiang to ruili).

6. Pseudocyclosorus subfalcilobus Ching ex Shing in Acta Phtotax. Sin. 31 (3): 571. 1993.

光脉假毛蕨 guang mai jia mao jue

      Plants 40-55 cm tall. Rhizomes short and erect or decumbent, darkish-brown, sparsely scaly. Fronds clusterd; stipes 10-20 cm long, bases sparsely bearing lanceolate brown scales and dense acicular hairs, stramineous; laminae longo-ovate, 15-30 x 5-13 cm, 1-pinnatipartite; lower 2-3 pairs of pinnae abruptly reduced into butterfly-shaped, normal lateral pinnae extremely obliquely up, narrow-lanceolate. 11-13 pairs, alternate, short stalked, mid pinnae 5-8 x 1-1.5 cm,  pinnatifidly longo-caudate at apees, bases cuneate, insymmetrical, pinnaipartite nearly reached to narrow-wings on both lateral sides of rachillae; segments 11-15 pairs, anadromous, ligulate, short-pinted at apexes, entire, 5-8 x 2-3 mm, basel basiscopic segments far small than acrscopic noes. Costae raised on upper sides, under sides visible, lateral veins unclear, 5-8 pairs on per segment, basel basiscopic one veinlet reached to bottom, acroscopic one reached to margin above sinus. Fronds after dry paperaceous, darkish-brown, both surfaces densely bearing long acicular hairs along rachies and rachillae, unde sides of costae and margins acicular hairy, upper sides of costae appressed short hairy. Sori rounded, attached at below middle of lateral veins and closed to costae, 6-8 pairs on per segment; indusia roundo-reniform, thick-membranous, brown, short hairy on the back, persistent.

      On shaded and wet rocks or sand beach land by margin of evergreen broad-leaved forest on slope; 1300-1500 m.; endemic N.W. Yunnan ( valley of dulongjiang, cha-long).

7. Pseudocyclosorus pseudofalcilobus W. M. Chu in Acta Bot. Yunnan. Suppl. 5: 46. f. 22. 1992.

似镰羽假毛蕨 shi lian yu jia mao jue

      Plants 25-40 cm tall.Rhizomes creeping, firm. Fronds clustered; stipes 10-15 cm long, stramineous, glabrous; laminae narrow-lanceolate, 20-35 x ca. 8 cm, lower 1-2 pairs of pinnae abruptly reduced into auricles, pinnatifid-acuminate at apexes, bipinnatipartite; normal free pinnae 10-15 pairs, subopposite, obliquely up, sessile, mid pinnae narrow-lanceolate, ca. 5 x ca. 1 cm, tapering to bases, pinnatifid-acuminately caudate at apexes , 1-pinnatifid; segments ca. 12 pairs, ligulate, acute at apexes, ca. 5 x ca. 2 mm. Veins clear on both sides, lateral veins 6-8 pairs on per segment, basel acroscopic one veinlet reached to bottom of sinus, basiscopic one reached to margin above sinus. Fronds subcoriaceous, deeply green after dry; rachies and veins all bearing seta and short hiars on under sides, except upper sides of costae densely bearing appressed seta along longitudinal vallecula, the others glabrous. Sori attached at below middle of lateral veins and closed to costae, ca. 8 pairs on per segment; indusia roundo-reniform, brown, paperaceous, persistent, densely fine hairy on the back..

      On sand-beach land on margins of evergreen broad-leaved forest on slope; endemic Yunnan ( Gong shan dulongjiang).

8. Pseudocyclosorus dehuaensis Y. X. Lin in Addenda 326. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 147. 1999.

德化假毛蕨 de hua jia mao jue

       Plants 85-95 cm tall. Rhizomes decumbent. Fronds sparse; stipes 20-25 cm long, glabrous; laminae lanceolate, 60-70 x ca. 15 cm, lower 4-10 pairs reduced into butterfly-shaped, normal pinnae 20-25 pairs, bipinnatipartite; mid pinnae narrow-lanceolate, ca. 10 x ca. 1.5 cm, obliquely up, sessile, alternate, caudato-acuninate at apexes, lower several pairs minute narrwed at bases, ones on above mid slightly broadened at bases and roundo-cuneate, 1-pinnatifid; segments catadromous, 20-25 pairs, subrectangular, ca. 6 x ca. 3 mm, obtuse-pointed at apexes, entire. Costae raised on both sides, lateral veins unclear, 8-9 pairs on per segment and all come out above bases of costae, basel one vein reached to bottom of sinus, the another one reached to margin aboe sinus. Fronds after dry darkish-green, paperaceous, densely bearing appressed acicular hairs along rhachies, under sides of rachillae and veins mixed spreading acicular hairs and short seta, upper sides of costae densely setaceous along longitudinal vallecula, veinlets sparsely setaceous, glabrous on intercostals area of both sides. Sori rounded, attached at middlen of laterl veins; indusia round-reniform, brown, thick in texture, bearing a few fine long hairs on the back, persistent.

       On strem sides under forest; ca. 700 m.; endemic Fujian ( dehua).

9. Pseudocyclosorus guangxiensis Y. X. Lin in Addenda 327. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 147. 1999.

广西假毛蕨 guang xi jia mao jue

   Palnts ca. 60 cm tall. Rhizome unseen. Stipes 8.5 cm long, deeply stramineous, bases sparsely scaly, up densely acicular hairy; laminae narrow-lanceolate, ca. 50 x ca. 10 cm, lower 4-5 pairs of pinnae gradually reduced into butterfly-shped, mid normal pinnae ca. 25 pairs, alternate, exremly oblique-up, sessile, bipinnatipartite; mid pinnae narrow-lanceolate, ca. 7 x ca. 1 cm, pinnatipartite nearly reached to rachillae; segments ca. 18 pairs, acroscopic one piec of basel one pair of pinnae slightly elongated, ca. 6 mm long, the others ca. 4 x ca. 2 mm, bended, acuminate at apexes, entire. Costae raised on both sides, lateral veins unclear, 5-6 pairs on per segment. Fronds darkish-green after dry, charceous; raches, rachillae and veinlets all densely bearing long acucular hairs on under sides, upper sides densely setaceous along longitudinal vallecula of costae, along margins and costae occasionally one or two scaly, fine-hairy on intercostals area on under surfaces of laminae. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins; indusia roundo-reniform, chartaceous, brown, persistent and acicular hairy on the back.

   On shady rocks by stream sides; ca. 280 m.; endemic Guangxi ( fu sui xian)

10. Pseudocyclosorus shuangbaiensis Ching ex Y. X. Lin in Addensa327. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 148. 1999.

双柏假毛蕨 shuang bai jia mao jue

   Plants ca. 40 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping. Fronds remote; dimorphic; fortile stipes reached to 43 cm long, stramineous, sparsely brown scaly and hairlees; laminae oblong-lanceolate, ca. 50 x ca. 18 cm, lower 1-2 pairs of pinnae slightly shortened, acuminate at apexes, bipinnatipartite; lateral pinnae ca. 20 pairs, flatly spreading, alternate, subsessile; mid pinnae narrow-lanceolate, ca. 9 x ca. 1.4 cm, bases innarrowed, pinnatifid and longly caoudato-acuminate at apexes, 1-pinnatipartite; segments ca. 25 pairs, lanceolate, minute bended, ca. 4 x ca. 3 mm, obtuse-pointed at apexes, entire; sterile fronds smaller, lower 4 pairs of pinnae abruptly reduced into auricles. Veins clear on both sides, 7-8 paird of lateral veins on per segment, basel one pair come out from above bases of costae, acroscopic one veinlet reached to bottom of sinus, basiscopic one reached to margin above sinus. Fronds after dry darkish-green, papyraceous; rachies and rachillae densely bearing acicular hairs on both sides, acicular hairy on veins and under surface of intercostals area, upper surface occasionally one or two acicular hairy and hairless on intercostals area, short sedaceous along margins. Sori rounded and attached at below middle of lateral veins and closed to costae, 7-8 pairs on per segment; indusia brown, membraneous and hairy on the back, persistent.

   Under evergreen broad-leaf forest; ca. 2100 m.; endemic Yunnan ( shuangbai).

11. Peudocyclosorus dulongjiangensis W. M. Chu in Acta Bot, Yunnan. Suppl. 5: 45-46. f, 21. 1992.

獨龙江假毛蕨 du long jiang jia mao jue

    Rhizomes creeping, darkish-brown and firm. Stipes 8 cm long, stramineous, sparsely scaly at lower part. Laminae ca. 110 long, lanceolate, pinnaetifid-acuminate at apexes; lower 12 paors reduced into butterfly- shaped, mid normal pinnae ca. 23 pairs, subflately spreading, alternate, sessile, acuminate at apexes, ca. 15 x ca. 2.6 cm, 1-pinnatipartite; segments super 30 pairs, subrectangular, basel one pair of pinnae elongate, subflatly spreading, the others minute bended up, basel segments 1.2-1.5 x ca. 0.4 cm, obtuse-pointed at apexes, entire. Costae raised on both sides, 8-9 pairs on per segment, basel one pair reached to bottom of sinus. Fronds green after dry, thin-papyraceous, under surfaces bearing acicular hairs along rachies, rachillae, veins and intercostal area, upper surfaces bearing appressed seta along longitudinal vallecula of rachillae, costae and veinlets also sparsely hairy, setaceous along margins. Sori rounded, attached at below middle of laeral veins and closed to bases of costae; indusia roundo-reniform, persistent, glandular and fine hairy on the back.

    On margins of evergreen broad-leaved forest on mountain slope; 1230-1450 m.; endemic Yunnan ( gongshan, dulongjiang).

12. Pseudocyclosorus canus (Bak.) Holtt. & Grimes in Kew Bull. 34 (3): 509. 1980.

长根假毛蕨 chang gen jia mao jue

Nephrodium canum Bak., Syn. Fil. 267. 1867; Dryopteris cana (Bak.) Kuz.; Asplenium molliusculum Kuhn; Nephrodium repens Hope; Thelypteris repens (Hope) Ching; Pseudocyclosorus repnes (Hope) Ching and P. medogensis Ching & S. K. Wu.

    Plants over 1 m. tall. Rhizomes suberect and subsmooth. Fronds clustered; stipes 15-20 cm long, stramineous or brownish, sparsely bearing brown scales and dense seta; laminae oblong-lanceolate, 40-80 x 13-25 cm, pinnatifid-acuminate at apexes, lower major pairs of pinnae reduced into butterfly-shaped or auricles, normal pinnae 20-25 pairs, alternate, sessile, ubflately spreading, bipinnatipartite; mid pinnae elongato-lanceolate, pinntifidly longo-acuminate, basel one pair of segments slightly elongate, flatly spreading, 7-14 x 1.6-2.4 cm, pinnatipartite nearly reched to rachillae; segments ca. 20-28 pairs, subligulate, minute bended, 7-12 x 2.5-4 mm, acute and entire. Veins raised on both sides, visible, 8-12 pairs of lateral veins on per segment, basel one pair come out from bases or above bases of costae, acroscopic one vein reached to bottom, basiscopic one reached to margin above sinus. Fronds thin papyraceous or herbaceous after dry, darkish-green or greenish; under sides of rachies, rachillae and veins all bearing lanceolate acicular hairs, upper surfaces densely bearing appressed seta along longitudinal vallecula, sparsely setaceous along veins, short hairy on intercostals area on both surfaces. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins; indusia roundo-reniform, brown, persistent and shary on the back.

    Under broad-leaved forest on mountain slopes; 900-2800 m.; Xizang ( meduo) ( N. India, 13. Pseu Nepal and Sikkim). Typical specimen collected from N.W. India.

13. Pseudocyclosorus fugongensis Y. X. Lin in Addenda 327. Fl. Reipubl. Zpopul. Sin. 4 (1): 149. 1999.

福贡假毛蕨 fu gong jia mao jue

    Plants reached to 1 m. tall. Rhizome unseen. Stipes ca. 50 cm long, darkish-brown, deeply stramineoys up and smooth; laminae broado-lanceolate, ca. 85 x ca. 20 cm, pinnatifid-acuminate at apexes, to base abruptly tapering, lower 2 pairs of pinnae reduced into butterfly-shaped, mid normal pinnae ca. 30 pairs, alternate, flatly spreading, sessile, bipinnatipartite; mid pinnae lanceolate, 12-15 x ca. 1.5 cm, long-acuminate at apexes,, bases innarrowed, roundo-truncate, pinnatipartite nearly reached to rachillae; segments ca. 25 pairs, lanceolate, acute at paexes, ca. 7 x ca. 3 mm, entire. Veins clear, costae raised on both sides, lateral veins 8-12 pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out from bases of costae, acroscopic one vein reached to bottom of sinus, basiscopic one reached to margin above sinus. Fronds darkish-green after dry, papyraceous, under surfaces along rachies, rachillae, veins and intercostals area all bearing long acicular hairs, upper surfaces along longitudinal vallecula of rachillae appressed setaceous, costae appressed short hairy, lateral veins one or two setaceous, glabrous on intercostals area. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins; indusia roundo-reniform, thick-membranous, brown, densely short hairy on the back and persistent.

    Under evergreen broad-leaved forest on mountain slopes ca. 1800 m.; endemic Yunnan (fugong).

    The species is different with P. canus (Bak.) Holtt. & Grrimes Mainly in upper surfaces glabrous on intercostals area, laminal 2 pairs of reduced pinnae.

14.Pseudocyclosorus lushuiensis Y. X. Lin in Addenda 327. Fl. Reipopul. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 150. 1999.

Plants reached to 70 cm tall. Rhizomes erect. Fronds clustered stipes reached to 32 cm long, stramineous; laminae ovato-lanceolate, ca. 38 x ca. 18 cm, pinnatifid-acuminate at apexes, lower 3 pairs of pinnae reduced into auricles, one pair reduced into butterfly-ahaped, mid normal pinnae ca. 17 pairs, lower ones subopposite, up ones alternate, short stalked, except basel one pair minute bended downwards, the others bended up, bipinnatipartite; pinnae lanceolate, bended up falcate, mid pinnae ca. 13 x ca. 2 cm, pinnatipartite; segments ca. 26 pairs, subrectangular, bended up, ca. 6 x ca. 3 mm, acute at apexes, enatre. Costae raised on both sides, ca. 10 pairs of lateral veins on per segment, clearly visible. Fronds darkish-green after green, chartaeous. Rachies, rachillae and costae all densely bearing acicular hairs and pubescences on under sides, upper side of rachillae densely appressed seta along longitudinal vallecula, veinlents and along margins sparsely setaceous, costae short hairy on upper sides, under surfaces densely bearing acicular fine hairs on intercostals area. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins; indusia roundo-reniform, brown, hairy on the back and persistent.

     Under ever-green broad-leaved forest; ca. 2200 m.; endemic Yunnan ( Lushui e

15.Pseudocyclosorus zayu”ensis Ching & S. K. Wu, Fl. Xizang. 1: 68. f. 4: 11-12. 1982.  

察隅假毛蕨 cha yu jia mao jue

Plants 1-1.5 m. tall. Rhizomes short and decumbent, subsmooth. Fronds clusterd; stipes 10-30 cm long, stramineousish, sparsely bearing brown scales on lower parts, up short setaceous and easy decious by brushed; laminae oblongo-lanceolate, 90-120 x 20-30 cm , lower major pairs of pinnae reduced into buttefly-shaped or auricles,  pinnatifid-acuminate at apexes, mid normal pinnae ca. 22 pairs, subflatly spreading, alternate, linear-lanceolate, acuminte at apexes, bases intapering, flatly truncate, sessile or extemly short stalked, pinnatipartite nearly reached to rachillae; segments ca. 30 pairs, obliquely spreading, subligulate, minute bended, obtuse-pointed at apexes and entire, 8-9 x ca. 3 mm. Veins clear, costae clear and raised on both sides, 9-10 pairs of lateral veins on per segment, single, basel one pair come out from above base of costae, acroscopic one veinlet reached to bottum of sinus, basiscopic one reached to margin above sinus. Fronds green or darkish-green after dry, papyraceous. Under surfaces densely bearing acucular hairs along rachies, rachillae, costae and on intercostals area, densely setaceous along longitudinal vallecula of  rachillae on upper side, sparser on veins. Sori rounded, attached at middlae of lateral veins, 9 pairs on per  segment; indusia roundo-reniform, brown, bearing more acicular hairs on the back, persistent.

     Under ever-green broad-leaved forest or stream sides; 2010-2200m.; Xizang (chayu) and Yunnan (gongshan).

16.Pseudocyclosorus pectnatus Ching & Shing in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 31 (6): 98. 1993.

蓖齿假毛蕨 bi chi jia mao jue

    Plants ca. 1.5 cm tall. Rhizomes decumbent, firm. Fronds remote; stipes ca. 38 cm long, deeply stramineous, bearing one or two scales on lower parts, up smooth. Laminae ovato-lanceolate, over 110 x ca. 30 cm, pinnatifid-acuminate at apexes; lower 10 pairs of pinnae gradually reduced into butterfly-shaped or auricles, 9 pairs reduced into tuberles, mid normall reached to over 30 pairs, lower several pairs subopposite, up ones alternate, short slatked or sessile, obliquely spreading, bipinnatipartite; mid pinnae lanceolate, reached to 19- ca. 13 cm, long-acumiate at apexes, bases tapering, cuneate, 1-pinnatipartite; segments ca. 35 pairs, obliquely spreading, sublanceolate, obtuse-pointed at apexes, entire, ca. 10  ca. 4 mm,  basel one pair of egments ( particule basiscopic one piec ) clearly shortened.Veins visible on both sides, costae raised on both sides, 11-12 pairs of lateral veins on per segment, obliquely up, basel one pair of lateral veins all come out from bases of costae, acroscopic one veinlet reached to bottom of sinus, basiscopic one reached to margin above sinus. Fronds darkish-green after dry, papyraceous; under surfaces bearing acucular hairs along rachies, rachillae, veins and intercostals area, upper surfaces densely bearing appressed seta along longitudinal vallecula of rachillae, veins fine hairy on upper sides and setaceous along margins. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins; indusia roundo-reniform, brown, densely fine hairy on the back, persistent.

    Under mixed forest by stream sides; 1900-2300 m.; endemic Yunnan ( Gongshan).

17.Pseudocyclosorus gongshanensis Y. X. Lin in Addenda 328. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 151. 1999.

贡山假毛蕨 gong shan jia mao jue

    Plants reached to 1 m. tall. rhizome unseen. Stipes ca. 23 cm long, bases brownish, up till rachies straminae, glabrous; laminae broado-lanceolate, ca. 70 x ca. 30 cm, lower 3 pairs of pinnae reduced into butterfly-shaped, pinnatifid-acuminate at apexes, bipinnatipatite; mid normal pinnae ca. 20 pairs, alternate, flatly spreading, lanceolate, 15-17 x 2.5-3 cm, acuminate at apexes, bases flatly truncate, sessile, 1-pinnatipartite; segments over 25 pairs, broado-ligulate, 11-14 x 5-6 mm, round-obtuse at apexes, basel one pair of segments (particularly acroscopic one piec) clearly broadened, slightly lobed along margins.Veins clear on under sides, raised on both sides, 10-12 pairs of lateral veins on per segment, acroscopic one veinlet of basel one pair reached to bottum of sinus, basiscopic one reached to margin above sinus. Fronds greenish after dry, herbaceous, under sufaces densely bearing acicular hairs along rachies, rachillae, veins and intercostals area and mixed grands; upper surfaces densely setaceous along longitudinal vallecula of rachillae, appressed short hairy on costae, glabrous on intercostals area. Sori rounded, attaches at over middle of lateral veins, 7-8 pairs on per segment; indusia roundo-reniform, membranous, brown, bearing one or two short hairs on the back, persistent.

On margin of ever-green broad-leaved forest on slpes; ca 1400 m.; Yunnan (Gongshan).

`The species is similar to P. pseudorepens Ching, but basel one pair of segments far big, lobed along margin, sori attached at over middle of lateral veins.

18. Pseodocyclosorus pseodorepens Ching ex Y. X. Lin ex Shing in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 31 (6): 571. 1993.

毛脉假毛蕨 mao mai jia mao jue

           Plants 90-110 cm tall. Rhizomes decumbent, woody. Fronds approached; stipes ca. 40 cm long, stramineous, subsmooth; laminae lanceolate, 40-70 x 15-20 cm, pinnatfid-acuminate at apexes, bipinnatipartite; lower 3 pairs of pinnae reduced into butterfly-shaped, mid normal pinnae ca. 20 pairs, obliquely spreading, alternate, sessile, ca. 14 x ca. 2 cm, bases slightly shortened,  pinnatifidly long-caudate at apexes, 1-pinnatipartite nearly reached to rachillae; segments ca. 25 pairs, sublanceolate, roundo-obtuse at apexes, entire, ca. 9 x ca. 3 mm. Veins visible, costae raised on both sides, 9-11 pairs of lateral veins on per segment, obliquely up, basel one pair come out from above base of costae, acroscopic one veinlet reached to bottom of sinus, basiscopic one reached to margin above sinus. Fronds darkish-green after dry, papyraceous; under surfaces bearing long acicular hairs along rachies, rachillae, veins and on intercostals area, upper surfaces densely bearing seta along longitudinal vallecula of rachillae, costae fine hairy on upper sides, lateral veins and along margins one or two setaceous. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins; indusia roundo-reniform, brown, occasionally fine hairy on the back, persistent.

        On rocks by stream sides; 2200-2500 m.; endemic Yunnan ( gongshan).

19.Pseudocyclosorus paraochthodes Ching ex Shing & J. F. Cheng in Jiangxi Sci. 8 (3): 43-44. 1990.

武宁假毛蕨 wu ning jia mao jue

           Plants reached to 1.2 m. tall. Rhizomes decumbent, darkish-brown. Fronds approached; stipes 8-10 cm long, darkish-brown on bases, up stramineous, smooth; laminae ca. 110 x 26-35 cm, oblongo-lanceolate or broado-lanceolate, pinnatifid-acuminate at apexes, bases rapidly narrowed, bipinnatipartite; normal lateral pinnae 28-30 pairs, extremely short stalked, alternate, obliquely spreading, lower 7-9 pairs abruptly reduced into small linear auricles, basel one reduced into tubercles, mid pinnae 20 cm long, linearo-lanceolate, caudately long-acuminate at apexes, bases broado-cuneate, 1-pinnatipartite nearly reached to rachillae; segments ca. 35 pairs, obliquely up, sublanceolate, acute at apexes, entire, 8-10 x ca. 3 mm. Veins clear on under sides, 9-10 pairs of lateral veins on per segment, acroscopic one veinlet of basel one pair come out from above base of costae and reached to bottom of sinus, basiscopic one veinlet come out from base of costae and reached to margin above sinus. Fronds green after dry, papyraceous; under surfaces sparsely bearing acicular hairs along rachies, along rachillae and veins mixed acicular seta and fine hairs; upper surfaces densely bearing acicular seta along longitudinal vallecula of rachies and rahillae, costae densely bearing appressed short hairs on upper sides, on lateral veins and along margins one or two setaceous. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins, 7-8 pairs on per segment; indusia roundo-reniform, thick in texture, brown, fine long hairy on the back, persistent.

        In crevices among rocks; Jiangxi ( wuning).

20. Pseudocyclosorus falcilobus (Hook.) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin 8: 324, 1963. 

镰片假毛蕨 lian pia jia mao jue

Lastrea faciloa Hook. in Journ. Bot.9: 337. 1857; Asplenium flacilobum Benth.; Nephrodium falcilobum Hook.; Dryopteris falciloba C. Chr.; Thelypteris falciloba Ching; Glaphyropteris falciloba H. Ito; Nephrodium calcaratum Bak.; Drypteris calcaratus v. A. v. R.; Lastrea calcarata var. ciliata Bedd.; Nephrodoum xylodes Hand.-Mazz.

Plants 65-80 cm tall. Rhizomes erect, woody, apexes and bases of stipes bearing brown lanceolate cales. Fronds clustered; stipes 6-10 cm long, bases darkish-brown, up stramineous, smooth; laminae lanceolate, 60-70 x 14-18 cm, pinnatifid-acuminate at apexes, lower parts abruptly narrowed, bipinnatipartite; lower 3-6 pairs of pinnae reduced into small auricles, mid normal pinnae 36-38 pairs, extremely up, alternate or subopposite, sessile, linearo-lanceolate, 12-13 x 1-1.2 cm, long-acuminate at apexes, bases cuneate, pinnatipartite nearly reached to rachillae; segments 22-25 pairs, falceto-lanceolate, obliquely up, 5-7 x 2-2.5 mm, acute at apees, entire, basel acroscopic one piec particularly elongated reached to 1 cm long. Veins visible on upper sides, costae raised on both sides, lateral veins extremely oblique-up, 9-10 pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out from base of costae, acroscopic one veinlet reached to bottom sinus, basiscopic one reached to margin above sinus. Fronds darkish-green after dry, chataceous; under surfaces bearing acucular seta along rachies, rachillae and veins, glabrous on intercostal area, upper surfaces bearing appressed seta along longitudinal vallecula of rachillae, veins and margin nearly glabrous. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins; indusia roundo-reniform, thick in texture, brown, fladular on the back, persistent.

On lithosoil by werter sides in valley; 300-1100 m.; Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hong-kong, S.W and S. Yunnan and Zhejiang ( India, Japan, Laos. Myanmer, Thailand and Vietnam). Typical specimen collected from Hong-kong. 

    21. Pseudocyclosorus lushanensis Ching ex Y. X. Lin in Addenda 328. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 155. 1999.

庐山假毛蕨 lu shan jia mao jue

                 Plants 40-50 cm tall. Rhizomes decumbent, sparsely bearing scales. Fronds approached; stipes 13-18 cm long, bases sparsely brown scaly, up smooth, deeply stramineous; laminae lanceolate, 20-32 x 10-13 cm, pinnatifi-acuminate at apexes, tapering to lower parts, bipinnatipartite; lower 2 pairs of pinnae reduced into auricles, mid normall pinnae 16-18 pairs, lower ones subopposite, up ones alternate, obliquely spreading, sessile, narrow-lanceolate, 6.7-7.5 x ca. 1.2 cm, longo-acuminate at apexes, bases innarrowed, flatly truncate, pinnatipartite nearly reached to rachillae; segments ca. 17 pairs, lanceolate, obliquely spreading, 4-5 x ca. 7 mm, obtuse-pointed at apexes, entire. Veins clear, costae raised on both sides, ca. 6 pairs of lateral veins on per segment. Fronds darkish-green after dry, papyraceous; under surfaces sparsely bearing seta and fine short hairs along rachies, rachillae and veins, hairless on intercostals area, upper surfaces densely setaceous along longitudinal vallecula of rachillae, the hairs sparser along veins but mixed a few glads. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins; indusia roundo-reniform, brown, glandular and one or two fine hairy on the back, persistent.

                        By stream sides under forest; ca. 600 m.; Fujian and Jiangxi ( lushan and jinganshan).

22. Pseudocyclosorus esquirolii (Christ) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 324. 1963.

西南假毛蕨 xi nan jia mao jue

     Dryopteris equirolii Christ in Bull. Acad. Geogr. Bot. Mans 144. 1907; Christella equirolii L’eveille; Thelypteris equirolii Ching; Dryopteris xylodes C. Chr.;Dryopteris eberhardtii Christ; Pseudocyclosorus drymophilus Ching.

                   Plants reached to n1.5 m. tall. Rhizomes creeping. Fronds remote; stipes deeply stramineous, smooth above base. Laminae ca. 130 x ca. 30 cm, broadly oblongo-lanceolate, pinnatifid-acuminate at apexes, bases tapering, bipinnatipartite; pinnae major pairs, lower 9-11 pairs alternate, downwards gradually reduced into triangular auricles, up every pair alternate, sessile, flatly spreading, lanceolate, 15-20 x 2-2.3 cm, longly caudato-acuminate at apexes, bases roundo-truncate, symmetrical, pinnatifid reached near rachillae; segments 30-35 pairs, flatly spreading, lanceolate, 9-10 x 2.5-3 mm, obtuse or acute at apexes, entire, basel one pair (particularly acroscopic one piec) clearly elongated. Veins visible, costae raised on both sides, 8-12 pairs of lateral veins on per segment, basel one pair come out from base of costae, acroscopic one veinlet reached to bottom of sinus, basiscopic one reached to margin above sinus. Fronds darkish-green after dry, chartaceous, glabrous on both surfaces of intercostals area, under surfaces acicular hairy along rachies and rachillae, upper surfaces densely appressed setaceous along longitudinal vallecula of rachillae, one or two setaceous on veins and margin. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins, 10-12 pairs on per segment; indusia roundo-reniform, thick-membranous, brown, hairless and persistent.

                  On rocks by stream sides in valley or by bomboo stream sides; 450-2100 m.; Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangi, Sichuan, Taiwan and ayunnan ( E. Himalayas N. India,  Myanmer, Nepal, Thailand ). Typical specimen collected from Guizhou ( Guiyang).

23. Pseudocyclosorus linearis Ching & Shing ex Y. X. Lin in Addenda 328. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 157. 1999.

线羽假毛蕨 xian yu jia mao jue

             Plants over 1.6 m. tall. Rhizome unseen. Stipes ca. 30 cm long, bases subdarkish-brown, up stramineous, smooth; laminae lanceolate, ca. 140 x ca. 40 cm,  pinnatifid-acuminate at apexes, bipinnatipartite; lower 9 pairs of pinnae abruptly reduced into auricles, mid normal pinnae over 30 pairs, alternate, obliquely spreading, sessile, linear-lanceolate, ca. 20 x ca. 2.3 cm, bases inbroadened, pinnatifid-acuminate at aexes, 1-pinnatipartite; segments ca. 40 pairs, ligulate, 9-11 x ca. 5 mm, acute at apexes. Veins inclear, ca. 12 pairs of lateral veins on per segment, basel one pair reached to bottom of sinus. Fronds darkish-green after dry, herbaceous; under surfaces setaceous along rachis,glabrous along rachillae, veins densely glandular, upper surfaces densely setaceous along longitudinal vallecula of rachillae, one or two setaceous on lateral veins, a few fine hairy along costae. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins; indusia roundo-reniform, brown, thick in texture, persistent and hairless.

               Under mixed forest by stream sides; ca. 900 m.; endemic Sichuan (emei mountain).

The species is similar to P. equirolii (Christ) Ching, but pinnae linear-lanceolate, basel one pair of veinlets on segments reached to bottom of sinus.

24. Pseudocyclosoru submarginalis Ching ex Y. X. Lin in Addenda 328. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 157. 1999.

边囊假毛蕨 bian nang jia mao jue

              Plants reached to 75 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping, woody, firm. Fronds remote; stipes ca. 23 cm long, deeply stramineous, bases sparsely bearing deeply brown lanceolate scales, up smooth; laminae broado-lanceolate, ca. 50 x ca. 25 cm, pinnatifid-acuminate at apexes, abruptly narrowed on lower parts, bipinnatipartite; lower 3 pairs of pinnae reduced into butterfly-shaped, mid normal pinnae ca. 21 pairs, alternate, flatly spreading, sessile, 12-14 x 15-17 cm, bases nearly tapering, subflatly truncate, apexes pinnatifidly longo-acuminate, pinnatipartite nearly to rachillae; segments ca. 22 pairs, lanceolate, ca. 6 x ca. 4 mm, obliquely spreading, roundo-obtuse at apexes, entire. Veins raised on both sides, 7-9 pairs of lateral veins on per segment basel one pair come out from above bases of costae, basiscopic one veinlet reached to bottom of sinus, acroscopic one reached to margin above sinus. Fronds greenish aftera dry, thin-papyraceous; under surfaces sparse long acicular hairy along rachies, glabrous along rachillae, sparse fine hairy and glandular along veins, upper surfaces densely bearing appressed seta along longitudinal vallecula of costae, sparse setaceous along lateral veins. Sori rounded, attached at above middle of lateral veins and closed to margins; indusia roundo-reniform, brown, glabrous and persistent.

  The habitat unknow; Sichuan.

            The species is similar to P. equirolii (Christ) Ching, but the plants shorter and smaller, laminae ca. 50 cm long, basel one pair of veinlets on segment come out above base of costae, sori attached at above middle of laterl veins and closed to margins

25. Pseudocyclosorus qingchengensis Y. X. Lin in Addenda 329. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 158. 1999.

青城假毛蕨 qing cheng jia mao jue        

Plants reached to 1.4 m. tall. Rhizomes creeping, woody, firm, darkish-brown, sparse scaly; the scales lanceolate, deeply brown, fragile in texture and easy deciduous. Fronds remote; stipes 32-37 cm long, bases darkish-brown, up stramineous, smooth; laminae lanceolate, ca. 100 x ca. 30 cm, pinnatifi-acuminate at apexes, bases abruptly narrowed, bipinnatipartite; lower 3-6 pairs of pinnae reduced into butterfly-shaped, mid normal pinnae ca. 30 pairs, lower ones subopposite, up ones alternate, sessile, long-lanceolate, 12-19 x ca. 2.5 cm, pinnatifid-acuminate at apexes, bases flatly truncate, pinnatipartite; segments ca. 37 pairs, 8-10 x ca. 3 mm, obtuse-pointed at apexes, entire. Veins clear, costae raised on both sides, ca. 12 pairs of lateral veins on per segment, basel one pair come out from above base of costae, basiscopic one veinlet reached to bottom of sinus, acroscopic one reached to margin above sinus. Fronds darkish-green after dry, papyraeous; under surfaces long acicular hairy along rachies, sparse short hairy along rachillae and veins, dense short hairy on intercostal area, upper surfaces dense appressed setaceous along longitudinal vallecula of rachillae, one or two setaceous along veins and glabrous on intercostal area. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins; indusia roundo-reniform, brown, thick in texture, glabrous and persistent.

            Under forest on slope or wet and shaded forest by stream sides; Guangxi ( longshen), Sichuan ( guanxian, qingchenshan).

           The species is similar to P. equirolii (Christ) Ching in outline, but basel one pair of segments clearly elongated, basel one pair of veinlets come out from above base of ostae, lamina densely bearing short hairs on itercostal area on under surface.

26. Pseudocyclosorus angustipinnus Ching ex Y. X. Lin in Addenda 329. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 159. 1999.

狭羽假毛蕨 xia yu jia mao jue

Plants reached to 90 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping, darkish-brown, woody, apexes bearing brown scales. Fronds remote; stipes ca. 35 cm long, bases darkish-brown, sparsely scaly, up straminaeous and glabrous; lamiane lanceolate, ca. 50 x ca. 16 cm, pinnatifid-acuminate at apexes, bipinnatipartite; basel one pair of pinnae reduced into auricles, the second pair minute shortened than above normal ones, normal pinnae ca. 25 pairs, flatly spreading, alternate, sessile, lanceolate, 8-9 x ca. 1.5 cm, long-acuminalte at apexes, bases subroudo-truncate, pinnatipartite nearly reached to rachillae; segments ca. 20 pairs, ca. 6 x ca. 3 mm, round-obtuse at apexes, entire. Veins clear on both sides, costae raised on borh sides, ca. 10 pairs of lateral veins on per segment, basel one pair come out from above bases of costae, basiscopic one vein reached to bottom of sinus, acroscopic one reached to margin above sinus. Fronds grayish-green after dry, papyraceous; under surfaces densely long acicular hairy along rachies, mixed sparse setaceous and fine short hairy along rachillae and veins, also fine hairy on intercostals area, upper surfaces dense appressed setaceous along longitudinal vallecula of costa, spars setaceous along veins, glabrous on intercostals area. Sori rounded, attached at above middle of lateral veins and closed to margins, brown, thick in texture, glabrous and persistent.

       Under humid forest; ca. 980 m.; endemic Guizhou ( fan jing shan).

             The species is similar to P. equirolii ( Christ) Ching, but laminae hairy on intercostal area on under surfaces, sori attached at upper parts of veinlets.

27. Pseudocyclosorus stramineus Ching ex Y. X. Lin in Addenda 329. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 159. 1999.

禾杆假毛蕨 he gan jia mao jue

           Plants ca. 1.2 m. tall. Rhizome unseen. Stipes ca. 36 cm long, densely bearing acicular hairs. Laminae lanceolate, ca. 65 x ca. 20 cm, tapering to both ends, bipinntipartite; lower ca. 8 pairs of pinnae reduced into butterfly-shaped, normal pinnae over 25 pairs, alternate, flatly spreading, sessile, elongato-lanceolate, ca. 13 x ca. 1.7 cm, intapering to base, pinnatifid-acuminate at apexes, 1-pinnatipartite; segments ca. over 30 pairs, lanceolate, ca. 7 x ca. 4 mm, acute at apexes, entire. Veins raised on both sides, ca. 9 pairs of lateral veins on per segment, basel one pair come out from above base of costae, basiscopic one veinlet reaches to margin above sinus, acroscopic one reached to bottom of sinus. Fronds darkish-brown after dry, papyraceous; rachies densely bearing long acucular hairs on both sides, along under sides of rachillae sparse acicular hairy, bearing appressed short setaceous along upper sides of veins, one or two setaceous along lateral veins and margins. Sori rounded and attached at middle of lateral veins, ca. 7 pairs on per segment; indusia roundo-reniform, brown, thick in texture, glabrous and persistent.

The habitat unknow; W. Yunnan.

28. Pseudocyclosorus duclouxii (Christ) Ching in Act Phytotax. Sin. 8: 324. 1963.

苍山假毛蕨 cang shan jia mao jue

Dryopteris duclouxii Christ in Bull . Acad. Geogr. Bot. Mans 1907: 139. 1907; Thelypteris doclouxii Ching.

        Plants reached to 2 m. tall. Rhizomes creeping. Fronds remote; stipes ca. 55 cm long, sparsely bearing appressed ovate scales, up sparsely grayish-white short hairy; laminae ca. 150 x ca. 55 cm, pinnatifi-acuminate at apexes, abruptly narrowed to bases, bipinnatipartite; lower major pairs of pinnar reduced into triangular auricles, mid normal pinnae ca. 45 pairs, obliquely spreading, alternate, sessile, lanceolate, 18-20 x 3.3.5 cm, long pinnatifid-acuminate at apexes, bases flatly truncate, pinnatifid reached to broad-wing on both lateral sides of rachillae; segments ca. 40 pairs, subflatly spreading, basel one piec 10-12 x ca. 4 mm, acuminate at apexes, entire or unclearly undulato-crenate. Veins clear on both sides, 11-13 pairs of lateral veins on per segment, basel one pair come out from bases of costae, acroscopic one veinlet reached to bottom of sinus, basiscopic one reached to margin above sinus. Fronds darkish-brown after dry, herbaceous; under surfaces densely bearing acicular hairs along rachies, sparse short hairy along rachillae and veins, upper surfaces dense appressed setaceous along longitudinal vallecula of rachillae, sparse setaceous along veins and margins, glabrous on both surfaces on intercostal area. Sori rounded, attaches at above middle of lateral veins and closed to margins; indusia small, roundo-reniform, brownish, thick-membranous, glabrous and persistent.

       On stream sides; endemic W. Yunnan ( dali cangshan).

29. Pseudocyclosorus jiniangensis Ching ex X. Y. Lin in Addenda 330. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 160. 1999.

綦江假毛蕨 qi jiang jia mao jue

                  Plants eached to 40 cm tall.  Rhizomes decumbent, sparse brown scaly. Fronds approached; stipes ca. 14 cm long, stramineous, sparse brown scaly on base, up smooth; laminae ovato-lanceolate, ca. 28 x ca. 17 cm, pinnatifid-acuminate at apexes, bases abruptly narrowed, bipinnatipartite; lower 2 pairs of pinnae reduced into butterfly-shaped, reflexed downwards, mid normal pinnae ca. 16 pairs, lower one opposite, up ones alternate, sessile, slightly obliquely up, lanceolate, 8.5-9 x ca. 2 cm, long pinnatifid-acuminate at apexes, bases broadened and subflatly truncate, 1-pinnatipartite; segments 22-24 pairs, pinnatipartite nearly reached to rachillae, lanceolate, except basel one pair, all obliquely spreding up, basel one pair clearly elongated, ca. 6 x ca. 3 mm, basel one pair of segments on lowest 2 pairs of pinnae pinnato-lobate and undulate, acuminate at apexes, the others all obtuse-pointed and entire. Veins clear, 6-7 pairs of lateral veins on per segment, basel one pair come out from above base of costae, basiscopic one veinlet reached to bottom of sinus, acroscopic one reached to margin above sinus. Fronds darkish-geen after dry, papyraceous; under surfaces sparse long acicular hairy along achies, sparse setaceous along rachillae and veins, upper surfaces dense appressed setaceous along longitudinal vallecula of rachillae, sparse setaceous along veins and margins, glabrous on intercostal area on both surfaces. Sori rounded, attached at above middle of lateral veins and slightly closed to margins; indusia roundo-reniform, brownish, membranous, persistent and glabrous.

             On raised land by well; endemic Chongqing (qijiang).

30. Pseudocyclosorus tsoi Ching in Fl. Fujian 1: 150. 1982.

景烈假毛蕨 jing lie jia mao jue

               Plants 75-150 cm tall. Rhizomes ascending, densely bearing brown broado-lanceolate scales on apexes. Fronds subclustered; stipes 20-50 cm long, darkish-brown at bases and sparse scaly, up deeply stramineous and smooth; laminae 50-100 x 20-30 cm, oblongo-lanceolate, pinnatifid-acuminate at apexes, abruptly narrowed at base, bipinnatipartite; lower major pairs of pinnae into auricles or butterfly-shaped, mid normal pinnae 20-25 pairs, subflatly spreading, sessile, alternate, narrow-lanceolate, 15-18 x 1.5-3 cm, pinnatifid longo-acuminate at apexes, slightly broadened at base and broado-cuneate, pinnatifid nearly to rachillae; segments 20-30 pairs, obliquely up, lanceolate, basel one pair clearly elongated ca.15 mm long, up ones 7-12 x 2-4 mm, obtuse-pointed at apexes, entire. Veins clear on both sides, costae raised, 9-12 pairs of lateral veins on per segment, basel one pair come out from base of lateral veins, acroscopic one veinlet reached to bottom of sinus, basiscopic one reached to margin of above sinus. Fronds darkish-green after dry,  papyraceous; under surfaces fine hairy along rachies, rachillae and veins, upper surfaces dense appressed setaceous along longitudinal vallecula of rachillae, sparse setaceous on apexes of costae, lateral veins and margins, glabrous on intercostal area. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins; indusia roundo-reniform, brownish, thick-membranous, glabrous and persistent.

             On wet land on valley or by stream sides; 500-700 m.; Fujiang, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi and Zhejiang. Typcal specimen collected from Guangdong.

31. Pseudocyclosorus emeiensis Ching ex Y. X. Lin in Addenda 330. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 161. 1999.

峨眉假毛蕨 e emi jia mao jue

             Plants reached to 100 cm tall. Rhizome unseen. Stipes 15-20 cm long, stramineous and glabrous; lamianes lanceolate, 80-90 x ca. 20 cm, bipinnatipartite; lower 4 pairs of pinnae reduced into butterfly-shaped, mid normal pinnae ca. 20 pairs, subflatly spreading, alternate, narrow-lanceolate, 12-14 x ca. 1.4 cm, base roundo-truncate, sessile, alternate, remoted from each other, 1-pinnatipartite; segments ca. 30 pairs, narrow-ligulate, ca. 5 x ca. 2 mm, undulate on upper half of margin, basel one pair of segments inclearly elongated. Veins clear on both sides, ca. 8 pairs of lateral veins on per egment, single, basel acroscopic one veinlet reached to bottom of sinus, basiscopic one reached to margin above sinus. Fronds darkish-green after dry, firmo-papyraceous; rachies subglabrous on lower parts, a few setaceous on upper parts, the seta denser on upper side of rachies, fine short hairy on under sides of rachillae, costae bearing appressed soft hairs and glands, densely bearing seta along longitudinal vallecula of rachllae on upper side, sparse hairy on upper sides of veins, glabrous on intercostal area on both surfaces.Sori rounded and attached at above of middle of lateral veins; indusia roundo-reniform, brown, thick in texture, glabrous and persistent.

           By stream sides under Larix; ca. 700 m.; Sichuan ( e mei mountain).

 32. Pseudocyclosorus furcato-venulosus Y. X. Lin in Addenda 330. Fl Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 161. 1999.

叉脉假毛蕨 cha mai jia mao jue

         Plants reached to 130 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping. Stipes ca. 20 cm long, bases brown and sparse scaly, up stramineous and smooth; laminae ca. 100 x ca. 40 cm, bippinatipartite; lower 6 pairs of pinnae abruptly reduced into butterfly-shaped, mid normal pinnae reached to 28 pairs, flatly spreading, alternate, sessile, lanceolate, ca. 20 x ca. 2.5-3 cm, baees flatly truncate, acuminate at apexes,1-pinnatipartite; segments over 30 pairs, lanceolate, ca. 1.6 x ca. 3 mm, sharrowly pinnatifid. Veins clear on under sides, 11-13 pairs of lateral veins on per segment and often furcated, basel acroscopic one veinlet reached to bottom of sinus, basiscopic one reached to margin above sinus. Fronds darkish-green after dry, papyraceous; under surfaces nearly glabrous along rachies and rachllae, sparse short hairy along veins, upper surfaces densely setaceous along longitudinal valleculae of rachillae, fine hairy along veins and also one or two setaceous along lateral veins, glabrous on intercostal area. Sori subrounded, attached at above middle of lateral veins and closed to margins; indusia roundo-reniform, papyraceous, brown, glabrous and persistent.

        In forest of Phyllostachys pubescens on south slopes; Sichuan ( jun lian).

 33. Pseudocyclosorus damingshanensis Ching ex Y. X. Lin in Addenda 330. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 162. 1999. 

大明山假毛蕨 da ming shan jia mao jue

     Plants ca. 64 cm tall. Rhizomes decumbent, darkish-brown. Fronds clustred; stipes ca. 14 cm long, bases brown and sparsely barown scaly, up stramineous and smooth; laminae lanceolate, ca. 32 x ca 23 cm, tareing to both ends, bipinnatipartite; lower 3 pairs of pinnae gradually reduced into butterfly-shaped, mid normal pinnae ca. 17 pairs, subflatly spreading, alternate, sessile, elongato-lanceolate, ca. 11-ca. 1.7 cm, 1-pinnatipartite; segments ca. 20 pairs, lanceolate, ca. 8 x ca. 3 mm, acute at apexes and entire. Veins raised on both sides, ca. 8 pairs of lateral veins on per segment, basel on pair come out from above of bases of costae, acroscopic one veinlet reached to bottom of sinus, basiscopic one reached to margin above sinus. Fronds darkish-green after dry, thin-papyraceous; under surfaces bearing a few fine short hairs along rachillae and veins and mixed one or two seta, upper surfaces densely long setaceous along rachies and longitudinal valleculae of rachillae, except a few short hairs also bearing one or two setae along costae, glabrous on intercostal area. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins, 4-5 pairs on per segment; indusia brown thick in texture, bearing fine hairs on the back, persistent.

       The habitat unknow; Guangxi.

34. Pseudocyclosorus obliquus Ching ex Y. X. Lin in Addenda 331. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 162. 1999.

斜展假毛蕨 xie zhan jia mao jue

        Plants ca. 1.2 m. tall. Rhizome unseen. Stipes ca. 30 cm long, brown and glabrous; laminae oblongo-lanceolate, ca. 100 x ca. 30 cm, taperig to both ends, bipinnatipartite; lower 4 pairs of pinnae abruptly reduced into butterfly-sheped, mid normal painnae ca. 20 pairs, extremely oblique-up, alternat, elongato-lanceolate, ca. 25 x ca. 3 cm, nearly innarrowed on base, acumniate at apexes, entire, 1-pinnatipartite; segments over 35 pairs, lanceolate, 1.2-1.5 x ca. 0. 3 cm, acuminate at apexes, entire, basel acroscopic one piec slightly elongated. Veins visible on both sides and all raised, ca. 11 pairs of lateral veins on per segmet, basel one veinlet come out from base of costae and reached to margin above sinus, acroscopic one come out from above base of costae and reached to bottom of sinus. Fronds grayish-green after dry, papyraceous; under surfaces short setaceous along rachies, nearly glabrous along rachillae and veins, upper surfaces densely setaceous along longitudinal valleculae of rachillae, sparsely hairy along veins and margins, glabrous on both intercostal area. Sori rounded and attached at upper parts of lateral veins, ca. pairs on per segment; indusia roundo-reniform, brown, thick in texture, glabrous and persistent.

       By stream sides; Guangxi ( lingui xian).

35. Pseudocyclosorus subochthodes (Ching) Ching in Acta Pyhtotax. Sin. 8: 325. 1963.

普通假毛蕨 pu tong jia mao jue

Thelypteris subochthodes Ching in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. Bor, ser. 6: 305. 1936; Lastrea subochthodes Tagawa; Dryopteris eberharatii var. glabrata Christ; Aspidium prolxum Dunn & Tucher; Dryopteris ochthodes Ogata; Glaphyloptreris falciloba H. Ito.

         Plants 90-110 cm tall. Rhizomes short and decumbent, darkish-brown, sparsely scaly. Fronds approached or clustred; stipes 20-25 cm long, bases darkish-brown and sparsely scaly, up stramineous and glabrous; laminae oblongo-lanceolate, 70-85 x ca. 20 cm, pinnatifid-acuminate at apexes, bases abruptly narrowed, bipinnatipartite; lower 3-4 pairs of pinae abruptly reduced into triangular-auricles, mid normal pinnae 26-28 airs, subopposite or alternate, obliquely spreading, sessile, lanceolate, 10-15 x 1.2-2 cm, pinnatifidly longo-acuminate at apexes, in- or slightly narrowed to bases, roundo-cuneate, pinnatipartited nearly reached to rachillae; segments 28-30 pairs, lanceolate, acroscopic one piec on basel one pair minute elongated, others 7-9 x 2-3.5 mm, auute or acuminate at apexes, entire. Veins clear on both sides, costae raised, 9-10 pairs of lateral veins on per segment, basel one pair come out from above bases of costae, acroscopic one veinlet reached to bottom of sinus, basiscopic one reached to margin above sinus. Fronds g. Fronds grayish-green after dry, papyraceous, glabrous on both intercostal area, under surfaces subglabrous or sparsely short hairy along rachies, rachillae and veins, upper surfaces densely appressed setaceous along longitudinal valleculae of rachillae and one or two setaceous along veins. Sori rounded, attached at above middle of lateral veins and slightly closed to margin; indusia roundo-reniform, thick-membranous, glabrous and persistent.

         On wet land under mixed forest or rocks in valley; 200-1970 m.; S. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, S.E. Guangxi, Guizhou, Hong kong, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichua, Yunnan and Zhejiang (Japan and Korea). Typical specimen collected from Guangdong. 

36. Pseudocyclosorus latilobus (Ching) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 324. 1936.

阔片假毛蕨 kuo pien jia mao jue     

Thelypteris latiloba Ching in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot ser. 6: 303. 1963.

           The species minute similar to P. equirolii (Christ) Ching, differt in plant biger, pinae broader ( reached to 3 cm ), lower pinnae inshortened, segments oblong or oblongo-lanceolate, 1.2-1.7 x 0.6 cm, acute at apexes, entire or shallow-undulate. Fronds herbaceous. Sori attached at above middle of lateral veins and closed to margins.

         The habitat unknow; endemic M. Guihou. (ziyun).

37. Lsudocyclosorus guanxianensis Ching ex Y. X. Lin in Addenda 331. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 165. 1999.

灌县假毛蕨 gua xian jia mao jue

         Plants reached to 80 cm tall. Rhizomes decumbent, darkish-brown, woody, firm. Fronds approached; stipes ca. 30 cm long, brown on lower parts, up stramineous and glabrous; laminae lanceolate, ca. 55 x ca. 24 cm, pinnatifid-acuminate at apexes, tapering to base, bipinnatidifid; free pinnae ca. 20 pairs, minute obliquely spreading, sessile, subopposite, lower 2-3 pairs of pinnae slightly shortened, mid ones lanceolate, ca. 12 x ca. 1.9 cm, pinnatifid-acuminate at apexes, bases subcuneate, 1-pinnatipartited nearly reached to rachillae; segments ca. 23 pairs, lanceolate, ca. 7 x ca. 4 mm, obtuse-pointed at apexes, entire, pinnal basel acroscopic one segment particular elongated ( reached to 1 cm ). Veins clear on both sides, costae raised on under sides, ca. 9 pairs of lateral veins, basel one pair come out above bases of costae, acroscopic one veinlet reached to bottom of sinus, basiscopic one reached to margin above sinus. Fronds rufo-greenish after dry, subherbaceous; under surfaces sparsely bearing acicular long hairs along rachies, the hairs denser along rachillae and veins, fine and long acicular hairy on intercosatal area, upper surfaces densely bearing appressed short seta along rachies and longitudinal valleculae of rachillae, subglabrous along veins, acicular hairy along margins, glabrous on intercostal area. Sori rounded and attached at below middle of lateral veins and closed to costae; indusia roundo-reniform and acicular hairy, brown and persistent. Sporangia bearing 2-3 erect acicular hairs.

         On shady places under forest; ca. 1200 m.; endemic Sichuan ( Guanxian qinchen mountain).
38. Pseudocyclosorus ciliatus (Benth.) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 324. 1963.

溪边假毛蕨 xi bian jia mao jue

Aspidium ciliatus (Wall. List. n. 351. 1828. nom. Nud.) Benth., Fl. Hongk. 455. 1861; Lastrea ciliata Hook.; Dryopteris ciliata C. Chr. Thelypteris ciliata Ching; Trignospora ciliata (Benth.) Holtt.; Nephrodium calcaratum var. ciliatum Bak.; Dryopteris calcarata var. ciliata C. Chr.; Lastrea sericea Schott. Ex Bedd.; Nephrodium calcatum var. sericea v. A. v. R.; Nephrodium calcatum Dunn & Tutcher; Dryopteris calcata Merr.; Dryopteris pseudocalcarata C. Chr.

          Plants 20-40 cm tall.Rhizomes short and erect, subsmooth. Fronds clustered; stipes 8-25 cm, darkish-brown, sparsely bearing ovato-lanceolate scales, up deeply stramineous, throughout densely gryish-white acicular hairy; laminae lanceolate, 12-15 x 7-8 cm, pinnatifid-acuminate at apexes, bases bitly narrowed, bipinnatipartite; pinnae ca. 15 pairs, basel one pair bitly shortened, opposite, obliquely downwards, the others obliquely up, alternate, sessile, lanceolate, 3.5-5 x 0.8-1.5 cm, pinnatifid-acuminate at apexes, bases broado-cuneate, pinnalobete up to 1/4-1/3 of the distance to costule; segments 9-12 pairs, 1.5-4 x 1-1.5 mm (basel acroscopic one piec reaced to 6 mm long), subtriangualr-lanceolate, obtuse at apexes, entire. Veins clear on both sides, 4-6 pairs of lateral veins on per segment, basel one pair come out from above base of costae, acroscopic one veinlet reached to bottom of sinus, basiscopic one reached to margin above sinus, sometime two lateral veins joined and elongated to bottom of sinus. Fronds darkish-brown after dry, firm-papyraceous, glabrous on both intercostal area, rachies and costae all densely bearing acicular hairs on both sides, sparsely setaceous along both sides of lateral veins. Sori rounded and attached at lower parts of lateral veins and closed to costae; indusia round-reniform, darkish-brown, thick-membranous, densely bearing acicular hairs on the back, persistent. Spores trilete, four-lateral.

         On wet pland in mountain valley or in crevices by stream sides; 160-900 m.; Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan and Yunnan [ N. India, Indonasia, Malaysia, Myanmer, Nepal, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam]. Typical specimen collected from Guangdong.

 39. Pseudocyclosorus caudipinnus (Ching) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 324. 1963.

尾羽假毛蕨 wei yu jia mao jue

Thelypteris caudipinna Ching in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. Ser. 6: 288. 1936.  

          Plants ca. 55 cm tall. Rhizome unseen. Stipes ca. 28 cm long, laminae broado-lanceolate, ca. 27 x ca. 15 cm, pinnatifid-acuminate, bases innarrowed, bipinnatipartite; pinnae 11-13 pairs, lower 8-9 pairs opposite, up ones alternate, basel one pair reflexed downwards, mid pinnae flatly spreading, upper ones obliquely spreding, sessile; mid pinnae lanceolate, 7-8 x ca. 1.5 cm, pinnalobedly long-acuminate at apexes, bases innarrowed, pinnatipartite nearly reached to rachillae; segments ca. 15 pairs, broado-lanceolate, basel acroscopic one piec slightly elongated, the others ca. 5 x ca. 4 mm, obtuse-pointed at apexes, entire. Veins clear, basel acroscopic one veinlet on segments reached to bottom of sinus, basiscopic one reached to margin abinus. Fronds darkish-brown after dry, papyraceous; rachies, rachillae and veins long setaceous on under sides, fine hairy on intercostal area on under surfaces, upper surfaces densely bearing appressed seta along longitudinal valleculae of rachillae, sparsely setaceous along veins, glabrous on intercostal area. Sori rounded, attached at above middle of lateral veins and closed to margins; indusia roundo-reniform, brown, hairy on the back, persistent. Spores trilete, fourlateral.

           The habitat unknow; endemic Hainan.

13. MESOPTERIS Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16 (4): 21. 1978.

龙津蕨属 long jin jue shu

       Terrestrial big plants, reached to 2 m. tall, glabrous throughout. Rhizomes long and creeping, darkish-brown, woody, including bases of stipes densely bearing darkish-brown lanceolate scales. Fronds remote; stipes strong, subquadri-rib-shaped, reached to 1.2 m. lonng, smooth above bases, without tubercule aerophrore; laminae big, narrow-elliptic, 50-80 x ca. 40 cm, impairbipinnatifid, terminal pinna same shape and size with lower lateral ones, stalked; lateral pinnae reached to 30 pairs, 30-40 x ca. 2 cm, pinnatifid, lower ones subopposite, up ones alternate, obliquely spreading, under surfaces more or less bearing minute golden, globular glads; segments pointed at apexes,  8-10 pairs of lateral veins on per segment, single, lower 2 and half pairs by high and sharp triangular elongated to transluscent membranes insides of sinuses, but never connivent, separated from each other, sinu developed and from tops prodruding one callose arch-like firm projected on under laminal surfaces; fronds firmo-papyraceous after dry, darkish-brown, subsmooth on both surfaces. Sori rounded, exindusiate, in one or more line along each side of rachillae, attached at lower parts on basel one pair of veinlets and closed to rachille, or usually arranged in inregular 2-5 lines; sterile on upper veinlets; sporangia glabrous.

       One species.

1. Mesopteris tonkinensis (C. Chr.) Ching in acta Phytotax. Sin. 16 (4): 21. 1978.

龙津蕨 lon jin jue

Amphineuron tonkinense (C. Chr.) Holtt. In Blumea 23 (2): 210. 1977.

Characters same with genus.

       On humid rocks under open forest on limestone mountain; ca. 110 m; S-W. Guangxi (lonjin) [ N. Vietnam].

14.CYCLOSORUS Link, Hort. Berol. 128. 1833.

毛蕨属 mao jue shu

Cyclosorus Subgen. Cyclosorus A. R. Sm.; Christella Leveille; Sphaerostephanos J. Sm.; Pneumatopteris Nakai; Thelypteris Subgen. Cyclosorus K. Iwats.

Usually mid terrestrial under forest plants. Rhizomes creeping or long or short, less erect cylindraceous, sparsely scaly; the scales lanceolate or ovato-lanceolate, thick in texture, usually more or less bearing short seta, entire or often bearing sparse cilia. Fronds sparse or approached, less clustered, stipitate; stipes greenish, stramnieous or grayish after dry, bases sparsely bearing same scales ( less densely bearing or up), but throughout bearing graysh-white unicellular acicular hairs or pubescent; laminae oblong, triangular-lanceolate or oblanceolate, acuminate at apexes, usually abruptly contracted into pinnalobed-caudato-pinnae, bases broad or taperin, without tubercle aerophore at attached places of rachies; bipinnatifid, rare 1-pinnate, laterl veins usually 10-30 pairs or less, narrow-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, sessile or extremely stalked, acuminate at apexes, bases truncate, obliquely truncate, or roundo-truncate or tapering, lower pinnae often gradually shortened downwards, or become into auricles or tubercules (some time reduced into erophrores), bipinnatifid, from 1/5 to near costule rare subentire or bipinnate; segments major, pectinatery arranged, falcato-lanceolate, or triangular-lanceolate to rectangular, entire along margins, rare less serrate, obtuse or pointed at apexes, basel one pair particular acroscpic one piec often longer. Veins clear, lateral veins sigle on segments, occasionally forcate, obliquely up, straight or slightly bended up; basel one pair of lateral veins on adjacent segments unitng at ends to form triangular areolae with rachillae and from uniting point prodruding a excurrent veins reached to sinus or translucent membranous line below sinus, the second pair or major pairs ( more to 4 pairs, occasionally 5 pairs) of lateral veins which ends or uniting with excurrent veins or prodruding reached membranous line to form rhomic areolae ( venatio goniopteridis of Amperopteris), again upper lateral veins all reached to margins above sinus. Texture of fronds much varied, from herbaceous to chartaceous, greenish after dry, rare yellowish-green or blackish-brown, both surfaces at least along rachies, rachillae, costae and intercostals area more or less bearing grayish-white unicellular acicular hairs, under surfaces usually sparsely or densely bearing glands. Sori big, rounded, dosiflexed at middle and rare at bases or end of lateral veins, indusiate; indusia brown or darkish-brown, roundo-reniform, rather thick in texture, persistent, occasionally deciduous, usually bearing seta or pubescent, sometime glandular on the back. Soporangia smooth, or setaceous or glandular on the tops or top of gametangiophore. Spores bilateral, oblongo-reniform, occasionally quadrilateral, translucent, spinulate or verrucate on surfaces. Chromosome x = 36.

About 250 species. Wide spread tropic and subtropic reagion, particular most in Asia. 127 ( 106 endemic) in China.

1a. Basel one pair of lateral veins on adjacent segments of below middle of mid pinnae on laminal middle by the ends uniting to form a triangular areola and from uniting poin prodruding a excurrent veinlet reached to sinus or joined with translucent membrane below the sinus; the second pair of lateral veinlets reached to margin above the sinus or acroscopic veinlet reached to the sinus, basiscopic one veinlet reached to margin above the sinus, less the second pair of lateral veins all reached to transluscent membranous line below the sinus.

   2a. Basel the second pair of lateral veins on adjacent segmens reached to margin above the sinus or acroscopic one veinlet reached to the sinus, basiscopic one reached to margin above the sinus.

     3a. Lateral pinnae entire or dentate on upper part.

       4a. Lateral pinnae ca. 4 x ca. 0. 4 cm; pinnae entire------------------------1. C. nanpingensis

       4b. Lateral pinnae ca. 7 x ca. 1 cm; dentate on upper parts---------------2. C. oblanceolatus

    3b. Lateral pinnae pinnatifid along margins or occasionally thick-teeth-like; rare pinate at  partly pinnae on lamial middle, pinnules parte or lobete ( species 34).

      5a. Lower more pairs of pinnae abruptly reduced into tubercles or gradually reduced into butterfly-shaped.

         6a. Pinnae glandular on under surfaces; up to rachies scaleless excepte bases of stipes.

            7a. lower more pairs of pinnae abruptly shortened downwards, basel one pair tubercules, glands on pinnal under surfaces globular.

           8a. Mid lateral pianne same wides on bases; indusia big and hairy in center on the back----------------------------------------------------------------------------------3. C. hetrocarpus

           8b. Mid lateral pinnae minute projected on basel acroscopic sides; indusia small and hairless------------------------------------------------------------------------------4. C. taiwanensis 

         7b. Lower more pairs of pinnae gradually reduced downwards, basel one pair butterfly-shaped, pinnal glands underneath clab-shaped.

           9a. Both lateral sides of lateral pinnae inregular-pinnatifid, i.e. segmental length different; indusia smaller and dense hairy, more glandular underneath---------------5. C. papilionaceus

           9b. Both lateral sides of lateral pinnae regular-pinnatifid; indusia biger and one or to hairy, sparse glandular underneath ----------------------------------------------------6. C. gross-dentatus

      6b. Pinnae glandless underneath; stipes and rachies densely bearing darkish-brown, membraneous lanceolate scales except long hairs----------------------------------------------------------7. C. crinipes

       5b. Lower pinnae inshortened, or basel one pair slightly shortened only, or more pair of pinnae abruptly or gradually shortened and basel ones chaged into triangular auricules.

          10a. Lower pinnae inshortened or basel one pair slghtly shortened.

            11a. Pinnae glandless underneath.

              12a. Pinnae lobed up to 1/2 or more of distance to cotules.

                13a. Pinnae underneath, at the least rachillae and costae bearing grayish-white acicular hairs.

                   14a.  Pinnae 5-10 cm long.

                      15a. Basel one pair of lateral veins on segments come out from bases of costae, or acroscopic one veinlet come out from base of costae, basiscopic one come out far from rachillae.

                         16a. Segments aucminate at apexes, basel one pair of lateral veins come out from base of costae-----------------------------------------------------------8. C. chengii 

                         16b. Segments acute at apexe; acroscopic one veinlet on basel pairs of lateral veins come out from base of costae, basiscopic one come out far from rachillae.

                           17a. Pinnal bases inbroadened, symmetrical, suddenly pointed at apexes---------

                               ----------------------------------------------------------------------9. C. kuliagensis

                           17b. Pinnal bases broadeed, acroscopic sides slightly projected, acuminate at apexes-------------------------------------------------------------10. C. glabrascens

              15b. Basel one pair of lateral veins on segments come out from above bases of rachillae.

                 18a. Plants 35 cm tall; pinnae ca. 12 pairs, less than 10 cm long.

                    19a. Mid pinnae 6-7 mm wide, bearing appressed acicular hairs on both surfaces-------------------------------------------------------------------11. C. pygmaeus

                    19b. Mid pinnae 1.2- 1.5 cm wide, bearing one or two acicular hairs underneath along rachillae, veins and intercostals area pubescent, densely setaceous on uppersider---------------------------------------------------------------------12. C. dentatus

                 18b. Plants taller and biger; pinnae major, ca. 10 cm long.

                    20a. Fronds herbaceous; pinnae obliquely up, 1.5 cm wide; segments obtuse or obtuse-pointed at apexes, sparsely short setaceous on upper sides---13. C. orientalis

                         20b.  Fronds papyraceous; pinnae flatly spreading, 1-1.2 cm wide, segments pointed at apexes; densely short acicular hairy on both sides---------------------------------14. C. laui

       14b.Pinnae 15-17 cm long.

          21a. Rhizomes creeping; pinnae clearly angustate from above base; one or two setaceous along veins on upper surfaces; hairless on intercostal area----------------------------------------15. C. contractus

          21b. Rhizomes thick and short, decumbent; pinnae inangustate from above bases, one or two acicular hairy along veins and intercostal area on upper surface--------------------------16. C. megonensis

      13b. Pinnae pubescent or glabrous along veins underneath.

         22a. Pinnae pubescent along veins underneath.

            23a. Pinnae angustate to bases; intercostal area rough hairy underneath-----------17. C. wangmoensis

            23b. Pinnae inangustate to bases, intercostal area glabrous underneath.

               24a. Lateral pinnae bended up; basel one pair of lateral veins come out from above base of costae; sori attached at all lateral veinlets below apex------------------------18. C. simenensis

               24b. Lateral pinnae flatly or obliquely spreading, basiscopic one veinlet on basel one pair of lateral veinlets come out from base of costae, acroscopic one veinlet come out from above base of costae; sori attached ends or subends of basel one pair of lateral veinlets, the others sterile-----------------------------------------------------------------------19. C. xunwuensis

          22b. Pinnae glabrous underneath------------------------------------------------------------------20. C. dissitus

       12b. Pinnae lobete up to 2/3 of the distance to costule.

          25a. Segments obtuse-pointed or roundo-obtuse at apexes.

             26a. Fronds papyraceous; mid pinnae ca. 15 cm long; segments obtuse-pointed at apexes.

                27a. Fronds firm-papyraceous; pinnal upper surfaces heirless or rough on intercostal area.

                   28a. Pinnae contacted with each other, ca. 1.5 cm wide, upper surfaces hairyless on intercostal area; basel one pair of lateral veins come out from base of  costae-------------------------------------------------------------------------21. C. densissimus           

                   28b. Pinnae separated with each other by sinus, 2-5-3 cm wide, intercostal area rough on upper surfaces; basel one pair of lateral veins on segments  come out from above bases of costae------------------------------------------------------------22. C. macrophyllus 

                 27b. Fronds papyraceous; Pinnal upper surfaces bearing sparse seta along veins and intercostal area-------------------------------------------------------------23. C. molliusculus

               26b. Fronds thin-papyraceous; mid pinnae ca. 10 cm long, segments roundo-obtuse at apexes.

                  29a. Pinnae ca. 10 cm long, segments rounded at apexes, sparsely acicular hairy on surfaces------------------------------------------------------------------------24. C. procurrens

                  29b. Pinnae ca. 15 cm long, segments obtuse at apexes, bering pubesces on surfaces----------

                      ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------25. C. multisorus

              25b. Segments pointed or shor-pinted at apexes.

                 30a. Segments ca. 5 mm wide, basel one pair of lateral veins nearly reached to sinus, without excurrent veins--------------------------------------------------------------26. C. kueichowenis

                 30b. Segments 2-3 mm wide, basel one pair of lateral veins joined below sinus and with short excurrent veins.

                     31a. Pinnae pinnatifid up to 4/5 of the didtance to costule; egments ca. 2 mm wide, separated with each other.

                        32a. Mid pinnae ca. 1.5 cm wide, upper surfaces acicular hairy along rachillae and veins, underneath including indusia densely bearing long acicular hairs-----------

                             --------------------------------------------------------------------------27. C. acutilobus  

                        32b. Mid pinnae reached to 3 cm wide, throughout bearing extremely long bright grey acicular hairs except upper surfaces bearing denser grey long acicular hairs along rachillae and veins, also on both surfaces of intercostal area and indusia glabrous----------------------------------------------------------28. C. dulongjiangensis

                      31b. Pinnae pinnatifid up to 2/3 of the distance to costule; segments ca. 3 mm wide, closed with each other.

                      33a. Small typical plants, 25-30 cm tall; acroscopic one veinlet on basel one pair of lateral veins come out from bases of costae, basiscopic one come out from rachillae----------------------------------------------------------------29. C. tarningensis 

                      33b. Mid typical plants, 85-110 cm tall, basel one pair of lateral veins on segment come out from base of costae.

                         34a. Fronds herbaceous, segments flat after dry, underanth bearing villoses along rachillae and costae ; sori only attached at ends of lateral veins on basel one pair, connivent with each other-----------------------------26. C. kweichouwensis

                         34b. Fronds papyraceous, segments more or less recurled after dry, underneath densely bearing long acicular hairs along rachillae and costae; sori attached at middle of lateral veins, 6-7 on per segment-----------30. C. yuanjiangensis

      11b. Pinnae glandular underneath.

         35a. Small typical plants, 13-35 cm tall.

            36a. Lateral veins 5-6 pairs, ca. 2 x ca. 0. 6 cm, densely bearing villoses underneath; indusia pubescent--------------------------------------------------------------------------------31. C. palvifolius

            36b. Lateral veins ca. 15 pairs, 4.5 x ca. 1 cm, densely bearing acicular hairs underneath; indusia hairless--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------32. C. rupicola 

         35b. Mid typical plands, over 50 cm tall.

            37a. Basel one pair of lateral veins on segments come out from above bases of costae.

               38a. The second pair of lateral veins on segments reached to margins above sinus.

                  39a. Pinnae normal pinnatifid up to 1/2 or mor of the distance up costule; segments entire----------------------------------------------------------------------------33. C. parasiticus

                  39b. Partly pinnae on laminal middle pinnatifid up to rachillae or pinnae free with each other, pinnules lobete or dentate-------------------------------------------------------34. C. brevipes   

               38b. Acroscopic one veinlet on the second pair of lateral veins on segments reached to sinus, basiscopic one reached to margin above sinus; indusia sparsely bearing pubescents.

                 40a. Plants ca. 45 cm tall. pinnae ca. 12 pairs, mid ones lanceolate, ca. 5 x 1.2 cm--------------

                     ----------------------------------------------------------------------------35. C. aureo-glandulosus

                 40b. Palnts 75-140 cm tall; pinnae over 20 pairs, mid ones linear-lanceolate, 11-16 x 1.5-1.8 cm----------------------------------------------------------------------------------36. C. excelsior

           37b. Basel one pair of lateral veins on segment come out from bases of costae.

              41a. Sori attached at all lateral veins, both lateral sides of rachillae no sterile area, pinnae hairless underneath except rachillae; indusia glabrous also-----------------------------37. C. hainanensis

              41b. Sori attached at lateral veins of upper parts on segmental only, lower 1-3 pairs of lateral veins sterile and so that presented a broad sterile area on both lateral sides of rachillae, upper surfaces a few appressed acicular hairs along veins; indusia pubescent-------------------------------------------------------------------------------38. C. opulentus

         10b. Lower several pinnae abruptly or gradually shortened, basel ones triangular-auricules.

            42a. Bases of mid pinnae symmetrical, i.e. basel segments on both sides same in length.

               43a. Pinnae tapering or contracte to bases-----------------------------------------------39. C. stenopes

               43b. Pinnae intapering or broadened.

                  44a. Pinnae suddenly pointed or sharply pointed at apexes.

                     45a. Pinnae pinnatifid up to 1/3-1/2 up to of the distance to costule.

                        46a. Plants less than 20 cm tall, laminae acuminate at apexes; pinnae one or two glandular underneath--------------------------------------------------40. C. subacutus

                        46b. Plants 20-60 cm tall, lamiae pinnatifid-caudato-pinnae at apexes and glandless underneath----------------------------------------------------------------12. C. dentatus   

                      45b. Pinnae lobete into serration-shaped.

                         47a. Pinnae glabrous underneath; sori attached at ends of lateal veins on basel one pair and often confluent---------------------------------------------41. C. decipiens

                         47b. Pinnae bearing short acicular hairs along veins underneath; sori 1-2 pairs and attached at above middle of lateral veins, free with each other----------------------

                             ------------------------------------------------------------------------------42. C. ensifer

                    44b. Pinnae acuminate at apexes.

                       48a. Basel one pair of lateral veins on segments come out from above bases of costae, intercostal area hairy on upper surfaces.

                          49a. Laminae lanceolate, segments recurled downwards on margins, pinted at apexes------------------------------------------------------------------43. C. angustus

                          49b. Lamiane oblongo-lanceolate, sements flat, obtuse-pointed or roundo-obtuse at apexes.

                             50a.Segments obtuseo-pinted at apexes.

                    51a. Lamiae pinnatifid-longo-caudate at apexes; lateral pinnae reached to 20 pairs----------------------------------------------------------------------44. C. pingshanensis

                    51b.  Laminae acuminate at apexes; lateral pinnae ca. 13 pairs------45. C. shapingbaensis 

                  50b. Segments roundo-obtuse at apexes.

                     52a. Laminae densely bearing acicular ahirs underneath------------------------46. C. fengi

                     52b. Laminae full bearing pubescences underneath----------------------------47. C. wangii

                48b. Basel one pair of lateral veins on segments come out from bases of costae.

                   53a. Pinnae glandular underneath---------------------------------------------48. C. jinghongensis     

                   53b. Pinnae glandless underneath-----------------------------------------49. C. jiulongshanensis

             42b. Base of mid pinnae insymmetrical, i.e. acroscopic segments longer than basiscopic one.

                54a. Pinnae glandular underneath-------------------------------------------------50. C. yandangensis

                54b. Pinnae glandless underneath.

                   55a. Laminael mid pinnae oblique-up, underneath including indusia pubescent, intercostal area upsides hairless--------------------------------------------------------51. C. proximus 

                   55b. lamiane mid pinnae bended up; underneath including densely bearing acicular hairs, upsides short-setaceous on intercostal area.

                      56a. Segments pointed at apexes.

                         57a. Lamianl basel one pair of pinnae triangualar or triangular-lanceolate; acroscopic one venlet of basel one pair of lateral veins come out from bases of costae, basiscopic one come out far from bases of costae, indusia short pubescent----------------------------------------------------52. C. longqishanensis

                          57b. laminal basel one pair of pinnae lanceolate; basel one pair of lateral veins come out from bases of costae, both surfaces including indusia bearing acicular hairs------------------------------------------------------53. C. parvilobus

                        56b. Segments obtuse-pointed or roundo-obtuse at apexes.

                           58a. Laminae oblongo-lanceolate, bearing acicular hairs underneath-----------------------------------------------------45. C. sapingbaensis

                           58b. Lamiane lanceolate, short-pubescent underneath----------54. C. paradentatus

     2b. The scond pair of lateral veins on adjacent segments all reached to the sinus or translucent membranous joining line below the sinus.

         59a. Sori attached at upper parts of segments only, i.e. lower 1-3 piars sterile, so that one sterile area on each laterl side of rachillae.

             60a. Fronds papyraceous after dry; lateral pinnae 20-25 cm long, long-acuminate at apexes; rachillae scaleless underneath, one or two yellow glandular along veins, usually growing under forest-----------------------------------------------------------------------------55. C. terminans

             60b. Fronds subcoriaceous after dry; lateral pinnae reached to 15 cm long, rachillae boado-ovate scaly underneath; occasionally one or two reddish-orange glandular along veins; usually growing in marsh---------------------------------------------------------------------56. C. interruptus

         59b. Sori attached from bases to other parts, so that without sterile area on both lateral sides of rachillae.

            61a. Lower pinnae inshortened or 1-3 pairs of pinnae slightly shortened.

               62a. Lower pinnae inshortened.

                  63a. Plants 40-55 cm tall. pinnae 5-10 cm long.

                      64a. Rhizomes erect, lateral pinnae ca. 8 pairs, 4-5 cm long, underneath short-pubescent along rachillae--------------------------------------67. C. baiseensis

                      64b.  Rhizomes creeping, lateral pinnae ca. 15 pairs, ca. 10 cm long, bases insymmetrical, acroscopical sides projected, sparsely bearing acicular along rachillae and veins----------------------------------------------58. C. sino-acuminatus   

                   63b. Plants reached to 1 m. tall; pinnae 15 cm long--------------------59. C. damingshanensis

              62a. Lower pinnae 1-3 pairs slightly shortened.

                 65a. Laminae contacted at apexes, one terminal pinna biger than lower lateral pinnae.

                   66a. Pinnae acuminate at apexes.

                      67a. Pinnae ca. 1 cm wide, glandular underneath.

                         68a. Underneath bearing one or two short pubescent along rachies, rachillae and veins, intercostals area bearing piloses---------------------------60. C. latipinnus

                         68b. Unerneath glabrous except rachies and rachillae-----------------57. C. baiseensis

                     67b. Pinnae ca. 5 mm wide, glandless underneath.

                         69a. Lateral pinnae ca. 8 pairs, lower pinnae contracted at bases, mid pinnae ca. 2 cm wide, lanceolate, margins lobete into thick teeth-like shaped--------------------------------------------------------------61. C. sinodentatus 

                       69b. lateral pinnae major pairs, lower pinnae incontracted at bases, mid pinnae linear-lanceolate; pinnatifid up tp 1/2 of the distance to costule--------------------------------------------------------------------62. C. ciliensis

                    66b. Pinnae suddenly pointed at apexes---------------------------------------9. C. kuliangensis

                  65b. Lamiane gradually taperirng , without big terminal pinnae.

                     70a. Fronds herbaceous; laminal basel acroscopic segments far big, thick teeth-like shaped along marging.

                        71a. Laminae rough piloses on intercostal area except rachillae bearing one or two short acicular hairs on upper surface; pubescent underneath; basiscopic one veinlet of basel one pair come out from rachillae, acroscopic one come from bases of costae-----------------------------------------------------63. C. cangnanensis

                        71b. Laminal both surfaces bearing one or two acicular hairs along rachillae and veins, intercostals area hairless; basel one of lateral veins come out fom bases of costae-------------------------------------------------------------------64. C. zhangii

                       70b. Fronds papyraceous; basel acroscopic segment on lower pinnae slightly longer and entire.

                          72a. Mid pinnae short-pointed at apexes, basel acroscopic sements of lamianae a few undulate serrate along margins; basel one pair of lateral veins come out from above bases of costae-----------------------------------65. C. pauciserratus

                          72b. Mid pinnae longo-acuminate at apexes, basel acroscopic segment of pinnae entire; basel one pair of lateral veins on segments come out from bases or near bases of costae.

                             73a. Rhizomes creeping; segments pointed or sharp-pointed at apexes----------- 

                                 -------------------------------------------------------------52. C. longqishanensis

                             73b. Rhizomes erect; segments round-obtuse at apexes-------------46. C. fengii

             61b. Lower more pinnae abruptly reduced into tubercles or gradually shortened, basel one pair auricles.

                74a. Lower more pinnae abruptly shortended, basel one pair tubercles.

                   75a. Pinnae linear-lanceolate; segments flato-truncate at apexes, hairless underneath, intercostal area faveolate projection----------------------------------------------------- 66. C. angustipinnus

                   75b. Pinnae lanceolate, segments obtuse-pointed at apexes, hairy underneath---------------------------------------------------------------------67. C. mianningensis

                74b. Lower more pinnae gradually shortened into auricles.

                   76a. Plants over 1 m. tall; fronds papyraceous; mid pinnae ca. 15 cm long and pinnaetifid up to 1/3-1/2 of the distance to costule--------------------------------------------68. C. wenzhouensis

                   76b. Plants less than 50 cm tall, fronds coriaceous; mid pinnae 5-9 cm long, margins lobeted into thick teeth-like shaped--------------------------------------------------------41. C. decipens

        1b.  The lateral veins of adjacenta segment on mid pinnae except basel one pair joined with each other into triangular areolae at ends and from joining point prodruding a excurrent veinlet connected with truslucent membranous line below the sinus, the scond pair of lateral veins reached to the sinus or translucent menbranel line, the third pair or more pairs of lateral veins and excurrent veinlets connected or reached to membranous line below the sinus and formed more rhombic areolae, i.e. over two and half pairs of lateral veins under the sinus.

          77a. 2 1/2 – 3 1/3 pairs of lateral veins under the sinus of adjacent segments.

             78a. 2 1/2 – 3 pairs of lateral veins under the sinus of adjacent segments.

               79a. Lower pinnae of laminae inshortened or 1-4 pairs slightly shortened.

                   80a. Lower pinnae of laminae inshortened.

                      81a. Pinnae more or less acicular hairy underneath.

                         82a. Pinnal bases insymmetrical, acroscopic sides projected, flato-truncate and indecurrent; intercostal area short rough hairy on upper surface.     

                            83a. Fronds papyraceous, pinnae 13-18 pairs, 8-12 cm wide, underneath usually glabrous except rachillae and costae ---------------------------69. C. acuminatus

                            83b. Fronds herbaceous, 3-6 pairs of lateral pinnae, ca. 2 cm wide, intercostals area underneath short pubescent---------------------------------70. C. subnamburensis

                         82b. Pinnal bases symmetrical, cuneate and decurrent; intercostal area glabrous on upper surface-------------------------------------------------------------71. C. attenuatus

                       81b. Pinnae glabrous undernear-----------------------------------------------72. C. subcoriaceus

                     80b. Laminal lower 1-4 pairs of pinnae shortened.

                       84a. Pinnae glandular underneath.

                         85a. Pinnae in tough with one anather, abruptly anguste and suddenly pointed at apexes----------------------------------------------------------------73. C. paracuminatus

                         85b. Pinnae separated by sinus, acuminate at apexes.

                             86a. Fronds herbaceous or thin-papyraceous; pinnae less than 10 cm long, widest at middle or under mid parts, underneath glabrous except rachillae sparsely short hairy.

                               87a. Rhizomes erect; fronds herbaceous, veins underneath reddish-orange globular glandular-------------------------------------------------74. C. oppositus

                               87b. Rhizomes creeping; fronds thin-papyraceous, veins underneath yellow club-shaped glandular-------------------------------------------75. C. sparsisorus

                            86b. Fronds firm-papyraceous; pinnae reached to 15 cm long, widest at lower parts, sparsely short acicular hairy underneath.

                      88a. Upside intercostal area rough-hairy, underneath including indusia short acicular hairy, laminae ca. 15 cm long--------------------------------------------------------------76. C. elatus

                      88b. Hairless on both intercostal area also indusia, pinnae ca. 10 cm long--77. C. simillimus

              84b. Pinnae glandless underneath.

                 89a. At the least lower pinnae anguste to bases, i.e. pinnal basel one pair of segments shorter than above one or narrowed at upper part of base.

                     90a. Pinnae lanceolate, anguste to base; middle 1-1.2 cm wide.

                        91a. Pinnae pinnatifid up to 1/3 of the distance up costule, upside intercostal area faveilato- projected---------------------------------------------------------78. C. sanduensis

                        91b. Pinnae pinnatifid up to 1/3 – 1/2 of the costule up costule, upsides intercostal area rough or bearing rough hairs or short acucular hairs.

                           92a. Pinnae ca. 7 pairs; segments obtuse at apexes, underneath densely short acicular hairy------------------------------------------------------------------61. C. sinodentatus  

                           92b. Pinnae ca. 15 pairs, segments short pointed at apexes, underneath nearly glabrous except rachillae.

                              93a. Pinnae ca. 1 cm wide; indusia hairless--------------------------79. C. nanxiensis

                              93b. Pinnae 1.5-2.5 cm wide; indusia short pubescent-------------80. C. scaberulus

                       90b. Pinnae linear, anguste on minute upper part of base, mid pinnae 6-8 mm wide------------------------------------------------------------------------------62. C. ciliensis

              89b. Pinnae unanguste to base, i. e. Basel one pair of segments inshortened or acroscopic one longer.

                94a. Pinnal interval with each other 1.5- 2 cm.

                    95a. Pinnae glabrous on intercostal area upside.

                      96a. Pinnae pinnatifid up to 1/3 of the distance up costule, 5 x 0. 8 cm--------------------------------------------------------------------81. C. kuizhouensis

                     96b. Pinnae pinnatifid up to 1/2 – 2/3, 10-15 x 1.5-17 cm------------82. C. subacuminatus

                   95b. Pinnae rough hairy on intercostal area upside-----------------------83. C. gaoxilongensis

                 94b. Pinnae dispersed with each other, interval 4-5 cm wide--------------84. C. nanchuanensis

              79b. Lamial lower pinnae gradually or abruptly shortened, lowest ones auricles or tubercles.

                 97a. Pinnae glandur underneath.

                    98a. Lower pinnae insymmetrical on bases, i.e. pinnal basel acroscopic segment far big, thick-teethed along margins-----------------------------------------------85. C. pararidus

                    98b. Lower pinnal bases symmetrical, i.e. basel acroscopic segment same in length or slightly longer with basiscopic one, entire.

                       99a. Pinnae 5-8 cm long, basel one tubercles------------------------------------86. C. houi

                       99b. Pinnae 10-5 cm long, lower pinnae gradually shortened into triangular auricles.

                         100a. Fronds herbaceous or papyraceous; pinnae pinnatifid up to 2/5 – 1/2 of the distance up the costule; underneath hairless or minute rough hairy along rachillae and costae.

                             101a. Fronds papyraceous, underneath nearly glabrous along rachillae, glands on veins reddish-orange----------------------------87. C. aureoglandulifer

                             101b. Fronds herbaceous, underneath minute rough hairy along rachillae and costae, glands on veins orange-yellow--------------------88. C. jaculosus

                          100b. Fronds papyraceous; pinnae pinnatifid under 1/3 and thick-teeth-shaped; underneath one or two acicular hairy along rachilae and costae.

                             102a. Laminal lower ca. 7 pairs of pinnae gradually shortened, basel one pair of pinnae ca. 1 x 1 cm, triangular, obliquely downwards, underneath intercostal area glabrous------------------------------------89. C. abbreviatus

                             102b. Laminal lower 6-12 pairs of pinnae gradually shortened, basel one pair ca. 5 x mm, broado-ovate or obtuse-triangualr. Flatly spreading, underneath intercostal area minute short hairy---------------90. C. productus

              97b. Pinnae glandless underneath.

                 103a. A big termial pinnae at lamial apex; lateral pinnae small number, normally 6-10 pairs---

                      -------------------------------------------------------------------------------91. C. paralatipinnus

                 103b. Lamial apexes acuminate, without big terminal pinna; lateral pinnae usually ca. 20 pairs.

                  104a. Fronds herbaceous, lower major pairs of pinnae gradually shortened into auricles; pinnae short-acicular hairy upside, underneath minute hairy; segments obtuse-pointed at apexes, entire-------------------------------------------------------------------92. C. papilio

                  104b. Fronds papyraceous, lower major pairs of pinnae abruptly shortened into triangular, both surfaces beating faveolat projected except one or two acicular hairy along rachillae upside.

                     105a. Segments truncate or roundo-truncate at apexes and one or two teethed---------------------------------------------------------------------93. C. truncatus

                     105b. Segmants acumiant at apees, obtuse-pointed or small projected-pointed at apexes

                          --------------------------------------------------------------------------94. C. pustuliferus

      78b. 3 1/ 3 pairs of lateral veins in interval of adjacent segments nuder the sinus.

         106a. Lamiane inanguste to bases or 1-2 pairs of pinnae slightly shortened

             107a. Pinnae glandular underneath.

                108a. Lateral pinnae 5-7 pairs, ca. 2 cm wide, thich-teeth-shaped along margin; rachillae and costae short hairy underneath-----------------------------------------------95. C. nanlingensis

                108b. Lateral pinnae 13-15 pairs, ca. 1.5 cm wide, pinnaifid up to 1/3 of the distance up costule along margin; veins bearing short acicular hairs except rachillae pubescent underneath---------------------------------------------------------------------------96. C. hirtipes

              107b. Pinnae glandless underneath.

                  109a. Pinnae thick crenate along margins.

                     110a. Pinnae hairless along veins upsides, faveolato-projected on intercostal area--------

                          ----------------------------------------------------------------------------78. C. sanduensis

                     110b. Pinnae sparsely bearing short seta along veins upsides, intercostals area smooth.

                        111a. Pinnae cuneate and decurrent at bases, throughout bearing long acicular hairs underneath------------------------------------------------------------71. C. attenuatus

                        111b. Pinnae indecurrent at bases, acroscopic sides flat-truncate, basiscopic sides obliquely out, throughout bearing pubescences-underneath-----97. C. hitisorus

                    109b. Pinnae pinnatifid up to 1/3 – 1/2 of the distance up costule.

                       112a. Rhizomes creeping; intercostal area smooth on upper surface-----------------------------------------------------------98. C. oppositipinnus

                      112b. Rhizomes erect; intercostal area bearing short rough hairs on upper surface.

                         113a. Pinnae reached to 20 cm long, 2.4-2.7 cm wide, pinnatifid up to 2/3 of the distance up costule, segments short pointed at apexes; indusia minute rough hairy-------------------------------------------------------------------79. C. nanxiensis

                         113b. Pinnae ca. 15 cm long, 1.5-2.5 cm wide, pinnatifid up to 1/3 of the distance up costule and thick teeth-shaped, the teeth bended forward; roundo-truncate along margin; indusia glabrous or short rough-hairy-----------80. C. scaberulus

                     106b. Laminal lower major pairs of pinnae gradually or abruptly shortened, basel ones small

auricles.

114a. Lower major pairs of pinnae abruptly shortened.

   115a. Lower pinnae shortened into hastate to piked-like, underneath bearing acicular

hairs.

116a. Pinnae 1-1.5 cm wide, intercostal area smooth---------99. C. hekouensis

16b. Pinnae 2-2.5 cm wide, intercostal area bearing rough-hairs-----------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------100. C. subelatus

              115b. Lower pinnae auricles or near tubercles, underneath bearing aacicular hairy along rachillae.

                 117a. Lower pinnae small auricles.

                     118a. Pinnae 1.2-1.5 cm wide, pinnatifid no up to 1/3 of the distance up costule; segments ca. 3 mm wide, basel one pair of laterl veins come out from bases or near bases of costae.

                          119a.The other smooth on upper surface except bearing a few acicular hairs along rachillae--------------101. C. leiboensis

                           119b. On upper surface sparsely bearing acicular hairs along rachillae and veins------------------------102. C. medogensis

                     118b. Pinnae 2-2.5 cm wide, pinnatifid up to 1/3 of the distance up costule; segments ca. 5 mm wide, basel one pair fo laterl veins come out from above bases of costae.

                        120a. 5 pairs of pinnae auricles on laminal lower parts; fronds thin-herbaceous, mid pinnae ca. 2.5 x ca. 20 cm, intercostal area bearing minute rough hairs-                       on upper surface------------------------103. C. wulingshanensis

                       120b. Over 10 pairs of pinnae auricles on laminal lower part; fronds papyraceous, mid pinnae 1-1.5 x ca. 15 cm, intercostal area smooth on upper surface------------------------------104. C. caii

         114b. Laminal lower pinnae gradually shortened, basel ones auricles or triangular.

            121a. Laminael lower major pairs of pinnae small auricles, pinnae above niddle 1-1.5 cm wide, underneath glandular.

                122a. Laminae oblanceolate, 5-6 cm wide at upper part, pinnae above middle 3-5 cm long, pinnae obtuse-teethed along margin only, underneath glands orange-yellow-----------------------------------------105. C. pumilus

                122b. Laminae lanceolate, 12-20 cm wide at middle, pinnae above middle ca. 10 cm long; pinnedifid up to 1/2 of the distance up costule or more, underneath glands reddish-orangr-----------------87. C. aureoglandulifer

            121b. Laminal lower 2-3 pairs of pinnae gradually shortened into triangular; pinnae above middle 2-2.5 cm wide, underneath glandless--------------106. C. chigii

77b. Lateral pinnae over 4 pairs below the sinus of interval of adjacent segments.

   123a. Pinnae glandless underneath.

      124a. Lower pinnae inshortened or basel one pair slightly shortened.

         125a. Lower pinnae inshortened.

            126a. Pinnae tapering to bases, bases shorto-decurrent or broado-cuneate and indecurrent.

                127a. Pinnae 2-2.5 cm wide at middle, bases broado-cuneate; indusia hairless.

                  128a. Big typical plant, lateral pinnae reached to 20 pairs, linear-lanceolate, 6-7 pairs of lateral veins below the sinus and obliquely spreading-------------------------------------------------107. C. euphlebius

                  128b. Mid typical plant, lateral pinnae 4-5 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, 4 1/4 pairs below the sinus--------------------------------------108. C. cuneatus

               127b. Pinnae reached to 1.8 cm wide at middle, bases decurrent; indusia a bunch of acicular hairy on the back---------------------109. C. mollissimus

            126b. Pinnae intapering or slightly broadened and indecurrent to bese; fronds after dry balckish-brown or blackish-brown on upper surface, darkish-brown underneath.

              129a. Laminae ca. 2.5 cm wide; marginal serrations short-pointed or obtuse-pointed at apexes, basel one pair of lateral veins come out from above bases of costae, fronds brown-green after dry------------------------------------------------------------110. C. transitorius

              129b. Laminae 1.2-1.5 cm, marginal serrations flato-truncate forward and with small projected pointed, basel one pair of lateral veins come out from bases of costae, fronds after dry blackish-brown--------111. C. nigrescens

          125b. Basel one pair of pinnae shortened.

             130a. Mid pinnae anguste to bases; lateral pinnae ca. 5 pairs-----------------------------------------------------112. C. pseudocuneatus

             130. Mid pinnae inanguste to bases; lateral pinnae major pairs ( over 5 pairs).

                131a. Lateral veins obliquely spreading and formed regualar rhombic areolae with excurrent veinlets, upper surface subglabrous along rachillae and veins.

                  132a. Rhizomes erect; plant over 1 m. tall; pinna broadened at base,4-6 pairs of areolae on both lateral sides of segmental costae--------------

                        ---------------------------------------------------------113. C. yunnanensis

                  132b. Rhizomes creeping; under 1 m. tall, pinnal bases inbroadened; 3-4 pairs of areolae on both lateral sides of segmental costae.

                      133a. Pinnae linear-lanceolate, bases flato-truncate, upper surface one or two acicular hairs  along rachillae and coste. The other glabrous---------------------------------------------114. C. flaccidus

                      133b. Pinnae lanceolate, basel acroscopic sides flato-truncate, basiscopic sides rounded; pinnae lanceolate, underneath full bearing short pubescens-----------------------115. C. acutissimus

                 131b. Lateral oblique-up and more or less formed inregular triangular areolae with excurrent veinlets, upsides bearing sparse acicular hairing acicular hairs along rachillae and veins.

                    134a. Rachillae hairy underneath.

                       135a. Rhizomes decumbent; fronds approached; rachillae bearing minute rough hairs underneath; indusia densely bearing pubscens-------------------------------------------116. C. evolutus

                       135b. Rhizomes long and creeping; fronds remote; rachillae underneath and indusia on the back densely bearing acicular hairs------------------------------------------------97. C. hirtisorus

            134b. Rachillae glabrous underneath-----------------------------------106. C. chingii

  124b. Lower 2 to major pairs of pinnae abruptly or gradually shortened.

     136a. Lower 6-9 pairs of pinnae gradually shortened, basel one pair auricles, pinnae 8-10 mm wide, linear-lanceolate------------------------------------------117. C. pseudoaridus

     136b. Lower 2-16 pairs of pinnae abruptly shortened, pinnar ca. 1.5 cm wide, lanceolate.

        137a. Lower 10-16 pairs of pinnae abruptly shortened, pinnae hairy underneath.

           138a. Pinnae sparserly bearing short pubscens underneath---------------104. C. caii   

           138b. Pinnae bearing short acicular hairs underneath along rachillae and costae-

                ---------------------------------------------------------------------99. C. hokouensis 

         137b. Lower 2-3 pairs of pinnae slightly gradually or abruptly shortened, pinnae glabrous or faveolato- projected.

            139a. Lower 2-3 pairs of pinnae slightly gradually shortened till equal 1/2 size of mid ones, mid pinnae 15-20 x 3-4 cm, short stalked, pinnatifid up to 1/3 of the distance up costule---------------------------------------118. C. calvescens

            139b. Lower 2-3 pairs of pinnae abruptly shortened into auricles, mid pinnae 2.5-3 cm wide, pinnatifid up to 1/5 of the distance up costule ----------------

                  ---------------------------------------------------------------------116. C. evolutus

 123b. Pinnae glandular underneath.

    140a. Mid pinnae 1-1.5 cm wide.

       141a. Pinnae ca. 5 x ca. 1cm, margins serration-shaped--------------------119. C. serrifer

       141b. Pinnae over 10-15 x ca. 1.5 cm, margins pinnatifid.

          142a. Pinnae 6-10 pairs of pinnae shortened, mid ones ca. 10 cm long, underneath sparsely acicular hairy-------------------------------------------------120. C. aridus

          142b. Lower 4 pairs of pinnae abruptly shortened into tubercles, mid pinnae reached to 15 cm long, glabrous underneath-----------------121. C. omeigensis

    140b. Mid pinnae 2-3 cm wide.

       143a. Basel pinnae inshortened or 1-2 pairs slightly shortened.

          144a. Basel pinnae inshortened--------------------------------------122. C. paucipinnus

         144b. Lower 1-2 pairs of pinnae slightly or abruptly shortened.

            145a. Lower 1-2 pairs of pinnae slirhtly shortened, mid pinnae flato-truncate at bases, nearly sessile---------------------------------------123. C. fraxinifolium

            145b. Lower one pair of pinna abruptly shortened, at least under mid pinnae cuneate or broado-cuneate, stalk 2-3 mm long---------------124. C. clavatus

      143b. Lower major pairs of pinnae slightly shortened

         146a. Lower pinnae slightly gradually shortened but invaried-form---------------------------------------------------125. C. fijianensis

         146b. Lower pinnae shortened into auricles.

             147a. Pinnae reached to 25 cm long, rachillae and veins sparsely bearing acicular hairs underneath, intercostal area hairless-------------120. C. aridus

             147b. Pinnae ca. 12 cm long, intercostal area minute rough hairy underneath.

                148a. Pinnae pinnatifid up to 1/4 of the distance up costule, segments sharp-pointed at apexes-------------------------------126. C. gradissimus

                148b. Pinnae pinnatifid up to 1/3 of the distace up costule, segments obtuse at apexes--------------------------------------------------127. C. dehuaensis

1. Cyclosorus nanpingensis Ching in Fl. Fujian. 1: 597. f. 40.982.

南平毛蕨 nan ping mao jue

    Plants 20-50 cm tall. Rhizomes short and small, erect, sparsely bearing scales; the scales small, deeply brown, lanceolate, sparsely with grayish-white short hairs. Fronds clustered; stipes 10-20 cm long, stramineous or deeply stramineous, from base up to rachis  grayish-white sparsely bearing short pilose; laminae 15-36 cm, up 9 cm im middle, lanceolate, pinnatifido-acuminate at apexes, terminal pinna longo-caudate, below milddle 1-pinnate, pinnae ca. 9 pairs, opposite or subopposite up, sessile, middle ones ca. 4 x o. 5 cm, narrow-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, roundo-cuniate at base, entire, flato-spreading or oblique-spreading up, lower 2 pairs of pinnae shortened and obliquely downwards, basel one pair 1.5 cm long, subtriangular- butterfly-shaped. Veins visible, lateral veins in terminal pinna 5-10 pairs, basel one pair comming from above base, joining at the end forming a triangular-areola and from joining point producing a running vein; the second pair of lateral veins reached to margin above the sinus; lateral veins in lateral pinnae one or bifurcate, usually adjacent veinlets in each two groups of lateral veins joining a triangular-areola. Fronds herbaceous, grayish-green after dry, glabrous on both surfaces, sparse pilose along rachillae or costae only. Sori rounded attaced at below middle on terminal pinna and closed to costae or near base of veinlet of lateral pinna, closed to rachillae; indusia mid size, brown-green, glabrous and persistent.

    In Grassland by mountain edge; Endemic Fujian (napin ).

2. Cyclosorus oblanceolatus Shing & C. F. Zhang in Addenda 331. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1). 181. 1999. 

倒披针毛蕨 dao pi zhen mao jue

    Plants 55 cm tall. Rhizomes unseen. Stipes ca. 11 cm long, bearin scales and hairs on bases; the scales darkish-brown, lanceolate, hairy on backs and margins; laminae 44 x ca. 12 cm, oblanceolate, apex abruply contracted into a big lanceolate lobed at margins terminal pinna; pinnae ca. 14 pairs, 1-pinnate, opposite or subopposite, sessile, gradually shortend from middle, basel ones triangular-auriculate, upper pinnae 6-7 x ca. 1 cm, lanceolate, acuminate or longo-acuminate at apexes, more or less anguste near base, bases browdo-cuniate or roundo-truncate, more or less projected on acroscopic side, triangular serrete above middle, entire on lower part. Veins slightly visible, lateral veins oblique, 4-5 pairs on each segment, basel one pair coming from above base, joining triangular areolae at the end, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point connected with acroscopic veinlet of the secod pair, basiscopic veinlet of the second pair reached to the sinus or margin above the sinus. Fronds paperraceous, grayish-green after dry, upper surfaces entire except acicular hairy along rachis and rachillae, under surface puberulous and reddish-orange glandulous. Sori rounded, attached at below middle of lateral veins, 2-3 pairs on each segment; indusia pale-brown, puberulous and persitent.

    Ca. 500 m. Endemic Zhejiang ( qingyuan, houguang).

  The species very similar the former one, but lamiina clear oblanceolat, pinnar majority, shortened from below mid ones, basel ones triangular-auriculate, upper surface glabrous except rachilla, under surface puberulous and glandulous along veins.

3. Cyclosorus heterocarpus (Bl.) Ching in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. Ser. 8: 180. 1938.

异果毛蕨 yi guo mao jue

Asplenium heterocarpus Bl., Enum. Pl. Jav. 155. 1828; Nephrodium heterocarpum Moore; N. glaucosipus Bedd.; Dryopteris hetrocarpa O. Ktze.; Thelypteris heterocarpa Morton; Sphaerostephanos heterocarpus Holtt.

       Plants ca. 1 m.; Rhizomes strong and erect, including stipel bases bearing one or two reddish-brown lanceolate scales. Fronds clusterd; stipes ca. 30 cm long, hard, darkish-brown on base, up grassish-grey, densely bearing grayish-yellow puberulous when young, partly fullen when old; laminae 60-70 x 20-30 cm, elongato-lanceolate, caudate and pinnadifid at apexes, bases abruptly anguste, bipinnatifid; pinnae ca. 40 pairs, sessile, alternate, subflatly spreading, low 5-10 pairs auriculate, lowest one pair tubercule-shape; mid pinnae 10-16 x 1-1.5 cm, linear-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, base flato-trucate, symmetrical, pinnatifid to 2/3 of the distance up costule; segments 20-30 pairs, oblique-spreading, 4-5 x 2-2.5 mm, elongate or elongato-lanceolate,  obtus-rounded at apexes, entire. Veins visible, lateral veins 8-9 pairs in segment, basel one pairs coming from above basel part of djancent segments, obliquely up, joining at end and forming a triangular-areola, a excurrent veinlet reached the sinus, from the second pair of lateral veins reached to margings above the sinus. Fronds herbaceous, darkish-green after dry, densely bearing pubescences acicular-hairs on under surfaces of rachillae, sparsely bearing grayish-white  cicular hairs along both sides of costae and upper surface of lateral veins, full spreading pale-yellow globular glands on under surface of lateral vein. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins, 4-8 pairs on each segment; indusia big, paperaceous, slightly puberulous in middle and persitent. Chromosome 2n = 72.

  On shad places by stream sides in valleys; Fujian, Guangdong, Hongkong and Hainan [Bolinisia, Indonesia, Malesiana, Philippinse and Vietnam]. Typical specimen colleded from Indonesia ( Java).

4. Cyclosorus taiwanensis (C. Chr.) H. Ito in Bot. Mag. Tokyo 51. 728. 1937.              

台湾毛蕨 tai wan mao jue

Dryopteris taiwanensis C. Chr., Ind. Fil. 279. 1905; Thelypteris taiwanensis (C. Chr.) K. Iwats.; Shaerostephanos taiwanensis (C. Chr.) Holtt. ex Kuo; Aspidium lobulatum Christ; Dryopteris subhispidula Rosenst.           

    Plants 60-120 cm tall. Rhizomes suberect, densely bearing pale-brown lanceolate scales

on apexes. Fronds clustered; stipes 10-20 cm long, greyish-brown, bases sparsely scaly, up  nearly smooth; laminae 50-90 x ca. 20 cm, broado-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases abruptly anguste, bipinnatifid; pinnae 30-45 pairs, alternate, lower 4-6 pairs auriculate, basel one pair subtuberculate, mid pinnae 10-13 x 1-1.2 cm, linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate at apexes, bases flato-truncate, acroscopic sides slightly projected, pinnatifid reached up 1/2 of the distance up costule or more; segments 25-35 pairs, subflatly spreading, 3-5 x 2-2.5 mm, subrectangular, obtuse at apexes, entire. Veins visible, lateral veins oblique-up, 5-7 pairs in each segment, basel one pair coming from above place of base of costae, the apex joining a triangular areola and a very short excurrent veinlet prodruding from joining point and connected with line of translucent membrane below the sinus ( or almostly without excurrent veinlet), the second pair of lateral veins reached to bottom of the sinus, or acroscopic one reached to near bottom of translucent membrane, basiscopic one veinlet reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds pale-brown or brownish-green, upper surface sparsely bearin short seta and few acicular hairs, under surface bearing pubescences along rachillae and costae, including laminal surfaces full bearing yellow globular glands. Sori small, attached at lower part of middle on lateral veins, 4-6 pairs on each segment; one gland on near top of gametangiophore; indusia small, pale-brown, membranous and bearing one or two short seta, usually roundo-glandular along margin, persitent.

       Under dense forest or by stream sides in lower mountain; ca. 300 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Taiwan and S. Yunnan. Typical specimen collected from Taiwan.  

5. Cyclosorus papilionaceus Shing & C. F. Zhang in Addenda 332. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1) 1999.

蝶羽毛蕨 die yu mao jue

       Plants 35-52 cm tall. Rhizomes erect, including base of stipe bearing scales; the scales darkish-brown, narrow-lanceolate, long-acuminate at apexes, sparse short hairs and ciliate on back. Fronds clustered; stipes short, ca. 1/6 of laminal length, above base smooth; laminae 30-45 x 11-13 cm, obrongo-oblanceolat or obrong, anguste at apexes and pinnatifid, anguste or abtruptly conracted towards bases, unregular-bipinnatifid, pinnae below middle opposite or subopposite, downward ones hastate, triangular-lanceolate, oblique-spreading or shortened into butterfly-shape, obliquely downwards, basel one pair 1.5-2 cm long, sometime majority pairs abtruptly shortened into tubercules; pinnae above middle 6-7 x 1.2-1.5 cm, lanceolate, caudato-acuminate at apexes, bases flato-truncate, acroscopic side usually projected, inregular-pinnatifid along margin; segments diferrent size in length, triangular, short acute at apexes. Veins visible, lateral veins 4-5 pairs on each segment, basel one pair coming from above costae and far from rachillae, the apex joining into trangualar areola; acroscopic one veinlet of the second pair reached to bottom of the sinus, basiscopic one veinlet reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds paperaceous, greyish-brown-green after dry, upper surface short acicular hairy along rachillae, costae and margin, under surface puberulous along rachis and rachillae dense puberulous. Sori small, rounded, attached at below middle on lateral veins and slightly closed to rachillae; indusia darkish-brown, puberulous, persistent.

       By ditches; ca. 100 m. Endemic Zhejiang ( cangnan).

       Body and degree of pinnae of this species are inregular and sprangia usually empty, it maybe a hybrid. Remain to stady.

6. Cyclosorus grosso-dentatus Ching ex Shing in Addenda 332. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1) 186. 1999.

粗齿毛蕨 cu chi mao jue

       Plants ca. 45 cm tall. Rhizomes short and decumbent, apexes bearing darkish-brown narrow-lanceolate scales. Fronds clustered; stipes 6-9 cm long, greyish-stramineous, sparsely scaly on base; laminae ca. 40 x ca. 12 cm, lanceolate, acuminate and long caudate at apexes, bipinnatifid; laminae 8-14 pairs, lower 4-6 pairs triangur-auriculate; mid pinnae 7-8 x 1.2-1.4 cm, lanceolate, acuninate at apexes, bases roundo-truncate and slightly insymmetrical, triangular-big dentate along margin. Veins visible, lateral veins 4-6 pairs on each segment, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joinig into a triangular-areola by end, a excurrent veinlet metting with leteral veins of the second pair at the sinus or connivent with acroscopic veinlet of the second pair. Fronds paperaceous, darkish-green after dry, glabrous on upper surface, puberulose along rachillae and costae on under surface. Sori rounded and attached at above middle of lateral veins, 4-5 paire on each segment; indusia mid size, brownish, occasionally few shor hairy, persistent.

       On racks by streamsides under dense forest in valley; 280-300 m. S. Guangxi ( daxin damin mountain and henxian). Less seen.

7. Cyclosorus crinipes (Hook.) Ching in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. Ser. 8: 179. 1938. 

鳞柄毛蕨 lin bing mao jue

Niphrodium crinipes Hook., Sp. Fil. 4: 71. 1862; Dryopteris crinipes O. Ktze.; Thelypteris crinipes (Hook.) K. Iwats.; Christella crinipes (Hook.) Holtt.  

       Plants 80-150 cm tall. Rhizomes strong and ascending, densely bearing darkish-brown scales at apexes. Fronds clusterd; stipes 20-25 cm long, deeply stramineous, densely bearing scales from base to lower parts of rachis and remain dark tuberculate projected after fullen and rough on supeficies; laminae 40-100 x 25-45 cm, broado-oblong-lanceolate, acuminate and pinnatifid-caudate at apexes, obrutly anguste at bases, bipinnatifid; pinnae more than 30 pairs, flato-spreading, alternate, lower 4-5 pairs triangular-auriculate, obliquely downwards, opposite, mid pinnae 25-12 x 1.4-2 cm, linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate at apexes, bases flato-truncate, symmetrical, lobed up to 1/2-2/3 of the distance to costule, segments 30-35 pairs, obliquely up, 5-7 x ca. 4 mm, oblongo-lanceolate or subfalcato-lanceolate, obtuse at apexes, entire. Veins visible, 7-9 pairs of lateral veins, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae, joining to formed a triangular areola, a excurrent veinlet connected with line of translucent membrane below the sinus, the second pair of lateral veins reached to line of translucent membrane. Fronds thick-herbaceous or paperaceous, green or darkish-green after dry, one or two acicular-hairy along veins on upper surface, under surface few puberulous along costae. Sori rounded and attached at middle of lateral veins, 6-8 pairs on each segment; indusia big, grayish-brown, thick-membranous, puberulous on upper side, persistent. Chromosome 2n = 72.

       On wet land by streamsides or forest edge in mountain valley; 190-1200 m. S. Guangdong, Hainan and Yunnan (India, Indonesia, Nepal, Sikkim and Thailand). Typical specimen collected from Sikkim.  

8. Cyclosorus chengii Ching ex Shing & J.F. Cheng in Jiangxi Sci. 8(3): 44. 1990.

程氏毛蕨 cheng shi mao jue

       Plants 35-45 cm tall. Rhizomes thick and short, decumbent, apexes densely bearing bown scales. Fronds approached; stipes 15-25 cm long, greyish-stramineous, smooth; laminae ca. 20 x 11-13 cm, broado-lanceolate, acuminat at apexes, bipinnatipartite; pinnae ca. 20 pairs, basel one pair unshortened, ones on below middle 5.5-6.5 x ca. 1 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases subflato-truncate, lobed up to 1/2-2/3 of distance to costule; segments 15-17 pairs, basel acroscopic one piece slightly longer, the others 3-4 x ca. 2 mm, short-ligulate, roundo-obtuse or obtuse-pointed at apexes. Veins visible on under surface, 5-6 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out far from base of costae and joining a triangular-areola,  a excurrent veinlet prodruding to the sinus, all lateral veins since the second pair reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds paperaceous, grayish-darkish-green after dry, full bearing greyish-white acicular hairs on under surface, full puberulose on upper surface and one or two  acicular hairs along r chillaea and costae. Sori rounded and attached at middle of lateral veins, 2-4 pairs on each segment; indusia small, roundo-reniform, bearing long acicular hairs, persistent.

       On wet land by ferest edges; ca. 740 m.; endemic Jiangxi ( dinnan).

9. Cyclosorus kuliangrnsis (Ching) Shing in Fl. Jiangxi 1: 207. f. 198. 1993.  

细柄毛蕨 xi bing mao jue

Cyclosorus acuminatus Nakai var. kuliangensis Ching in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. Ser. 8: 192. 1938; Cristella acuminata (Houtt) Lev. var. kuliangensis (Ching) Kuo; Christella acuminata (Houtt) Holtt. monstr. Kuliangensis (Ching) Nakaike; Thelypteris acuminata (Houtt) Monton var. kuliangensis Kuo.

       Plants 40-60 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, bearing brownish lanceolate scales at apexes. Fronds remote; stipes slender, 18-30 cm long, deeply stramineous, occasionally puberulose; laminae ca. 25 x 6-9 cm, acuminate and long-caudate at apexes, bipinnatifid; pinnae 8-10 pairs, ones from below middle very short petiolate, subopposite, upward ones sessile, alternate, mid ones 3-4 x 1-1.2 cm, oblongo-lanceolate or lanceolate, short-acute at apexes, bases flato-truncate, symmetrical, lobed up to 2/3 of distance to costule; segments ca. 6 pairs, ones on above middle 4-5 x 2.-2.5 mm, oblong, sharp-pointed or obtuse at apexes. Veins clear, 5-8 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel basiscopic one venlet coming out from base of costae, acrosopic one coming out from above base of costa, joining triangular-areola, a excurrent veinlet reached to the sinus; the second pair of lateral veins reached to the sinus. Fronds form-chartaceous, green after dry, upper surface glabrous, one or two puberulose along veins on under surface. Sori small, rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins 4-5 pairs on each segment, terminal 1-3 pairs steril only; indusia small, membraneous, brownish,, puberulose, persistent.

       On wet soil under thickets or shade places by roadsides; 100-400 m.; Fujian, Jiangxi and Taiwan. Typical specimen collected from Fujian.

10. Cyclosorus glabrascens Ching ex Shing in Addenda 332. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1) : 188. 1999.

Plant 35-45 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping. Stipes 10-13 cm long, darkish-brown and grayish-brown, up smooth; laminae 25-30 x 8-12 cm, oblong, caudato-acuminate at apexes, bipinnatifid; laminae ca. 10 pairs, obliquely up, very short petiolulate on lower ones, alternate, basel one pair shortend 2-3 x ca. 1 cm, lanceolate, teeth-like along margins; pinnae from the second upward 5-7 x ca. 1 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases truncate and slightly insymmetrical, acroscopic segment longer; lobed up to 1/3 – 1/2 of the distance to costule, segments ca. 10 pairs, obliquely spreading, length nearly equal to width, ligulate, roundo-obtuse at apexes and with small pointed, entire. Veins visible, ca. 6 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, 1 1/2 – 2 pairs of lower part joining, acroscopic one veinlet coming out from above part of base of costae, basiscopic coming out from base of costae, joining into a triangular-areola, a excurrent vein joining into 3 rombic areolae with the second pair of lateral veins or acroscopic veinlet of the second pair of lateral veins, basiscopic one veinlet of the third pair and acroscopic one veinlet of the fourth pair reached to line of translucent membrane below the ninus. Fronds paperaceous after dry, brownish-yellow, upper surface short acicular hairy along rachillae, one or two short setaceous along veins, nearly glabrous on under surface. Sori rounded, attached at above middle of lateral veins, 2-4 pairs on each segments; indusia small, thick-membraneous, brown, persistent.

On roadsides; endemic Fujian ( xiamen, nanxi).

11. Cyclosorus pygmaeus Ching & C. F. Zhang in Bull. Bot. Res. 3 (3): 4. photo 5. 1983.  

Plants ca. 32 cm tall. Rhizomes thick and short, decumbent, bearing brown lanceolate scales. Fronds clustered; stipes ca. 15 cm long, stramineousish, slightly one or two puberulose on upper surface, under surface glabrous; laminae equal to stipe or slightly short in length, ca. 15 x ca. 9 cm, acuminate at apexes, bases unanguste, bipinnatifid; pinnae ca. 15 pairs, sessile, opposite, flatly spreading, lower pinnae ca. 4.5 x o.6-o.7 cm, lanceolate, acuminat at apexes, bases flatly truncate, lobed up to 1/2 of the distance to costule; segments oblong slightly anguste at apexes. Veins visible, 4-6 pairs of lateral veins, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joining into a triangular-areola and almostly without excurrent veinlet, lateral veins of the second pair all reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds herbaceous after dry, green, bearing adpressed villoses. Sori small, rounded, attached at above part of middle on lateral veins and closed to margin, 2-3 pairs on each segment; indusia brown and bearing long acicular hairs.

        In clevices among rocks; ca. 80 m.; endemic Zhejiang (le-qing, yandang mountain).

12. Cyclosorus dentatus (Forssk..) Ching in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot.ser. 8: 206. 1938.

齿牙毛蕨 chi ya mao jue

Polypodium dentatum Forssk., Fl. Aegypt. Arab. 185. 1773; Dryopteris dentate (Foessk.) C. Chr.; Thelypteris dentate (Forssk. ) E. St. John.; Chistella dentate (Forssk.) Brownsey & Jemy; Nephrodium molle Hook. & Bak.; Dryopteris procurrens Bak.

      Plants 40-60 cm tall. Rhizomes short and erect, apexes and bases of stipes densely bearing lanceolate scales and brown short hairs. Fronds clustered; stipes 10-35 cm long, darkish-brown, stramineous up, densely bearing short hairs; laminae 25-30 x 12-14 cm, lanceolate, long caudate at apexes, bases slightly anguste, bipinnatifid; pinnae 11-13 pairs, subflatly spreading, lower 2-3 pairs slightly shortened, subalternate, basel one pair ca. 5 cm long, mid pinnae 6-8 x 1.2- 1.5 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases roundo-truncate, lobed up to 1/2 of the distance to costule, obliquely spreading, ca. 4 mm long, basel acroscopic one piec slightly longer, bases 3-4 mm wide, rectangular, roundo-obtuse at apexes, entire. Veins visible, 5-6 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, 1 1/2 pairs connected on lower part, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae, joining into a oblique-rectangular areola, basiscopic one veinlet of the second pair reached to bottom of the sinus. Fronds herbaceous or paperaceous after dry, brownish-green, densely short setaseous on upper surface, along veins bearing one or two acicular hairs, densely puberulose on under surface. Sori small, attached at above middle of lateral veins, 2-5 pairs on each segment; indusia mid size, thick membraneous, darkish-brown, short hairy, persistent. Chromosome 2n = 72 144.

       Under sparse forest or on roadside by streamsides in mountain valley; Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Jiangxi, Taiwan and E. Yunnan ( Arab, Myanmer, India, Indonesia, Madagasca, Thailand, Vietnam, tropical regin of Africa, Atlantic Islands and Tropic regins of Ameirica). Typical specimen collected from Egypti.

13. Cyclosorus orientalis Ching ex Shing in Addenda 333. Fl. Reipuble Popul. Sin. 4 (1); 192. 1999.

东方毛蕨 dong fang mao jue

       Plants 60-80 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping, apexes and bases of stipes sparsely bearing dark-brown or brownish lanceolate scales and densely villose. Fronds approached; stipes 20-45 cm long, darkish-brown, deeply strmineous up, smmoth; laminae 30-35 x 14-0 cm, broado-lanceolate or oblongo-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases almostly anguste, bipinnatifid; pinnae 15-17 pairs, subspreading, opposite or subopposite, basel one pair slightly shortened, ca. 8 cm long, mid pinnae ca. 10 x ca. 1.5 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases flatly truncate and acroscopic side slightly projected, lobed up to 1/2 of the distance to costule; segments 23-25 pairs, obliquely up, subfalcato-lanceolate or oblongo-lanceolate, obtuse-pointed at apexes, entire. Veins visible, 8-9 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from abovr base of costae and joining into a triangular-areola, a excurrent veinlet joining with line of translucent membrane below the sinus, lateral veins of the second pair reached to line of translucent membrane below the sinus. Fronds herbaceous, darkish-green after dry, upper surface very short setaceous, under surface mixed acicular hairy and puberulose. Sori mid size, 4-5 pairs on each segment, attached at above middle of lateral veins, basel one pair usually attached near the end of lateral veins, combined into one when maturity; indusia mid size, thick-membraneous, brown, short puberulose, persistent.

       Under forest; ca. 10 m.; Taiwan and Zhejiang ( Japan). Typical specimen collected from Taiwan.

14. Cyclosorus laui Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 9 (4): 362. 1964. 

心祁毛蕨 xin qi mao jue

       Plants ca. 90 cm tall. Rhizome un seen. Stipes ca. 50 cm long, brownish-stramineous, glabrous; laminae ca. 40 x ca. 23 cm, oblongo-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases unanguste, bipinnatifid; pinnae ca. 20 pairs, flatly spreading, sessile, alternate, mid pinnae ca. 11 x 1-1.2 cm, up anguste, longo-acuminate at apexes, bases truncate or broado-cuneate, acroscopic side slightly projected, lobed up to 1/2 of the distence to costule; segments 25-27 pairs, subobliquely spreading, basel one pair longer, the others ca. 3 x ca. 2.5 mm, triangular, pointed at apexes, entire. Veins visible, 6-8 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae, joining into a triangular areola and a excerrent veinlet reached to the sinus, lateral veins of the second pair or acroscopic one veinlet reached to the sinus, basisicopic one veinlet reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds thick-paperaceous, grayish-green after dry, densely bearing short acicular hairs on both surfaces. Sori rounded and attached at middle of lateral veins, 6-8 pairs on each segment; indusia small, brown, thick-membraneous, short puberulose, persistent.

       By steramsides; endemic Hainan ( changjiang).

15. Cyclosorus contractus Ching ex Shing in Addenda 333. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 192. 1999.

狭缩毛蕨 xia suo mao jue

       Plants ca. 80 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping, including bases of stipes bearing short hard hairs and scales; the scales darkish-brown, subulato-lanceolate. Fronds remote; stipes ca. 20 cm long, deeply stramineous, mixed short acicular hairs and pubescences; laminae ca. 60 x ca. 22 cm, broado-oblong lanceolate, anguste and cadate at apexes, bases inanguste, bipinnatifid; pinnae ca. 18 pairs, lower ones opposite, flatly spreading, mid ones subopposite to opposite, basel one pair almostly shortened, mid pinnae 10-12 x ca. 1.5 cm, anguste downward, broadened at bases, lanceolate, longo-acuminate at apexes, bases flatly truncate, acroscopic side slightly projected, lobed up to 2/3 of the distance to costule; segments majority, above ones longist, ca. 5 x ca. 3 mm, pointed and with small projected at apexes, entire. Veins clear, 6-8 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from near base of costae and joining a triangular areola, a excurrent veinlet spreading to the sinus, acroscopic one veinlet of lateral veins on the second pair reached to the sinus, basiscopic one veinlet reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds paperaceous, brownish-green after dry, upper surface appressed acicular hairy along rachillae, one or two acicular hairy along veins.under surface short acicular hairy along rachillae and veins. Sori rounded, attached at above middle of lateral veins and closed to margin, 3-4 pairs on each segment; indusia darkish-brown, puberulaose, persistent.

       On shady wet places under forest; endemic Jiangxi ( ruijin)

16. Cyclosorus megongnsis Ching ex Shing in Addenda 333. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 193. 1999.

临沧毛蕨 lin cang mao jue

       Plants ca. 1.3 m. Rhizomes decumbent, strong, ca. 7 mm in diam. insluding bases of stipes bearing brownish lanceolate scales. Fronds remote; stipes ca. 55 cm long, greyish-brown, deeply stramineous up to and slightly puberulose; laminae ca. 75 x ca. 26 cm, oblongo-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, slightly anguste at bases, bipinnatifid; pinnae ca. 32 pairs, obliquely spreading, opposite or subopposite, basel one pair slightly shortened, ca. 8 x ca. 2 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases flatly truncate, acroscopic side projected and with a mall lobed pinna, pinna 1.2 x o.7 cm, pointed at apex, serrate along margin; mid pinnae ca. 7 x ca. 2 cm, lanceolate, longo-acuminate at apexes, bases flatly truncate, subsymmetrical, lobed up to more than 2/3 of the distance to costule; segments ca. 30 pairs, basel acroscopic one piec slightly longer, the others 7-8 x 3.5 – 4 mm, slightly falcato-lanceolate, obtuse at apexes, entire. Veins clear, 9-11 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from above bases of costae and joining into a triangular-areola, a excurrent vein spreading to the sinus, laterale veins of the second pair all reached to margin above the sinus or sometime acroscopic one veinlet reached to bottum of the sinus. Fronds herbaceous, darkish-green after dry, a few short puberulose and one or two acicular hairy on upper surface, under surface sparse short acicular hairy. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lamina, 6-9 pairs on each segment; indusia small, brown, thick-membranous, densely pubescent, persistent.

       On wet soil under dense forest by streamside; ca. 1300 m.; endemic NW Yunnan ( lincang).

17. Cyclosorus wangmoensis Shing & P. S. Wang in Addenda 334. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 193. 1999.

望谟毛蕨 wang mo mao jue

       Plants ca. 85 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping, including bases of stipes bearing short acicular hairs and scales; the scales darkish-brown, lanceolate, short hairy. Fronds remote; stipes ca. 45 cm long, brownish-stramineous, nearly glabrous above bases; laminae ca. 40 x ca. 17 cm, oblongo-lanceolate, sharptly anguste and short-caudate at apexes, abtruptly anguste at bases, bipinnatifid; pinnae ca. 13 pairs, basel one pair abtruptly shortened, less than 1/2 above one pair in length; mid pinnae short petiolulate, opposite or subopposite, 8-10 x ca. 1 cm, linear-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases anguste, unsymmetrical cuneate, lobed up to 2/3 of the distance to costule; segments majority, basel one pair auriculate, mid segments ca. 5 x ca. 2.5 mm, obtuse-pointed at apexes. Veins clear, 7-8 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the end, a short excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point spreading to the sinus, acropscopic one veinlet of the second pair reached to margin near the sinus, basiscopic one veinlet reached to margin far to the sinus. Fronds paperaceous, grayish-green after dry, short hairy along rachillae on both surfaces, upper surface denser, under surface one or two short acicular hairy along veins and margin, strigous on both intercostals area. Sori small, attached at middle of lateral veins, 6-8 pairs on each segment; indusia small, brown, rough and depressed in sori when dry.

       Under forest in mountain valley; ca. 500 m.; endemic Guizhou ( wangmo).

18. Cyclosorus simenensis Shng & C. M. Zhang in Keys Vasc. Pl. Pl. Wuling Mts. 565. 1995.

石门毛蕨 shi men mao jue

       Plant 44-50 cm tall. Rhizomes thick and short, decumbent, scaly at apexes; the scales darkish-brown, subulato-lanceolate, hairy. Fronds approached; stipes ca. 24 cm long, brownish-stramineaous, densely bearing short acicular hairs, up nearly glabrous; laminae 20-26 x 12-14 cm, slightly anguste and pinnatifid-caudate at apexes, bases slightly anguste, bipinnatifid; pinnae 8-12 pairs, sessile, up bend a how, lower 2 pairs shortened, 4-6 cm long, opposite, pinnae of the third pair 6-9 x 1.2-1.5 cm, falcato-lanceolate, caudato-acuminate at apexes, bases anguste, lobed up to 1/2 – 2/3 of the distance to costule; segments majority, basel one pair auriclate, mid segments 4-6 x ca. 3 mm, obtuse-rounded at apexes. Veins clear, 6-7 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, 2 pairs only on basel segment, basel one coming out from near base of costae and joining into a triangular-areola by the end, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining pointed spreading to the sinus, acroscopic one veinlet of the second pair reached to the sinus, basiscopic one veinlet reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds paperaceous, grayish-green after dry., sparsely bearing pubescences along rachillae on upper surface, sometime rough hairy on intercostals area, one or two short acicular hairy along margin, almostly glabrous on under surface. Sori small, attached at above middle of lateral veins and closed to margin, 4-6 pairs on each segment, usually sterile on apexes; indusia brown, roundo-reniform, flat, sparse short acicular hairy.

       Alt. 550-600 m.; Hunan ( shimen).

19. Cyclosorus xunwuensis Ching ex Shing & J. F. Cheng in Jiangxi Sci. 3 (3): 44- 45. 1990.

寻乌毛蕨 xin wu mao jue

       Plants ca. 55 cm. Rhizomes long and creeping, including bases of stipes sparsely bearing darkish-brown, ciliate lanceolate scales. Fronds remote, stipes 20-25 cm long, brownish-stramineous, sparse puberulose on upper side, glabrous on under side; laminae 20-30 x 15-22 cm, triangular-oblong, abruptly anguster and acuminate at apexes, bipinnatifid; pinnae 10-15 x 1.2-1.5 cm, lanceolate, longo-acuminate at apexes, bases subflatly truncate, lobed up to 1/3-1/2 of the distance to costule; segments 15-20 pairs, basel acroscopic one piec particular long and parellal with rachillae, the others obliquely up. Veins clear, 6-8 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the end, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining pointed spreading to the sinus, all lateral veins from the second pair reached to margins above the sinus or at least acroscopic one veinlet of lateral veins of the second pair reached to the sinus. Fronds paperaceous, grayish-green after dry, under surface except mixed one or two acicular hairs, all sparsely puberulose, on upper surface scattered minute short hairs. Sori small, usually attached only at above middle of basel one pair and in one line on each side of rachillae; indusia small, roundo-reniform, dense puberulose, persistent.

       On shady and wet places under forest; ca. 480 m.; endemic Jiangxi ( xinwu).

20. Cyclosorus dissitus Ching ex Shing in Addenda 334. Fl. Reipubl. Pipul. Sin. 4 (1): 196. 1999.

疏羽毛蕨 shu yu mao jue

       Plants 70-75 cm tall. Rhizomes unseen. Stipes 15-20 cm long, stramineousish, slightly puberulose up to rachis; laminae ca. 60 x ca. 15 cm, broado-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases unanguste, bipinnatifid; pinnae 22-24 pairs, pinnae below middle spreading, opposite, 10-12 x 1-1.2 cm, linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate at apexes, acroscopic side slightly projected, flatly truncate and parallel with rachillae, basiscopic broado-cuneate, lobed up to 2/3 of the distance to costule; segments majority, obliquely spreading, falcato-tringular, basel one pair slightly longer, the others ca. 3 x ca. 2 mm, pointed at apexes, entire; pinnae above middle obliquely up, alternate, the shape same with under ones. Veins visible, 8-10 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from base of costae and joining in to a triangular-areola by the end, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining pointed prodruding to line of translucent membrane, acrscopic one veinlet of the second pair reached to line of membrane below the sinus, basiscopic one veinlet reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds herbaceous, grayish-green after dry, except rachillae sparsely bearing puberuscences along upper side of rachillae, the both surfaces glabrous. Sori rounded, attached at above middle of lateral veins, 6-8 pairs on each segment; indusia mid size, brownish, thick-membranous, glabrous, persistent.

       The habitat unknow; endemic suburb of Shanghai.

       This species is very similar to Cyclosorus acuminatus (Houtt.) Nakai, but plant taller and biger, pinnae far separated from each other, glabrous on both surfaces.

21. Cyclsorus densissimus Ching ex Shing in Addenda 334 in Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 196. 1999.

密羽毛蕨 mi yu mao jue

       Plants 70-80 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping, sparsely bearing brown lanceolate scales and brownish acicular hairs. Fronds remote; stipes 25-35 cm long, darkish-brown, occasionally scaly, up stramineous, smooth; laminae 35-55 x 16-24 cm, oblongo-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases unanguste or slightly broadened, bippinatifid; pinnae 22-25 pairs, sessile, flato-spreading, alternate, lower 3-4 pairs opposite oe subopposite, pinnae on below middle 10-15 x ca. 17 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases flato-truncate, symmetrical, lobed up to 2/3 of the distance to costule; segments 22-27 pairs, obliquely up, slightly bend a how, contacted with each other, triangular-lanceolate, usually lobed or thick-serrate along margin, basel one pair ca. 1.5 cm long, mid ones ca. 1 0 x 3.5-4 mm, subfalcato-lanceolate, obtuse-pointed or acute at apexes, entire. Veins clear, 7-10 pairs of lateral veins on each segment ( reached 13 pairs on basel segment), basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the end, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point reached to the sinus, all lateral veins from the second pair reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds coriaceous, green after dry, upper surface one or two long acicular hairy along veins, under surface dense acicular hairy. Sori small, usually attached at near the end of lateral veins of basel one pair, closed to each other; indusia big, brown, thick-membranous, dense long acicular hairy, persistent.

       On Shady places under dense forest; ca. 1300 m.; endemic N. Yunnan ( xishuanbanna, menghai).

       The species is similar to Cyclosorus procurrens (Mett.) Ching, but plant more big and tall, basel segments on lower pinnae often thick-teethed or lobed, segments longer, obtuse-pointed at apexes, lateral veins more than 10 pairs, upper surface one or two acicular long hairy along veins, under surface dense acicular hairy.

22. Cyclosorus macrophyllus Ching & Z. Y. Liu in Bull. Bot. Res. 4 (3): 16. photo18. 1984.

阔羽毛蕨 kuo yu mao jue

       Plants ca. 90 cm tall. Rhizomes short, decumbent, scaly at apexes; the scales brown, lanceolate,. Fronds clustered; stipes ca. 58 cm long, stramineous, bases densely bearing brown short acicular hairs and one or two scales, up smooth; laminae ca. 50 x ca. 20 cm, oblong, anguste and lobed-pinna at apexes, bases unanguste, bipinnatifid; pinnae ca. 9 pairs, sessile, alternate, spreading, basel one pair same with above ones in shape, ca. 15 x ca. 3 cm, lanceolate, acuminato-caudate at apexes, bases anguste, lobed up to 2/3 of the distance to costule; segments ca. 20 pairs, obliquely spreading or slightly bend a how , basel one slightly shortened, up ones ca. 10 x 4-5 mm, oblong, roundo-obtuse or small pointed at apexes, entire. Lateral veins obliquely up, ca. 10 pairs on each segment, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and a ecurrent veinlet joining with line of translucent membrane under the sinus, acroscopic one veinlet of the second pair reached to bottom of the sinus, basiscopic one veinlet reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds paperaceous, green after dry, puberulose along under side of rachillae, upper surface acicular hairy along rachillae and costae, lateral veins and intercostals area bearing roughish hairs. Sori rounded and attached at middle of lateral veins, 5-7 pairs on each segment; indusia brown, dense hispid.

       Under mixed forest; ca. 800 m.; endemic Sichuan ( nanchuan, jinfu mountain).

23. Cyclosorus molliusculus (Wall. ex Kuhn) Ching in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. Ser. 8: 196. 1938.

美丽毛蕨 mei li mao jue

Polypodium molliusculum Wall., 332. 1828. nom. nud.; Aspidium molliusculum Kuhn in Bot. Zeit. 1868: 41. 1868; Thelypteris molliuscula K. Iwats.; Cyclosorus pulcher Ching nom. nud.

      Plants ca. 1.1 m. tall.Rhizomes long and creeping, including bases of stipes sparsely bearing hairy and lanceolate scales. Fronds approached; stipes 20-40 cm long, grayish-brown, up stramineous, including rachis sparse long acicular hairy, laminae 30-85 x 18-20 cm, oblongo-lanceolate, bipinnatipartite; pinnae ca. 30 pairs, sessile, obliquely spreading, lower 4-5 pairs slightly shortened, opposite, obliquely downwards, 4-9 cm long, same shape with above ones, mid pinnae alternate, 9-15 x 1.5-2 cm, lanceolate, bases slightly broader, flatly truncate, long-acuminate at apexes, lobed up to both lateral sides of rachillae; segments 25-30 pairs, slightly bend a how up, basel one pair longer, mid ones 8-10 x 2-2.5 mm, lanceolate, obtuse or obtuse-pointed at apexes, entire. Veins clear, lateral veins single ( occasionally forked on basel segment), 9-13 (14) pairs on each segment, basel one pair coming out from base or near base of costae and joining a triangular-areola by the end, a excurrent veinlet from joining point spreading to the sinus, all lateral veins of the second pair reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds herbaceous, brownish-green after dry, both surfaces particular along rhachis, rachillae and veins sparsely bearing slender acicular hairs, upper surface occasionally bearing one or two short seta on intercostal area. Sori small, attached at above base of lateral veins, 8-10 pairs on each segment; indusia small, brownish, membranous, acicular hairy, persistent. Chromosome 2n = 72.

       The habitat unknow; 300-1600 m.; Guangxi, Guizhou, Taiwan and W. and S. Yunnan ( India, Myanmer, Nepal, Sikkim and Thailand). Typical specimen collected from Nepal.

       The typical sspecimen of Wallich 332 was dedermined on Aspidium molliuscullum by Kuhn in 1868. Beddome 1883 published Nephrodium microsorum (Clarke). Without any new decription Beddome 1892 brought  Wallich no 332 of  Polypodium molliusclum cobinated into Nephrodium molliusculum Bedd. and sametime quoted Wallich’ no. 349 of specimen and considered that was priorer than N ephrodium hopei Baker. In fact this all according to his Nephrodium micoorum 1883 made it. Wallich’ no 332 is a type of Aspidium Milliusculum Kuhn, it’s petiolule longer, lower 1-2 pairs of pinnae slightly shortened only and same shape with above ones, only one pair of lateral vein joining; Wallich’ no 349 is Neprodium microsorum Beddomd, it’s scales on rhizome ovate, lower 6-8 pairs of pinnae shortened, basel ones small, two pairs of lateral veins joining that should belong to Cyclosorus appediculatus (Presl) Shing, comb. nov. -----Nephrodium extensum var. microsorum (Clarke) Bedd. Handb. Ferns Brit. Ind. 270. 1883. non Hook. 1862--------- Nephrodium extensum var. microsorum Clarke in Trans Linn. Soc. 2, Bot. 1: 530. 1880--------Nephrodium molliusculum Bedd. Handb. Ferns Brit. Ind. Suppl. 68. 1891 nom superfl. undistributed in china.

24. Cyclosorus procurrens (Mett.) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 328. 1963.

无腺毛蕨 wu xian mao jue

Aspidium procurrens Mett. in Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. 1: 231. 1864; Neprodium procurrens Bak.; Dryopteris procurrens O. Ktze.; Aspidium tectum Wall.; Neprodium tectum Bedd.; Dryopteris eriochlamys Christ; Cyclosorus benguetensis Cop.; Christella pasitica (L.) Holtt.; Cyclosorus parasiticus var. formosana Ching. 

       Plants ca. 1 m.. Rhizomes creeping, strong, woody, including bases of stipes sparse brown lanceolate scaly. Fronds approached; stipes 40-50 cm long, brownish, up deeply stramineous, smooth or one or two hairy; laminae 50-60 x 20-25 cm, broado-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases unanguste, bipinnatifid; pinnae 20-25 pairs, sessile, lower ones flato-spreading or obliquely downwards, opposite or subopposite, unshortened, lanceolate, ca. 13 x 1.5-1.8 cm, lobed up to 2/3 of the distance to costulel segments ca. 25 pairs, obliquely up and slightly bend a how, mid ones 6-7 x ca. 4 mm, subfalcato-lanceolate ( acroscopic one piec longer, oblong), obtuse at apexes, mid pinnae same shape and size with below one, up ones shortened, alternate. Veins visible, 6-8 pairs on each segment, basel one pair coming out from base of costae and joining into a triangular-areola by the end, a long excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point joining with line of translucent membrane under the sinus, lateral veins of the secod pair reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds firm paperaceous, brownish-green after dry, sparse short setaceous on upper surface, under surface densely bearing grayish-white acicular hairs and glandless. Sorirounded, attached at middle of lateral veins, 6-8 pairs on each segment; indusia small, thick-membranous, brown, dense puberulose, persistent.

       On wet soil under overgreen forest or edge of thickets; 200-2900 m.; Guizhou, Hainan, N.Taiwan and Yunnan ( Burma, S. India, Indonesia, Maresiana and Phippens). Typical specimen collected from Indonesia ( Java).

       The species is similar to Cyclosorus parasticus  (L.) Farwell. in shape and veins, but laminae without gland, the hairs unseparated.

25. Cyclosorus multisorus Ching in Addenda 334. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1); 201. 1999.

多囊毛蕨 duo nang mao jue

       Plants ca. 72 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, apexes and bases of stipes bearing scales and hairs; the scales darkish-brown linearo-lanceolate, smooth. Fronds remote; stipes ca. 32 cm long, brownish-stramineous, subsmooth above bases; laminae ca. 40 x ca. 29 cm, ovato-lanceolate, acuminate and caudate at apexes, bases slightly anguste, bipinnatifid; pinnae ca. 22 pairs, subopposite or alternate up, slightly bend a how above middle, lower 1-2 pairs slightly shortened, obliquely downwards, same shape with above one, pinnae of the third pairs ca. 15 x 1.8-2 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases flato-truncate and parallel with rachillae, lobed up to 3/4 of the distance to costule; segments majority, basel one pair slightly longer, mid ones 5-6 x ca. 2.5 mm, roundo-obtuse at apexes, obliquely spreading, more or less undulate along margin. Veins visible, 8-10 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joining into a triangular-areola by the end, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point spreading to the sinus, all lateral veins of the second pair reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds herbaceous, grayish—green after dry, upper surface bearing acicular hairs along rachillae and veins, bearing very short strigos on intercostals area, under surface full bearing acicular hairs. Sori senser and attached at middle of lateral veins, 7-9 pairs on each segment; indusia grayish-brown, bearing acicular hairs.

       The habitat unknown; Sichuan ( Chongqing, shapingba).

26. Cyclosorus kweichouensis Ching ex Shing in Addenda 335. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 201. 1999.

贵州毛蕨 guizhou mao jue

       Plants ca. 85 cm. tall. Rhizomes unseen. Stipes 30-43 cm long, grayish-brown, bearing hairs and one or two scales; deeply stramineous up, smooth or slightly bearing villoses; laminae 42-45 x 26-34 cm, ovato-oblong, acuminate at apexes, bases abtruptly anguate, bipinnatifid; pinnae ca. 22 pairs, subopposite, ca. 7 x ca. 2.2 cm, insymmetrical triangular-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, pinnatifid, segments ca. 12 pairs, basel acoscopic one piec partcular longer, ca. 1-4 cm, triangular-lanceolate or lanceolate, short pointed at apexes, pinnatipartite along margin; the others of segments ca. 8 mm long, lanceolate, entire; pinnae from above the second pairs opposite or subopposite, 14-20 x 2-4 cm, lanceolate, caudate longo-auminete at apexes, base flat-truncate, symmetrical, lobed up to broado-wings of both sides on rachillae; segments majority, basel one pair longer, toothed along margin, above segments 1.1-1.5 x ca. 0.4 cm, lanceolate, pointed or acute at apexes, entire or undulate along margin. Veins visible, 9-12 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from base of costae and joining into a triangular-areola by the end, a short excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point reached to bottum of membrane under the sinus and forming a triangular-areola without excurrent veinlet, lateral veins of the second pair reached to margins above the sinus. Fronds herbaceous, green after dry, upper surface bearing few appressed aciculr hairs, sparsely puberulose on intercostals area, under surface full villoses. Sori small, rounded, attached at above of middle of lateral veins, 8-10 pairs on each segment ( sometime 2-3 pairs only), indusia small, darkish-brown, membraneous, villoses, persistent.

       Under bomboo on slope; ca. 800 m.; endemic S. Guizhou ( ceheng).

27. Cyclosorus acutilobus Ching ex Shing in Addeda 335. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Si. 4 (1): 202. 1999.

锐片毛蕨 rui pian mao jue

       Plants 80-90 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping, strong, apexes and bases of stipes bearing darkish-brown narrow- lanceolate scales. Fronds majority, approached; stipes 40-45 cm long, darkish-brown or grayish-brown, smooth above bases; laminae same with stipes or more in length, 20-22 cm wide at middle, broado-lanceolate or oblongo-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases unanguste, bipinnatifid; pinnae 20-22 pairs, sessile, alternate or subalternate, basel ones unshortened, mid pinnae 10-12 x 1.5-1.8 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases flato-truncate, symmetrical; lobed up to broado-wings of both sides of rachillae; segments ca. 25 pairs, basel one longer, flatly spreading and parallel with rachillae, slightly bed a how from the second pairs up, 5-7 x 1.5-2 mm, narrow-lanceolate, pointed at apexes, entire. Veins visible, 8-10 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joining into a triangular-areola under the sinus by the end and without excurrent veinlet, lateral veins from the second pairs reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds herbaceous, brownish-green afte dry, upper surface bearing one or two acicular hairs, under surface sparsely bearing acicular hairs. Sori rounded, attached at above middle of lateral veins, 7-9 pairs on each segment; indusia mid size, brown, thick-membraneous, densely bearing white acicular hairs, persitent.

       The habitat unknow; ca. 220 m.; endemic S-E. Yunnan( hekou).

28. Cyclosorus dulongjiangensis W. M. Chu in Acta. Bot. Yunnan. Suppl. 5: 44. 1992.

独龙江毛蕨 du long jiang mao jue

       Plants ca. 1. 2 m. tall. Rhizomes unseen. Stipes ca. 30 long, stramineous till rachis, sparsely bearing long acicular hairs; laminae ca. 90 x ca. 24 cm, oblongo-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases slightly anguste, bipinnatipartite; pinnae majority, unsame size on both sides of rachis, alternate, obliquely up, lower ca. 5 pairs slightly shortened, basel one pair ca. 7 x ca. 1.5 cm, same  1-13 x ca. 3 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, basel acroscopic side flato-truncate, basiscopic  segments ca. 1.5 x ca. 4 mm.  the another side 10x 2-3 mm, lanceolate, pointed at apexes. Veins prominenter on under surface, 14-15 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joining into a triangular-areola by the end, a short excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point reached to near place under the sinus, the others of lateral veins all reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds papperaceous, yellow-green after dry dense long hairy along upper side of rachillae, sparsely bearing very long, bright-grey acicualr hairs along under side of rachillae and both sides of veins, hailess on intercostals araea. Sori rounded, attached at above of middle of lateral veins and closed to margin, 8-10 paird on each segment, usually sterile at apexes of segments; indusia very small, difficult seening, glabrous.

       On racks of warter droping; ca. 1230 m.; endemic Yunnan ( dulong river).

       The pinnae of both sides on rachises in this species is unsame in size, sporangis empty, maybe a hybrid and remin to be research.

29. Cyclosorus tarningensis Ching in Wuyi Sci. Journ. 1 (1): 4. 1981.

泰宁毛蕨 tai ning mao jue

       Plants less 30 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, apexes and bases of stipes sparsely bearing grayish-brown lanceolate scales. Fronds remote; stipes ca. 10 cm long, grayish-brown or stramineous, smooth on lower part, up to rachis puberulose; laminae ca. 19 x ca. 8 cm, lanceolate, acute at apexes, bases unanguste, bipinnatifid; pinnae ca. 12 pairs, obliquely spreading, basel one pair slightly longer, opposite, mid ones alternate, 3.5 x 1-1.4 cm, slingtly narrower up, then broadened again, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases slightly insymmetrical, acroscopic side slightly projected, flato-truncate, basiscopic side obliquely out, lobed up to 2/3 of the distance to costule; basel one pair of segments slightly longer, particular acrscopic one piec, obtuse at apexes. Veins obvous on under surface, visible on upper surface, acroscopic veinlet of basel pair coming out from base of costae, basiscopic one coming out from rachillae and joining into a triangular areola, a short excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point reached to place of translucent membranous under the sinus, acroscopic one veinlet of the second pair of lateral veins reached to the sinus, basiscopic one veinlet reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds paperaceous, grayish-brown after dry, both surfaces bearing short and fine acicular hairs along rachis, upper surface sparse puberilose. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins, 3-5 pairs on each segment; indusia small, thick-membranous, brown, occasionally one or two puberolose, persistent.

       Under thichets; endemic Fujian ( taining).

30. Cyclosorus yuanjiangensis Ching ex Shing in Addenda 335. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin 4 (1): 203. 1999.

元江毛蕨 yuan jiang mao jue

Cyclosorus insularis Ching nom. nud.

       Plants ca. 1.1 m. tall. Rhizomes unseen. Stipes ca. 50 cm long, brown, sparse scaly, brownish-stramineous up, smooth; laminae ca. 60 x ca. 25 cm, oblongo-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, slightly anguster at bases, bipinnatifid; pinnae ca. 20 pairs, sessile, subopposite, spreading, basel one pair shorter, mid pinnae 14-15 x ca. 1.6 cm, lanceolate, longo-acuminate at apexes, bases subtruncate, slightly symmetrical, acroscopic side slightly projected, lobed up to 2/3 of the distance to costule; segments ca. 25 pairs, obliquely up, sllghtly bend a how, basel acroscopic one piec longer, the others 5-6 x ca. 4 mm, falcato-lanceolate, pointed or acute at apexes, entire. Veins visible, 7-9 pairs of lateral veins on each sgemnt ( 10 pairs on basel acroscopic sgment), basel one pair coming out from base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the end, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point to the sinus; acroscopic one veinlet of the second pair reached to the sinus, basiscopic one veinlet reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds paperaceous, green after dry, slightly rough and slightly short setaceous on upper surface, sparsely needle-like hairy on under surface. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins, 6-7 pairs on each segment ( 9 pairs on basel acroscopic segment); indusia small, brown, thick-membranous, puberulose on upper side, persistent.

       On wet soil by streamsides in mountain valley; ca. 800 m.; Fujian, Guangxi and S. Yunnan. Commen. Typical specimen collected from Yunnan.

31. Cyclosorus parvifolum Ching in Fl. Fujian. 1: 155. f. 143. 1982.

小叶毛蕨 xiao ye mao jue

       Small plant, 18-50 cm tall. Rhizomes erect, slightly bearing lanceolate small scales at apexes. Fronds clustred; stipes 5-8 cm long, stramineous, sparsely villous; laminae 8-10 x 3.3- 4.5 cm, broado-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases almostly anguste, bipinnatilobed; pinnae 6-8 pairs, sessile, lower 1-2 pairs slight short and broad,  mid ones 1.7-2.2 x ca. 0.6 cm, oblong or broado-lanceolate, obtuso-pointed or short-pointed at apexes, bases broado-cuneate or subtruncate, symmetrical, lobed up to 1/2 of the distance to costule; segments 5-6 paairs, densely, ca. 2 x ca. 1.2 mm, subrectangular, roundo-obtuse or obtuso-pointed at apexes, entire. Veins visible on under surface, 3-4 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from far above base of costae and joining into a triangular areola, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joininh point reached to the sinus, lateral veins of the second pair reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds one or two acicular hairs along veins, under surface densely puberulose, bearing orange glands along veins. Sori small, rounded, one on each segment, attached at above middle of basel acrosopic veinlet, occasionally attached also acroscopic the second veinlet, arranged in 1 (-2) line on both sides of rachillae; indusia small, membraneous, brown, puberulose, persistent.

       By streamsides or forest edge; 20-400 m.; E. Fujian, Hainan and Zhejiang. Typical specimen collected from Fujian.

32. Cyclosorus rupicola Ching in Fujian. 1: 598. f. 141. 1982.

石生毛蕨 shi sheng mao jue

       Plants ca. 35 cm tall. Rhizomes short and erect, apexes densely bearing darkish-brown lanceolate scales. Fronds clustered; stipes 15-17 cm long, stramineous, sparse scaly at base, up anguste, bipinnatifid; pinnae ca. 15 pairs, sessile, alternate, spreading, basel one pair slightly shortened, or occasionally slightly shortened on lower 2-3 pairs, mid pinnae ca. 4.5 x ca. 1 cm, slightly falcato-lanceolate, short-pointed or acuminate at apexes, bases subtruncate, acroscopic side projected, lobed up to 1/2 of the distance to costule; segments oblong, obtuse or obtuso-pointed at apexes, basel one piec paticular longer,ca. 5-6 mm. Veins obvious, ca. 5 pirs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joining into a triangular areola and a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point spreading to bottum of the sinus, all lateral veins of the second pair reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds thick herbaceous, brownish-green after dry, upper surface few setaceous only along veins, subglabrous on intercostals area, under surface densely bearing acicular hairs and densely reddish-orange gladulose along lateral veins. Sori rounded and attached at middle of lateral veins of basel one pair, occasionally one at acroscopic one veinlet of the second pair; indusia small, brown, thick in texture, glabrous or several acicular hairy in sinus, persistent.

       In crevices among rocks on outskirts of a town; ca. 530 m.; endemic Fujian ( dehua).

33. Cyclosorus parasiticus (L.) Farwell. In Amer. Modl. Naturalist 12: 259. 1931.

华南毛蕨 hua nan mao jue

Polypodium parasiticum L. Sp. Pl. 2: 1090 1793; Aspidium parasiticum Sw.; Nephrodium parasiticum Desv.; Dryopteris parasitica O. Ktze.; Christella parasitica Lev.; Thelypteris parasitica (L.) Tard.-Blot; Polypodium patens Sw.; Aspidium patens (Sw.) Sw.; Dryopteris patens O. Ktze.; Aspidium molle Benth; Nephrodium mille Hook.; N. didymosorum Parish ex Bedd.; N. molle var. didymosorum Bedd.; Dryopteris sisymosora C. Chr.; Cyclosorus didymosorus Nayar & Kaur; Aspidium procurrens Mett.; Neprodium procurren (Mett.) Bak.; Drypteris procurrens (Mett.) Kuntze; Cyclosorus procurrens (Mett.) Cop.; Thelypteris procurrens (mett.) Reed; D. parasitica var. aureo-glandulosa Bonap.

       Plants ca. 70 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping, including bases of stipes bearing darkish-brown lanceolate scales. Fronds remote; stipes ca. 40 cm long, deeply stramineous, occasionally one or two hairy on above bases; laminae ca. 35 cm long, oblongo-lanceolate caudato-acuminate at apexes, bases unanguste, bipinnatifid; pinnae 12-16 pairs, sessile, slightly bend a howe or obliquely spreading at apexes, below mid pinnae opposite, up ones alternate, mid pinnae 10-11 x 1.2-1.4 cm, lanceolate, longo-acuminat at apexes, bases truncate, slightly symmetrical, lobed up to 1/2 or more of the distance to costule; segments 20-25 pairs, obliquely spreading, basel acroscopic one piec particular long, ca. 6-7 mm, the others 4-5 mm long, oblong, obtuse or acute at apexes, entire. Veins visible, lateral veins single, 6-8 pairs on each segment ( 9 pairs on basel acroscopic segment, occasionally forked), basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joining into a triangular areola, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joinng point reached to the sinus, lateral veins of the second pair all reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds herbaceous, brownish-green after dry, upper surface except bearing one or two appressed acicular hairs along veins and sparse strigose on mesophyll, under surface densely bearing 1-2 devided needle-like hairs along rachis, rachillae and veins and with orage redish-glands on veins. Sori rounded, attached at above middle of lateral veins, (1-2) 4-6 pairs on each segment; indusia small, brown, densely puberulose on upper surface, persistent. Chromosome 2n = 144.

       Under dense forest or wet soil by streamsides in mountain valley; 90-1900 m.; Fujain, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, N-E. Yunnan and N. N-S. Zhejiang (Burma, N.India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Nepal, Philippense, Sikkim, Sililanka, Thailand and Vietnam). Typical specimen collected from Guangdong.

34. Cyclosorus brevipes Ching & Shing in Addenda 336. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 208. 1999.  

短柄毛蕨 duan bing mao jue

       Plants ca. 42 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping, apexes and bases of stipes bearing hairs and darkish-brown lanceolate scales. Fronds remote, dimorphic; sterile ones short and small, bipinnatifid, pinnae contacted with each other; fertile ones biger, stipes 5-6 cm long, subsmooth above bases, stramineous; laminae ca. 37 x ca. 15 cm, oblongo-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases abtruptly angustate, basel one pair 1/2 equal above ones in length only, pinnatipartite, from 3-5 pairs ca. 10 x ca. 3 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases slightly angustate, flato-truncate and parallel with rachillae, lobed up to cosule, segments shorter on lower part, basel acroscopic one piec longer than basicopic one, mid ones 1.5 x ca. 5 mm, acroscopic side slightly projected, lanceolate, short-pointed or obtuso-pointed at apexes, entire or pinnatilobete. Veins obviously prominent on under side, visible on upper side, 2-3 foked on pinnule; pinnae from the sexth pair joining by the end of basel one pair of lateral vein. Fronds thin paperaceous, brownish-green after dry, upper surface sparsely bearing short seta along veins and intercostals area, under surface fully bearing fine acicular hairs and with yellow glands. Sori rounded, attached at above middle of lateral veins, 1-3 pairs on each segment; indusia densely bearing acicular hairs, persistent.

       In crevices among rocks; ca. 530 m.; endemic Fujiang (dehua).

      The species is similar to Cyclosorus parasiticus (L.) Farwell. in characters of veins and hairs, but fronds dimorphic, pinnae of lower 1-2 pairs on fortile frond shortened, pinnaules of the 3-5 pairs of pinnae free; pinnules lobete. Some sporangia undeveloped although indusia aready opening. It maybe a hybrid coming from C. parasiticus acrosed with C. dentatus, remain to be reaserch.

35. Cyclosorus aureo-glandulous Ching & Shing ex Ching & C. F. Zhang in Bull. Bot. Res. 3 (3):4. photo 4. 1983.

金腺毛蕨 jin xian mao jue

       Plants ca. 45 cm tall. Rhizomes erect. Fronds clustered; stipes ca. 30 cm long, stramineousish, slightly one or two puberulose; laminae ca. 16 x ca. 10 cm, oblong, caudato-acuminate at apexes, bases subtruncate, bipinnatipartite; pinnae ca. 12 pairs, sessile, alternate, flato-spreading, basel one pair shorter, ca. 5 x ca. 1.2 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases anguste, obliquely downwards; mid pinnae ca. 6 cm long, falcate, bases truncate and unanguste, pinnatipartite more than 1/2 of the distance to costule; segments ca. 14 pairs, oblong, round at apexes, spreading; ca. 5 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joining into a triangular areola, a long excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point reched to the sinus, lateral veins of the second pair all reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds paperaceous, greenish after dry, both surfaces bearing opening acicular hairs, denser on under surface and with fairly more yellow glands. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins, 3-4 pairs on each segment; indusia eniform, densely bearing opening acicular hairs, persistent.

       In crevices among rocks by streamsides; ca. 100 m.; endemic Zhejiang ( leqing, yuandang mountain).

36. Cyclosorus excelsior Ching & Shing Fl. Fujian. 1: 598. f. 144. 1982.

高大毛蕨 gao da mao jue

       Plants ca. 140 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping, apexes and bases of stipes bearing brown lanceolate scales. Fronds remote; stipes 30-50 cm long, brownish-stramineous, densely bearing pubescences above bases; laminae 45-95 x 21-30 cm, oblongo-lanceolate, cuadato-acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, bases slightly anguste, bipinnatifid; pinnae 24-25 pairs, sessile, alternate, obliquely up; basel one pair slightly shortened, mid pinnae 11-16 x .6-1.8 cm, linear-lanceolate, acuminate and short caudate at apexes, bases subtruncate, slightly insymmetrical, acroscopic side slightly projected, lobed up to 1/2 of the distance to costule; segments 20-30 pairs, 5-6 x 3-4 mm, oblong, obtuse or obtuse-pointed at apexes, entire. Veins visible, 6-8 pairs on each segment, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the end, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point spreading to line of translucent membrane, usually lateral veins of the second pair reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds herbaceous, brownish-green after dry, bearing pubescences on both surfaces and mixed acicular hairs along veins, paticular deser on under surface and with one or two brownish glands. Sori small and dense, rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins, 5-6 pairs on each segment; indusia small, sparsely puberulose on upper side, persistent.

       Under forest, roadsides or by streasides in mountain land; 15-450 m.; Fujian, Guangdong and Zhejiang. Typical specimen collected from Fujian.

37.Cyclosorus hainanensis Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 9 (4): 62. 1964.

海南毛蕨 hainan mao jue

       Plants ca. 1 m. tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, sparsely bearing darkish-brown lanceolate scales. Fronds remote; stipes 30-55 cm long, bases brownish-stramineous, paler up, sparse puburulose; laminae 38-60 x 16-25 cm, oblongo-lanceolate, caudato-acuminate at apexes, bases unanguste, bipinnatifid; pinnae 16-20 pairs. sessile, subopposite, basel one pair un- or slightly shortened, up ones 10-15 x 1.1-2 cm, linear-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases truncate, symmetrical, lobed up to 2/3 of the distance to costule; segments 20-30 pairs, 5-7 x 3-5 mm, acute or obtuse at apexes, entire. Veins clear on under surface, 8-10 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from base of costae and joining by lateral veins of basel one pair in adjacent segments, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point reached to line of translucent membrane, acroscopic one veinlet of lateral veins on the second pair reached to line of membrane, basiscopic one veinlet reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds firm-paperaceous after dry, brownish-green, both surfaces sparsely bearing long acicular hairs along rachillae and rachis and with orange-yellow glads on under surface. Sori small, attached at middle of laterl veins, 7-9 pairs on each segment; indusia paperaceous, brown, puberulose, persistent.

       By streamsides in mountain valley or under forest; 20-400 m.; Guangdong, Hainan and zhejiang. Typical speciment collected from Hainan.

38. Cclosorus opulentus (Kaulf.) Nakai, Pterid Jap. 277. 1975.

腺脉毛蕨 xian mai mao jue

Aspidium opulentum Kaulf., Enum. Fil. Chamisso 238. 1824; Nephrodium opulentum Presl; Thelypteris opulenta Fosb.; Nephrodium terminens Kramer; Amphineurom opulentum (Kaulf.) Holtt.; Cyclosorus extensu (Bl.) H. Ito; Aspidium extensum Bl.; Nephrodium extensum (Bl.) Moore; Dryopteris extensa (Bl.) O. Ktze.; Thelypteris extensa Morton; Lastrea malacensis Presl; Nephrodium conioneuron Fe’e; Aspidium conineuron Mett.; Nephrodium punctatum Hook. & Bak.; N. parasiticum var. multijugum Clarke; N. wakefieldii Bak.; Dryopteris incert Domin ex C. Chr.; D. wakefeldii C. Chr.; Cyclosorus incertus Ching; Thelypteris incerta Reed; Dryopteris sufurea E. Brown; Cyclosorus sulfurea Cop.; Thelypteris sulfurea Reed.

       Plants ca. 80 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping, apexes and bases of stipes sparsely bearing brown lanceolate scales. Fronds remote; stipes ca. 22 cm long, brownish; laminae ca. 60 x 30-40 cm, broado-lanceolate, caudate and pinnatifid at apexes, bases unanguste, bipinnatifid; pinnae ca. 20 pairs, flato-spreading, subalternate, almostly sessile, basel one pair slightly shortened, from mid ones 23-25 x ca. 2 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases slightly anguste, roundo-truncate, symmetrical, lobed up to 2/3 of the distance to costule; segments 35-40 pairs, subobliquely spreading, mid ones 8-9 x ca. 5 mm, triangular-lanceolte, acute at apexes, entire. Veins clear on under side, 8-10 pairs on each segment, basel one pair coming out from base of costae and joining into a triangular areola below the sinus by the end, or sometime closed up with each other, acroscopic one veinlet of lateral veins on the second pair reached to margin above the sinus, basiscopic one reached to the sinus. Fronds herbaceous, green after dry, glabrous on both surfaces, densely bearing hairs along upper side of rachillae, bearing few very short pubescences on mesophyll on under surface, covered with yellow rounded glands along lateral veins. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins and closed to margin, 6-7 pairs on each segment, usually sterile on lower 1-2 pairs, so that forming a broad zone of sterile on both sides on rachillae; sporangia sometime bearing a long club-like glandular hair; indusia thick membraneous, glabrous or bearing yellow glands along margin, persistent.

       On wet sandy-soil; Hainan ( changjiang ( Burma, S. India, Indonesia, Malesiana, Sri Lanka, Philippense and Thailand). Typical speciment collected from Guam.

39. Cyclosorus stenopes Ching & Shing in Addenda 336. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 211. t. 37, f. 4-6. 1999.

狭脚毛蕨 xia jiao mao jue

       Plants ca. 66 cm tll. Rhizomes erect, apexes and bases of stipes scaly; the scales darkish-brown, lanceolate, caudato-acuminate at apexes, smooth. Fronds clustred; stipes ca. 22 cm long, bearing diferrent size pubescens from bases; laminae 44 x ca. 16 cm, lanceolate, acuminate and pinnatifid-caudete at apexes, anguste to bases, bipinnatifid; pinnae ca. 16 pairs, lower 5-6 pairs gradually shortened, opposite, obliquely downwards, basel one pair ca. 1.5 cm long, triangular, mid pinnae ca. 10 x ca. 1.2 cm, slightly anguste to bases, lanceolate, caudeto-acuminate at apexes, basel acroscopic side flato-truncate and parallel with rachillae, basiscoipc side broado-cuneate, subopposite, obliquely up.Veins visible on upper side, lateral veins 5-6 pairs on each segment, basel one pair coming out from bases or near bases of costae, joining into triangular areola by the end and a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point and reached to membrane bottom of the sinus, acroscopic one veinlet of the second pair reached to membrane bottom of the sinus, basiscopic one veinlet reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds paperaceous, grayish-brownish-green after dry, upper surface bearing acicular hairs along rachillae and veins, appressed short hairy on instercostal area, under surface full bearing short pubecences. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins, 3-6 pairs on each segment; indusia brown, thick in texture, densely bearing grayish-white short pubecences, persistent.

       Under shady and wet forest by streamsides; ca. 400 m.; endemic Guangxi ( wuming, daming

mountain)

40. Cyclosorus subacutus Ching in Fl. Fujian. 1: 155. f. 142. 1982.

短尖毛蕨 duan jian mao jue

Cyclosorus sahsiensis Ching nom. nud.

Plants 15-20 cm tall. Rhizomes short and small, erect, densely bearing darkish-brown lanceolate, hairy scales at apexes. Fronds clustered; stiped 3-7 cm long, greyish-stramineous, bases scaly, up mixed bearing grayish-white pubescences and one or two acicular hairs; laminae 8-14 x 3.5-6 cm, acuminate at apexes, slightly anguste at base, bipinnatifid; pinnae 6-12 pairs, sessile, flato-spreading, slightly shortened on lower 2-3 pairs, opposite, mid ones 2-3 x ca. 1 cm, oblogo-lanceolate, short pointed or obtuse-pointed at apexes, bases truncate, symmetrical or slightly projected on acroscopic side, lobed up to 1/2-2/3 of the distance to costule; segments 7-9 pairs, 2.5-3 mm. long, oblong, roundo-obtuse at apexes, subflatly spreading, entire; shortened from mid pinnae; pinnatipartito-acuminate at apexes of laminae. Veins clear, 4-5 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the end, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point reached to the sinus, lateral veins from the second pair all reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds herbaceous, grayish-green after dry, upper surface densely bearing acicular hairs along rechillae and sparse cicular hairs along veins and full spreading short seta on intercostal area; under surface densely bearing pubescences and one or two glads. Sori small, rounded, attached middle of lateral veins, (1-) 2-3 pairs on each segment; indusia small, grayish-brown, densely bearing pubescences on upper side. Persistent.

       By streamsides or on wall corners; Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Taiwan and M. E and S. Zhejiang. Typical specimen collected from Fujian.

41. Cyclosorus decipiens Ching in Fl. Fujian. 1: 599. f. 147. 1982.

光盖毛蕨 guang gai mao jue

       Plants 30-40 cm tall. Rhizomes slender, creeping, darkish-brown, densely bearing darkish-brown, lanceolate,ciliatedscales. Fronds approached; stipes 6-10 cm long, stramineous, sparsely bearing scales at bases, up smooth; laminae 20-30 x 7-10 cm, lanceolate to oblongo-lanceolate, caudato-acuminte and pinnatifid at apexes, bases anguste, bipinnatlobete; pinnae 8-10 pairs, short petiolulate, alternate, shortenened on lower 3-4 pairs and obliquely downwards, basel one pair triangular, ca. 1 x ca. 1 cm, mid pinnae 3.5-6 x 1-1.2 cm, flcato-lanceolate, longo-acuminate at apexes, bases roundo-cuneate, acroscopic side slightly projected, lobed up to 1/3 of the distance to costule, thick-teeth-like; segments 10-12 pairs, 2-4  2.5-3 mm, roundo-obtuse at apexes, entire. Veins clear, lateral veins pinnate, 5-6 pairs on each segment, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the end, a excurrent veinlet coming out from the joining point spreading to the sinus and connected with acroscopic one veinlet of the second pair, basiscopic one of the second pair and acroscopic one veinlet of the third pair reached to bottum of the sinus, the others laterale veins all reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds thin-paperaceous, grayish-green after dry, glabrous on both surfaces. Sori rounded, usually attached at above part on middle of lateral vein on the first pair, often confluent when matured; occasionally the second pair fortile also; indusia roundo-reniform, brownish, glabrous, persistent.

       On rocks by streamsides or in thickets by roadsides; ca. 700 m.; Fujian and Hunan. Typical specimen collected from Fujian.

42. Cyclosorus ensifer (Tagawa) Shieh. In Journ. Sci. & Engin. 13: 42. 1976.

广叶毛蕨 guang ye mao jue

Dryopteris ensifer Tagawa in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 6: 89. 1937; Thelypteris ensifer (Tagawa) K. Iwats.; Christlla ensifer (Tagawa) Holtt ex Kuo.

       Rhizomes thick and short, decumbent, densely bearing brownish, lanceolate ciliate scales. Fronds approached; stipes 10-15 cm long, sparse scaly at bases; laminae 23-30 x ca. 5 cm, slightly anguste to bases, pinnatifido-caudate pinna at apexes, lateral pinnae 7-9 pairs, slightly anguste on lower 2-3 pairs, opposite, acute at apexes, basel one pair triangular-auriculate or oblong, mid pinnae alternate or subalternate, 3-4 x 0.6-0.7 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, basel acroscopic side truncate and slightly projected, usually covered with rachis, basiscopic side roundo-cuneate, serrate along margin. Veins clear on under side, ca. 3 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and far from rachillae and forming a triangular areola, lateral veins of the second pair reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds paperaceous, under surface sparsely bearing short hairs along veins. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins, 1-2 pairs on each segment; a club gland at upper part of gametungiophore; indusia hidden in sori.

       On rocks by streamsides under forest in lower mountain; endemic Taiwan.

43. Cyclosorus angustus Ching in Fl. Fujian. 1: 598, 155. 1982. 

狭羽毛蕨 xia yu mao jue

       Plants ca. 80 cm tall. Rhizomes erect. Fronds clustered; stipes 5-35 cm long, brownish-stramineous, slightly scaly at bases, up puberulose; laminae 36-38 x 6-8 cm, lanceolate, pinnatifido-auminate at apexes, anguste to bases, bipinnatifid; pinnae ca. 22 pairs, sessile, opposite on below ones, obliquely up, alternate above ones and slightly bend a how, from lower 3-4 pairs downwards anguste, basel one pair ca. 1.5 cm long, triangularo-lanceolate; mid pinnae 5-6 x 0.8-1 cm, linear-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases broado-cuneate, symmetrical, lobed up to 1/2 of the distance to costule; segments ca. 20 pairs, obliquely spreading, 2.5 x ca. 2 mm, triangular, obtuse at apexes, recurled into sharpo-triangular by both sides after dry. Veins unclear, 5-6 pair of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the end and a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point spreading to the sinus, lateral veins from the second pair all reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds chataceous, grayish-brown after dry, upper surface bearing few cacicular hairs along rachillae and veins, under surface denser puberulose. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins, 5-6 pairs on each segment; indusia mid size, paperaceous, brown, densely puberulose, persistent.

       In crevices by roadsides or by water hold; ca. 500 m.; Fujian and Zhejiang. Typical speciment collected from Fujian.

44. Cyclosorus pingshannsis Shing & H.S. Kung ex Shing in Addenda 349. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 215. 1999. 

屏山毛蕨 ping shan mao jue

       Plants ca. 1 m.tall. Rhizomes short and thick, decumbent including bases of stipes bearing hairs and scales; the scales brown, lanceolate, longo-acuminate at apexes, entire. Fronds approached; stipes ca. 34 cm long, darkish-brown, sparsely bearing acicular hairs on under side above bases, subglabrous on upper side; laminae ca. 66 x ca. 30 cm, oblongo-lanceolate, acuminato-pinnatifid caudate at apexes, anguste to bases, bipinnatifid; pinnae ca. 20 pairs, shortened on lower 3-4 pairs, opposite, obliquely downwards, basel one pair 3.5 cm long same shape with mid ones, mid pinnae subopposite, obliquely spreading to obliquely up, ca. 14 x ca. 1.8 cm, lanceolate, caudato-longo-acuminate at apexes, basel acroscopic side slightly projected and parallel with rachis, basiscopic side broado-cuneate, lobed up to 1/2 or more of the distance to costule; Veins clear, 7-8 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from base of costae and joining in to triangular areola, a ecurrent veinlet coming out from joining point connected with line of transluscent membrane below the sinus, lateral veins ( ome time acroscopic one veinlet) of the second pair reached to the line of membrane, all lateral veins from the third pairs reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds paperaceous, grayish-green after dry, upper surface densely bearing acicular hairs along rachillae, one or two acicular hairs along veins also, sparse short setaceous on mesophyll; under surface bearing short pubescences along costa and veins, slightly rough on intercostals area. Sori rounded, attached at above middle of lateral veins and closed to margin, 5-7 pairs on each segment; indusia darkish-brown, puberulose on upper side, persistent.

       On slopes in river valley; ca. 720 m.; endemic Sichuan ( pingshan, pingbian).

45. Cyclosorus shapingbaensis Ching ex Shing in Addenda 336. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 215. 1999.

沙坪垻毛蕨　sha ping ba mao jue

       Plants ca. 55 cm tall. Rhizomes erect, bearing darkish-brown subulate lanceolate scales at apexes. Fronds clustered; stipes ca. 18 cm long, darkish-brown, sparsely bearing short acicular hairs and pubescences on bases to rachises; laminae ca. 37 x ca. 15 cm, broado-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, anguste at bases, bipinnatifid; pinnae ca. 20 pairs, sessile, opposite or subopposit on lower 3-4 pairs, flatly spreading or obliquely dowanwards, shortened downwards, ca.2 cm long on basel one pair, mid pinnae alternate, obliquely up, ca. 8 x ca. 1.5 cm, lanceolate, acuminato-short caudate at apexes, basel acroscopic side truncate and slightly projected, basiscopic side broado-cuneate, lobed up to 2/3 the distance to costule; segments 4-5 x 2-2.5 mm, obtuse at apexes, usually undulato-teeth along basiscopic margin. Veins visible, 5-7 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the end, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point reached to the sinus, lateral veins of the second pair reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds paperaceous, brownish-green after dry, both surfaces bearing acicular hairs along rachillae and veins, roughish hairs on intercostals area. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins, 5-6 pairs on each segment; indusia darkish-brown, short puberulose, persistent.

       By streamsides; endemic Sichuan ( chongqie, shapingba).

46. Cyclosorus fengii Ching ex Shing in Addeda 337. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 216. 1999. 

国楣毛蕨　guo mei mao jue

Cyclosorus lanpingesis Ching nom. nud; C. lushiensis Ching nom. nud.

      Plants ca. 1 m. tall. Rhizomes erect, densely bearing darkish-brown, ciliate lanceolate scales at apexes. Fronds clustered; stipes ca. 15 cm long, deep-stramineous, densely scaley on bases, up densely puberulose; laminae ca. 85 x ca. 23 cm, lanceolate, caudato-acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, anguste to bases, bipinnatipartite; pinnae 28-30 pairs, auriculate on lower 3-5 pairs, subopposite or opposite, obliquely downwards, basel one pair ca. 1 x ca. 1 cm, triangular, mid pinnae obliquely up, ca. 12 x 1.2-1.5 cm, linear-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, subtruncate at bases, symmetrical, lobed up to 2/3 of the distance to costule; segments 22-24 pairs,  lower ones ca. 3 x 2-2.5 mm triangularo-oblong, obtuse at apexes. Veins visible, 5-7 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the end, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point reached to sinus, lateral veins of the second pair reached to margin above the sinus, or basiscopic one veinlet connected with excurrent veinlet, acroscopic one reached to margin near the sinus. Fronds chartaceous, brownish-green after dry, upper surface acicular hairy, densely bearing short and fine acicular hairs and mixed one or two white or orange hyaline capital glads onunder surface. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins, 5-6 pairs on each segment; indusia mid size, brown, paperaceous, densely short puberulose on upper side, persistent.

       On wet soil under dense forest; 650-2800 m.; endemic S. Yunnan.

47. Cyclosorus wangii Ching in ACTA Phytotax. Sin. 9: 363. 1964. 

黄志毛蕨 huang zhi mao jue

       Plants ca. 1 m. tall. Rhizomes ascending. Fronds clustered; stipes 30-47 cm long, grayish-brown, smooth from middle, short puberulose up to rachies; lamiane ca. 70 x 15-25 cm, oblongo-lanceolate, abtruptly anguste to both ends, a terminal pinna at apexes, bipinnatifid; pinnae 20-30 pairs, sessile, alternate, lower 2-3 pairs shortened, slightly downwards, basel one pairs 3-5 x ca. 1.5 cm, triangular or triangularo-lanceolate; mid pinnae obliquely spreading, 11-13 x 1.8-2 cm, truncate, symmetrical, caudato-acuminate ( sometime caudeto-forked), lobed up to 1/2 of the distance to costule; segments 24-36 pairs, basel one pair slight longer, mid ones ca. 5 x ca. 4 mm, oblong, slightly up curved, obtuse at apexes. Veins obvious, 9-10 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joining into a trianglar areola by the end, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point reached to the sinus, acroscopic one veinlet of the second pairreached to line of membrane, basiscopic one reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds herbaceous, brownish-green after dry, upper surface bearing one or two appressed needle-like hairs along veins, few short puberulose on intercostals area, under surface full puberulose. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins, 4-7 pairs on each segment; indusia big, brownish, short puberulose on upper side, persistent.

       By streamsides under forest; endemic Hainan.

48. Cyclosorus jinghongensis Ching ex Shing in Addenda 337. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 217. 1999.

景洪毛蕨 jing hong mao jue

       Plants ca. 56 cm tall. Rhizome short and erect, apexes and bases of stipes sparsely bearing darkish-brown lanceolate scales.Fronds clustered; stipes ca 15 cm long, stramineous from bases,  submooth; laminae ca. 50 x ca. 16 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases anguste, bippinatifid; pinnae ca. 15 pairs, subflatly spreading, lower 3-4 pairs shortened triangular-auriculate to base, opposite, basel one pair 1.7 x ca. 1 cm, obliquely triangular, obtuse at apexes, bases unsymmetrical, acroscopic side auriculate, mid pinnae ca. 8 x ca. 1.5 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases subflato-truncate, symmetrical, lobed up to 1/3 or more of the distance to costule; segments ca. 18 pairs, obliquely spreading, subsquare, ca. 3 x 3-4 mm, obtuse at apexes, entire. Veins clear, ca. 5 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joining into a triangular areola, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point connected with lateral vein (sometime acroscopic one veinlet only) on the second pair and forming a oblique-oblong areola, lateral veins of the second pair reached to the sinus. Fronds herbaceous, brownish-green after dry, upper surface densely bearing very short seta, under surface sparsely covered with reddish-orange glads, glabrous. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins, ca. 4 pairs on each segment; indusia mid size, tick membraneous, darkish-brown, glabrous, persistent.

       Under dense forest; ca. 950 m.; endemic S. Yunnan ( jinghong).

       The species is similar to C. jaculosus (Christ) H.Ito, but rhizomes erect, fronds clustered; pinnae glabrous on under surface, segments obtuse at apexes.

49. Cyclosorus jiulongshanensis Chiu & Yao ex Ching in Bull. Bot Res. 2 (2): 70. photo 3: 2. 1982.

九龙山毛蕨 jiu long shan mao jue

       Plants ca. 76 cm tall. Rhizomes short and erect. Fronds clustered; stipes ca. 22 cm long, stramineous, sparsely bearing brown lanceolate scales at bases, up to rachises sparse puberulose; laminae 34-38 x ca. 9 cm, broado-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, anguste to bases, bipinnatpartite; pinnae ca. 22 pairs, sessile, spreading, shortened on 3-4 pairs, obliquely-downwards, basel one pair auriculate, ca. 1 x ca. 1 cm; mid ones ca. 7 x ca. 1.3 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases subtruncate, symmetrical, lobed up to 2/3 of the distance to costule; segments ca. 18 pairs, basel one pair similar to above next one, ca. 4 mm long, rounded at apexes. Veins clear, ca. 6 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the end, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point spreading to the sinus, lateral veins of the second pair reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds herbaceous, green after dry, under surface sparsely bearing minut pubescences, upper surface rough. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins, ca. 5 pairs on each segment; indusia brown, minute puberulose in centre of back, persistent.

50. Cyclosorus yandangensis Ching & Shing in Bull. Bot. Res. 3 (3): 7. photo 7. 1983.

雁荡毛蕨 yan dang mao jue

       Plants ca. 60 cm tall. Rhizomes erect. Fronds clustered; stipes ca. 20 cm long, deeply stramineous, smooth; laminae ca. 40 x ca. 13 cm, oblong, acuminate at apexes, slightly anguste at bases, bipinnatifid; pinnae ca. 15 pairs, sessile, alternate, slightly shortened on lower 3 pairs, basel one pair ca. 5 cm long, strongly reflexed, mid pinnae ca. 8 x ca. 1 cm, falcato-lanceolate, acuminate at apexex, bases truncate, lobed up to 1/2 of the distance to costule; segments oblong, obtuse at apexes, spreading, basel acroscopic one piec longer and closed to rachis. The lateral veins obliquely up, ca. 5 pairs on each segment, basel one pair coming out from base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the end, a long excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point spreading to the sinus, acroscopic one veinlet of the second pair reached to the sinus, basiscopic one reached to margin above the sinus. Frond herbaceous, green after dry, upper surface sparsely bearing appressed short need hairs, under surface except densely bearing acicular hairs along rachillae and veins and decorated with orange glads. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins, 1-3 pairs on each segment, usually sterid on upper parts of  lateral veins; indusia dense short hairy, persistent.

       In crevices among rocks; 80-150 m.; endemic Zhejiang ( leqing, yandang mountain).

51. Cyclosorus proximus Ching & C. H. Wang in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 9 (4): 363. 1964.

越北毛蕨 yue bei mao jue

       Plants 55-65 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, sparsely bearing darkish-brown lanceolate scales. Fronds remote; stipes 15-25 cm long, darkish-brown, sparsely bearing scales, up darkish-brown, slightly one or two puberulose; laminae 34-50 x 12-15 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, slightly anguste at bases, bipinnatifid; Pinnae ca. 20 pairs, sessile, slightly shortened on lower 1-2 pair, spreading, opposite, mid ones alternate, 6-8 x ca. 1.2 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases truncate, slightly unsymmetrical, slightly projected on acroscopic side; lobed up to 1/2 or more of the distance to costule; segments ca. 20 pairs, subobliquely spreading, basel ( basel acroscopic one piec more or less undulate teeth-like). Veins clear, 7-8 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pairs coming out from above base of costae, latera veins of one pair on adjacent segments connected with each other by ends, a excurrent veinlet coming out from connected point reached to line of translucent membrane, basiscopic one veinlet reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds herbaceous, gray-brownish- green after dry, upper surface sparse short setaceous, one or two acicular hairy along veins, under surface sparsely bearing thick short hairs. Sori big, rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins, 5-6 pairs on each segment; indusia darkish-brown, thick-membraneous, dense puberulose on back, persistent.

       On humid grassland or in crevices by stream sdes; ca. 500 m.; Hainan and Zhejiang and also distributed guoya mountain on joining place of Chinese and Vietnam located in N. Vietnam. Typical specimen collcted from Hainan.

52. Cyclosorus longqishanensis Shing in Addenda 337. Fl. Reipbl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 219. 1999.

龙栖山毛蕨 long qi shan mao jue

       Plants 80-86 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping, including bases of stipes bearing hairs and scales; the scales brownish, lanceolate and glabrous. Fronds remote; stipes 20-23 cm long, slightly bearing pubescences and stramineous above bases; laminae 60-63 x 14-18 cm, lanceolate, caudato-acuminate at apexes, bipinnatifd; pinnae ca. 22 pairs, shortened on lower 3-4 pairs, opposite or subopposite, flatly spreading, pinnae on basel one pair 2.5-3 cm long, triangular-lanceolate, mid pinnae subalternate, obliquely up, 9-11 x 1-1.1 cm, longo-acuminate at apexes, truncate at bases and acroscopic projected, lobed up to 1/3 of the distance to costule; segments majority, segments on basel acroscopic side on pinnae longer, ca. 8 mm long, lanceolate, teethed along margin, the others ca. 3 x ca.3 mm, suboblong, obtuso-pointed at apexes. Veins obvious, lateral veins single ( forked on acroscopic segment of pinna), 6-7 pairs on each segment, basel one pair coming out from base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by end, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point reached to translucent membrane below the sinus, lateral veins of the second pair reached to bottom of the translucent membrane, lateral veins from the third pair reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds firmo-paperaceous, darkish-brown after dry. Upper surface densely bearing acicular hairs along rachillae and one or two along costae also, short rough hairs on intercostals area, under surface bearing few short acicular hairy along rachillaea and costae. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins, 6-7 pairs on each segment; indusia brown, minute short hairy, persistent.

       Under spare forest by roadsides; 300-400 m.; Fujian ( jiangle, longqi mountain), Guangxi (baise). Typical specimen colleced from Fujian.

53. Cyclosorus paevilobus Ching ex Shing in Addenda 338. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 219. 1999.

龙胜毛蕨 long sheng mao jue

       Plants ca. 68 cm tall. Rhizomes long, including bases of stipes sparsely bearing grayish- brown lanceolate scales. Frond remote; stipes ca. 30 cm long, stramineous, sparse long hairy from base; laminae ca. 38 x ca. 12 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, slightly anguste at base, bipinnatifid; pinnae ca. 18 pairs, subopposite, obliquely spreafing or bens a how upward; anguste longo-acuminate at apexes, bases truncate projected at acroscopic side and parallel with rachis, basiscopic side obliquely out, lobed up to 1/2 of the distance to costule; segments majority, pinnal basel one pair longer, particular acroscopic one piec longer and teethed along margin, the others ca. 3 x ca. 2 mm, obtuse or obtuso-pointed at apexes, entire. Fronds paperaceous, grayish-yellow green after dry, upper surface bearing denser acicular hairs along rachillae, one or two along veins and sparse rough hairs on intercostals area, full bearing acicular hairs on under surface. Sori small, rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins, 5-7 pairs on each segmentl indusia brown, acicular hairy, persistent.

       Habitat unknow; ca. 800 m.; endemic Guangxi ( longsheng, huaping).

54. Cyclosorus paradentatus Ching ex Shing in Addenda 338. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 220. 1999.

曲轴毛蕨 qu zhou mao jue

       Plants ca. 80 cm tall. Rhizomes erect, bearing brownish lanceolate scales at apexes. Fronds clustered; stipes 15-18 cm long, grayish-stramineous, except scaly at bases, up sparsely puberulose; laminae 60-65 x 18-25 cm, caudeto-acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, slightly anguste at bases, oblongo-lanceolte, bipinnatifid; pinnae ca. 25 pairs, sessile, subopposite or alternate, lower 3-4 pairs shortened into triangular ( 2 cm long on basel one pair), obliquely downwards, mid pinnae obliquely upward, 10-14 x ca. 2 cm, elongo-triangular-lanceolate, acuminato-caudate at apex, bases broado-cuneate, symmetrical, lobed up to 2/3 of the distance to costule; segments ca. 20 pairs, basel one pair logest, ca. 5-8 x ca. 3.5 mm, narrow-oblong, obtuse at apexes. Veins visible, 7-9 pairs on each segment, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joining into a traiangular areola by the end, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point reached to the sinus, acroscopic one veinlet of the second pair reached to line of translucent membrane, basiscopic one reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds herbaceous, brownish-green after dry, under surface dense grayish-white puberulose, sparser on upper surface and bearing one or two acicular hairs along costae and lateral veins. Sori rounded, attached at above middle of lateral veins, 5-7 pairs on each segment; indusia mid size, paperaceous, brown, densely bearing short pubescences on back, persistent.

By streamsides under sparse forest; ca. 1000 m.; Guangdong and W. Yunnan. Typical speciment collected from Yunnan.

55. Cyclosorus terminans ( Hook.) Shing in Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 220. f. 38: 1-3. 1999.

顶育毛蕨 din yu mao jue

Nephprodium terminans ( Aspidium Wall. List n. 386. 1828. num. Nud) J. Sm.J. Sm. in Bot. Mag. 72: Comp. 32. 848; Thelypteris terminans Tagawa & K. Iwats.; Amphineuron terminans (Hook.) Holtt.;

        Plants ca. 1 m. tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, grayish-brown, sparsely bearing brown lanceolate scales. Fronds remote; stipes ca. 55 cm long, sparse scaley at bases, up glabrous, deeply stramineous; laminae nearly same with stipe in length or sometime slightly shorter, 30-36 cm long, long and pinnatifid at apexes, bases unanguste, bipinnatifid; pinnae ca. 15 pairs, nearly sessile, obliquely spreading, alternate, lateral pinnae from lower middle 18-25 x 1.4- 1.6 cm, linear-lanceolate, longo-acuminate at apexes, bases roundo-cuneate, symmetrical, lobed up to 1/ -1/3 of the distance to costule; segments 30-38 pairs, 3-4 x 3-4 mm, triangular, short-pointed at apexes; terminal pinnae ca. 10 x ca. 1.5 cm, lanceolate, pinnatipartite, basel segment ca. 1 cm long, lanceolate. Veins clear on under side, 7-8 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the end, a long excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point reached to the sinus, lateral veins of the second pair reached to line of translucent membrane on the sinus, lateral veins of the third reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds paperaceous, brownish-green after dry, except hairy on upper side of costa, sparsely bearing very short pubescences and yellow glands only along under side of rachillae and veins. Sori rounded, attached at near the end of lateral veins and closed to margin, sterile on lower 2-3 lateral veins, so that forming ca. 5 mm wide of sterile space on both sides of rachillae; indusia small, thick-membraneous, glabrous, persistent. Chromosome 2n = 144.

       On wet sand soil under thickets; ca. 380 m.; Hanan and Taiwan ( India, Indinesia, Japan, Maresiana, Myanmer, Thailand, Vietnam [ Bolinisia, Micrinesia, N. Australia and Zambia of Aftica]). Typical specimen collected from Myanmer.

56. Cyclosorus interruptus (Willd.) H. Ito in Bot. Mag. Toyyo 51: 714. 1937.

毛蕨 mao jue

Pteris interrupta Willd. in Phytogr. 1: 13. t. 10. 1794; Thelypteris interrupta (Willd.) K. Iwats.; Cyclosorus gongylodes (Schkuhr) Link; Asplenium gongylodes Schkuhr; Nephrodium gongylodes Schott; Dryopteris gongylodes O. Ktze; Thelypteris congylodes Small; Dryopteris gongylodes var. hirsuta C. Chr.; Cyclosorus gongylodes var. hirsutus (Mett.) Fawell.; Aspidium unitum var. hirsutum Mett.; Nephrodium propinquum R. Br.; Dryopteris gongylode var. propinqua C. Chr.; Cyclosorus gongylode var. glaber (Mett.) Ching.

 Plants ca. 130 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping, black, including bases of stipes occasionally bearing one or two ovato-lanceolate scales. Fronds approached; stipes ca. 70 cm long, bases black, up stramineous, almostly smooth; laminae ca. 60 x 20-25 cm, ovato-lanceolate or oblongo-lanceolate, acuminato-caudate and pinnatifid at apexes, bases unanguste,bipinnatifid; pinnae 22-25 pairs, teminal pinna ca. 5 cm long, base ca. 1.8 cm wide, triangular-lanceolate, acuminate at apex, base broado-cuneate, petiole ca. 5 mm long, lobed up to 2/3 of the distance to costule; lateral mid pinnae almostly sessile, obliquely up, alternate (basel ones opposite), sublinear-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases cuneate, symmetrical, lobed up to 1/3 of the distance to costule; segments ca. 30 pairs, ca. 3-4 x ca. 3-4 mm, triangular, pointed at apexes. Veins obvious on under side, 8-10 pairs on each segment, basel acroscopic one veinlet coming out from base of costae, basiscopic one coming out from rachis and joining into a triangular areola by both ends, a excurrent veinlet coming out from the joining point spreading to line of membrane, lateral veins of the second pair reached to line of membrane and forming two oblique-square areolae on both sides of costae, lateral veins of the third pair reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds subcoriaceous, brownish-green after dry, smooth on upper surface, under surface sparse puberulose and few reddish-orange small glads along veins and one or two brownish scaly along rachillae; the scales membraneous, broado-ovate, ciliate. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins, 5-9 pairs on each segment, lower 1-2 pairs sterile so that forming a sterile zone on each side of rachillae; indusia small, brownish, sparse white puberulose on upper side, persistent, hidden in sori when matured. Chromosome 2n = 72, 144.

On wet places by streamsides in moutain valley; 200-380 m.; Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hongkong, Jiangxi and Taiwan ( widely distributed tropic and subtropic of the world up the north passed Japan to Korea ). Typical specimen collected from India.

 According to the study by Holttum 1971, Cyclosorus interuptus ( Willd.) H. Ito = Pteris interuptus Willd.(1974) and Cyclosorus gongylodes (Schkuhr) Link = Aspidium gongylodes Schkuhr 1809, the two species beating scales along rachillae are same one species. So that the later is synonmy of the former. Some author before that time ( for example Ching 1938, Holttum 1955 etc.) considered without scales along rachillae and fronds paperaceous in C. interruptus is really to make a mistaken determination on C. termnans ( see above species of the document). The numbers of covered hairs on under surface of lamina in this species have a appearance of transition, it’s change has a fair relation with habitat, temporaral divided into two varients before do not make clearly on it.

57. Cyclosorus baiseensis Ching ex Shing in Addenda 338. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 225. f. 38: 8-9. 1999.

       Cyclosorus aureoglandulosus Ching nom. nud.

百色毛蕨 bai se mao jue

      Plants 50-60 cm tall. Rhizomes erect, apexes and bases of stipes sparsely bearing brown narrow-lanceolate scales. Fronds clustered; stipes 4-7 cm long, stramineous, short puberulose; laminae 45-55 x 10-1 cm, oblanceolate, pinnatipartite longo-caudate at apexes, anguste downwards, bipinnatifid; pinnae ca. 18 pairs, lower ones unshortened or 5-6 pairs gradually reduced, spreading, opposite or subopposite, basel one pair ca. 5 x ca. 5 mm, mid pinnae ca. 6.5 x ca. 1.5 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases truncate, lobed up to 1/3 of the distance to costule; segments ca. 15 pairs, 2-3 x 2-3 mm, subsquare, subtruncate or obtuse at apexes, entire.  Veins obvious, 4-7 pairs on each segment, lower 2 pairs joined, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the end, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point spreading to sinus and connected with lateral veins of the second pair and forming a oblique-square or oblique-oblong areola on each side of costae, acroscopic one veinlet of the third pair reached to bottom of the sinus, basiscopic one reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds thick-herbaceous, brownish-green after dry, glabrous on both surfaces, under surface densely bearing lemen-yellow glands. Sori big, rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins, 3-4 pairs on each segment; indusia small, deep-brown, thick-membraneous, glabrous, persistent.

       On half way to mountain top under forest; endemic Guangxi ( baise, wuming, daming mountain).

58. Cyclosorus sino-acuinatus Ching & Z.Y. Liu in Bull. Bot. Res. 6 (1): 180. 1986. 

拟渐尖毛蕨 ni jian jian mao jue

Cyclosorus nanchuanensis Ching & Z. Y. Liu in Bull. Bot. Res. 4 (3):. Photo 16. 1984, non Ching & Z. Y. Liu 1983.

       Plants 50-55 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, sparse scaley at apexes; the scales brown, lanceolate acuminate and glabrous. Fronds remote; stipes ca. 25 cm long, stramineous, smooth above bases; laminae ca. 25 x ca. 15 cm, oblong, caudato-acuminate at apexes, bases unanguste, bipinnatifid; pinnae ca. 15 pairs, alternate, flato-spreading, lower ones 7-9 x ca.1.2 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases unsymmetrical, acroscopic side projected and flato-truncate, basiscopic side roundo-cuneate, subsessile, pinnatifid; segments ca. 20 pairs, basel acroscopic ones slightly longer, the others ca. 4 mm long, poinded at apexes. Veins clear ca. 10 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the end, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point reached to line translucent membrane under the sinus, lateral veins of the second pair reached to bottom of membrane under the sinus, the others of lateral veins all reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds subherbaceous, brown-green after dry, both surfaces sparsely bearing long acicular hairs along costae and costules, the others smooth. Sori rounded, attached at above middle of lateral veins and closed to margin, 3-7 pairs on each segment; indusia big, roundo-reniform, membraneous, grayish-brown, glabrous.

       Under mixed forest by streamsides; ca. 700 m.; Chongquen (nanchuan).

       The species is slightly similar to C. acuminate (Houtt.) Nakai, but anguste at apex and without obvious terminal pinna, two pairs of lateral veins below the sinus; lamina sparsely bearing long pubecensces along rachillae and costule on both sides, the others smooth; sori attaches at near margin, indusia big, membraneous, glabrous and closed with each other.

59. Cyclosorus damingshanensis Ching ex Shing in Addenda 339. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 226. 1999. 

大明山毛蕨 da ming shan mao jue

       Plants ca. 60 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, brown, including bases of stipes densely bearing darkish-brown lanceolat small scales. Fronds remote; stipex ca. 25 cm long, darkish-brown, polished, slightly bearing few pubescences along longitunal vallecula on upper surface; laminae ca. 35 x ca. 15 cm, broado-lanceolate, pinnatipartito-caudate at apexes, slightly anguste at bases, bippinatifid; pinnae ca. 20 pairs, sessile, spreading, lower ones opposite or subopposite, basel one pair of pinnae slight shorter, ca. 14 cm long and same shape with above ones, but anguste to base, flat-spreading; mid pinnae ca. 15 x ca. 1.8, lanceolate, longo-acuminate and slightly bend a how at apexes, bases truncate, symmetrical, lobed up to 1/2 of the distance to costule; segments ca. 20 pairs, basel acroscopic one piec longer, the others 7-8 x 2.5-3 mm, lanceolate, acute at apexes, entire. Veins obvious, 6-7 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the end, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point reached to line of translucent membrane below sinus, lateral veins of the second pair reached to the sinus or the line of membrane below the sinus. Fronds firmo-paperaceous and brownish-green after dry, upper surface sparsely bearing acicular thick hairs along costae and lateral veins, denser on under surface and covered with orange-yellow round glands. Sori small, attached at near ends of lateral veins of basel one pair and more or less confluent when matured, the second pair of lateral veins sterile or occasionally one attached at above middle; indusia mid size, brown, thick-membraneous, a bundle of grayish-white puberulose on back, persistent.

       In herbosa on haigh mountain; endemic E. Guangxi ( wuming, daming mountain).

60. Cyclosorus latipinnus (Benth. ) Tard.-Blot in Lecomte. Not. Syst. 7: 73. 1938.

宽羽毛蕨 kuan yu mao jue

Aspidium moll var. latipinna Benth., Fl. Hongk. 455. 1861; Nephrodium latipinnum Hook. ex Bak.; Aspidium latipinnum Hance; Dryopteris latipinna O. Ktze; Christella latipinna Le’v.; Dryopteris parasitica var. latippina C. Chr.; Thelypteris latipinna K. Iwats.; Cyclosorus subpubescens (Bl.) Ching; Christella subpubescens (Bl.) Hiltt.; C. pubescens Ching.

       Plants 20-25 cm tall. Rhizomes short, decumbent or ascending, apexes and bases of stipes sparsely bearing scales; the scales narrow-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, longo-acuminate at apexes, darkish-brown. Fronds clustered; stipes 5-6 cm long, stramineousish, sparse shot puberulose; laminae 15-22 x 5-8 cm, lanceolate or oblongo-lanceolate, caudato-acuminate at apexes, bases slightly anguste, bipinnatifid; pinnae 4-6 pairs ( 2 pairs at long intervals), almostly sessile, obliquely spreading, subopposite ( or opposite and slightly obliquely downwards on basel ones), lower 2-3 pairs slightly shortened, basel one pair auriculate, ca. 1 cm long only, mid pinnae 3-5 x ca. 1 cm, lanceolate, short acuminate at apexes, bases subroundo-truncate or broado-cunate, symmetrical, lobed less up to 1/3 of the distance to costule and forming triangular thick and big serrations, short-pointed; terminal pinna paticular long, ca. 11 x  2-2.5 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases unequal roundo-cuneate, petiole 5-8 mm long, pinnatipartite up to 2/3-1/2 of the distance to costule; segments 15-18 pairs, triangular-lanceolate, acute at apexes, contacted with each other. Veins clear, 7-9 pairs of lateral veins on each segment of terminal pinna, flat-spreading, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the end, a ecurrent veinlet coming out from joining point spreading to line of translucent membrane, lateral veins of the second pair reached to the sinus, lateral veins of the third pairs reached to margin above the sinus; lateral veins on lateral pinnae 3-4 pairs only, basel one pairs coming out far from above base of costae and so that joining a ladder-shaped triangular areola by the ends, pattern of lateral veins from the second pair same with one on terminal pinna. Fronds paperaceous, green after dry, subglabrous on upper surface, under surface bearing one or two short pubescences and reddish-orange globular glands along rachises, rachillae and costae, sparse very short puberulose on intercostals area. Sori rounded, usually only attached at near apexes of lateral veins on basel one pair, often confluent when matured or at above middle of lateral veins on the second pair, in 1-2 lines on each side of rachillae, ca. 3 pairs on each segment of terminal pinna; indusia small, thick-membraneous, deep-brown, densely short puberulose on upper side, persistent.

       In crevices among rochs by streamsides or in mountain valley; 30-320 m.; Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, S. Guizhou, Hainan, Hong kong and Zhejiang ( Bolinesia, India, Malesiana, Philippines, Sri lanka and Vietnam). Typical specimen collected from Hong Kong.

       R. C. Ching combinated Cyclosorus subpuescens (Bl.) and lited C. latipinnus and C. jaculosus as it’s synonym. According to study by Holttum that the specimen of the basic name of this species Aspidium subpubescens Bl. 1828 has two types : var. B a big plant, var. C. small plant, the later is similar to Aspidium molle var. latipinnum Benth ( 1861). In Fl. Malesiana ser. 2, 1 (5): 1981 he combinated Christella subpubescens (Bl.) as lagal name of Aspidium molle var. latipinnus and removed out C. jaculosus ( Christ) H. Ito from synonym of Ch. subpubescens. In Fl. Taiwan (1994) scond edition, made Cyclosorus subpubescens (Bl.) Ching as lagal name of Aspidium jaculosus Christ (1909).

       In vfew of C. subpubescens representing the plants are mult- types, author unseen the specimen of this species, according to now available specciems in the herbarium ( Pk.), temporary  accept two species of C. latipinnu and C. jaculosus, but make pro part of C. pubescens as synonymy of them. 

61. Cyclosorus sinodentatus Ching & Z. Y. Liu in Bull. Bor Res. 4 (3): 13. photo 15. 1984.

中华齿状毛蕨 zhong hua chi zhuang mao jue

       Plants 36-52 cm tall. Rhizomes short and decumbent, including bases of stipes densely brown-hispidulous and few scaly; the scales darkish-brown, lanceolate. Fronds clustered; stipes 7-32 cm long, straminioisish, sparsely hispidulous; laminae 19-26 x ca. 14 cm, oblong, caudate at apexes, bipinnatifid; lateral pinnae ca. 7 pairs, sessile, subopposite, spreading, falcato-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, basel one pair slightly shortened, ca. 4 cm long, above ones longer, ca. 7 x ca. 2 cm, angust at bases, roundo-cuneate and slightly decurrete, lobed up to 1/3 of the distance to costule; segments ca. 13 pairs, obtuse or roundo-obtuse at apexes. Veins visible, ca. 5 pairs on each segment, lower 2 pairs combined on under sinus, the others sperading to margin above the sinus. Fronds hard-paperaceous, darkish-green after dry, acicular hairy on both surfaces, same hairy along rachises. Sori attached at middle of lateral veins, 3-4 pairs on each segment; indusia brown, needle-like hairy.

      Under mixed forest; ca. 900 m.; Chongqien ( nanchuan, jingfu mountain).

62. Cyclosorus ciliensisn Shng in Addenda 339. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 230. 1999.

慈利毛蕨 ci li mao jue

       Plants ca. 65 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, including bases of stipes short-hiary and brown lanceolate scaly. Fronds remote; stpes ca. 25 c long, brownish-stramineous, subglabrous on above bases; laminae ca. 40 x ca. 12 cm, acuminate and angustened to pinnatifid-terminal pinna at apexes, bases slight-anguste, bipinnatifid; pinnae ca. 22 pairs, subopposite, lower 3-4 pairs angustened on one after another, basel one pair ca. 4 x ca. 6 cm, same shaped with above ones; mid pinnae ca. 6 x o. 7 cm, slightly angustened downwards, broadened again at bases, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases tuncate and parojected at acroscopic side, lobed up to 1/2 of the distance to costule; segments majority, basel one pair longer, acroscopic one piec paticular long; the others less 2 mm in length and wide, narrow-triangular, short-pointed at apexes. Veins clear, 5-6 pairs of lteral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joining into a triangular arola by the end, a excurrent veinlet connected with the line translucent membrane below the sinus, lateral veins of the second pair reached to the line of translucent membrane, acroscopic one veinlet of the third pair reached to the sinus and basiscopic one reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds firmo-paperaceous, darkish-green after dry, spare long needle-like hairy along under side of rachises, on both surfaces except few acicualr hairy along rachillae, the others glabrous. Sori small, attached at above middle of lateral veins, 5-6 pairs on each segment; indusia big, flat, darkish-brown in centrn, few short-hairy, brown on margin, glabrous.

       Under sparse forest; ca. 550 m.; endemic Hunan ( cili, wulei mountain).

63. Cyclosorus cangnanensis Shing & C. F. Zhang in Addenda 339. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 230. 1999.

苍南毛蕨 cang nan mao jue

       Plants ca. 82 cm tall. Rhizome unseen. Stipes ca. 35 cm long, bases dirty-brown, scaly and hairy, up brownish-stramineous, glabrous; laminae ca. 47 x ca. 15 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases slightly angustened, bipinnatifid; pinnae ca. 15 pairs, subopposite, obliquely spreading, basel pair same shaped with above ones, slightly shortened, the second pair ca. 11 x ca. 2.2 cm, lnceolate, acuminate at apexes, projected ob bother lateral sides, lobed up to 2/3 of the distance to costule; segments majority, basel one pairs far biger, pticular acrosopic one piec biggest, ca. 1.5 x ca. 1 cm, oblong, rounded or shorto-poinded at apexes, thick-teethed along margin, segments from the second pair triangular, small poinded at apexes, entire. Veins visible, 8-10 pairs on each segment, acroscopic one veinlet on basel one pair coming out from base of costae, basiscopic one coming out from costa and joining into a triangular areola by the ends, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point place of membrane of bootom on the sinus, lateral veins of the second pair reached to membrane bottom on the sinus, lateral veins from the third pair reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds herbaceous, grayish-brown green after dry, slightly rough on upper surface and dense short acicualr hairy along rachillae, under surface full puberulose. Sori small, attached at middle of lateral veins, 4-10 pairs on each segment; indusia grayish-brown, short acicular hairy, persistent.

       Under bamboo; ca. 250 m.; endemic Zhejiang ( cangnan, shaoxi).

64. Cyclosorus zhangii Shing in addenda 340. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin 4 (1): 231. f. 40: 1-3. 1999.

朝芳毛蕨 chao fang mao jue

       plants ca. 92 cm tall. Rhizome unseen. Stipes ca. 39 cm long, stramineous, sparsely puberulose; laminae ca. 53 x ca. 8 cm, oblongo-lanceolate, acuminate and pinnatifid-long caudate at apexes, bases slightly angustened, bipinnatifid;  pinnae ca. 18 pairs, lower 3 pairs slightly shortened, subopposite, basel one pair ca. 4 cm long, triangular-lanceolate, particular long  serrate segment on basel acroscopic side; obliquely downwardr, mid pinnae slightly bend a how up, 9-10 x ca. 1.2 cm, lanceolate, poinded at apexes, bases flat-truncate, projected at acroscopic side, lobed up to 1/2 or more of the distance to costule; segments majority, basel acroscopic one piec longer, teethed along ammrgin orentire, the others 2-3 x ca. 3 mm, short poinded at apexes, entire. Veins clear, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the ends, a excurent veinlet coming out from joining point connected with the line of translucent membrane, lateral veins of the second pair reached to the line translucent membrane, lateral veins from the third pair reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds herbaceous, green After dry, both surfaces one or two acicualr hairy along rachises and veins, glabrous on intercostals area. Sori small, attached at teraminal parts of laterl veins on the first pair only, closed to with each other, occasionally fortile at lateral veins on the second pair; indusia small, deep-brown, few needle-like hairy, persistent.

       Under forest; ca. 300 m.; endemic Zhejaing ( taishun, yangxi).

65. Cyclosorus pauciserratus Ching & C. F. Zhang in Bull. Bot. Res. 3 (3): 8. photo 8. 1983.

齿片毛蕨 chi pian mao jue

       Plants ca. 38 cm tall. Rhizomes erect, including bases of stipes darkish-brown lanceolate scaly. Fronds clustered; stopes ca. 5 cm long, short puberulose from above base to rachis; laminae ca. 32 x ca. 10 cm, narrow-elliptic, acuminate at apexes, bases angustatened, bipinnatifid; pinnae ca. 28 pairs, sessile, opposite, flato-sptreading, lower mult-pairs shortened and reflexed downwards, mid pinnae 608 x ca. 1.2 cm, lanceolate, shorto-acuminate at apexes, bases flato-truncate, lobed up to 1/2 of the distance to costule; segments ca. 2 mm long, obtuse at pexes, sometime minuto-undulate- teethed-like along margin. Veins visible, ca. 6 pairs pn each segment, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the ends, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining pont connected with line of translucent membrane, lateral veins of the second pair reached to nearby under the sinus but ununited. Frondss herbaceous, darkish-green after dry, upper surface loose acicular hairy along rachillae and veins, short hairy on intercostals area. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins, ca. 6 pairs on each segment; indusia brown, dense short minute setaceous.

       By streamside or on foots of the wall; 176-400 m.; Sichuan and Zhejiang.

66. Cyclosorus angustipinus (Ching) Shing, in Addenda 340. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Si. 233. 1999.

线羽毛蕨 xian yu mao jue

Cyclosorus truncates var. angustipinna Ching in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot ser. 8: 218. 1938.

       Plant ca. 1 m. tall. Rizomes unseen. Stipes ca. 10 cm tall, grayish-brown, up stramineous, smooth; laminae ca. 90 x ca. 15 cm, lanceolate, acuminat-pinnatifid at apexes, abruptly angustened at bases, bipinnatilobete; pinnae ca. 30 pairs, alternate, lower 5-6 pairs shortened into tubercles, mid pinnae obliquely spreading , sessile ca. 12 x ca x ca. 1.2 cm, slightly broadened or un broadened to bases, linear-lanceolate, longo-acuminat at apexes, bases braodo-cuneate symmetrical and paraphyll with rachis; lobed up to 1/3 of the distance to costule; segments ca. 25 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from near base of costae and joining into a triangular areola, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point connected with line of translucent membrane below the sinus, lateral veins of the second pair reached to line of the translucent membrane, the others reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds paperaceous , brownish-green after dry, pustulate on intercostals area of both surfaces, glabrous, or one or two grey hisute along rachillae. Sori rounded, attached at below middle of lateral veins, ca. 3 pairs on each segment; sporangia colour-less glandular-hairy; indusia mid size, brown, thic-memranous, sessile, persistent.

       On wet wild land; Hanan.

       The species is similar to Cyclosorus truncates (Poir.) Farwell, but plant far small, pinna linear-lanceolate, ca. 3 pairs of lateral vein only on each segment and joining into a triangular areola by the first pair, the second pair reached to line of translucent membrane below the sinus,but nan to margin above the sinus; small colour-less glandular-hairy on sprangia.

67. Cyclosorus mianngensis Ching ex Shing in Addenda 340. Fl Reipubl. Popul. Sin 4 (1): 233. 1999.

冕宁毛蕨 mian ning mao jue 

       Plants ca. 90 cm tall. Rhizomes unseen. Stipes 20-25 cm, up grayish-stramineous, short puberuloses; laminae 60-70 c 10-12 cm, lanceolate, acute at apexes, angustened on lower part, bipinnatifid; pinnae ca. 25 pairs, lower 6 pairs shortened downwards, obliquely up, subopposite, basel one pair tubercles, above 1-2 pairs less than 5 cm long but nearly unchanged in shapes; mid ones alternate, sessile, obliquely up, 8-9 x 1.1-1.2 cm, lanceolate, longo-acumiate at apexes, bases roundo-truncate, symmetrical, lobed up to 1/2 of the distance to costule; segments majority, ca. 3 x ca. 2.5 mm, subrectangular, roundo-obtuse at apexes, entire. Veins visible, ca. 5 pairs on each segment, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the ends, a excurrent veinlet connected with acroscopic one veinlet of the second pair and forming oblique-oblong areola, the basiscopic one reached to membrane place below the sinus, lateral veins from the third pair reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds thin-paperaceous, brownish-green after dry, upper surface sparsely bearing acicualr hairs along veins, full spreading with short setae on mesophyll, parsely bearing acicular long hairs and densely short ones along rachillae and costae. Sori rounded, attached at middle of laterl veins, 4-5 on each segment; indusia small, brown, membranous, densely grayish-white puberulose, persistent.

       Under dense forest; ca. 1400 m.; W. Sichuan ( mianning).

68. Cyclosorus wenzhouensis Shing & C. F. Zhang in Addenda 341. Fl. Reipuble Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 134. f. 40: 45.1999.

温州毛蕨 wen zhou mao jue

        Plants ca. 1.34 m. tall. Rhizome unseen. Stipes ca. 46 cm long, blackish- brown, bearing brown short hairs and scales; laminae ca. 88 x ca. 27 cm, oblong, acumniate at apexes, bases angustened, bipinnatifid; pinnae ca. 22 pairs, pinnae on lower mult-pairs shortened, more or less obliquely downwards, basel one pair ca. 3.5 x ca. 2.5 cm, triangular-lanceolate, mid pinnae flato-spreading, 14-15 x ca. 2 cm, lanceolate, longo-acuminate at apexes, bases fla-truncate, symmetrical, lobed up to 1/2 or more of the distance to costule; segments majority, obtuse at apexes, basel one pair slight longer. Veins visible, 5-6 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the ends, a excurrent veinlet of the second pair spreading to the membrane bottom below the sinus. Fronds paperaceous, brownish-green after dry, upper surface sparsely bearing acicular hairs along rachillae, one or two same hairs along veins, glabrous on intercostals area, under surface loose puberuloses along rachillae and veins, minute rough on intercostals area. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins, ca. 6 pairs on each segment; indusia brown, short puberuloses, persistent.

       In ditches on back of houses; ca. 50 m.; endemic Zhejiang (wenzhou).

69. Cyclosorus acuminatus (Houtt.) Nakai in Thunb., Mscel. Papers Regard. Jap. Pl. 15. 1935.

渐尖毛蕨 jain jian mao jue

Polypodium acuminatus Houtt. In Nat. Hist. 14: 181. t.99, f. 2. 1783; Dropteris acuminata Nakai; Christella acuminata (Houtt.) Lev.; Thelypteris acuminatum (Houtt.) Monton; Polypodium sophoroides Thunb.; Nephrodium sophoroides (Thunb.) Desv.; Dryopteri sophoroides O. Ktze.; Asplenium sophoroides Christ; Cyclosorus sophoroides Tard.-Blot; Dryopteris sinica Christ; D. oshimense Christ; D. oshimensis C. Chr.; D. ensipinna Tagawa.

       Plants 70-80 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, darkish-brown to brown, densely bearing brown lanceolate scales. Fronds remote in two rows. Stipes 30-42 cm long, brown, scaleless, up darkish-stramineous, one or two puberulose; laminae 40-45 x 14-17 cm, oblongo-lanceolate, caudato-acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, bases unangustened, bipinnatifid; pinnae 13-18 pairs, very short petiolulate, obliquely spreading or obliquely u, alternate, or opposite at base, pinnae on lower part 7-11 x 0.8-1.2 cm, broader at base, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases unequal, projected ob acroscopic side, flat-truncate, basiscpic side roundo-cuneate or subrounded, lobed up to 1/2 – 2/3 of the distance to costule; segments 18-24 pairs, slightly bended, basel acroscopic one piec biggest, ca. 8-10 mm long, lanceolate, basiscopic on less 5 mm long, segments from the second pair 4-5 mm long, subfalcato-lanceolate, sharp-poinded or acute at apexes, entire. Veins raised on under side, clear, 7-9 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, single ( basel acroscopic one piec ca. 13 pairs and more forked), basel one pair coming out from base of costae and joining a triangular areola by th eends, a short excurrent veinlet spreading to lone of translucent membrane below the sinus, acroscopic one veinlet of the second and the third pairs reached to line of the translucent membrane, i.e. 2 1/2 pairs below sinus. Frond firmo-paperaceous, grayish-green after dry, sparse acicular hairy along rachillae of under side, upper surface very short rough hairy. Sori rounded, attached at above middle of lateral veins, 5-8 pairs on each segment; indusia big, darkish-brown or brown, dense short puberulose, persistent.

1. Basel pinnae unshortened, acuminate at apexes---------------------------------1a. var. acuminatus

1. Basel one pair of pinna shortened, acute at apex of pinnae----------------1b. var. acuminatodes 

69a. Cyclosorus acuminatus var. acuminatu

渐尖毛蕨 jian jian mao jue

       Basel pinnae unshortened, acuminate at apexes.

      In thickets, Grassland, field-sides, roadsides, wet lands by ditches or mess rocks in valley; 100-1700 m.; Anhui, Chogqin, Fujiang, Guansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, N. Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan and Zhejiang. Typical speciemen collected from Japan.

69B. Cyclosorus acuminatus var. x  acuminatodes Shieh & Tsai in Journ. Sci. Engin. 24: 8. pl. 3. 1987.

赛毛蕨 sai amo jue

       Basel one pair of pinnae shortened, acute at apex of pinna, Choromoseme 2n = 108.

       By edge of forest or slight shady places; Taiwan.

       According to original paper and photo the variant is a hybrid on C. acuminatus var. acuminatus crossed with C. acuminatus var. kuliangensis. From the photo its basel one pair of pinna slightly shortened, the apex abtruptly shortened into caudate. Bcouse did not examined the specimen, nuknow the situation of veination, temporal listed here.

70. Cyclosorus subnamburensis Ching ex Shing in Addenda 341. Fl. Republ. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 238. 1999.

万金毛蕨 wan jin mao jue

       Plants 45-55 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, dirdo-brown, bull beraing darkish-brown narrow-lanceolate scales at apexes. Fronds remote; stipes grayish-brown, 24-28 cm long, occasionally one or two scaly on bases, up sparse puberuloses; laminae 20-26 x 15-17 cm, ovato-triangular, almostly angustened at bases, a piec of pinnatparted pinna at apexes, bipinnatifid; lateral pinnae 5-6 pairs, subsissile, alternate, basel one pair obliquely downwards, shorter than with above one, ca. 8 cm long and a one piec of segment on its acroscopic side; mid pinnae 8-11 x ca. 2 cm, lanceolate, longo-acuminate at apexes, bases subtruncate, lobed less up to 1/2 of the distance to costule; segments 15-18 pairs, subfalcato-trangular, 4-5 x ca. 4 mm, poinded at apexes, entire. Veins obvious, 9-10 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joining a triangular areola by the ends, a excurrent vein spreading to the siuns and connected with lateral veins of the second pair, basiscopic one veinlet reached to membrane place, acroscopic one reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds herbaceous, grayish-brown green after dry, rough on upper surface and very short setaceous, also one or two long cicular hairy along veins, under surface dense short puberulose, persistent.

       Endemic S. Taiwan ( wanjinzhuang).

       The species is very similar to C. namburensis (Bedd.) Ching in the north of India, but laminal under surface bearing more hairs, rough on upper surface and bearing very short seta.

71. Cyclosorus atteuatus Cing ex Shing in Addenda 341. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 138. t. 42. f. 1-4. 1999.

下延毛蕨 xia yan mao jue

       Plants 60-90 cm. tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, subsmooth. Fronds in two series approached; stipes 30-45 cm long, grayish-stramineous, subsmooth on lower part, up to rachis dense puberulose; laminae near euquql with stipe or more in length, 14-16 cm wide in middle, oblong, caudato-acuminate at apexes, bases unangustened, bipinnatifid; pinnae 18-22 pairs, flat-spreading on lower ones, subopposite, cuneate and short decurrent along bases, mid pinnae obliquely spreading or obliqued, sessile, lobed up to 1/3 of the distace to costule; segments ca. 25 pairs, 2-3 c. ca. 3 mm, triangular or falcato-triangular, poinded or acuminate at apexes, entire. Veins clear, 6-8 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, two pairs of lower pairs combined, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the ends, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point connecte with lateral veins of the second pair and fofming a oblique-square areola on each side of the costae, acroscopic one veinlet of the third pair reached to line of translucent membrane, basiscopic one reached to margin above the sinus. Frond herbaceous, greenish after dry, occasionally one or two acicular hairy along costae on upper surface, under surface full spreding with pubescences. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins, 5-6 pairs on each segment; indusia small, membranous, dense puberulose, persistent.

       By ditch sides under forest; ca. 380 m.; endemic S-E. Yunnan (hekou).

       The species slightly is similar to C. dentatus (Forssk.) Ching, but rhizome long and creeping, lower 6-7 pairs of pinnae angustened at bases, cuneate, obvious petiolule, subglabroous on upper surface.

72. Cyclosorus subcoriaceous Ching ex Shing in Addenda 341. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 240. 1999.

坚叶毛蕨 jian ye mao jue

       Plants ca. 1 m. tall. Rhizome unseen. Stipes strong, woody, ca. 38 cm long,       brownish-stramineous, smooth; laminae subequare with stipe in lenght, ca. 28 wide, oblongo-lanceolate, acute at apexes, bases unanguste, bipinnatifid; pinnae ca. 20 pairs, obliquely spreading, opposite from below mid ones, 5-16 x ca. 1.7 cm, longo-acuminate at apexes, bases flat-truncate, slightly projected at acroscopic side, lobed up to 2/3 of the distance to costule; segments ca. 32 pairs, basel acroscopic one piec longer, the others normally 5-7 x ca. 4 mm, longo-ligulate, short pointed or acute at apexes, entire; pinnae from middle slightly shortened and same shaped with lower ones. Veins clear, 9-12 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from base of costae and forming into a triangular areola by the ends, a short excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point spreading to  line of translucent membrane below the sinus, lateral veins of the second pair ( sometime acroscopic veinlet of the third pair) spreading to line of translucent membrane, the others lateral veins reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds firmo-paperaceous, grayish-green after dry, both surfaces except densely bearing acicular hairs, occasionally minuto-short hairs on under surface, the others glabrous. Sori small, attached at middle of lateral veins, 8-10 on each segment; indusia mid size, brown, thick-membranous, glabrous, persistent.

       Under mixed forest by rever sides; ca. 1200 m.; S. Yunnan.

73. Cyclosorus paracuminatus Ching ex Shing & J. F. Cheng in Sci. Jiangxi 8 (3): 46. 1990.

宽顶毛蕨 kuan din mao jue

       Plants 30-45 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, blackish-brown, occasionally one or two lanceolate scaly. Fronds remote; stipes 12-18 cm long, stramineous, smooth; laminae ca. 26 x ca. 10 cm, oblong, abruptly angustened to both ends, caudato-acuminate at apexes, 1-pinnate; pinnae ca. 13 pairs, subsessile, obliquely spreading, lower 2 pairs of pinnae shortened, basel one pair 1.5-2 cm long, mid pinnae 4-5 x ca. 1.5 cm, lanceolate, acute or short pointed at apexes, bases flat-truncate, thick-teeth-like along margin. Veins clear on under side, 8-9 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from base of costae and forming into a triangular areola by the ends, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point connected with acroscopic one veinlet of the second pair, basiscopic one veinlet of the second pair and acroscopic one veinlet of the third pair spreading to line of translucent membrane, the other veinlets all reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds firmo-paperaceous, grayish-brown green after dry, upper surface densely bearing depressed acicular hairs along rachillae, short hairs along veins and in intercostals area, under surface bearing one or two short acicular hairs along rachillae and veins and lemono-yellow glands along veins and one or two minus hairs in intercostals area also. Sori unseen.

The habitat unknown; Jiangxi ( xinwu).

The species is similar to C. kuliangensis (Ching) Shing, but lamina on laminal base shorter, 2 1/2 pairs of lateral veins below the sinus on segment, under surface short acicular hairs and lemon yellow glands along veins.

74. Cyclosorus opposites Ching ex Shing in Addenda 342. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 241. 1999.

对生毛蕨 dui sheng mao jue

       Plants ca. 58 cm tall. Rhizomes erect, apees and bases of stipes densely bearing darkish-brown narrow-lanceolate scales. Fronds clustered; stipes ca. 14 cm long, subglabrous on under side above bases, sparse short hairy on upper side; laminae ca. 44 x ca. 15 cm, oblongo-lanceolate, long petiolate on terminal pinnae, lobed up to 2/3 of the distance to costule, broado-lanceolate, base angustened, bipinnatifid; lateral pinnae ca. 9 pairs, subopposite, lower 3 pairs shortened, obliquely spreading, basel one pair obliquely downwards, ca. 2.5 cm long, mid pinnae 9-10 x ca. 2 cm, angustened downdowards, lanceolate, caudato-acuminate, bases subsymmetrical, flato-truncate, lobed up to 1/2 of the distance to costule; segment ca. 12 pairs, small poined at apexes. Veins visible, 5-8 pair on each segment ( ca. 10 pairs on terminal pinnal one), basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the ends, a excurrent veinlet connected with acroscopic one veinlet of the second pair, basiscopic one veinlet of the second pair and acroscopic one veinlet of the third pair reached to place of translucent membrane on bottom of the sinus, the others of lateral veins reached to margin of above the sinus. Fronds herbaceous, darkish-green after dry, except upper surface sparse short acicular hairy, under surface sparse reddish-orange glandulose, the others glabrous. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins, 4-5 pairs on each segment, 8-10 pairs on a segment of terminal pinna; indusia brown, membranous, glabrous, persistent.

       By tichesides of the limestone slopes; ca. 500 m.; Yunnan.

75. Cyclosorus spaesisorus Ching ex Shing in Addenda 342. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 241. 1999.

疏囊毛蕨 shu nang mao jue

       Plants 38-70 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping, bearing darkish-brown lancelate scales. Fronds two lines remote; stipes 7-17 cm long, brownish-stramineous, glabrous; laminae 33-50 x ca. 12 cm, acuminate at apexes, angustened at bases, bipinnatifid; pinnae ca. 13 pairs, lower 2-3 pairs shortened downwards, mid pinnae ca. 8  ca. 1.5 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, basel acroscopic side slightly projected and parahyll with rachillae, basiscopic side roundo-cuneate, obliquely out, near sessile. Veins clear, 6-7 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joinng into a triangular areola by the ends, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point connected with acroscopic one veinlet of the second pair, basiscopic one vein of the second pair and lateral veins of the third pair reached to line of translucent membrane below the sinus. Fronds thin-paperaceous, grayish-green after dry, upper surface densely bearing acicular hairs along rachises and rachillae, occasionally one or two acicular hairs along veins and rough or roughish hairs on intercostals area; under surface except puberulose and more yellow club glandulose along veins. Sori small, attached at ends of lateral veins on one pair only and conivent from each other; indusia brown, glabrous, persistent.

       The habitat unknown; Guangxi ( longzhou, daqin mountain).

76. Cyclosorus elatus Ching ex Shing in Addenda 342. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 242. t. 43, f. 1-5. 1999.

高株毛蕨 gao zhu mao jue

        Plants ca. 1.5 m. tall. Rhizome unseen. Stipes 53-55 cm long, darkish-brown, one or two darkish-brown lanceolate scaly, up brownish-stramineous, at least densely bearing short hairs on upper side; laminae ca. 95 x 25-30 cm, oblongo-lanceolate, teraminal pinna pinnatipartite, lanceolate, angustened downwards, bipinnaifid; lateral pinnae ca. 25 pairs, lower 4-5 pairs shortened, opposite, basel one pair 3-3.5 cm x 1.5 cm, triangular, mid pinnae obliquely spreading, subopposite, 15-20 x ca. 1.2 cm, lanceolate, longo-acuminate at apexes, bases subtruncate, symmetrical, lobed up to 2/3 of the distance to costule; segments ca. 25 pairs, 5-6 x 4-5 mm, oblongo-lanceolate, obtuse at apexes, entire. Veins obvious, 8-10 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the ends, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining pointconnected with lateral veins ( sometime acroscopic one vein )of the second pair and forming a oblique-rectangular areola, acroscopic one veinlet of lateral vain on the third pair reached to membrane place, basiscopic one reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds chartaeous, grayish-brown green after dry, sparsely bearing short seta on both surfaces, upper side dense acicular hairy along rachillaee, under surface sparse short puberulose and lemono-colour glandulose. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins, 7-9 pairs on each segment; indusia mid size, thick-membranous, darkish-brown, short puberulose, persistent.

       Under overgreen forest; ca. 1200 m.; W. Yunnan ( during the way of Liang rever to yingjaing).

       The species highest one of the genus and is slightly similar to C. fengii Ching, but far higher and biger, pinnae more and longer, fronds chartaceous, sparse short setaceous on upper surface.

77. Cyclosorus simillimus Ching ex Shing in Addenda 343. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 242. t. 43, f. 6-7. 1999.

同羽毛蕨 ton yu mao jue

       Plants 70-80 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, darkish-brown, apexes and bases of stipes sparse brown lanceolate scaly. Fronds two lones remote; stipes ca. 12 cm long, darkish-brown, full covered with pubescences; laminae ca. 60 x ca. 18 cm, oblongo-lanceolate, acute at apexes,, angustened to bases, bipinnatifid; pinnae ca. 25 pairs, lower 8-10 pairs reduced to bases, sessile, oppsite, butterfly-shaped, obliquely downwards, basel one pair ca. 1 ca. 1 cm; mid pinnae 10-12 x ca. 1.5-1.7 cm, lanceolate, longo-acuminate at apexes, bases roundo-cuneate, slightly projected on acroscopic side, lobed up to 1/3 or more of the distance to costule; segments ca. 20 pairs, 3.5-4 x 3-3.5 mm, oblon or oblongo-lanceolate, pointed or acute at apees, entire (basel acroscopic one piec biger and serrate along margin). Veins obvious, 6-8 pairs on each segment, single ( usually forked on basel acroscopic one), basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joining a triangular areola by the ends, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point spreading to sinus and connected with acroscopic one veinlet of the second pair, basiscopic one veinlet of the second pair and acroscopic one veinlet of the third pair reached to membrane place below the sinus. Fronds thine-paperaceous, grayish-green after dry, upper surface few acicular hairy along veins, subglabrous on under surface, but decorated with light reddish-orange glands. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins, 4-6 pairs on each segment; indusia biger, thick-membranous, grayish-brown to brown, glabrous, persistent.

       In valley or shady land of mountain slopes; ca. 380 m.; Guangxi and S-E. Yunnan. Typical specimen collected from Guangxi.

78. Cyclosorus sanduensis Shing & P. S. Wang in Addenda 343. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 244. 1999.

三都毛蕨 san du mao jue

       Plants ca. 1 m.tall. Rhizome unseen. Stipes ca. 53 cm long, bases dirty-colour, up brownish-stramineous, glabrous on under side, upper side densely bearing brown short accular hairs; laminae ca. 57 x ca. 23 cm, broado-lanceolate, apexes angustened, terminal pinna slightly anguste on base, 1-pinnate; lateral pinnae ca. 12 pairs, basel one pair slightly shortened and same shaped with above ones, mid pinnae ca. 13 x ca. 1.5 cm, lanceolate, longo-acuminate at apexes, bases subsymmtrical, broado-cuneate, petioles ca. 1 mm long, opposite, obliquely spreading, thick-teethed along margin, obtuse or obtuse-point at apexes. Veins visible, 6-7 pairs on each segment, basel one pair coming out from above base of costa and far from rachillae, joining into a triangular areola by the ends, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point with acroscopic veinlets of the second and third pairs, basiscopic one veinlet of the third pair and lateral veins of the fourth pair spreading to line of the translucent membrane, lateral veins of the others all reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds paperaceous, darkish-brown green after dry, except upper surface sparse acicular hairy, faveolato- projected on intercostals area, under surface except one or two roughish-hairy along rachises and costae the other glabrous. Sori rounded, attached at below middle of laterl veins, 3-4 pairs on each segment; indusia thick in texture, grayish-brown, glabrous, persistent.

       On wet land; ca. 950 m.; endemic Guiazhou ( sandu).

79. Cyclosorus nanxiensis Ching ex in Addenda 343. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 244. 1999.

南溪毛蕨 nan xi mao jue

       Plants ca. 96 cm tall. Rhizomes erect, apexes and bases of stipes densely bearing scales; the scales darkish-brown, subulato-lanceolate and glabrous. Fronds clustered; stipes ca. 40 cm long, brownish-stramineous, smooth on under side of bases up to, bearing brown roughish hairs and one or two lanceolate scales upper surface up to rachises; lamiane ca. 56 x ca. 20 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes and with a terminal 1-pinnate-pinna; lateral pinnae ca. 20 pairs, very short petiolulate, opposite or subopposite, flato-spreading, 12-13 x ca. 1.2 cm, lanceolate, longo-acuminate at apexes, bases slightly angustened, cuneate or broado-cuneate, thick-serrate along margin and obtuse-pointed at apexes; shortened from above mid pinnae, alernate. Veins clear, 5-6 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, acroscopic one veinlet of basel one pair coming out from costae, basiscopic one veinlet coming out from above base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the ends, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point connected with acroscopic one veinlet of the second pair or stoped on under side of the lateral veins of the second pair, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point of the lateral veins of the second pair reached to line of translucent membrane, lateral veins of the third pair reached to line of translucent membrane, the other’s lateral veins reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds thin-paperaceous, brownish-green after dry, upper surface short acicular hairy along rachillae, under surface sparse and very short puberuloses along rachillae and costae, glabrous on intercostals area of both surfaces. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins, 3-4 pairs on each segment, basel one pair often attached at end of lateral veins and connivent with each other or confluent, glabrous, persistent.

       Under bamboo or mixed forest in mountain land; 650-1500 m.; S-E. yunnan.

80. Cyclosorus scaberulus Ching in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. ser. 8: 3. 1938.

糙叶毛蕨 cao ye mao jue

Thelypteris scaberula (Ching) Reed; Christella acaberula (Ching) Holtt.

      Plants 1-1.4 m. tall. Rhizomes short and ascending. Fronds clustered; stipes 30-60 cm long, blackish-brown, one or two lanceolate scaly at bases, up glabrous, grayish-stramineous; laminae 60-85 x ca. 30 cm, triangular-lanceolate, caudato-acuminate at apexes, broadened at bases, bipinnatifid; pinnae 15-24 pairs, subflato-spreading, sessile, subalternate or alternate, lower ones ca. 15 x 1.3-1.5(-2) cm, lanceolate, longo-acuminate at apexes, bases roundo-truncate, symmetrical, thick-teeth-like along margin; the serrations bented, roundo-truncate along margin, 4-5 x 5-6 mm, triangular, pointed at apexes, entire. Veins clear, 8-11 pairs on each segment, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by a basel lateral veinlets on adjacent segments, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point connected with line of translucent membrane, lateral veins or acroscopic one veinlet of the second pair connected with a excurrent veinlet, lateral veins or acroscopic one veinlet of the third and the fourth reached to line of translucent membrane below the sinus, the other’s lateral veins reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds paperaceous, brownish-green after dry, upper surface dense very short setaceous, rough, and one or two acicular hairy along veins, under surface very short puberulose on intercostals area, longer ones along costae. Sori rounded, big, attached at middle of lateral veins, 5-7 pairs on each segment; indusia big, thick-membranous, brownish, glabrous or short puberulose on upper side, persistent.

       By streamsides or deepo-places under dense forest; Hainan.

81. Cyclosorus kuizhouensis Shng in Addenda 345. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin 4 (1): 245. 1999.

夔州毛蕨 kui zhou mao jue

       Plants ca. 40 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, including bases of stipes bearing brown short hairs and darkish-brown subulato-lanceolate scales. Fronds 2 series remote; stipes 12-13 cm long, densely bearing villoses, stramneous; laminae ca. 28 x 8-9 cm, lanceolate, acuminate and short caudate at apexes, bases slightly angustened, bipinnatifid; pinnae ca. 12 pairs, basel 2 pairs slightly shortened and same shape with mid ones, opposite, more or less downwards or flato-spreading; mid pinnae ca. 5 x ca. 1 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, basel acroscopic side slightly projected, truncate and paraphyll to rachis, basiscopic side obliquely cut-off, subopposite, obliquely up, lobed up to 1/3 of the distance to costule; segments triangular, pointed at apexes. Veins clear, 5-6 pairs on each segment, basel one pair coming out from base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the ends, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point connected with acroscopic one veinlet of the second pair, basiscopic one veinlet of the second pair reached to line of translucent membrane, acroscopic one veinlet of the third pair reached to nearby bottom of the sinus, basiscopic one vinlet of the third pair and lateral veins from the fourth pair all reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds paperaceous, grayish-brown after dry, upper surface except sparse short acicular hary glabrous, under surface sparse long needle-like hairy along rachillae and veins. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins, 5-6 pairs on each segment; indusia brown, minute hairy in center, persistent.

       The habitat unknown; E. Sichuan ( fengjie) ( old name kuizhou).

82. Cyclosorus subacuminatus Ching ex Shing & J. F. Cheng in Jiangxi Sci. 8 (3): 45. 1990.

假渐尖毛蕨 jia jian jian mao jue

       Plants 80-90 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, sparsely bearing darkish-brown lanceolate scales. Fronds remote; stipes ca. 30 cm long, darkish-brown, occasionally one or two scaly, up darkish-stramineous, subglabrous; laminae 50-60 x 20-26 cm, broado-lanceolate, caudato-pinnatifid at apexes, bases unangustened, bipinnatifid; pinnae 15 – 20 pairs, pinnae on lower middle opposite or subalternate, slightly petiolule, obliquely spreading or obliquely downwards on basel ones, ones on above middle alternate, obliquely up, mid pinnae 10-15 x 1.5-1.7 cm, slightly angustened downwards, broadened again at bases, longo-acuminate at apexes, bases subtruncate, acroscopic side projected, subroundo-cuneate at basiscopic side, lobed nearly reached to broado-wings of both sides on rachillae; segments 25-30 pairs, slightly bended up, mid ones 6-7 x 3-4 mm, falcato-lanceolate, short pointed or acute at apexes, entire; basel acroscopic one piec longer, 8-10 mm long, oblongo-lanceolate or ovato-oblong, thick-teethed along margin. Veins thick and raised on under side, obvious on upper side, 8-10 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the ends, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point connected with line of translucent membrane below the sinus, lateral veins of the second pair and acroscopic one veinlet of the third pair reached to line of translucent membrane above the sinus, the other’s lateral veins reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds firmo-paperaceous, darkish-brown green after dry, glabrous on upper surface, under surface few acicular long hairy along rachillae and veins. Sori rounded, attached at above middle of lateral veins, 7-8 pairs on each segment; indusia small, brownish, membranous, glabrous, persistent.

       In thickets or edge of forest; 500-800 m.; Chongqin, Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangxi and Sichuan. Typical specimem collected from Chongqin.

       The species is very similar to C. acuminatus (Houtt.) Nakai, but plant biger and highe, mid pinnae ca. 15 x 1.1 cm, except under side bearing one or two long acicular hairs, glabrous on both surfaces; glabrous on indusia also.

83. Cyclosorus gaoxiongensis Ching ex Shing in Addenda 345. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 246. 1999.

高雄毛蕨 gao xiong mao jue

        Plants 40-52 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, darkish-brown, densely bearing darkish-brown lanceolate scales. Fronds remote; stipes 10-13 cm long, grayish-stramineous, densely bearing short hairs throughout, slightly scaly at bases; laminae 27-38 x ca. 12 cm, oblong, angustened to apexes and with a teraminal pinna; the pinna pinnatipartite, 27-35 cm long, bipinnatifid; lateral pinnae 8-9 pairs, alternate, lower 3 pairs shortened, basel one pair less than 1 x 1 cm, triancular-auriculate, thick and sharp serration along margin; mid ones 5-10 x 1.5 cm, angustened downwards, broadened again on bases, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases roundo-cuneate, symmetrical or subsymmetrical, lobed up to 1/2 of the distance to costule; segments 13-22 pairs, from mid segments longest, ca. 6 x ca. 4 mm, sharp-triangular, acuminate at apexes, lower segments shortened, basel one pair elongated again. Veins raised on both sides, ca. 9 pairs of lateral veins on each longer segment, ca. 6 pairs on each short segment, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the ends, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point connected with lateral veins, acroscopic one veinlet of the third pair reached to the sinus, the other’s lateral veins reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds paperaceous, darkish-brown after dry, upper surface acicular hairy along rachillae, under surface puberulose along rachillae and veins, minut-hairy on both intercostals area and rough. Sori rounded, attached at above middle of lateral veins, 5-7 pairs on each segment, closed to each other; indusia biger, membranous, darkish-brown, dense puberulose, persistent.

       Under forest of mountain land; Taiwan ( gaoxiong).

84. Cyclosorus nanchuanensis Ching & Z. Y. Liu in Bull. Bot. Res. 3 (4)P 26. photo 23. 1983.

南川毛蕨 nan chuan mao jue

       Plants ca. 1.2 m. tall. Rhizomes creeping, including bases of stipes bearing brown short hairs and broado-lanceolate scales. Fronds remote; stipes ca. 40 cm long, brownish-stramineous from bases, glabrous; laminae ca. 80 x ca. 25 cm, broado-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases almostly angustened, bipinnatifid; pinnae ca. 25 pairs, sessile, opposite or subopposite, basel one pair slightly shortened, ca. 11 cm long, mid pinnae ca. 14.5 x ca. 1.4 cm, linear-lanceolate, longo-acuminate at apexes, bases flato-truncate, symmetrical, pinnatifid; segments majority, ca. 5 x ca. 3 mm, sharp-point at apexes. Veins obviously raised on under side, flat on upper side, ca. 10 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the ends, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point connected with acroscopic one veinlet of the second pair, basiscopic one veinlet and lateral veins of the thrird and fourth pairs reached to line of the translucent membrane, the other’s lateral veins all reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds paperaceous, darkish-brown green after dry, except upper side of costa sparse short acicular hairy, under side sparse puberulose along rachillae and veins, glabrous on both intercostals areae. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins, 2-3 pairs on each segment; indusia brown, short puberulose, persistent.

       Under forest; 300-76o m.; Chongqun and Sichuan.

       The specied is similar to C. acuminatus (Houtt.) Nakai, but laminal basel pne pair of pinnae slightly shortened, 3-4 pairs of lateral veins on below the sinus, glabrous on both intercostals areae.

85. Cyclosorus pararidus Ching ex Shing in Addenda 345. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 247.t. 41. f. 9-12. 1999.

岳麓山毛蕨 yue lu shan mao jue

       Plants 55-75 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, darkish-brown, including bases of stipes sparsely bearing darkish-brown lanceolate scales. Fronds remote; stipes 15-18 cm long, darkish-stramineous, densely bearing short hairs; laminae 40-57 x 10-15 cm, broado-lanceolate, caudate at apexes, angustened on lower part, bipinnatifid; pinnae 13-17 pairs, lower 3-4 pairs small auriculate, obliquely downwards, basel one pair ca. 8 x ca. 8 mm only, triangular; mid pinnae obliquely up, subalternate, ca. 7 x 1.2-1.5 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, basel acroscopic side flato-truncate and paraphyll to rachis or sometime recovered with rachis, basiscopic side obliquely cut off, lobed up to 1/2 of the distance to costule; segemnts ca. 22 pairs, 2.5-3 x 2.5-3 mm, triangular or triangular-lanceolate, short point at apexes, entire. Veins obvious, 6-7 pairs on each segment, lower 2 pairs connected, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the ends, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point connected with lateral veins of the second pair and formed a oblique-rectangular areola on each side of recurrent vein, lateral veins of the third pair reached to line of membrane below the sinus, lateral veins from the fourth pairs all reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds thin paperaceous, green or darkish-brownish green after dry, upper surface sparse short acicular hairy along rachillae, occasonally one or two along veins, roughish hairs on intercostals area, under surface sparse short hairy along costae and main veins, sparsely bearing greyish-yellow club-shaped glands along veins and intercostals area. Sori rounded, attched at middle of lateral veins, 5-6 pairs on each segment; indusia small, brown, membranous, glabrous, persistent.

       On shady places by streamside in mountain valley; ca. 90 m.; endemic Hunan ( changsha, yuelu mountain).

86. Cyclosorus houi Ching in Bull. Fan. Insti. Bol. New ser. 1 (3): 290. 1949.

学煜毛蕨 xue yu mao jue

Thelypters houi Reed in Phytologya 17: 283. 1963.

       Plants ca. 85 cm tll. Rhizomes long and creeping, darkish-brown, dense short hairy. Fronds remote; stipes ca. 16 cm long, stramineous, occasionally one or two brownish lanceolate scaly on lower part, throughout densely bearing short seta; lamiane ca. 70 x ca. 16 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, angustened to bases, bipinnatifid; pinnae ca. 25 pairs, lower 4-5 pairs triangular-auriculate, opposite, basel one pair ca. 1 x  ca. 1 cm, mid pinnae alternate, obliquely spreading, ca. 9 x ca. 1 cm, longo-acuminate at apexes, bases subtruncate, lobed up to 1/2 of the distance to costule; segments ca. 20 pairs, ca. 2 x ca. 2 mm, obtuse at apexes, entire. Veins obvious, 5-7 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, lower 2 pairs combinate, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the ends, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point connected with lateral veins of the second pair and formed a rhombic or oblique-rectangular areola on each side of costae, acroscopic one veinlet reached to bottom of membrane, basiscopic one veinlet to margin abobe the sinus. Fronds paperaceous,greyish-green after dry, upper surface one or two acicular hairy along veins, full very short setacous on interostal area, under surface densely bearing lemon-culour glands, glabrous. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins, 3-4 pairs on each segment; indusia big, greyish-brown, thick in texture,bearing very short hiars, persistent.

       On acid soil inside of mountain valley or on limestones of deepo-valley; ca. 160 m.; Guangdong and S-E. Guizhou. Typical specimen collected from Gyizhou.

87. Cyclosorus aureoglandulifer Ching ex Shing in Addenda 345. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 248. t. 44, f. 1-3. 1999.

腺饰毛蕨 xian shi mao jue

Cyclosorus aureolepidotus Ching; C. sublaevis Ching nom. nud.

       Plants 50-80 cm tall. Rhizomes slender and creeping, darkish-brown, apexes and bases of stipes sparsely bearing brown lanceolate scales. Fronds remote; stipes 5 cm long, bases darkish-brown, up grayish-stramineous, puberulose throughout; laminae 45-75 x 10-11 cm, oblanceolate, acuminate apexes, angustened to bases, bipinnatifid; pinnae 22-30 pairs, lower 8-10 pairs triangular-auriculate, obliquely sprading or obliquely downwards, opposite, basel one pair ca. 1 x ca. 1 cm, triangular, pointed at apexes, bases projected on both lateral sides, thick-teethed along margin; mid pinnae 6-10 x 1-1.2 cm, lobed up to 1/2 of the distance to costule; segments 20-22 paies, 2.5- 3 mm long, subfalcato-triangular, short pointed at apexes, entire. Veins visible, 5-6 pairs of lateral veins on each segment( 8-9 pairs on basel acroscopic segment), basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the ends, basiscopic one veinlet of the second and acroscopic one of the third pairs reached to membrane bottom. Fronds herbaceous, darkish-brown green after dry, upper surface slightly bearing short pubescences, under surface subglabrous, but covered with lemon-colour glands. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins, 4-5 pairs on each segment; indusia mid size, brownish, membranous, glabrous or minut hairs in center, persistent.

       On open slopes by road sides; 110-640 m.; Guangdong and S-E. Yunnan. Typical specimen collected from Yunnan.

88. Cyclosorus jaculosus (Christ) H. Ito in Bot. Mag. Tokyo 51: 735. 1937.

闽台毛蕨 min tai mao jue

Aspidium jaculosum Christ in Bull. Herb. Boiss. Ser. 2, 4: 615. 1904; Dryopteris jaculosa C. Chr.; Nephrodium jaculosum Hay.; Thelypteris jaculosa Panigrahi; Christella jaculosa Holtt.; Cyclosorus subpubescens Ching; Christella subauridus (Tatew. & Tagawa) Holtt. ex Kuo.

       Plants ca. 1 m. tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, dirty-brown, apexes and bases of stipes sparsely bearing darkish-brown narrow-lanceolate scales. Fronds remote; stipes 10-30 cm long, brownish-stramineous, sparsely bearing appressed short pubescences; laminae 50-90 x 20-24 cm, oblanceolate or oboblongo-lanceolate, pinnatipartito-lanceolato-caudate at apexes, angustened on lower part bipinnatifid; pinnae 15-20 pairs, lower 4-6 pairs reduced, opposite, obliquely downwards, basel oane pair ca. 1.5 x ca. 1.5 cm, triangular; mid pinnae alternate, obliquely spreading, lanceolate, 11-13 x ca. 1.5 cm, longo-acuminate at apexes, bases symmetrical and roundo-truncate, lobed up to 1/3 of the distance to costule; segments majority, 2-3.5 x ca. 2.5 mm, triangular-oblong, roundo-obtuse or short pointed at apexes, entire or teethed. Veins clear, 6-8 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair comoin out from above base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the ends, a excurrent vein coming out from joining point connected with lateral veins ( sometime acroscopic one veinlet) of the second pair and formed a rectangular areola, acroscopic one veinlet of the third pair reached to line of translucent membrane below the sinus, basiscopic one veinlet reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds herbaceous, darkish-brown green after dry, upper surface one or two acicular hairy along veins, dense short setaceous on mesophyll, under surface subglabrou, covered with few brown glads. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins, 4-6 pairs on each segment; indusia small, brown,membraneous, glabrous or slightly minor-hairy, persistent.

       On rocks in mountain valley or wet land under forest; 500-700 m.; Fujian and Tawan ( Japan). Typical specimen collected from Taiwan.

89. Cyclosoru abbreviatus Ching & Shing ex Shing & J. F. Cheng in Sci. Jiangxi 8 (3): 45-46. 1990.

缩羽毛蕨 suo yu mao jue

       Plants ca. 1 m. tall. Rhizomes creeping, including bases of stipes densely bearing brown short hairs and darkish-brown lanceolate scales. Fronds approached; stipes ca. 35 cm long, grayish-brown, densely bearing grayish-brown long hairs above base to rachis; laminae ca. 75 x ca. 21 cm, elliptico-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, angustened on bases, bipinnatipartite; pinne ca. 26 pairs, lower 6 pairs angustened, opposite, obliquely downwards, butterfly-shaped arranged on both lateral sides of rachis, basel one pair ca. 1 cm long, triangular-auriculate; mid pinnae 10-12 x ca. 1 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases flato-truncate on acroscopic side, basiscopic side broado-cuneate, sessile, subalternate or alternate, obliquely up, pinnatilobed up 1/2 of the distance to costule; segments spreading aheded, obtuse at apexes. Veins raised on under side, 6-7 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from near base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the ends, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point spreading to line of translucent membrane below the sinus, acroscopic veinlets of the second and the third pairs reached to line of translucent membrane, the other’s lateral veins reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds herbaceous, darkish-brown green after dry, upper surface densely bearing apressed acicular hairy along rachillae, one or two same hairs along veins, sparse minor hairs on intercostals area, under surface except one or two acicular hairy along rachillae and costae, scattred brownish-yellow glandulose along veins and on intercostals area. Sori rounded, attaced at above middle of lateral veins, 4-6 pairs on each segment; indusia big, sparse short puberulose, persistent.

       On Grass land by roadsides in mountain valley; Jiangxi ( chongyi). 

90. Cyclosorus productus (Kaulf.) Ching in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot.ser. 10: 248. 1941.

兰屿大叶毛蕨 lan yu da ye mao jue

Aspidium productum Kaulf. Enum. Fil. Chamisso 237. 1824; Dyorpteris producta C. Chr.; Thelypteris productra Reed; Sphaerostephanos productus Holtt.; Nephrodium philipinense Bak.; Dryopteris philippinensis Cop.; Dryopteris luzonica var. puberula Christ; Dryopteris kotoensis Hay.; Cyclosorus truncates var. kotoensis H. Ito; Thelypteris kotoensis K. Iwats.;  Sphaeostephanos kotoensis Holtt; Cyclosorus kotoensis Shieh; Dryopteris pseudohiuta   Rosenst.; Thelypteris pseudohisuta Reed; Cyclosorus weberi Cop.; C. serratus Cop. ; Thelypteris leucadenia Reed; Sphaerostephanos puctatus Holtt.

       Rizomes short and decumbent, branching. Fronds clusterd; stipes 10-20 cm long, stramineous at bases and bearing brown linear-lanceolate scales; laminae 80-150 x 30-50 cm, oblongo-oblanceolate, acuminate at apexes, angustened to bases, bipinnatifid; pinnae majority, a aerophore present at base of pinna, lower 6-12 pairs abtruptly shortened, flato-spreading, ca. 1-1.5 x ca. 1-1.5 cm ( basel one pair 5 mm long), broado-ovate or obtuso-triangular, mid pinnae 10-20 x 1.5-2 cm ( variable in different size of frond), lanceolate, pinnae on microphyll serration-like along margin, pinnae on mid- or macrophyll lobed up to 1/3-1/2 of the distance to costule; segmrnts majority, obliquely up, pointed or rounded at apexes, 4-11 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair joining into a triangular areola by the ends and a excurrent veinlet coming out from point connected with acroscopic one veinlet of lateral veins of the second pair, basiscopic one veinlet of the second pair and acroscopic one veinlet of the third pair reached to line of the translucent membrane below the sinus, the other’s lateral veins all reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds bearing short pubescences on both surfaces along rachillae and veins, glandulose on intercostals area ( mixed bering short hairs on under surface). Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins, basel one pair more or less combined with each other; indusia thick in texture, glandulose or short hairy on back side. 1-2 seta or glands on sporangia, globular glandular hairs at top of gametangiophore.

       Under forest; Taiwan (lanyu)[ Philippines]. Typical specimen collected from Philippines.

91. Cyclosorus paralatipinnus Ching ex Shing in Addenda 345. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 253. 1999.

长尾毛蕨 chang wei mao jue

       Plants 40-60 cm tall. Rhizomes short and erect, blackish-brown, apexes and bases of stipes sparsely bearing brown lanceolate scales. Fronds clustered; stipes 10-12 cm long, stramineous above bases, smooth; laminae 20-50 x 15-17 cm, oblong, caudate at apexes and with a macrophyll terminal pinna, angustened to bases, bipinnatifid; pinnae 8-11 pairs, lower 4-6 pairs reduced, obliquely donwards, subopposite, basel one pair ca.1 x ca. 0.5 cm, triangular-auriculate, mid pinnae 8-11 x 1.5-1.7 cm, lanceolate, bases roundo-truncate, lobed up to 1/4-1/3 of the distance to costule; segments 14-22 pairs, roundo-teethed-shped, attached with each other, obtuse at apexes, entire; terminal pinna far biger than lateral ones, 14-7 x 2.4-2.7 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, lobed on lower part up to 1/2 of the distance to costule; segments subfalcato-lanceolate, obtuse at apexes. Veins obvious, 5-6 pairs of lateral veins on each segment ( 10-12 pairs on each one of teraminal pinna), basel one pair coming out from above of base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the ends, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point combined with lateral veins of the second pair ( sometime acroscopic one vein only) and formed two oblique-rectangular areolae, acroscopic one veinlet (sometime basiscopic one only) reached to membrane bottom of sinus, the other’s lateral veins reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds thin-herbaceous, green after dry, glabrous on upper surface, under surface sparse very short puberulose along veins. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins, 3-4 pairs on each segment, 5-7 pairs on each one of terminal pinna, usually covered with parphphysises of reddish-orange club glands; indusia big, membraneous, brown, dense short puberulose, persisent.

       Under sparse forest in moist mountain valley; 400-1300 m.; S. Guangxi and S. Yunnan. Typical specimen collected from Yunnan.

92. Cyclosorus papilio (Hope) Ching in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. Ser. 8: 214. 1938.

蝶状毛蕨 die zhuang mao jue

Nephrodium papilio Hope in Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. 12: 625. t. 12. 1899; Christella papilio (Hope) K. Iwats.; Thelypteris papilio (Hope) K. Iwats.

       Plants ca. 1.5 m. tall. Rhizomes erect. Fronds clustered; stipes 6-30 cm long, darkish-brown stramineous, covered with broado-ovate scales at bases, up subglabrous; laminae (40) 60-120 x 20-32 cm, oblongo-lanceolate or lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases angustened, bipinnatifid; pinnae 14-30 pairs, sessile, lower 4-6 pairs triangular, basel segment elongate, so showed butterfly-shaped on both lateral sides of rachillae; mid pinnae alternate, 10-16 x ca. 2 cm, linear-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases flato-truncate, lobed up to 2/3 of the distance to costule; segments ca. 20 pairs, obliquely spreading, basel acroscopic one piec longer, the others 5-6 x 3.5- 4 mm, oblong, obtuse at apexes, entire. Veins slightly raised, 6-8 pairs of lateral veins on each segment ( 11pairs on acroscopic segment), basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the ends, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point reached to the sinus, acroscopic one vein of lateral veins of the second pair reached  to margin near bottom of the sinus, basiscopic one veinlet reached to margin far to the sinus. Fronds thin-herbaceous, brownish-green after dry, upper surface sparse long acicular hairy along veins, under surface except densely bearing short needle-like hairs, dense short puberulose on intercostals area. Sori rounded, attached at middle of laterl veins, ca. 6 pairs on each segment; indusia big, grayish-green, thick in texture, dense puberulose, persistent.

       Under broad-leaved forest on mountain slope; 590-1300 m.; Taiwan, Xizang, S. Yunnan and Zhejiang ( N. and N-W. India, Nepal, Sikkim and Sri Laka). Typical specimen collected from India.

93. Cyclosorus truncates(Poir.) Fawell in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 12: 250. 1931.

截裂毛蕨 jie lie mao jue

Polypodium truncatum Poir. Encycl. Meth. Bot. 5: 534. 1804; Nephrodium truncatum Presl; Dryopteris truncata O. Ktze.; Thelypteris truncata K. Iwats.; Pneuumatopteris truncata Holtt.; Nephrodium abruptum (Bl.) J. Sm.; N. laevifrons Hay.; Dryopteris kwashotensis Hayata; D. heterocarpa Merr.; D. laevifrons var. kwashotensis Tagawa.

       Plants ca. 2 m. tall. Rhizomes short and erect, strong, woody, apexes bearing brownish lanceolate scales. Fronds majority, clustered; stipes 30-50 cm long, stramineous, sparse appressed brown ovato-lanceolate scales on bases; laminae 100-110 x 30-35 (-40) cm, oblongo-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, abtrupt angustened at base, bipinnatifid; pinnae more than 35 pairs, lower 5-6 pairs ( or more) abtuptly angustened, opposite, obliquely downwards, basel one pair ovato-triangular, less 1 x 1 cm, mid pinnae 18-23 x 1.8-2.5 cm, lanceolate, longo-acuminate at apexes, base often slightly angustened ( often broadened at base in our specimens), roundo-cuneate, lobed up to 1/3-1/2 of the distance to costule; segments 35-40 pairs, closed to each other, 3-6 x 3-4 mm, rectangular, truncate or roundo-truncat at apexes, entire. Veins obvious, 6-10 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the ends, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point connected with acroscopic one veinlet of the second pair and formed oblique-rectangular areola, basiscopic one veinlet of the second pair and acroscopic one veinlet of the third pair all reached to bottom of the sinus, the other’s lateral veins all reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds herbaceous or paperaceous, grass-green after dry, except one or two acicular hairy along rachillae, glabrous on both surfaces, faveolato- projected on intercostals area. Sori round, attached at above middle of lateral veins. 6-8 pairs on each segment; indusia mid size, thick-membranous, brown, glabrous, persistent.

       Undr forest by streamsides or wet land in mountain valley; 130-650 m.; Fujian, Guangdong , Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan and Yunnan ( India, Japan, the semi-Island of S. China, Malesiana, Myanmer, Sri Lanka and the Semi-Island of the South China [ Bolinisia, Pilippines and N. Australia]. Tpical specimen collected from Brazil.

       The spicies is much varied, many specimens producted in our country that pinnal base usually broadened, but the others’ characters no different with type.

94. Cyclosorus pustuliferus Ching ex Shing in Addenda 345. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 257. t. 45. f. 5-6. 1999.

泡泡毛蕨 pao pao mao jue

       Plants 1.1 m. tall. Rhizome unseen. Stipes ca. 25 cm long, brownish, from below middle sparsely bearing appressed darkish-brown broado-lanceolate scales, up glabrous, stramineous; laminae ca. 85 x ca. 26 cm, broado-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, abruptly agustened at base, bipinnatifid; pinnae ca. 38 pairs, lower 4 pairs reduced and near tuberculate, opposite, mid ones alternate, spreading, lanceolate, longo-acuminate at apexes, base slightly broadened and subflato-truncate, lobed up to 1/2 of the distance to costule; segments ca. 30 pairs, 5-6 x 4-5 mm, oblongo-lanceolate, shorto-acuminate at apexes, pinnae on above mid part same shape with lower ones but shortened and attached and covered with each other. Veins thick and raised on both sides, 10-12 pairs of lateral vein on each segment, lower 2 pairs combinated, basel one pair coming out from base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the ends, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point connected with lateral veins of the second pair and formed 2 oblique-rectangular areolae, lateral veins of the third pair reached to membrne line below the sinus, lateral veins of the the fourth pair reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds herbaceous, yellow brownish-green after dry, except one or two short acicular hairy along rachillae, faveolato-projected on both surfaces, glabrous. Sori unseen.

       In shad places under dense forest; ca. 540 m.; endemic S. Yunnan ( xishuangbanna).

95. Cyclosorus nanlingensis Ching ex Shing & J. F. Cheng in Sci. Jiangxi 8 (3): 46. 1990.

南岭毛蕨 nan ling mao jue

       Plants ca. 1 m. tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, bearing brown short hairs and scales; the scales darkish-brown, lanceolate hairy. Fronds remote; stipes ca. 42 cm long, grayish-brown, sparse puberulose; laminae ca. 58 x ca. 22 cm, broado-lanceolate, abruptly angustened at apexes and with a lanceolate terminal pinna 1-pinnate; pinnae ca. 7 pairs, ones below middle short-petiolate, obliquely spreading, basel one pair shortened ca. 3 cm long, ones from the second pair 10-14 x ca. 2 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases broado-cuneate or truncate on acroscopic side and paraphyll to rachis, basiscopic side obliquely out, thick-teeth shaped along margin. Veins clear, 8-10 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the ends, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point connected with lateral veins of the second pair, lateral veins of the third and fourth pairs all reached to line of the translucent membrane below the sinus, the other’s lateral veins all reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds herbaceous, darkish-brown green after dry, upper surface except bearing appressed short acicualr hairs, one or two short puberulose along main vein, riughih hairs on intercostals area; under surface sparse short puberulose and decorated with lemon-colour glads along veins. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins, 4-6 pairs on each segment; indusia small, roundo-reniform, short needle-like hairy, persistent.

       On shady land by stremside or under forest in mountain valley; 300-310 m.; Jiangxi and Zhejiang. Typical specimen collected from Jiangxi.

96. Cyclosorus hirtipes Shing & C. F. Zhang in Addenda 345. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 258. 1999.

毛脚毛蕨 mao jiao mao jue

Plants ca. 84 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping, densely bearing brown short hairs and darkish-brown lanceolate scales. Fronds remote; stipes ca. 21 cm long, darkish-brown, densely bearing short hairs; lamiae ca. 63 x ca. 24 cm, oblongo-lanceolate, acumint and pinnatifido-long caudate at apexes, bases slightly angustened, 1-imparipinnate; pinnae 12-15 pairs, flatly spreading, lower 2-3 pairs slifhtly shortened, basel one pair ca. 1.5 x cz. 1 cm, lanceolate, subopposite, mid pinnae 10-14 x ca. 1.5 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases flato-truncate, alternate, lobed up to 1/3 of the distance to costule; segments majority, triangular, obtuse at apexes, terminal pinna 10-14 x ca. 3 cm, lobed more than 1/2, petiole ca. 1 cm long. Veins visible, 7-9 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the ends, a current veinlet coming our from joining point connected with lateral veins ( sometime acroscopic one veinlet) of the second pair, lateral veins of the third and fourth pais reached to line of translucent membrane below the sinus, lateral veins of the others reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds thin-paperaceous, darkish-green after dry, one or two acicular hairy along costae and veins on both surfaces. Sori rounded, attached at above middle of lateral veins, 4-5 pairs on each segment indusia brown, thick in texture, sparse short hairy, persistent.

       In herbosa; ca. 40 m.; Zhejiang ( yuandang mountain).

97. Cyclosorus hirtisorus (C. Chr.) Ching in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. Ser. 8: 221. 1938.

毛囊毛蕨 mao nang mao jue

Dryopteris hirtisora C. Chr. in Contr. U. S. nat. Herb. 26 : 277. 1931; Cyclosorus hirticarpus Ching; Thelypteris hirtisora K. Iwats.; Sphaerostephanos hirtisorus (C. Chr. ) Holtt.; Cyclosorus linearifolium Ching nom. nud; C. elgans Ching nom. nud.

       Plants ca. 1 m. tall. Rhizomes long and creeping. Fronds remote; stipes 45-60 cm long, blakish-brown and sparse scaly at bases, up stramineous; laminae ca. 56 x ca. 16 cm, oblongo-lanceolate, a biger terminal pinna at apexes, bases slightly angustened, bipinnatifid; pinnae ca. 15 pairs, obliquely up, alternate, petiole ca. 1.5 cm long, basel one pair abruptly reduced, 2-3 x ca. 1 cm, shorto-lanceolate, short-sharped at apexes, obliquely downwards, pinnae of the second pair 9-10 cm long, mid pinnae 13-23 x 1.2-1.7 cm, linear-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases broado-cuneate or subflatly truncate, lobed up to 1/3 of the distance to costule; segments ca. 45 pairs, subflatly spreading, 2-3 x ca. 4 mm, triangular, obtuse at apexes, entire. Veins obvious, 7-9 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from base of costae and joining into a triangular areola, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point connected with lateral veins ( sometime acrscopic one veinlet only), lateral veins ( sometime acroscopic one veinlet only) of the third and fourth pairs reached to bottom of the translucent membrane below the sinus. Fronds chartaceous, brownish-yellow after dry, upper surface sparse very shart hairy along costae, under surface densely bearing minut-acicular hairs along rachillae and lateral veins, short setacous on mesophyll. Sori rounded attached at middle of lateral veins, 5-7 pairs on each segment, indusia mid size, membranous, scale-shaped, grayish-white, dense minut-acicular hairy on upper side, persistent. One or two long acicular hairy on sporagia.

       The habitet nuknow; ca. 1800 m.; S-E. and S-W. Yunnan ( N. Burma). Typical specimen collected from Myanmer.

       The species is very similar to C. subelatus (Bak.) Ching, but different in rhizome long and creeping, frond remote, pinna narrower and glandless on under surface.

98. Cyclosorus oppositipinnus Ching & Z. Y. Liu in Bull. Bot. Res. 4 (3): 15. photo 17. 1984.

对羽毛蕨 dui yu mao jue

       Plants ca. 1 m. tall. Rhizomes creeping, bearing darkish-brown lanceolate scales at apexes, the other smooth. Fronds remote; stipes ca. 48 cm long, brownish-stramineous, up to rachis subglabrous; laminae ca. 55 x ca. 22 cm, oblong, abruptly angustened into a pinnatifid terminal pinna at apexes, lateral ca. 9 pairs, obliquely spreading, opposite or subopposite, short petiolate, basel one pair shortened, ca. 9 cm long, above pinnae ca. 16 x ca. 2.8 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, slightly angustened at bases, subflatly truncate on acroscopic side and paraphyll to rachis, basiscopic side roundo-cuneate, lobed up to 1/3 of the distance to costule; segments majority, ca. 6 x ca. 5 mm, obtuse or small pointed at apexes. Veins visible, 7-8 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from above base of cosate and joining into triangular areola by the ends, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point connected with lateral veins of the second pair below the sinus, acroscopic one veinlet of the third and fourth pairs reached to membrane line below the siuns, i.e. 3 1/2 pairs of lateral veins on below the sinus. Fronds herbaceous, darkish-green after dry, upper surface except glabrous on intercostals area, densely bearing acicular hairs along rachillae, occasionally one or two acicular hairy along veins, under surface near glabrous. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins, 3-4 pairs on each segment, sterile on the apex of segment; indusia small, brown, caduceus.

       Under mixed forest by streamsides; ca. 730 m.; Changqin ( nanchuan, jinfo mountain).

99. Cyclosorus hokouensis Ching in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot ser. 1 (3): 289. 1949.

河口毛蕨 he hou mao jue

Thelypteris Hokouensis Reed; Christella hokouensis Holtt.; Cyclosorus strigosus Ching num. nud.; C. similes Ching nom. nud.

Plants ca. 1.1 m. tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, darkish-brown, subglabrous or including bases of stipes sparsely bearing darkish-brown lanceolate scales. Fronds sparse; stipes ca. 15 cm long, subglabrous above bases, stramineous; laminae 90-100 x 24-28 cm, oblongo-lanceolate, acuminate and with a pinnatifid terminal pinna, bases abtruptly angustened, bipinnaifid; pinnae ca. 30 pairs, lower ca. 10 pairs abtruptly reduced into butterfly-shaped on both lateral sides of rachillae, opposite, obliquely downwards, basel one pair ca. 1 x o.5 cm, subterculate; mid pinnae 13-15 x 1.5-2 cm, lanceolate, longo-acuminate at apexes, bases roundo-cuneatee, lobed near up to 1/2 of the distance to costule; segments ca. 30 pairs, 4-5 c ca. 3 mm, subfalato-lanceolate, short sharped or subobtuse at apexes, entire. Veins clear on under side, visible on upper side, 8-10 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from near bases of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the ends, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point connected with lateral veins of the scond pair and formed a oblique-rectangular areola on each lateral side of costae ( sometime excurrent veinlet unreached to joining point of lateral veins of the second pair), lateral veins of the third and fourth pairs ( or acroscopic one veinlet of the fifth pair) reached to line of translucent membrane below the sinus, lateral veins of the others reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds thickish-herbaceous, grayish-brown green after dry, densely bearing acicular hairs along rachis and rachillae on both sides, occasionally one or two acicular hairs along costae, densely bearing spreading acicular long hairs and few thick and short seta along veins on under side. Sori small, attached at above millae of lateral veins, 6-9 pairs on each segment; indusia big, thick-membraneous, darkish-brown, densely bearing minut-acicular hairs, persistent.

       On opening land in mountain valley; 100-380 m.; S-E. Yunnan.

100. Cyclosorus subelatus (Bak.) Ching in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. Ser. 8: 224. 1938. 

巨型毛蕨 ju xing mao jue

Nephrodium subelatus Bak. in Bull. Misc. Inf. Kew. 1906: 11. 1906.; Dryopteris subelta C. Chr.; Christella subelata Holtt.; Thelypteris subelata K. Iwats.; Nephrodium multilineatum var. assamicum Bedd.; Cyclosorus assamicus Ching; Thelypteris assamica Reed; Christella assamica Holtt.

      Plants ca. 1.3 m. tall. Rhizomes creeping, woody, scaly; the scales darkish-brown, lanceolate, hairy. Fronds approached; stipes ca. 20 cm long, bases dirty-brown, up stramineous, more or less bearing scales; laminae ca. 110 x 35-40 cm, oblongo-lanceolate, caudate at apexes, agustened to base, bipinnatifid; pinnae 24-26 pairs, petiole ca. 1 mm long, alternate, subflatly spreading, lower 9-10 pairs reduced, sessile, subopposite, obliquely downards, basel one pair ca. 10 x ca. 8 mm, ovato-triangular, mid pinnae 18-22 x ca. 2.5 cm, lanceolate, acuminate and with a teraminal pinna at apexes, bases unbroadened, roundo-truncate, symmetrical, lobed up to 1/3-1/4 of the distance to costule; segments ca. 35 pairs. obliquely spreading, attached to each other, mid segments 5-7 x 4-5 mm, oblong or triangular-lanceolate, obtuso-sharped or obtuse at apexes, entire; terminal pinna small, long equre 1/2 of mid pinna in length, lobed up to 2/3 of the distance to costule. Veins obvious, 8-12 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the ends, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point connected with lateral veins of the secod pair and acroscpic veinlets of the third pair and formrd a oblique-rectangular areola, basiscopic one veinlet of third pair and acroscopic one veinlet of the fourth pair reached to line of translucent membrane below the sinus, basiscpic one veinlet of the fourth pair and lateral veins from the fifth pair all reached to margin abive the sinus. Fronds chartaceous, darkish-green after dry, upper surface except rachillae glabrous, under surface full covered with short pubescences. Sori rounded, attached at below middle of lateral veins, 6-10 pairs on each segment; indusia mid size, brown, membranous, short puberulose, persistent.

       On shady places under forest by road sides or by streamsides; Yunnan ( India and N.Tailand). Typical specimen collected from Yunnan.

101. Cyclosorus leipoensis Ching & H. S. Kung ex Shing in Addenda 346. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 262. 1999.

雷波毛蕨 lei bo mao jue

       Plants 85125 cm tall. Rhizome unseen. Stipes 20-25 cm long, densely bearing brown short hairs and few darkish-brown lanceolate scales, up subglabrous on under side, short hairy on upper side, darkish-brown and grayish-stramineous; laminae 60-100 cm long, oblongo-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases slightly angustened, bpinnatifid; pinnae 15-24 pairs, lower 3-6 pairs shortened, opposite, flatly spreading, basel one pair 1.5-2 x ca. 2 cm, ovato-triangular, mid pinnae 13-15 x 1.8-2 cm, lanceolate, caudato-acuminate at apexes, basel acroscopic side projected, flatly truncate and paraphyll to rachis, basiscopic side obliquely cut of, near sessile or very short petiolate, alternate, obliquely downwards, lobed up to 1/3 of the distance to costule; segments majority, short-sharped at apexes. Veins raised on both sides, 7-9 pairs on each segment, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the ends, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point spreading to the sinus and connected with lateral veins, lateral veins of the third pair and acroscopic one veinlet of the fourth pair separately reached to line of translucent membrane below and bottom of the sinus, lateral veins of the others all reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds paperaeous, darkish-green after dry, except upper surface sparse short acicular hairy along rachillae ( occasionally one or two hairy along main vein), the others glabrous. Sori rounded, attached at above middle of lateral vein, 2-3 pairs on each segment; indusia darkish-brown, glabrous, persistent.

       Under forest of shrub on mountain slope; 800-1200 m.; Sichuan ( leibo, mountain emei).

102. Cyclosorus medogensis Ching & S. K. Wu in Fl. Xizang. 1: 171. 1983.

墨脱毛蕨 me tuo mao jue

       Plants ca. 1.4 m. tall. Rhizome unseen. Stipes ca. 20 cm long, sparsely bearing scales at bases; the scales thick in texture, reddish-brown, lanceolate, up to rachis darkish-brown, densely bearing grayish-white roughish-hairs along inside of longitunal vallecula on upper side; laminae ca. 120 x ca. 30 cm, narrow-oblong, longo-auminate and pinnatifid at apexes, bipinnatilobete; lateral pinnae ca. 29 pairs, sessile, opposite, subflatly spreading, lower 5 pairs reduced to auricles, 1-2 cm long, subtriangular, mid pinnae ca. 15 x ca.2 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases truncate and closed to rachis, lobed up to 1/3 of the distance to costule; segments majority, ca. 3 x ca. 3 mm, triangular, obtuse at apexes. Veins obvious raised on both sides, 8-10 pairs od lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the ends, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point spreading to line of translucent membrane below the sinus and connected with lateral veins ( sometime acroscopic one veinlet ) of the second pair, lateral veins of the third pair reached to line of translucent membrane, lateral veins from the fourth and fifth pairs all reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds thin-paperaceous, green after dry, upper surface densely bearing acicular hairs along rachillae, under surface sparsely bearing roughish hairs along rachillae and veins, occasionally decorated with lemon-yellow glands along veins, both intercostals areae glabrous. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins, 4-5 apirs on each segment; indusia roundo-reniform, brownish, short puberuose, persistent.

       Under broad-leaved on mountain slope; ca. 1000 m.; Xizang (metuo).

103. Cyclosorus caii Ching ex Shing in Addenda 346. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 263. 1999.

多耳毛蕨 duo er mao jue

       Plants ca. 1.3 m. tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, darkish-brown, subglabrous. Fronds approached; stipes ca. 20 cm long, darkish-brown, one or two darkish-brown lanceolate sacly and rusty-yellow lanceolate dense hairy, up stramineous and covered with grayish-white short hairs; laminae ca. 110 x ca. 20 cm, oblanceolate, acuminate at apexes, angustened to bases, bipinnatifid; pinnae ca. 40 pairs, sessile, subalternate, lower 15-16 pairs trinular, obliquely downwards and showed into butterfly-shaped to auriculate on both lateral sides of rachis, basel one pair ca. 1.5 x less than1 cm; mid pinnae subflatly spreading, 10-11 x ca. 1.5 cm, lanceolato-long acuminate at pexes, bases flatly truncate, lobed up to 1/3 of the distance to costule; segments ca. 25 pairs, 2-3 x 2-2.5 mm, triangular-lanceolate or falcato-triangular, obtuse at apexes, entire. Veins obvious, 7-9 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the ends, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point connected with lateral veins ( sometime acroscopic one veinlet ) of the second pair, lateral veins of the third pair reached to line of translucent membrane below the sinus, lateral veins of the others all reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds chartaceous, grayish-green or brownish-green after dry, upper surface except rachis glabrous, under surface full covered with minut-short hairs. Sori rounded, attached at below middle of lateral veins, 4-6 pairs on each segment; indusia big, brown, thickmembrnous, glabrous, persistent.

       The habitat unknown; ca. 350 m.; S-E. Yunnan.

       The species named Cyclosorus multiuriculatus by R.C. Ching that is very identical the form. But abvoid obscurity with Christella multiauriculata Punetha ( in Journ. Bot. Sco. 69: 177. 1990; Johns, Ind. Fil. Suppl. 7: 21. 1997). Now it is changed into Cyclosorus caii in commemoration of collected people of Mr. Cai ke-hua.

104. Cyclosorus  wulingshanensis C. M. Zhang in Keys Vasc. Pl. Wuling Mts. 567. 1995.

武陵毛蕨 wu ling mao jue

       plants ca. 100 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping. Fronds remote; stipes ca. 28 cm long, darkish-stramineous, glabrous; laminae ca. 75 x ca. 25 cm, oblong, angustened and with a caudato-acuminate terminal pinna at apex, abruptly on lower part, bipinnatifid; pinnae ca. 20 pairs, lower 4-6 pairs auriculate, less than 2 x 2 cm, mid pinnae ca. 12 x ca. 2.5 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases flatly truncate, symmetrical,, nearly petiolate, lobed up tp 1/3 of the distance to costule; segments ca. 4 x ca. 5 mm, obtuse or small pointed at apexes, terminal pinna lobed up to 2/3 of the distance to costule, segment ca. 10 x 5-6 mm, falcate, obtuse at apex, one pice of thick-teethed big segment at basel one lateral side. Veins clear on both sides, lateral veins single, 9-10 pairs on each segment ( 10-12 pairs on terminal segment), basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by he ends, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point connected with line of translucent membrane below the sinus, lateral veins of the others all reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds herbaceous, darkish-green on upper surface after dry, under surface greyish-green, except upper surface denser short acicular hairy long rachllae, occasionally one or two hirsute along veins, the others glabrous. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins, ca 3 pairs on each segment; indusia roundo-reniforme, dark in center, pale along margin, minut-short hairy, persistent.

       Under forest by river bank; ca. 400 m.; Hunan ( yongshun).

105. Cyclosorus pumilus Ching ex Shing in Addenda 346. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 264. 1999.

狭叶毛蕨 xia ye mao jue

       Plants 28-43 cm tall. Rhizomes erect, apexes including bases of stipes covered with dirty brown lanceolate scales. Fronds clustered; stipes 4-8 cm long, grayish-brown from base up to rachis, dense short hairy; laminae 24-35 x 5-6 cm, oblanceolate, acuminate at apexes, 1-pinnate; pinnae ca. 15 pairs, sessile, lower 6-8 pairs shortened downwards, opposite, flatly spreading or obliquely downwards, triangular-lanceolate or triangular, basel one pair auriculate, 6-8 x 6-8 mm, mid pinnae subopposite, obliquely spreading, 3-4 x 1.2-1.5 cm, triangular-lanceolate, short-acuminate at apexes, bases flatly truncate, symmetrical, teeth-shaped along margin.Veins obvious on under side, visible on upper side, 5 pairs of lateral veins on each segment; basel one pair far from base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the ends, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point connected with acroscopic one veinlet of lateral veins of the second pair, basiscopic one veinlet of the second pair reached to line of translucent membrane below the sinus, lateral veins of the third pair reached to membrane bottom nearby the sinus. Fronds herbaceous, grayish-green after dry, roughidh hairy on both surfaces, under surface lemon-colour haline glandulose along veins. Sori rounded, attached at above middle of lateral veins and closed to margin, ca. 5 pairs on each segment; indusia big, roundo-reniform or horseshoe shaped, membranous, persistent.

       In herbosa by roadsides; 320 m.; Guangxi ( wuming, daming mountain).

106. Cyclosorus chingii Z. Y. Liu ex Ching & Z. Y. Liu in Bull. Bot. Res. 3 (4): 25. Photo 22. 1983.

秦氏毛蕨 qin shi mao jue

       Plants 95-110 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping or decumbent, woody, blackish-brown, including base of stipes densely bearing brown shart hairs. Fronds remote or appoched; stipes 25-42 cm long, darkish-brown, above base glabrous, grayish-stramineous; laminae ca. 70 x 18-25 cm, oblong, bases slightly angustened, caodato-acuminate at apexes, bipinnatifid; terminal pinna biger and similar to mid lateral pinnae; lateral pinnae 12-15 pairs, nearly sessile, spreading or slightly obliquely spreading, lower ones opposite or subopposite, up ones alternate, lower 2 pairs of pinnae strongly shortened, basel one pair roundo-auriculate, ca. 2 x ca. 2 cm, the second pair lanceolate, mid pinnae ca.11-17 x 2.4-3 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases roundo-cuneate, slightly short petiolate, lobed up to 1/4 of the distance to costule; segments ca. 20 pairs, below ones 2-5 x ca. 5 mm, roundo-obtuse and with small point at apexes, entire. Veins obvious, 6-9 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out above base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the ends, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point connected with lateral veins of the second ( sometime acroscopic one veinlet of the third pair) and forming into 2-3 oblique-rectangular areolae, baisiscopic one veinlet and acroscopic one veinlet of the fourth pair reached to membrane line on bottom of the sinus. Fronds chartaceous after dry, grayish-green, glabrous on both surfaces, occasionally one or two acicular hairy along rachillae and veins on upper sides. Sori rounded, attached at above middle of laterl vein, 3-5 pairs on each segment; indusia mid size, thick-membranous, subglabrous, persistent or droped.

       On shady and wet places by streamsides or wet land in mountain valley; ca. 780 m.; Chong qin and Yunnan. Typical specimen collected from Changqin jingfuo mountaim.

107. Cyclosorus euphlebius Ching in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. ser. 8: 226. 1938.

河池毛蕨 he chi mao jue

Thelypteris euphlebia (Ching) Reed; Christella euphlebia Holtt.

       Plants ca. 2 m. tall. Rhizomes strong , erect, woody. Stipes ca. 1 m. long, dirsty-brown or blackish-brown, firm, glabrous or occasionally one or two ovato-lanceolate scaly; the scales villous; laminae ca. 100 x ca. 20 cm, oblongo-lanceolate, caudato-acuminate at apexes, bases unangustened, pnnatilobete; pinnae ca. 20 pairs, obliquely spreading, alternate, lower ones 13-17 x 2-2.5cm, lanceolate, longo-acuminate at apexes, bases broado-cuneate, symmetrical, short petiolate, lobed up to 1/5 of the distance to costule sometime thick-teeth-shaped; segments 22-25 pairs, 2-2.5 x 3-4 mm,, triangular, obtuse and forward bended, slightly undulate along margin; above pinnae shortened up top, terminal pinna free with lower ones, 10-14 x 2-2.5 cm, lobed up to 1/2 of the distance to costule and usually with one piec of segment on basel lateral side. Veins clear on both sides, 7-11 pairs of lateral veins on ach segment, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the ends, a excurrnet veinlet coming out from joining point connected with lateral veins of the secone to the fifth pair snd forming several oblique-rectangular areolae on each side of the excurrent veinlent, acroscopic one veinlet reached to place of line of translucent membrane. Fronds paperaceous, darkish-brown green after dry, upper surface one or two acicular hairy along base of rachillae and veins, under surface sparsely bearing short minute hairs along rachillae and costae. Sori big, rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins, 7-10 pairs on each segment; indusia small, membranous, brownish, glabrous, persistent. A long club glandular hair at top of gametangiophore.

       In bush-wood by streamsides or shady and wet lower land; 150-420 m.; W. Guangxi, S. Guizhou and S-E. Yunnan ( N. Thailand and N.Vietnam. Typical specimen collected from Guangxi ( hechi).

108. Cyclosorus cuneatus Ching ex Shing in Addenda 347. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 267. 1999.

狭基毛蕨 xia ji mao jue

       Plants ca. 1 m. tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, wood y, blackish-brown, including bases slightly bearing darkish-brown lanceoate scales and brown short hairs. Fronds two lines in remote; stipes ca. 65 cm long, brownish, above bases subglabrous; laminae ca. 35 x ca. 28 cm, broado-ovate, acuminate at apexes, bases unangustened, bipinnatifid; lateral pinnae 4-5 pairs, same shaped and size, obliquely spreading, subalternate, petioles 2-3 mm long, 16-17 x ca. 2.7 cm, lanceolate, longo-acuminate at apexes, abruptly angustened to bases, cuneate, lobed up to 1/3 of the distance to costule; segments ca. 30 pairs, 4-5 x ca. 4 mm, triangular, pointed or obtuse-pointed at apexes, entire. Terminal pinna biger, petiole ca. 5 mm long, lobed up to 1/3 or more of the ditance to costule. Veins obvious on both sides, 8-10 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one paircoming out from base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the ends, a excurrent veinlet coming the joining point connected with lateral veins of the the 2-3 pairs and acroscopic one veinlet of the fourth pair and forming into oblique-rectangular or oblique-square areolae, basiscopic one veinlet reached to membrane line below the sinus. Fronds paperaceous, darkish-green after dry, glabrous on both surfaces, occasionally one or two very short acicular hairy along both sides of rachillae and costae on under side. Sori big, rounded. attached at middle of lateral veins, 8-9 pairs on each segment; indusia small, brow, membranous, glabrous, persistent.

       In crevices among rocks; Chongqin ( beipe, jingyun mountain).

109. Cyclosorus mollissimus Ching ex Shing in Addenda 347. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin 4 (1):: 267. 1999. 

多网眼毛蕨 dou wang yan mao jue

Cylosorus pseudoattenuatus Ching nom. nud.

       Plants ca. 1.2 m. tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, hard, blackish-brown. Fronds 2 lines in remote; stipes ca. 60 cm long, blackish-brown on bases, up darkish-brown and apressed very short setaceous; laminae ca. 60 x ca. 30 cm, oblong, caudate at apexes, bases unangustened, bipinnatifid; pinnae ca. 16 pairs, obliquely up, lower ones opposite, winged petioles 8-10 mm long, same shaped and size with mid ones; mid pinnae alternate,, ca. 20 x ca. 3 cm, lanceolate, acute at apexes, slightly angustened to bases, cuneate or broado-cuneate, petioles ca. 1 mm long, lobed up to 1/4 of the distance to costule; segments majority, 3-4 x 3-3.5 mm, triangular, pointed at apexes, entire; above pinnae small and small, terminal pinna same shaped with lower ones, base narrow-cuneate, petiole ca. 2 cm long. Veins obvious, 10-13 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the ends, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point connected with lateral veins of the second to the seventh pair (sometime acroscopic one veinlet of the eighth pair) and forming 6 square or subsquare areolae on each lateral side of the excurrent veinlet, lateral veins (sometime acroscopic one veinlet only) of the eighth pair reached to bottom of the sinus. Fronds paperaceous, darkish-green after dry, glabrous on upper surface, under surface full bearing minut-acicular hairs. Sori small, rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins, 7-9 pairs on each segment; indusia big, thick-membranous, dense hairy, persistent.

       The habitat unknow; 350-380 m.; S-E. Yunnan.

        The species is slight similar to C. Yunnanensis Ching in form, but rhizome long and creeping, laminal lower pinnae unshortened, pinnae angustened to base, under surface full bearing acicular hairs, ca. 7 pairs of lateral veins on each segment connected, i.e. ca. 8 pairs of lateral veins below the sinus.

110. Cyclosorus transitorius Ching ex Shing in Addenda 347. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 268. t. 48, f. 1-4. 1999.

河边毛蕨 he bian mao jue

       Plants 95-110 cm tall. Rhizomes suberect. Fronds clustered; stipes ca. 45 cm long, darkish-brown on bases and sparsely bearing lanceolate scales, up glabrous; laminae 50-65 x 25-28 cm, broado-lanceolate or oblogo-lanceolate, caudato-acuminate at apexes, bases unangustened, bipinnatifid; laminae 10-12 pairs, short petiolete, obliquely spreading, lower pinnae 14-18 x 2.5-3 cm, braodo-lanceolat, bases broadened, acuminate and shorto-tailed at apexes, bases roundo-truncate, sharply cut off on both lateral sides, symmetrica, lobed up to 1/5 of the distance to costule and thick-teeth shaped, the teeth 2-3 x 3-4 mm, triangular, roundo-obtuse at apexes, entire. Veins clear, 10-12 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, lower 5-6 pairs combinated, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the ends, a excurrent vein coming out from joning point connected with lateral veins of the second to the fifth pairs and forming 4 oblique-square areolae on each lateral side of the excurrent vein, lateral veins of the sixth to the seventh pairs and acroscopic one veinlet of the eighth pair reached to line of the translucent membrane below the sinus, lateral veins of the others reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds herbaceous, blackish-brown after dry on upper surface, under surface darkish-brown, one or two acicular hairy on both sides along costae and along rachillae on under side, sparse puberulose on intercostals area on under surface. Sori small, attached at above middle of lateral veins, 7-10 pairs on each segment, basel one pair or lower 3-4 pairs closed to each other or confluent; indusia small, membranous, darkish-brown, glabrous, persistent.

       On opening low wet slops by riverside 150-380 m.; common; S-E. Yunnan ( hekou, xiao nan river).

111. Cyclosorus nigrescens Ching ex Shing in Addenda 348. Fl. Republ. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 268. t. 48, f. 5-7. 1999.

黑叶毛蕨 hei ye mao jue

       Plants ca. 90 cm tall. Rhizomes short and decumbent. Fronds remote; stipes ca. 45 cm long, darkish-brown, up stramineous, glabrous; laminae ca. 45 x ca. 8 cm, oblongo-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases slightly angutened, 1-pinnate; pinnae 18-20 pairs, very short petiolete, obliquely up, lower 1-2 pairs slightly shortened, subopposite, basel one pair 8-9 x 1.5-2 cm, lanceolate, mid pinnae alternate, 12-15 x 1.2-1.5 cm, narrow-lanceolate acuminate at apexes, bases cuneate, symmetrical, thick-teeth shaped along margin, the teeth ca. 2 x ca. 3 mm, triangular,  forward bened and obtuse at apexes, entire; above pinnae shortened, terminal one same shape with lower one, slightly longer. Veins visible, 6-8 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, lower 3-31/2 pairs combined, basel one pair coming out from base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the ends, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point connected with lateral veins (sometime acroscopic one veinlet of the fourth pair) and forming several oblique-rectagular areolae on each lateral side of the excurrent vein, baisiscopic one veinlet of the fourth pair (sometime basiscopic one veinlet) reached to line of translucent membrane below the sinus, lateral veins of the others all reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds paperaceous, blackish-brown on upper surface after dry, glabrous, under surface brownish-green and along rachillae and costae sparsely bearing grayish-white appressed long acicular hairs, glabrous on intercostals area. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins, 5-7 pairs on each segment; indusia mid size, brownish, membranous, glabrous.

       Under forest by streamsides; 220-380 m.; endemic S-E. Yunnan (hekou).

112. Cyclosorus pseudocunneatus Ching ex Shing in Addenda 348. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 270. 1999.

锲形毛蕨 qie xing mao jue

       Plants ca. 1 m. tall. Rhizomes thick and short, decumbent, including bases of stipes, bearing rusty-brown short hirsuteness and darkish-brown lanceolate scales. Fronds approached; stipes 40-55 cm long, darkish-brown, subglabrous; laminae 26-36 x ca. 25 cm, ovate, a pinnatifid big pinna at apexes, angustened to bases, 1-pinnate; pinnae ca. 5 pairs, subopposite or alternate on upper ones, near sessile, basel pair obviously sortened, 5-12 cm long, mid pinnae 12-16 x ca. 3 cm, elongato-lanceolate, acuminate and linear long tailete at apexes, bases anguste, cuneate or roundo-cuneate, thick serrate along margin, the serrations roundo-obtuse at apexes, obliquely up. Veins visible, clear on under side, 8-9 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the ends, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point connected with lateral veins of the second to thirth pair and acroscopic one veinlet of the fourth pair, basiscopic one veinlet of the fourth pair and lateral veins of the fifth pair reached to membrane place below the sinus. Fronds paperaceous, darkish-brown green after dry, except upper surface few acicular hairy along rachillae and costae, under surface puberulose along costa, the others glabrous. Sori rounded, attached at above middle of lateral veins and far from costae, 3-5 pairs on each segment; indusia darkish-brown, glabrous, persistent.    

       The habitat unknown; Guangxi.

113. Cyclosorus yunnanensis Ching ex Shing in Addenda 348. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 270. t. 49, f. 1-3. 1999. 

云南毛蕨 yun nan mao jue

Cyclosorus iridescens Ching nom. nud.

       Plants 1.4-1.7 m. tall. Rhizomes strong, hard, erect, blackish-brown. Fronds clusterd; stipes 60-80 cm long, bases dirty-brown, bearing few, ovato-lanceolate scales, up stramineous, glabous or setaceous along inside of longidudinal vallecula on upper side; laminae 80-100 x ca. 20 cm, lanceolate, a terminal pinna biger at apex, bases slightly angustened, bipinnatifid; pinnae 18-20 pairs, flatly or obliquely spreading, lower 3-4 pairs slightly shortened, opposite or subopposite, short petiolate, basel one pair 9 cm long, short pointed at apex, mid pinnae sessile, alternate, 12-13 x ca. 1.7 cm, lanceolate, longo-acuminate at apexes, bases roundo-truncate, thick and big sharp serrate along margin, the serrations 1-2 x ca. 3 mm, triangular, pointed at apexes. Veins obvious, 7-10 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the ends, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point connected with lateral veins of the second to fifth pairs and forming 4 subsquare areolae on each lateral side of main vein, lateral veins of the sixth ( sometime acroscpic one veinlet of the seventh pair) reached to line of the translucent membrane below the sinus. Fronds paperaceous after dry, brownish-green, upper surface densely bearing acicular hairs along rachillae, one or two along costae, the others glabrous, under surface sparsely bearing acicular hairs along rachillae and costae, glabrous on intercostals area. Sori rounded, attached at middle or above middle of lateral veins, 7-9 pairs on each segment; indusia mid size, thich-membranou, brown, gkabrous, persistent.

       In bottom of ravine under forest; 760-1100 m.; S. Yunnan ( xishuangbanna, mongyang).

114. Cyclosorus flaccidus Ching & Z. Y. Liu in Bull. Bot Res. 3 (4): 24. Photo 21. 1983. 

平基毛蕨 ping ji mao jue

       Plants ca. 90 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping, slightly appressed bearing one or two brown lanceolate scales. Fronds sparse; stipes ca. 42 cm long, darkish-stramineous, flabrous; laminae ca. 58 x ca. 25 cm, oblong, a pinntifid terminal pinna at apex, base slightly angustened, 1-pinnate; pinnae ca. 11 pairs, obliquely up, subopposite, except basel one pair far from above one the others closed to each other, short-petiolate, basel pair shortened, ca. 6 cm long and slightly reflexid downwards, butterfly-shaped, pinnae of the second pair ca.14 x ca. 2.3 cm, linear-lanceolate, shorto-acuminate at apexes, bases truncate, thick obtuse serrate along margin. Veins  obvious, 8-9 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by the ends, a excurrent veunlet coming out from joining point connected with lateral veins of the second pair, laterl veins of the third to fourth pairs rreached to line of the translucent membrane below the sinus. Fronds herbaceous, green after dry, except bearing thick seta along rachis and upper side of rachillae, glabrous on both surfaces. Sori unseen.

       The habitat unknow;  ca. 700 m.; Chongqing ( nanchuan, jingfuo mountain).

115. Cyclosorus acutissimus Ching ex Shing & J. F. Cheng in Jiangxi Sci. 8 (3): 45. 1990. 

锐尖毛蕨 rui jian mao jue

       Plants ca. 90 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, darkish-brown, slightly bearing few darkish-brown scales. Fronds remote; stipes ca. 32 cm long, darkish-brown, up grayish-stramineous, upper side sparsely bearing acicular hairs along longidudinal vallecula; laminae ca. 60 x ca. 22 cm, oblong, caudate and a free lanceolate pinna at apex, the terminal pinna ca. 9 cm long, bases slightly angustened, bipinnatifid; pinnae ca. 18 pairs, flatly spreading, sessile, basel one pair slightlu shortened, ca. 7 cm long, mid pinnae ca. 11 x ca. 2 cm, lanceolate, longp-acuminate, basel acroscopic side flatly truncate, basiscopic side rounded, lobed up to 1/3 of the distance to costule; segments ca. 25 pairs, triangularo-thick teeth-shaped, ca. 3 x ca. 3 mm, sharp-pointed at apexes, basel one pair longer and projected, entire. Veins obvious, 7-8 pairs of lateral veins on each segment ( ca. 10 pairs on basel segment), basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joining into triangular areola by the ends, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point connected with lateral veins of the second pair and forming a oblique-rectangular areola on each lateral side of the excurrent veinlet ( sometime basiscopic one veinelt of the second pair reached to line of the translucent membrane below the sinus); lateral veins of the thirth and fourth pairs reached to line of membrane below the sinus, lateral veins of the fifth pair reached to the sinus. Fronds paperaceous, darkish-brown green after dry, upper surface dense puberulose along main vein only, under surface full bearing loose pubescences. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins, ca. 5 pairs on each segment, basel one pair often closed to each other; indusia very small, brown, caduous or hidden in sori.

       On wet land in mountain valley. Endemic S-E. Jiangxi (dexin, damao mountain).

       The species is similar to C. fujianensis Ching, but palnt far higher and biger, lateral pinnae longer, longo-acuminate at apex, obviously broadened at base, segment sharply lobed, ca.5 pairs of lateral veins below the sinus; indusia small and caduous or hidden in sori.

116. Cyclosorus evolutus (Bedd.) Ching in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. ser. 8: 219. 1938.

展羽毛蕨 zhan yu mao jue

Nephrodium evolutum Bedd., Handb. Ferns Brit. Ind. Suppl. 76. 1892 excl. var. B-Dryopteris evoluta C. Chr.; Nephrodium amboinenss var. evolutus Clarke & bak.; Christella evoluta (larke & Bak.) Holtt.;Thelypteris evoluta Tagawa & K. Iwats. 

       Plants 60-100 cn tall. Rhizomes thick and short, erect or decumbent, scaly at apexes. Stipes (15) 20-32 cm long, grayish-brown, bearing grayish-white hirsutense at bases, up glabrous; laminae 45-60 x 18-20 cm, oblongo-lanceolate, acuminate and a pinnatifid big teminal pinna at apex, bases abtruptly angustened, bipinnatifid; pinnae 12-15 pairs lower 2-3 pairs abtruptly reducd, basel one pair triangular-auriculate, less than 2-2.5 x 2-2.5 cm, (sometime shorter than above oes and unchanged the form), obliquely downwards,, mid pinnae 16-18 x .5-3.5 cm, broado-lanceolate, acuminate and short-tailed at apexes, basel acroscpic side flato-truncate and paraphyll to rachillae, basiscpic side broado-cuneate or roundo-cunete, sessile or nar sessie, obliquely spreading, lobed up to 1/3-1/2 of the distance to costule; segments mejotity, ligulte, roundo-obtuse or forward small projected pointed at apexes. Veins clear, 7-9 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae, the ends of the lateral veins on basel a pair of adjancent segment joining into a triangular areola and a excurrent veinlet coming out from the joining point connected with lateral veins of the second pair and acroscopic one veinlet of the thirth pair, basiscopic one veinlet of the thirth pair to acroscopic one veinlet of the fifth pair all reached to line of the translucent membrane below the sinus. Fronds paperaceous, grayish-yellw-green after dry, upper surface bearing one or two short needle-like hairs along rachillae and veins, under surface glabrous, or along veins bearing minut-short hairs. Sori rounded, attached at lower part of veins and closed to costae, or at middle of lateral veins, located between costae and margin; indusia usually glabrous, persistent.

       The habitat unknow; 360-1600 m.; Yunnan ( India and Tailand). Typical specimen collected from India (assam).

       The species of the original decripton is all glabrous on both surfaces except upper side of rachillae, pinnae lobed up to 1/5 of the distance to costule, but showed more or less varieties on specimen.

117. Cyclosorus pseudoaridus Ching ex Shing in Addenda 349. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 274. t. 50, f. 1-3. 1999.

假干旱毛蕨 jia gan han mao jue

       Plants ca. 70 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, daikish-brown, including bases of stipes densely bearing daikish-brown lanceolate scales and grayish-white acicular hairs. Fronds remote; stipes ca 23 cm long,  darkish-brown, up brownish-stramineous, subglabrous laminae ca. 46 x ca. 15 cm, broado-lanceolate, caudato-acuminate at apexes, bases angustened, bipinnatifid; pinnae ca 35 pairs, spreading, lower 4-7 apirs reduced downwards, subalternate, basel one pair auriculate, ca. 5 x ca. 5 mm, triangular, mid pinnae alternate, ca. 8 x ca. 1 cm, linear-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases roundo-truncate, lobed up to 1/3 of the distance to costulel segments ca. 35 pairs, basel acroscopic one piec longer, the others ca. 1.5 x ca. 1.5 mm, triangular, pointed at apexes, entire. Veins raised on under side, 6-7 pirs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joining into a triangular areola, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point connected with lateral vein ( sometime only acroscopic one veinlet) of the second pair, lateral veins of the third and fourth pairs reached to line of the membrane below the sinus, lateral veins of the others reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds subcoriaceous, grayish-brown after dry, upper surfacesparse bearing short acicualr hairs only, under surface one or two acicualr hairy along rachillae and veins, the others glabrous. Sori attached at above middle of lateral veins, closed to margin, ca. 5 pairs on each segment; indusia small, brown, thick in textur, glabrous, persistent.

       The habitat unknow; Sichuan.

       The species is similar to C. aridus (Don) Tagawa in form and veination, but the plant far smaller, pinnae less than 1 cm in wide, glandless on under surface.

118. Cyclosorus calvescens Ching in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot ser. 8: 225. 1938.

三合毛蕨 san he mao jue

Thelypteris calvescens (Ching) Reed; Christella calvescens (Ching) Holtt.

       Plants ca. 1 m. tall. Rhizomes creeping. Fronds approached; stipes 50-55 cm long, greysh-stramineous, bases sparsely bearing darkish-brown lanceolate scales, up minut hairy or glabrous; laminae 45-60 cm long, bipinnatifid; pinnae 7-11 pairs, obliquely spreading, lower 2-3 pairs slightly shortened, or half size equare to mid pinnae in lenth, broado-lanceolate, longo-acuminate at apexes, bases cuneate, short petiolete, lobed up to 1/3 of the distance to costule, segments triangular, obtuse or small pointed at apexes, entire. mid pinnae 15-4 x 3-3.5 cm, braodo-lanceolate, caudato-acuminate at apexes, angustened to base, cuneate and slightly decurent, petioles ca. 2 mm; terminal pinna big and free with lower one piec, usually with one piec of aegment on base. Veins obvious, 8-10 apirs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by its ends, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point connected with lateral veins of the second to rhird pairs acroscopic one veinlet of the fourth pair and forming 5 oblique-rectangular areolae, basiscopic one veinlet of the fourth and acroscopic one veinlet of the fifth pair reached to place of the line of the translucent membrane on bottom of the sinus, lateral veins of the others all reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds firm herbaceous, greenish after dry, upper side sparsely bearing acicular hairs along rachillae, under surface sparse very short puberulose long rachillae, more or less rough on intercostals area. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins, 8-10 pairs on each segment; indusia big, thick-membranous, subglabrous or usually short setaceous.

       On acid soil by mountain revine; 650-1600 m.; S-E. Guizhou ( sanhe, wangmo) (Vietnam). Typical specimen collected from Guizhou.

       The species is similar to C. euphlebium Ching in form, but lateral pinnae less and broader, glabrous on intercostals area.

119. Cyclosorus serrifer Ching & Shing in Addenda 349. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 276.1999.

锯齿毛蕨 ju chi mao jue

       Plants ca 53 cm tall. Rhizome unseen. Stipes ca. 21 cm long, bases blackish brown, sparsely bearing darkish-brown lanceolate scales; laminae ca. 32 x ca. 7 cm, lanceolate, acuminate and with short-tailed at apexes, bases slightly angustened, 1-pinnate; pinnae ca. 13 pairs, sessile, subopposite, obliquely spreading, lower 2-3 pairs shortened, basel one pair ca. 2.5 x ca. 0.8 cm, mid pinnae ca. 4.5 x ca. 1 cm, lanceolate, short pointed at apexex, basel acrscopic side flato-truncate and slightly projected, paraphyll to rachis, basiscopic side obliquely cut off, sharp-serrate along margin. Fronds paperaceous, yellow-brownish green after dry, upper suraface except one or two acicular hairy along rachillae, glabrous, under surface bearing few short pubescences along rachillae and veins and decorated with lemon-colour glands. Sori unseen.

      In scrub on slope by road side; ca. 400 m.; Guangxi ( wuming, daming mountain).

120. Cyclosorus aridus ( Don) Tagawa in Acta Phymatotax. Geobot. 7: 78. 1938.

干旱毛蕨 gan han mao jue

Aspidium aridum Don, Prod. Fl. Nepha 4. 1825; Nephrodium aridum J. Sm.; Drpteris arida O. Ktze.;Thelypteris arida Monton; Christella arida Holtt.; Aspidium obscurus Bl.; Cyclosorus cuspidatu Nephrodium obscurum Moore; Cyclosorus subaridus Tatewaki & Tagawa; s Ching nom. nud. and C. centrochinensis Ching nom. nud.

       Plants ca. 1.4 m. tall. Rhizomes creeping, blackish-brown, including bases of stipes sparsely bearing brown lanceolate scales. Fronds remote; stpes ca. 35 cm long, blackish-brown at bases, up brownish-stramineous, subglabrous; laminae 60-80 x 20-25 cm ( sometime 12 cm only), broado-lanceolate, bases angustened, bipinnatifid; pinnae ca. 30 pairs, obliquely speading, lower 6-10 pairs reduced to small auricula, subopposite, mid pinnae laternate, ca. 10 x ca. 1.5 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, basel acroscopic side flat-truncate and slightly projected, basiscopic side obliquely out, lobed up to 1/3 of the distance to costule; segments 25-30 pairs, above ones ca. 2 x 2.5-3mm, triangular, acute or pointed at apexes, entire. Veins clear, raised in under side, 9-10 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by its ends, a excurrent veinlet coming out from the joining oint connected with lateral veins ( sometime acroscopic one veinlet only ) of the second pair and forming a oblique-rectangular areola on each lateral side of the excurrent veinlet, lateral veins of the third to the sixth pairs reached to line of translucent membrane below the sinus, lateral veins from the seventh pairs reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds subcoriaceous, brownish or brownish-green after dry, upper surface subglabrous, under surface sparsely bearing short acicular hairs along veins and decorated with lemon colour oblong or club glands, glabrous on intercostals area. Sori rounded, attached at above middle of latera veins, 6-8 pairs on each segment; indusia small, scale-shaped, brownish,glabrous, persistent.

       Under mixed forest or wet land by streamside; 150-1800 m.; S. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan and Zhejiang ( India, Indonesia, Malesiana, Nephal, Philippinse and Vietnam [ Australia and the Pacific Islands ]). Typical specimen collected from Nephal.

       The species is mach varied in form. C. subaridus Tatewaki & Tagawa representes a small type of the plant of this species, pinnae ca. 7 cm long, ca. 1 cm wide on base, sparsely free to each other on lower part, distance 5-6 cm. unsuitable to divided.

121. Cyclosorus omeigensis Ching in Bull Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. New Ser. 1 (3): 289. 1949.峨眉毛蕨 e mei mao jue

Thelypteris omeigensis Reed; Christella omeigensis (Ching) Holtt.

       Plants ca. 1 m. tall. Rhizomes long and creeping. Fronds remote; stipes ca. 30 cm long, darkih-stramineous, dense puberuloses; laminae ca. 70 x ca. 20 cm, oblong, tailed at pexes, bases abruptly angustened, bipinnatipartite; pinnae 14-16 pairs, alternate, essile, lower 3-4 pairs triangular or tuberculate, opposite, mid pinnae 15-16 x ca. 1.6 cm, angustened to base, sublinear-lanceolate, longo-acuminate at apexs, bases rounded, symmetrical, short petiolete, lobed up to 1/5-1/3 of the distance to costule; segments ca. 30 pairs, 2.5-3 x ca. 3 mm, subrectangular, oblique-truncate and with small pointed at apexes, entire; terminal pinna longer and broader than mid ones, free, petiolete, lobed up to 1/3 of the distance to costule, segments big, subfalca-lanceolate and usually a piec of lanceolate segment on basiscopic side of base. Veins visible, 6-8 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by theirs ends, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point connected with lateral veins of the second and the third pairs ( sometime acroscopic one veinlet only) and forming two oblique-rectangular areolae on each lateral side on the excurrent veinlet, basiscopic one veinlet of the third pair reached to line of translucent membrane below the sinus. Fronds herbaceous or paperaceous after dry, grayish-green, both surfaces bearing short hairs along rachis, rachillae and veins, glabrous on intercostals area, under surface sparsely decorated with orange club-shaped glads along veins.Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins, 6-7 pairs on each segment, 8-9 pairs on each segment of terminal pinna; indusia mid size, thick-membranous, reddish-brown, glabrous, persistent.

       Under forest; ca. 800 m.; endemic Sichuan ( emei mountain).

122. Cyclossorus paucipinnus Ching & C. F. Zhang ex Shing in Addenda 349. Fl. Ripubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 279. 1999.

少羽毛蕨 shao yu mao jue

       Plants ca. 1 m. tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, blackish-brown, densely bearing brown hirsutences and few darkish-brown narrow-lanceoalate scales. Fronds 2 lines remote; stipes ca. 54 cm long, blackish-brown and sparse scaly at bases, up castaneousish-brown, subglabrous; laminae ca. 48 x ca. 28 cm, oblong, abruptly angustened and with a biger pinna at apexes, bases unangustened, 1-impari-pinnate; pinnae ca. 5 pairs, very short petolate, obliquely up, basel pair ca. 20 x ca. 3 cm, slightly angustened to bases, acuminate at apexes, basel acroscopic side flat-truncate and paraphyll to rachis, basiscopic side broado-cuneate, lobed up to 1/3 of the distance to costule; segments ligulate, obtuse or small pointed at apexes; terminal pinnae ca. 20 x ca. 5 cm, broado-lanceolate, caudato-acuminate at apex, one pinnatifid segment on each lateral side of the base, petiole ca. 2 cm long, lobed up to 2/3 of the distance to costule. Veins clear, raised on under side, 9-11 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, single ( 15-17 pairs on each segment of terminal pinna, sometime forked), basel one pair coming out from base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by thirs ends, a excurrent veinlet coming out from the joining point connected with lateral veins of the second and the thirth pairs, lateral veins ( sometime acroscopic one veinlet ) of the fourth and acroscopic one veinlet of the fifth pairs reached to line of the translucent membrne below the sinus, lateral veins of the others reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds peraceous, darkish-green after dry, upper surface sparsely bearing short acicular hairs along costa, under surface few short puberulose along rachillae and veins, sparse minut short hairy on intercostals area. Sori rounded, attached at above middle of lateral veins, 4-5 pairs ( 7-8 pair on terminal pinna) on each segment, sterile on apexes; indusia brown, membranous, short hairy, persistent.

       Under forest; ca. 300 m.; Zhejiang ( taishun, yangxi).

123. Cyclosorus frxinifolium Ching & Shing in Fujiang 1: 599, 161. f. 149. 1982.

梣叶毛蕨 cen ye mao jue

       Plants ca. 80 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, densely bearing grayish-white acicular hairs and sparse few darkish-brown lanceolate scales. Fronds remote; stipes 40-50 cm long, stramineous, grayish-white puberulose; laminae 58-62 x ca. 29 cm, acuminate and with one piec big terminal pinna, bases slightly angustened, bipinnalobate; pinnae 6-8 pairs, subopposite, slightly obliquely up, lower ones petiolate, up ones sessile; terminal pinna biggest, ca. 23 x ca. 3.2 cm, laneolate, acuminat at apex, a piec of combined small pinna on one lateral side of base; basel one pair of pinnae slightly shortened, 8-12 cm long, mid ones ca. 15 x ca. 3 cm, acuminate at apexes, bases cuneate, lobed up to 1/3 of the distance to costule; segments thick roundo-teeth-like, ca. 4 x ca. 6 mm, basel one pair shorter, entire. Veins clear on under side, lateral veins pinnate, ca. 10 pairs on each segment, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by theirs ends, a excurrent veinlet coming out from the joining point connected with lateral veins of the second pair, lateral veins of the third and the fourth pairs reached to line of the translucent membrane, lateral veins of the fifth pair reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds paperaceous, green after dry, upper surface bearing appressed acicular hairs along rachllae, under surfacedensely pubescences and orange-yellow club-shaped glands along costae, sparse short hairy on mesophyll. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins, 6-7 pairs on each segment, sterile on apexes; indusia roundo-reniform, reddish-brown, dense puberulose, persitent.

       Under forest in valley; 350-450 m.; Fujiang.

124. Cyclosorus clavatus Shing in Addenda 350. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 280. t. 51, f. 1-3. 1999.

棒腺毛蕨 bang xian mao jue

       Plants ca. 1.5 m. tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, blackish-brown. Fronds remote; stipes ca. 73 cm long, bases blackish-brown, sparsely bearing scales, up brownish-stramineous, glabrous; laminae ca. 73 x ca. 50 cm, oblongo-lanceolate, abruptly angustened and with a pinnatifid pinna at apex, bases slightly angustened, bipinnalobate; lateral pinnae ca. 10 pairs, lower 2-3 pairs slightly shortened, basel one pair triangular auriculate, ca. 4 cm long, mid pinnae 25-27 x ca. 3 cm, lanceolate, longo-acuminate, bases slightly angustened, broado-cuneate or roundo-cuneate, petioles ca. 2 mm long, lobed up to 1/3-1/4 of the distance to costule; segments slightly different in size, forward bened and obtuse at apexes. Veins clear, 9-10 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from near base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by their ends, a excurret veinlet coming out from the joining point connected with lateral veins of the second to the fourth pairs, lateral veins of the fifth and sixth pairs reached to line of translucent membrane. Fronds paperaceous, grayish-green after dry, except slightly bearing short acicular hairs along upper side of rachillae, decorated with brownish club-shaped glands along under side of costae, glabrous on both surfaces. Sori rounded, small, attached at middle of lateral veins, 8-9 pairs on each segment; indusia darkish-brown, glabrous, persistent.

       By streamsides in valley; ca. 650 m.; Guizhou.

125. Cyclosorus fukienensis Ching in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. Ser. 8: 109. 1938.

福建毛蕨 fu jian mao jue

Thelypteris fujienensis Reed; Christella fukienensis (Ching) Holtt.  

       Plants 40-60 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, darkish-brown, apexes and bses of stipes slightly bearing few darkinsh-brown lanceolate scales and dense acicular hairy. Fronds remote; stipes 16-25 cm long, bases darkish-brown, up stramineous, slightly bearing short pubescences; laminae 35-45 x 12-20 cm, broado-lanceolate, acuminate and with a biger pinnatipartite terminal pinna at apexes, bases almostly angustened, bppinatifid; pinnae 8-12 pairs, obliquely spreading, sessile, alternate, lower 1-3 pairs slightly shortened, 4-6 x ca. 1.5 cm ( basel one pair 2-4 cm long), shorto-acuminate at apexes, mid pinnae 10-13  1.8-2.2 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases flat-truncate, lobed up to 1/3 or more of the distance to costule; segments ca. 15 pairs, 3-4 x 3-4 mm, subsquqre, rounded-obtuse or subtruncate, entire. Veins clear, 6-8 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by their ends, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joiningpoint connected with lateral veins of the second pair and forming a oblique-rectangular areola on each side of costae, lateral veins of the thirdth and acroscopic one veinlet of the fourth pair reached to line of translucent membrane below the sinus, lateral veins of the others reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds paperaceous, darkish-brown green after dry, upper surface rough, one or two short acicular hairy along rachillae and costae, under surface sparsely bearing short rough hairs and yellowish glads along veins. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins, 4-5 pairs on each segment, basel one pair attached at near ends of lateral veins; indusia mid size, roundo-reniform, membranous, brownish, dense short puberulose, persistent.

       Under forest shady or by stremsides in valley; ca. 500 m.; Fujian and Zhejiang. Typical specimen collected from Fujian.

126. Cyclosorus grandissimus Ching & Shing in Fl. Fujian. 1: 599, 163. 1982.

大毛蕨 da mao jue

       Plants 95-130 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, apexes and bases of stpes sparsely bearing brownish ciliate lanceolate scales. Fronds remote; stipes 35-45 cm long, stramineous, from bases to rachis dense puberulose; laminae 70-90 x 23- 26 cm, oblong, longo-acuminate at apexes, bases angustened, bipinnatilobed; laminae 21-30 pairs sessile, subflatly spreading, lower 4 pairs shortened, basel one pair ca. 1 cm long, triangular, mid pinnae ca. 15 x 1.5-2 cm, linear-lanceolate, longo-acuminate at apexes, bases subtruncate, lobed up to 1/4 of the distance to costule; segments ca. 4 mm long, sharp-pointed at apexes. Veins clear, 9-10 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from base of costae and joining into a triangular areola by their ends, a excurrent veinlet coming out from the joining point connected with acroscopic one vein of the second pair and line of translucent membrane below the sinus, basisopic one veinlet of the second pairs to lateral veins of the fifth pairs all reached to the membrane line, lateral veins from the sixth pairs all reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds paperceous, green after dry, sparse puberulose along under side of rachille only and decorated with lemon colour laong veins, the others glabrous. Sori rounded, attached at above middle of lateral veins, 3-4 pairs on each segment; indusia small,, brown, sparse short puberulose, persistent.

       In herbosa in valley or by warter sides under forest; 50-300 m.; Fujiang and Zhejiang. Typical specimen collected from Fujiang.

127. Cyclosorus dehuaensis Ching & Shing in Fl. Fujiang. 1: 599. 163. f. 152. 1982.

徳化毛蕨 de hua mao jue

       Plants 95-145 cm tall. Rhizmes long and creeping, sparsely bearing darkish-brown lanceolate, ciliate scales at apexes. Fronds remote; stipes 35-45 xm long, grayish-stramineous, sparse scaly on bases, up densely bearing minut-pubescences; laminae 55-100 x 20-25 cm, longo-acuminate at apexes, bases angustened, bipinnatilobete; pinnae 7-16 pairs, short petiolete, alternate, flatly spreading terminal pinna biger; lower 4 pairs shortened, basel one pair auriculate, base broado-cuneate, lobed ca. up to 1/3 of the distance to costule; segments 3-7 mm long, thick teeth-shaped, obtuse at apexes. Veins obvious, 7-9 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, basel one pair coming out from bases of costae and joining into a triangular areola by their ends, a excurrent veinlet coming out from the joining point connected with lateral veins of the second pair and line of the transluslucent membrane below the sinus, lateral veins of the the third to the fifth pairs all reached to the membrne line, lateral veins from the sixth pairs all reached to margin above the sinus. Fronds paperaceous, green after dry, both surfaces bearing short pubescences along rachillae and veins, upper surface one or two short acicular hairy along costae, under side decorated with lemon colour glads along veins. Sori rounded, attached at middle of lateral veins, 6-7 pairs on each segment; indusia brownm denser puberulose, persisent.

       By streamsides under forest; 80-500 m.; Fujiang and Zhejiang. Typical specimen collected from Fujian (dehua).

15. STENOGRAMMA Bl., Enum. Pl. Jav. 172. 1828.

溪边蕨属 xi bian jue shu

Thelypteris R. & A. Tryon. Pro parte.; Thelyptris Subgen. Stegnogramma Reed; Cyclosorus Subgen. Stegnogramma A. R. Sin.

       Mid soil ferns. Rhizomas short, erect or ascending, densely bearing unicellular or devided long hairs and sparse brown, setaceous lanceolate scales. Fronds clustered; Stipes darkish-brown, bases scaly and grayish-white unicellular or multi-separated acicular long hairs; laminae oblongo-lanceolate or broado-lanceolate, pinnatifido-acuminate at apexes, bases unangustened or slightly angustened, 1-pinate; pinnae ca. 10 pairs, spreading, sessile or very short petiolete on lower several pairs, up ones more or less combined with rachis, lanceolate or ovato-lanceolate, short acute or roundo-obtuse ap apexes, less acuminate, base roundo-cuneate or flatly truncate, subopposite, undulate or roundo-teeth-shaped along margin, or lobed up to 1/3 of the distance to costule, both surfaces more less bearing hairs, rachillae obvous raised on under side, a longidudinal vallecula on upper side, densely bearing acicular hairs. Veins Ampelopteris-type, 3-5 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, lower 1-3 (-5 ) pairs joining into a triangular areola by their ends, basel one pair coming out from above base of costae, up veins all reached to margin or the sinus. Fronds herbaceous, darkish-brown green after dry, under surface bearing grayish-white acicular hairs, upper surface sparse setaceous; usually bearing multi-cellular long hairs and short hairs along rachis. Sori  linear, attached at lateral veins, exindusia; sporangia bearing erect short hairs, less glabrous; spores bilateral, elliptic, biger and long sharp-spine–bearing on surface of extine.

       Typical species of genus: Stegnogramma aspidiodes Bl.

       About more than 10 species ( 6 species in China).

1. 3-4 pairs of lateral veins joined on both lateral sides on pinna and formed 2 lines of tetragonal areolae------------------------------------------------------------------------------1. S. dictyoclinoides 

1. 1-2 pairs of lateral veins joined on both lateral sides on pinna and formed 1-3 triangular or inregular areolae.

2.Sporangia glabrous-------------------------------------------------------------2. S. xingwenensis

2.Sporangia bearing short hairs.

3 Many short seta remaied in attached places of sori after fallen-----3. S. cyrtomioides

3 Remained something of gland-like in attached places of sori after siri fallen.

4 Pinnae broado-ovato-lanceolate, margin lobed up to 1/3 of the distance to costule, bases flatly truncate, short-acute at apexes, lower 3-4 pairs of pinnae shortened and obliquely downwards, endemic Yunnan gong Mit.---------------------------4. S. latipinna                  

4 Pinnae lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, or ovato-lanceolate, roundo-obtuse, maegin undulate or lobete, bases roundo-cuneate, lower pinnae in- or slightly shortened and undownwards.

5 Lower pinnae almostly shortened, lanceolate, broadest on mid-lower part, acuminate and bened up, glabrous on intercostals area on under surface of pinna endemic Changqin (jinyun Mit.)----------------------------------------S. diplazioides

5 Lower several pinna shortened, longo-ovato-lanceolate, broadest on bases, roundo-obtuse at apexes, setaceous on intercostals area of under surface of lamina, produced in Sichuan ( emei Mit. Jinfo Mit. And the other region-----------------------------------------------------------------6. S. jingfoshanensis

1. Stegnogramma dictyoclinoides Ching in Sinensia 7: 92. t. 1. 1936.

屏边溪边蕨 ping bian xi bian jue

       Plants ca. 50 cm tall. Rhizomes short and thick, ascending, almostly scaly. Fronds clustered; stipes 15-23 cm long, darkish-stramineous, glabrous on bases, bearing throughout spreading geyish-white acicular hairs and short hairs; laminae 15-25 x 7-10 cm, broado-lanceolate, pinnatifid-acuminte at apexes, 1-pinnate; pinnae 7-8 pairs, subflatly spreading, basel 1-2 pairs free, sessile, slightly shortened, up ones combinated with rachis and connected by narrow-wings, apical ones connected by broado-wings; basel pinnae 3-4 x ca. 1.5 cm, oblongo-lanceolate, short-acuminate at apexes, bases subflatly truncate or roundo-cuneate, symmetrical, roundo-teethed along margin; mis pinnae same shape with lower one, ca. 5 x ca. 2 cm, bases combined with rachis. rachillae raisd on both sides. Veins obvious, 3-4 pairs of lateral veins joining into areolae, the areolae 2 lines, 4-5 on each line, subtetrasquare or quinquangular and a ecurrent veinlet coming out from joining point more or less tortuous, basel one pair of veinlets coming out from far place of bases of lateral veins. Sori herbaceous, darkish-brown green after dry, both surfaces densely bearing opening grayish-white acicular long hairs along rachis, rachillae and veins. Sori linear, attached along veinlets ( sometime attached along excorrent veins), exindusia. Sporangia bearing 1-2 erect acicular hairs near top.

By streamsides under forest; ca. 1200 m.; Taiwan and S-E. Yunnan( N. Vietnum). Typical speciem collected from Yunnan.

2. Stegnogramma xingwenensis Ching ex Y.X. Lin in Addenda 350. Fl Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 286. 1999.

兴文溪边蕨 xin wen xi bian jue

       Plants ca. 50 cm tall. Rhizomes erect, densely bearing brown short hairy in margin, lanceolate scales at apexes. Fronds clustered; stipes 14-20 cm long, darkish-stramineous, bearing scales and throughout mixed grayish-white different size acicular hairs; laminae 30-40 x ca. 10 cm, lanceolate, pinnatifid-acuminate at apexes, sligntly angustened to bases, 1-pinnate; pinnae 10-14 pairs, alternate, obliquely spreading, almostly sessile, except lower several pairs of pinnae slightly reduced, the others more or less combined with rachis; basel pinnae slightly reduced ovato-lanceolate, ca. 4 x ca. 1.5 cm, short acute at apexes, bases roundo-cuneate, insymmetrical, mid pinnae lanceolate, ca. 6 x ca. 1.8 cm, acuminate at apexes, bases round-cuneate, pinnatilobete along margin. rachillae raised on both sides. Veins obvious, lateral veins obliquely spreading, 1-2 veinlets joining into 2-3 trangular or subrhoboid areolae. Fronds grayish-green after dry, herbaceous, both surfaces densely bearing appressed seta along veins, sparsely bearing short hairs on under surface, glabrousn on upper surface. Sori linear, attached along veinlets, exindusia; glabrous on sprangia.

       By roadsides under forest; ca. 1340 m.; endemic Sichuan ( xinwen).

3. Stegnogramma cyromioides (C. Chr.) Ching in Sinensia 7 (1): 95. 1936.

贯众叶溪边蕨 guan zhong ye xi bian jue

Dryopteris stegnogramma var. cyrtomioides C. Chr. in Acta Hort. Geobot. 1: 56. 1924; Stegnogramma asplenioides (J. Sm.) Ching pro part.

       Plants 28-50 cm tall. Rhizomes short and erect, densely bearing hairy brown narrow-lanceolate scales and multi-cellular acicular long hairs. Fronds clusterd; stipes 8-25 cm long, stramineous, sparsely bearing scales on bases, throughout densely bearing grayish-white multi-cellular long acicular hairs when young and gradually fallen when old; laminae lanceolate, 15-25 x 4-8 cm, pinnatifid-acuminte at apexes bases unangustened, 1-pinnate; pinnae 8-10 pairs, alternate, subflatly spreading, basel one pair slightly shortened, lower 3-4 pairs free, sessile, above ones more or less combined with rachis, mid pinnae, 2-3.5 x ca. 1.5 cm, bases broader, ovato-oblong, short-acute at apexes, bases roundo-truncate, symmetrical, subentire or slightly undulate. Veins obvious, 2-3 pairs of veinlets between lateral veins, basel one pair joining, sometime a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point connected with acroscopic one veinlet of the second pair on margin and formed a triangular and another rhomboid areolae. Fronds yellow-green, herbaceous or paperaceous, under surface short hairy on intercostall area, upper surface setaceous along margin and apex; along under side of rachis densely bearing multi-cellular long acicular hairs, short hairy along under sides of rachillae and veins, setaceous on upper sides. Sori linear, attached along veinlets, exindusia, remained clustered and erect short hairs at attached places of the sori after fallen; 2-3 short hairy on sporangia.

       In scrub; 600-1500 m.; Guizhou and Sichuan. Typical specimen collected from Sichuan.

4. Stegnogramma latipinna Ching ex Y. X. Lin in Addenda 350. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 288. t. 53. f. 5-9. 1999. 

阔羽溪边蕨 kuo yu xi bian jue

Stegnogramma petiolulata Ching nom. nud.

       Plants ca. 70 cm tall. Rhizomes short, erect, including bases of stipes densely bearing setaceous brown lanceolate scales and spreading multi-cellular grayish-white acicular long hairs. Fronds clustered; stipes 20-24 cm long, darkish-stramineous, sparse setaceous from bases; laminae 30-35 x 10-13 cm, pinnatifido-acuminate, bases slightly angustened, 1-pinnate; pinnae 10-12 pairs, alternate, subflatly spreading, sessile, lower ones free from rachis, up ones more or less combined with rachis and completely combined near apical part; mid pinnae broado-lanceolate, ca. 7 x ca. 2.2 cm, short-acuminate at apexes, bases roundo-truncate and slightly broadened, sunsymmetrical, lobed up to 1/4 of the distance to costule; segments or thick serrated to ovato-triangular, ca. 4 x ca. 4 mm, obtuse-rounded at apexes, entire. Veins obvious, 4-5 pairs of lateral veins on each segment, lower 2 pairs ( sometime 1 1/2 pairs) joining by their ends, lateral veins of basel one pair coming out from far from above base of costae. Fronds darkish-green after dry, herbaceous, under surface bearing acicular hairs along rachis, rachillae, veins and intercostals area, upper surface densely bearing seta along rachis, rachillae and veins, sparse setaceous along margin, glabrous on intercostals area. Sori linear, attached along lateral veins, exindusia; 3-4 erect acicular hairs near apecal place of sporangia.

       By streamsides under forest; 2300-2500 m; endemic N-W. Yunnan ( guongshan).

5. S tegnogramma diplazioides Ching ex Y. X. Lin, in Addenda 351. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 288. 1999.

缙云溪边蕨 jin yun xi bian jue

       Plants ca. 60 cm tall. Rhizomes strong, suberect, bearing darkish-brown, short-hairy lanceolate scales and few multi-cellular translucent acicular hairs at apexes. Fronds clustered; stipes 25-30 cm long, darkish-stramineous on lower part and sparse scaly, up stramineous, throughout short setaceous; laminae obongo-lanceolate, 25-34 x 10-12 cm, pinnatifido-acuminate at apexes, bases almostly or slightly angustened, 1-pinnate; pinnae 10-14 pairs ( lower 5-6 pairs free from rachis), subopposite, sessile, subflatly spreading, basel one pair slightly shortened ( ca. 4.5 cm long), above one 5-6 x ca. 1.5 cm, lanceolate, bases roundo-cuneate and slightly angustened, sessile, up ones same shape, but more or less combined with rachis at bases, abovest ones gradually recuced and completely combined with rachis at bases, entre or slightly undulate. Veins obvious, lateral veins obliquely up, veinlets ca, 3 pairs, bened, lower 2 pairs ( sometime 1 1/2 pairs) joining by their ends, basel one pair coming out from far above base of costae. Fronds greenish after dry, subpaperaceous, under surface sparsely bearing short needle-like hairs on mesophyll, upper surface glabrous, setaceous along margin. Bearing uni-cell long setaceous along under side of rachis, short setaceous along rachillae and veins, densely bearing appressed seta along upper side of rachillae, sparse setaceous along veins. Sori linear, attached along veinlets, eindusia; short setaceous near apical place of sporangia.

       Under bamboo of sunny slope; endemic Chongqin ( beipei, jinyun Mit.).

6. Stegnogramma jinfoenensis Ching & Z Y. Liu in Bull. Bot. Res. 3 (4): 13. 1983.

金佛山毛蕨 jin fo shan mao jue

       Plants 5-40 cm tall. Rhizomes short and acending, including bases of stipes densely bearing multi-cell acicular hairs and hairy reddish-brown lanceolate scales. Fronds clustered; stipes 10-20 cm long, grayish-brown, sparsely bearing scales and spreading multi-cellular acicular hairs and mixed uni-cellular seta on lower part; lamine 18-27  5.2-7 cm, lanceolate, pinnatifido-acuminate at apexes, bases un or slightly angustened, 1-pinnate; pinnae 8-12 pairs, alternate, obliquely spreading, sessile, lower 3-4 pairs free, up ones more or less combined with rachis; mid pinnae 4-5 x ca. 1.6 cm, broado-lanceolate, bases broadened, subtruncate, symmetrical, acute or obtuse at apexes, roundo-teeth-shaped or pinnatilobete along margin. Veins obvious, veinlets 3-4 pairs, lower 1 1/2 pairs joining by theirs ends, basel one pair coming out from far place above base of costae. Fronds grayish-green or greenish after dry, thin-paperaceous, under surface bearing short acicular hairs on intercostals area, upper surface usually short hairy on intercostals area, bearing uni-cellular long seta along both sides of rachis, short hairy along rachillae and veins, densely bearing appressed setae along upper side of rachillae and sparse setaceous along veins. Sori linear, attached along veinlets, often confluence at apexes, exindusiate, remained of gland-like material on attched place of the sori; setaceous near apical place of sporangia.

       In thickets on shady place in limestone foot; ca. 2500 m.; Chongqin and Yunnan. Typical specimen collected from Sichuan.

16. AMPELOPTERIS Kunze in Bot. Zeit. 6: 114. 1848.

星毛蕨属 xin mao jue shu

Cyclosorus Subgen. Ampelopteris A. R. Sm.; Menicium Sect. Ampelopteris K. Iwats.; Thelypteris Subgen. Menicium Sect. Ampelopteris Reed.

       Growing in soil trailing ferns, ca. 1 m. tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, including bases of stipes sparsely bearng darkish-brown, stellate hairy lanceolate scales. Fronds clustered or approached; stipes stramineous, hard, subglabrous, ca. 40 cm long; laminae lanceolate, bases slightly angustened, rachis usually prolongating into whipe-like and rooting in land and forming a new plant, 1-pinnate; pinnae ca. 30 pairs, lanceolate, 5-10 (15) x ca. 2 cm, short-pointed at apexes, bases roundo-truncate, undulate along margin, flatly spreading, subopposite, ubsessile, often a gemma in pinnal axil and from it growing 1-pinnate small lamina. Veins obvious, lateral veins obliquely spreading and joining by theirs ends, a tortuous excurrent veinlet connected with lateral veins of the every pairs to maginal sinus and formed a line of oblique-square areolae – particular typical vaination of Ampelopteris. Fronds paperaceous, greenish or darkish-brown green, forked or unforke short hairy along both sides of rachis and intercostals area and glabrous when old. Sori subrounded or oblong, attached at middle of lateral veins, exindusiate, usually confluence after matured. Hairless on sporagia. Spores elliptic monolete, perisore thin and translucent, minut-recticulate and with small spines.

       Single species. Typical species of the genus: Ampelopteris prolifera ( Retz. ) Cop. (Hemoinitis prolifera Retz.).

1. Ampelopteris prolifera (Retz.) Cop. Gen. Fil. 144. 1947.

星毛蕨 xing mao jue

Hemionitis prolifera Retz. In Obs. Bot. 6: 36. 1791; Meniscium proliferum (Retz.) Sm.; Goniopteris prolifera (Retz.) Fe’e; Cyclosorus proliferus (Retz.) Tard.-Blot & C. Chr.; Abacopteris prolifera (Retz.) Shieh; Ampelopteris elegans Kunze; Polypodium luxurians Kunze; Phegopteris luxurians (Kunze) Mett.

       The character of the species as the genus. Chromosome n = 36.

       On sand land of floodplain by streamsides under the sunny side; 100-950 m.; Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan and Ynnan ( except Ameirican the other tropic and subtropic regions of the world. The young fronds used for vegetable.

17. PRONEPHRIUM Presl, Epim. Bot. 258. 1849.

新月蕨属 xin yue jue shu

Abacopteris Fee; Cyclosorus Subgen. Abacopteris Sect. Abacopteris A. R. Sm.; Dryopteris Subgen. Meniscium C. Chr. pro parte.

       Growing in soil, mid size ferns. Rhizomes long and creeping, or short and decumbent, slightly bearing usually hairy brown scales. Fronds remote or approached; stipes glabrous except bases, but often ( particular wheng young) more or less bearing unicellular acicular hairs; laminae usually 1-imparipinnate, less single or ternate, pinnae big, usually 3-10 (15) pairs, terminal pinna free, same shape with lateral ones, basel one pair un- or slightly shortened, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases rounded or cuneate, subsessile or short petiolete, uncombined with rachis, entire or thick serrate. rachillae obvious, lateral veins majority,obliquely spreading and paraphyll; pronephrium typical veination, i.e. veinlets joining into oblique-square areolae between lateral veins to margin, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point of every pair of the veinlets continuous or interrupt and with a hydathode at apex. Fronds herbaceous or paperaceous, sometime subcoriaceous, green or darkish-brown after dry, often decorated with scarlet ( at least along under sides of  rachis, costa and lateral vein), usually more or less bearing acicular and hooked-hairs( at least along under surface of rachis andrachillae), under surface usually faveolate projecte on intercostals area. Sori rounded, in 2 lines between lateral veins, attached at veinlets, one on each veinlet, if attached at upper part of veinlets often double confluent-- the Nephrium typical form when matured, rarely spreading all under surface of pinna, exindusiate or indusiate, hairy or glabrous; sporangia glabrous or bearing acicular hairs. Spores bilateral, reniform, perispore transparent or transluscent, unflat on surface, ridged-like raised or corrugate, or small verucate and spinate ornamentations. Chromosome x = 12 (36).

       Typical species of the genus: Pronephrium lineatum (Bl.) Presl (Asplenium lineatum Bl.).

       61 species in the world (18 in China).

1. Plant bearing hooked-hairs on every part.

2. Frond single, strongly dimorphic, sterile frond cordate or hastate ( i.e. occasionally one pair of small auricules at base), sori spreading all over under surface of lamina when matured------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1. P. simplex

    2. Frond ternate of pinnate ( occasionally single, base rounded or cuneate), monomorphic, sometime dimorphic, sori arranged in line when matured.

      3. Frond ternate ( sometime with 2 pairs of lateral pinnae), green after dry--2. P. triphyllum

3. Frond pinnate and with multi-pairs of lateral pinnae, green or reddish-culour after dry.

4. Rhizomes short and decumbent, fronds approached, pinnae on upper part usually with axillary bud---------------------------------------------------------------------3. P. cuspidatum

4. Rhizomes long and creeping, fronds remote, pinna on upper part without bud in axil.      

5.pinnae on lowerst part obviously reduced, all apexes abtruply angustened to a longo-tailed, 2-4 cm long--------------------------------------------------4. P. megacuspe

          5. Pinnae on lowerst part usually biger, pinnal apexes unangustened longo-tailed.           

6.Terminal pinnae completely lobed-----------------------------------------5. P. insilaris

6.Terminal pinnae entire ( at least crenate along margins).

7. Laminae oblong to ovato-rounded, lateral pinnae less than ca.9 x ca. 2 cm---------------------------------------------------------------6. P. longipetiolatum

7.Laminae triangular, lateral pinnae ca. 15 x ca. 3 cm, basel one pair of pinnae biggest-----------------------------------------------------------------------7. P. parishii

1. Plants without hooked-hairs on every part.

8. Sori exindusiate or very small indusiate.

9. Fronds normally greenish after dry, pinnae linear-lanceolate, margins regular triangular-sharp-serrate-----------------------------------------------------------8. P. penangianum 

9. Fronds more or less purplish-red after dry, pinnae ovato-lanceolae, margins entire or slightly undulate.                                                              

10. Pinnae long-ovate, broadest at bases and roundo-cuneate; laminae completely glabrous on both surfaces; sori ovate and confluent when matured, producted in Xizang-------------------------------------------------------------------------9. P. medogensis

10. Pinnae lanceolate, broadest at middle, rachillae and veins bearing short hairs; sori rounded and uncfluent when matured.

11. Laminal under surface only bearing loose short hairs along rachis and rachillae, the others glabrous, sori unobvious small indusiate-----------------------10. P. lakimpurense

11. Laminal under surface all bearing opening elogate acicular hairs along rachis, rachillae, veins and intercostals area; sori exindusiate----------------------------------11. P. hisutum

8. Sori obvious indusiate.

12. Pinnae broado-linear lanceolate, bases un- or slightly angustened, margins regular serrate.

13. Sponrangia hairless; indusia occasionally bearing one or two short hairs-------------------------------------------------------------------------12. P. nudatum                     

    13. Sporangia and indusia all bearing hairs.

14. Stipes throughout bearing acicular setae, laminal under surface all densely bearing acicular long hairs along costa, veins and on intercostals area------------------------------------------------------------------------13. P. setosum

14. Stipes glabrous, laminal under surface bearing only loose hairs along rachillae and veins ------------------------------------------------------------14. P. yunguiensis       

12. Pinnae ovato-lanceolate or falcate, bases cuneate, margins entire or inregular undulato-crenate.

15. Rhizomes short and decumbebt, plants smaller, lateral pinnae 2-3 pairs, pinnae ca. 7 x 2-2.5 cm------------------------------------------------------------------15. P. gracilis

15. Rhizomes long and creeping, plants far biger, lateral pinnae more than 4 pairs, ca. 15 x ca. 3 cm.

       16. Laminal under surface bearing loose short hairs along rachillae and veins-------------------------------------------------------16. P. gymnopteridifrons

       16. Laminal under surface all densely bearing long hairs along rachillae, veins and intercostals area.

17.Pinnae ovato-roundo-lanceolate, bases almostly angustened, roundo-cuneate, without faveolato-projected on intercostall area, bearing unicellular acicular hairs; sori attached at middle of veinlets, unconfluent when matured----------------------------------------------17. P. macrophyllum

17.Pinnae oblongo-lanceolate, bases cuneate, obvious  faveolato-projected on under surface of itercostal area, densely bearing multi-cellular articulate long hairs; sori attached at upper part of veinlets and confluent when matured-------------------------------------------------------------18. P. hekouensis

1. Pronephrium simplex (Hook.) Holtt. in Blumea 20: 122, 1972.

单叶新月蕨 dan yue xin yue jue

Menicium simplex Hook. in Lond. Journ. Bot. 1: 294. f. 11. 1842; Abacopteris simplex (Hook.) Ching; Polypodium simplex (Hook.) Lowe; Phegopteris simplex (Hook.) Mett.; Asplenium simplex (Hook.) Hance; Nephrodium simplexDiels; Dryopteris simplex (Hook.) C. Chr.; Thelypteris simplex (Hook.) K. Iwats.

       Plants 30-40 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, slightly bearing darkish-brown lanceolate scales and hooked-hairs at apexes. Fronds remote; single, dimorphic; sterile stipes 14-18 cm long, stramineous, occasionally bearing one or two scales at bases, up densely bearing hooked-short hairs, sometime bearing acicular long hairs; laminae 15-20 x 4-5 cm, elliptic-lanceolate, margins entire or undulate. Veins visible, oblique-up, paraphyll to each other, one subrectanular areola between lateral veins, above that two line of subsquare areola. Fronds chartaceous after dry, bearing hooked-short hairs on both surfaces, denser hairs along rachis and veins sometime bearing long acicular hairs. Fortile fronds far tall than sterile ones, stipes 30-35 cm long, laminae 5-10 x 8-15 cm, lanceolate, longo-acuminate at apexes, bases cordate, entire, veins and bearing hairs all same with sterile one. Sori attaché at veinlets, rounded when young, exindusiate, spreading all over under surface of pinnae when matured.

       Under forest by streamsides or under forest in valley; 20-1500 m.; Fujain, Guangdong, Hainan, Hong Kong, Taiwan and S-E. Yunnan ( Japan and Vietnam). Typical specimen collected from Hong Kong.

2. Pronephrium triphyllum (Sw.) Holtt. in Blumea 20: 122. 1972.

三羽新月蕨 san yu xin yue jue

Menisium triphyllum Sw. in Schrad. Journ. Bot. 1800 (2): 16. 1801; Phegopteris triphyllua (Sw.) Mett.; Nephrodium triphyllum (Sw.) Diels; Dryopters triphylla (Sw.) C. Chr.; Abacopteris triphylla (Sw.) Ching; Cyclosorus triphyllus (Sw.) Tard.-Blot & C. Chr.; Thelypteris triphylla (Sw.) K. Iwats.

       Plants 20-50 cm tall.Rhizomes long and creeping, blackish-brown, densely bearing white hooked shart hairs and brown hairy lanceolate scales. Fronds loose, monomorphic or dimorphic; stipes 10-40 cm long, darkish-stramineous, bases sparsely bearing scales and throughout dense curved short hairs; laminae 12-20 x 7-11 cm, ovato-triangular, longo-tailed at apexes, bases rounded, ternate, lateral pinnae one pair ( arely 2 pairs), obliquely up, opposite, 5-9 x 1.5-2.5 cm, oblongo-lanceolate, short-acuminate at apexes, bases rounded or roundo-cuneate, petioles 1-2 mm long, entire; terminal pinna far big, 15-18 x 3-3.5 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apex, base rounded or roundo-cuneate, petiole 6-12 mm long, margins entire or undulate. Veins obvious on under side, lateral veins obliquely spreading and paraphyll, veins in middle of pinnae usually 8-9 pairs obliquely or subflatly spreading, a triangular areola on bases between lateral veins joining by ends of veinlets and excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point connected with lateral veins of the others forming subsquare areola. Fronds firm-paperaceous, upper surface except densely bearing hooked–hairs in vallecula of costae the others glabrous, under surface all bearing hooked-hairs along costae, lateral veins and veinlets and also loose hooked-hairs on intercostals area. Fortile fronds slightly taller than sterile ones, stipes longer, pinnae nallower. Sori attached at veinlets, rounded when young then changed to longo-ovat and double confluent, exindusiate; 2 hooked-hairs at sporangia.

       Under forest; 120-600 m.; Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hong Kong, Taiwan and S-E. Yunnan ( India, Indonesia, Japan, S. Korea, Sri lanka, Malasiana and Myanmer [ N-E.Australia]). Typical specimen collected from Indonesia (Java).

2. Pronephrium cuspidatum (Bl.) Holt. In Blumea 20: 123. 1972. 

顶芽新月蕨 ding yua xin jue jue

Meniscium cuspidatum Bl. , Pl. Jav. 114. 1828; Abacopteris cuspidate (Bl.) Ching; Phegopteris cuspidate (Bl.) Mett.; Meniscium liukiuense Christ ex Matsum.; Dryopteris liukiuensis (Christ) C. Chr; Abacopteris liukiuensis (Christ) Tagawa; Thelypteris liukiuensis (Christ) K. Iwats.; Nephrodium clvivenum Yabe ex Matsum.

       Plants ca. 1 m. tall. Rhizomes short and decumbent, bearing darkish-brown scales; the scales lanceolate, sparse short hairy. Fronds approached; sties 15-35 cm ong, bases bearing darkish-brown scales and hooked-hairs, up glabrous; laminae 25-30 cm long, ovate, 1-impari-pinnate; lateral pinnae 2-4 pairs, 8-14 x 2-3.5 cm, oblanceolate, caudato-acuminate at apexes, bases cuneate or narrow-rounded, short-petioled, usually a gamma in axile, margins entire or undulato-crenate, terminal pinna biger than lateral ones. Fronds paperaceous after dry, brown and decorated obvious blushing scarlet. Veins obvious, 6-8 pairs of veinlets joining into areolae, the excurrent veinlet usually unreached to joining point of above one pair. Sori rounded or elongate attached at middle of veinlets, usually confluent and spreading all over of pinnal surface, exindusiate.

       Under dense forest on lower mountain; Taiwan ( Japan, Malesiana, Solomon Islands). Typical specimen collected from Calimandan.

4. Pronephrium megacuspe (Bak.) Holtt. in Blumea 20: 122. 1972.

微红新月蕨 wei hong xin yue jue

Polypodium megacuspe Bak. in Journ. Bot. 28: 266. 1890; Abacopteis sampsoni (Bak.) Ching; Pronephrium smpsoni (Bak.) Ching ex Shing.

       Plants 50-70 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping, blackish-brown, densely bearing hooked-hairs and hairy brown lanceolate scales. Fronds remote; stipes 25-35 cm long, stramineous, sparsely hairy at bases, up sparsely setaceous; laminae 25-35 x ca. 30 cm, oblong, caudato-pointed at apexes, bases slightly angustened, 1-impari-pinnate; lateral pinnae 5-6 pairs, alternate, basel one pair slightly shortened, short petioled, the others sessile, obliquely up, 12-14 x ca. 2.5 cm, lanceolate, caudto-acuminate at apexs, bases cuneate, entire or undulate; terminal pinna same shape with lateral ones, but far big, petiole 2-4 mm long. Veins clear, lateral veins obliquely up and paraphyll, veinlets subobliquely spreading and formed a triangular areola on bases between lateral veins, up formed into a line of “ V” shape areolae, a expanded hydathode at the excurrent vein coming from joining point. Fronds paperaceous after dry, reddish, under surface bearing more curved laong and short hairs when young, fallen when old and remained few on rachis and veins only. Sori attached at above middle of veinlets and double and double confluent when matured and formed a horizantal, same distances row between lateral veins, exindusiate; sporangia bearing hairs when young and majority fallen after matured.

       Under dense forest; 130-400 m.; Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangxi and Yunnan ( Japan, Tailand and Vietnum). Typical specimen collected from Vietnam.

5. Pronephrium insularis (K. Iwats.) Holtt. in Blumea 20: 123. 1972.

岛生新月蕨 dao sheng xin yue jue

Abacopteris insularis K. Iwats. In Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 18: 6. f. 5. 1959; Thelypteris insularis (K. Iwats.) K. Iwats.

       Rhizomes long and creeping, densely bearin hooked-hairs and sparsely hairy triangular-lanceolate scales. Fronds remote; Stipes 10-15 cm long, bearing linear-lanceolate scales at bases; laminae triangular or ovate, 20-35 x 15-25 cm, terminal pinna far big, linear-lanceolate, bases partite; lateral pinnae 4-7 pairs, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases roundo-obtuse, insymmetrical, lower pinnae petioled. Veins Pronephrium type, veinlets formed into areolae. Sori rounded, farer in distance, attached at middle of veinlets, exindusiate.

       Under forest; ca. 1000 m.; Taiwan ( Japan). Typical specimen collected from Japan

6. Pronephrium longipetiolatum (K. Iwats.) Hollt. In Blumea 20: 123. 1972.

长柄新月蕨 chang bing xin yue jue

Abacopteris longipetiolata K. Iwats. In Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 18: 11. f. 6. 1959; Thelypteris longipetiolata (K. Iwats.) K. Iwats.

       Plants 30-50 cm tall. Rhizomes long and decumbent, densely bearing cured-hairs and scales; the scales narrow-tringular-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, spars hairy at back side and margin. Fronds remote; stipes 10-30 cm long, stramineous, bearing hooked-hairs, bases slightly scaly; laminae subdimorphic, oblong to ovato-oblong, 15-20 x 9-14 cm, impair-pinnate, terminal pinna far big; lateral pinnae 2-4 pairs, oblong to lanceolate, 5-9 x 1.5-2 cm, acuminate to short caudato-acuminate at apexes, bases roundo-cuneate, obvious short petioled, margins entire or inregular-undulate; terminal pinna oblongo-lanceolate, 9-13 x 2.5-4 cm, short-caudato-acuminate at apexes, usually insymmetrical, long petioled; rachis and rachillae sparsely bearing hooked-hairs on both sides. Lateral veins unobviously raised on under side and slightly oblique-up, veinlets formed into areolae and spreading a excurrent veinlet from joining point. Sori attached at middle of veinlets, confluent into Pronephrium type when matured, exindusiate, hhked-hairy at sporangia.

       Under forest; ca. 800 m.; endemic Taiwan.

7. Pronephrium parishii (Bedd.) Holtt. in Blumea 20: 123. 1972.

羽叶新月蕨 yu ye xin yue jue

Meniscium parishii Bedd. Ferns Brit. Ind. t. 184. 1866; M. triphyllum var. parishii Bedd. Handb. 399. 1883; Abacopteris triphylla var. parishii (Bedd.) Ching; Thelypteris triphylla var. parshii (Bedd.) K. Iwats.; Pronephrium triphyllum var. parishii (Bedd.) Kuo.

       The species is different with typical P. triphyllu (Sw.) Holtt. in the lateral pinnae 2-3 or 5 pairs ( fortile fond sometime ternate); ovato-triangular, 25-30 x 10-15 cm; terminal pinna ca. 20 x 3-4 cm, margin undulate, usually 1-2 free small auricules on base; basel one pair of pinnae longest, short petioled, 6-15 x 2-3 cm, up pinnae combined with rachis and decurent.

       Under forest; Taiwan ( Burma, S. India, Japan, Malesiana, Sri Lanka and The semi-island of Indo-China). Typical specimen collected from Myanmer.

8. Pronephrium penangianum (Hook.) Holtt. in Blume 20: 110. 1972.

披针新月蕨 pi zhen xin yue jue

Polypodium penangianum Hook. Sp. 5: 13. 1863; Goniopteris penangiana C. Chr.; Polypodium lineatum (Wall.) Colber. ex Hook.; Goniopteris lineata Presl; Polypodium costatum Wall. nom. nud.; Goniopteris costata J. Sm.; Nephrodium costatum Bedd.; Polypodium urophyllum Wall.; Nephrodium rampans Bak.; Dryopteris rampans C. Chr.; Asplenium porphyrophlebia C. Chr.; Christella porphyrophlebia Le’veilla; Abacopteris penangiana (Hook.) Ching; Thelypteris penangiana (Hook.) Reed.

Plants 1-2 m tall.  Rhizomes long and creeping, darkish-brown, ca. 1.2 cm in diam., occionally bearing one or two brown lanceolate scales. Fronds remote; stipes ca. 1 m. long, darkish-brown, up reddish-brown , glabrous; lamiane oblongo-lanceolate, 40-80 x 25-40 cm, 1-impari-pinnatel; lateral pinnae 10-15 pairs, obliquely spreading, alternate, petioled, broado-linear, pinnae from lower mid part 20-30 x 2-2.7 cm, acuminte at apexes, bases broado-cuneate, cartilaginous sharp-serrate or teeth-like along margin, pinnae on upper part slightly shortened, terminal pinna same shape and size, petiolule ca. 1 cm long. Veins obvious on under side, lateral veins subflatly spreading and paraphyll to each other, veinlets 9-10 pairs, joining by thiers ends and formed a triangular aeola on bases between the lateral veins, a excurrent veinlet coming out from joining point connected with above veinlets (sometime interrupted) and formed 2 rows of elongato-square areolae, apical 2-3 pairs of veinlets free and reached to margin.Fronds paperaceous after dry, darkih-brown or reddish-brown, glabrous throughout. Sori rounded, attached at middle or lower middle of veinlets and in 2 ows between lateral veins, 6-7 on each row, exindusiate.

       Under sparse forest or on shady land by streamsides; 900-3600 m.; Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, S. Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, M. S-W. Sichuan and Zhejiang ( India, Nepal and Sikkim). Typical specimen collected from Nepal.

       The species used as medicinal herbs in Emei mountain of Sichuan. the rhizomes for the metrorhagia, the fronds for irregular menstruation.

9. Pronephrium medogensis Y. X. Lin, in Addenda 351. Fl. Reipuble. Pupol. Sin. 4 (1): 304.

墨脱新月蕨 me tuoo xin yue jue

Pronephrium lakhimpurensis auct non (Rosenst) Holtt.

       The typical specimen collected from the motou, Xizang; original detemineted P. lakhimpurensis ( Rosenst.) Holtt., it is different in lateral pinnae narrow-lanceolate, broadest at bases and subrounded, acuminato-longo-caudate at apexes, ca. 25 x 3-3.5 cm, sessile. Fronds subcoriaceous after dry, reddish. Rachis, rachillae and intercotal area all glabrous. Veins visible on upper surface, raised on under surface, costae strong, veins double and double joining into ob ‘V’ shape areolae, the excurrent veins very short. Sori attached at above middle of veinlets and spreading into longo-ovate and double and double confluent when matured.

       Under monsoon forest; ca. 650 m.; Xizang ( metuo, bemang).

10. Pronephrium lakhimpurense (Rosenst.) Holtt. in Blumea 20: 110. 1972.

红色新月蕨 hong se xin yue jue

Dryopteris lakhimpurensis Rosenst., Medel. Rijks Herb. 31: 7.1917; Thelypteris lakhimpurensis (Rosenst.) K. Iwats.; Dryopteris rubra Ching; Abacoperis rubra Ching; Cuclosorus rubra Tard.-Blot; Polypodium urophyllum var. khsianum Clark; Meniscium longifrons Wall; M. cuspidatum var. longifrons Clark; M. cuspidatum Hook. & Bak.;Dryopteris urophylla f. biginosa Wu, Wong & Pong.

       Plants ca. 1.5 m. tall. Rhizomes long and creeping. Fronds remote; stipes 80-90 cm long, occasionally one or two scaly at bases, darkish-stramineous; laminae 60-85 cm long, oblongo-lanceolate or ovato-oblong, acuminate at apexes, 1-impari-pinnate; lateral pinnae 8-12 pairs, subobliquely spreading, pinnae on lower mid part 24-32 x 4-6 cm, petiolule ca. 2 mm long, broado-lanceolate, short caudato-pointed at apexes, bases subrounded, entire or undulate, terminal pinna same shape with lower ones, petiolule 1.5-2 cm long. Veins slander, obviouser on under side, lateral subobliquely spreading and paraphyll to each other, veinlets 13-17 pairs, subobliquely spreading, basel one pair joining into a triangular areola, above every pair of veinlets connected with excurrent veinlet formed 2 rows of oblique-square areolae, the excurrent veinlet reached to or near the joining point of the above a pair of veinlets. Fronds thin-paperaceous or herbaceous, darkish-brown, glabrous on both surfaces, occasionally one or two short setaceous on under surface, rachis rachillae and veins sparsely bearing short hairs. Sori rounded, attached at middle or above mid part of veinlets and arranged in 2 rows between lateral veins, occasionally confluent when matured, exindusiate.

       In valley or by streamsides under forest; 300-1550 m.; Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Sichuan and Yunnan ( N. India, N. Thailand and Vietnam). Typical specimen collected from India.

11. Pronephrium hirsutum Ching & Y. X. Lin in Addenda 351.Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1); 305. t. 58. f. 1-2. 1999.

针毛新月蕨 zhen mao xin yue jue

       Plants 60-100 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, sparsely bearing ovato-lanceolate brown scales. Fronds remote; stipes 25-70 cm long, spares brown scaly at bases, stramineousish; laminae lanceolate, 30-50 x 15-30 cm, 1-impari-pinnate; lateral pinnae 4-8 pairs, alternate, sessile, basel one pair reduced, mid pinnae oblongo-lanceolate, 10-25 x 2-5 cm, acuminate at apexes, bases roundo-cuneate, margin smooth or minuto-undulate; terminal pinna far big than lateral ones, ovato-lanceolate, 15-25 (30) x 2.5-5.5 ( 6.5) cm, petiolule 1-4 cm long, longo-acuminate at apex, base insymmetrical and slightly decurent on one lateral side, roundo-cuneate, margn undulate or crenate. Veins obvious on under side, costae thick and raised, lateral veins obliquely spreading and paraphyll to each other, veinelts obliquely spreading, basel one pair joining into triangular areola between lateral veins, up every pair double and double joining into areolae, the excurrent veinlet unreached to joining point of the above pair, densely bearing short seta along veins of every time. Fronds paperaceous or herbaceous after dry, darkish-green, reddish or darkish-red, veins reddish on under side, rachis, rachillae and veins of the every time and under intercostals area all densely bearing reedle-like hairs, under surface sparsely bearing short seta along rachillae and veins, one or two occasionally setaceous on intercostals area. Sori rounded, attached at middle or upper mid part of veinlets, inconfluent when matured, exindusiate.

       Gregariously growth on Shady and wet on precipitous slope or wet land by river sides or on marshland; Chongqin, Fujain, Guangdong, Guizhou and Yunnan. Typical specimen collected from Guangdong.

12. Pronephrium nudatum (Roxb.)Holtt. in Blumea 20: 111. 1972.

大羽新月蕨 da yu xin yue jue

Polypodium nudatum Roxb. In Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. 4: 491. 1844; Abacopteris nudatis Ching;Thelypteris nudata (Roxb.) Morton; Abacopteris multilineatum(Wall.) Ching; Polypodium multilineatum Wall. e Hook.; Gonipoteris multilineata Bedd.; Cyclosorus multilineatum Tard.-Blot & C. Chr.; Thelypteris multilineata Morton; Nephrodium moulmeiense Bedd.; Asplenium moulmeiense Christ; Dryopteris moulmeieensis C. Chr.; Christella mounlmeienesis Le’v.; Cyclosorus moulmeinensis Tard.-Blot.

Plants ca. 2.5 m. tall. Rhizomes strong, creeping, woody, darkish-brown, sparsely bearing broado-lanceolate scales. Fronds remote; stipes 50-80 (140) cm long, 5-8 (14) cm in diam., bases bearing brown scales, up smooth, darkish-brown, up brownish; laminae 60-90 x 26- 40 (60) cm, oblongo-broado-ovate, 1-imparipinnaye; lateral pinnae 8-14 (16) pairs, obliquely spreading, alternate, subsessile, ones on lower mid part 26-30 (35) c 3-4 (5) cm, broado-linear-lanceolate, longo-acuminate, bases subrounded or cuneate, margins regular short-sharp serrate, upper pinnae slightly shortened, terminal pinna same shape with mid ones, slight shorter, basel both lateral sides insymmetrical, petiolule ca. 1 cm long. Veins clear, lateral veins raised on both sides, subflatly or obliquely spreading and paraphyll to each other , veinlets obliquely spreading or up, raised on under side and formed a triangular areola on bases of lateral veins, up formed juxtaposed oblique-square areolae. Fronds herbaceous after dry, green or grayish-green, under surface sparsely bearing short seta along veins, also along both sides of rachis and rachillae, under surface faveolate on intercostals area. Sori rounded, attached at middle of veinlets, arranged in 2 rows between lateral veins; indusia small, short hairy on upper side. Sporangia glabrous.

On shady places under sparse forest on slopes; 120-1580 m.; Guizhou, Xizang and Yunnan ( N. India, Indonesia, Myanmer, Philipinese, Sikkim and Vietnam. Typical specimen collected from India.

13. Pronephrium setosum Y. X. Lin in Addenda 352. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 308. t. 59. f. 1-4. 1999.

刚毛新月蕨 gang mao xin yue jue

       Plants 50-100 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping, ca. 1 cm in diam. densely bearing lanceolate brown scales. Fronds remote; stipes 30-100 cm long, woody, darkish-stramineous, bases bearing darkish-brown lanceolate scales, throughout bearing acicular seta; laminae elliptic, 50-80 x 30-60 cm, 1-imparipinnate; lateral pinnae 8-11 pairs, subobliquely spreading, alternate, basel one pair slightly reduced, mid ones 15-40 x 3-3.5 cm, longo-ovate, acumniate at apexes, bases roundo-cuneate, margins regular serrate, short petioled, terminal pinna same shape and size with lateral ones, long petoled. Veins clear, costae one longitudinal vallecular on upper side, raised on under side,, lateral veins raised on both sides, basel one pair of the veinlets formed a triangular areola, up every pair with excurrent veinlet joining into multipairs subrectangualr areolae. Fronds paperaceous after dry, yellowish-brown, upper surface densely bearing appressed seta along longitudinal vallecula of costae, occasionally one or two setacous along lateral veins, the others glabrous, under surface densely bearing long acicular hairs along veins and intercostals area. Sori rounded, attached at middle of the veinlets; densely bearing short hairs on indusia also short hairy on sporangia.

       Under dense forest; 500-1300 m.; Yunnan.

14. Pronephrium yunguiensis Ching & Y. X. Lin in Addenda 352. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 308. t. 59. f. 5-6. 1999. 

云贵新月蕨 yun gui xin yue jue

       Plants 70-150 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping, thick ca. 1 cm in diam., bearing narrow-lanceolate scales. Fronds remote; stipes 40-100 cm long, ca. 8 mm in diam at bases, woody anf glabrous; laminae ovato-lanceolate, 55-80 x 40-60 cm, 1-imparipinnate; lateral pinnae 8-16 pairs, basel one pair slightly reduced, mid pinnae longo-ovate, 30-50 x 3.5- 4.5 cm, longo-caodate at apexes bases roundo-cuneate, margins regular-serrate, short-petioled; terminal pinna biger than lower ones, same shap, long-petioled. Veins clear, raised on under side, costae a longitudinal vallecular on on upper side. Fronds darkish-brown green after dry, paperaceous, upper surface densely bearing appressed seta along longitudinal vallecula of costae, under surface very loose short hairs along costae and lateral veins, the others glabrous, usually unfaveolate on intercostals area. Sori rounded, attached at middle of the veinlets; hairy on upper side of indusia and also hary on sporangia.

       Under sparse forest on slopes; 210-800 m.; Guizhou and Ynnan. Typical specimen collected from Guizhou.

15. Pronephrium gracilis Ching  ex Y. X. Lin in addenda 352. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 308. t. 58. f. 3. 1999.

小叶新月蕨 xiao ye xin yue jue

Abacopteris gralis Ching in Y. L. Zhang & al., Sporae Pterid. Sin. 265. t. 62: 44-45. 1976. nom. nud.

       Plants 25-40 cm tall. Rhizomes short and decumbent, sparsely bearing narrow-lanceolate brown scales. Fronds remote; stipes 20-30 cm long, bases sparse scaly, up short-setaceous, stramineous; laminae 12-18 x 11-14 cm, elliptic, 1-imparipinnate; lateral pinnae 2-3 pairs, alternate, slightly bente up, subsessile, basel one pair unreduced, ovato-lanceolate, insymmetrical, acuminate or acute at apexes, bases cuneate, margins minuto-undulate, 7-8 x 2-2.5 cm; terminal pinna far big, acuminate at apex,, symmetrical, base cuneate, longo-petiled. Veins obvious, raised on under side, costae a longitudinal vallecular on upper side, basel one pair of veinlets formed a triangular areola, up every pair joining with a excurrent veinlet into square or rectangular or sub- rhombod areolae. Fronds darkish-brown green after dry, paperaceous, upper surface densely bearing appressed seta along longitudinal vallecula of the costae, latera veins and veinlets even mesophyll all bearing sparse short hairs; under surface veins of every time all bearing short hairs, mesophyll bearing long acicular hairs and faveolate. Sori rounded, attached at near ends of veins and more double and double confluent, hairy on indusia and also on sporangia.

       The habitat unknow; endemic Yunnan.

16. Pronephrium gymnopteridifrons (Hay.) Holtt. in Blumes 20: 112. 1972. 

新月蕨 xin yue jue

Dryopteris gymnopteridifrons Hay., Ic. Pl. Form. 8: 148. f. 75-76. 1919; Abacopteris gymnopteridifrons (Hay.) Ching; Polypodium urophyllum var. uniseriale Hook.; Cyclosorus pustulosus Cop.; Thelypteris pustulosa (Cop.) Reed; Dropteris glandulosa C. Chr.; Abacopteris presliana (Ching) Ching; A. asprum (Presl) Ching; Pronephrium aspera (Presl) Shieh & Tsai pro parte.

      Plants 80-120 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, densely bearing brown lanceolate scales. Fronds remote; stipes 28-80 cm long, bases scaly, up densely bearing short hairs, stramineous; laminae 40-80 x 15-30 cm, broado-ovate or ovato-oblong, 1-imparipinnate; lateral pinnae 3-8 pairs, rearly more, sessile, obliquely up, basel one pair shoreter, subopposite, up ones alternate; mid pinnae oblongo-lanceolate, 15-30 x 3.5-5.5 cm, short-caudate at apexes, bases roundo-cuneate, entire or thick obtuse serrate along margins, pinnae on upper part slightly smaller, terminal pinna same shape with mid ones, slight biger, insymmetrical at base and long petioled. Veins visible on upper side, obvious raised on under side, costae a longitudinal vallecular on upper side, lateral veins paraphyll to each other, veinlets obliquely up, basel one pair joining into a triangular areola, up every pair joining with the excurrent veinlet formed into subsquare or rectangular areolae. Fronds greenish after dry, paperaceous, upper surface except bearing appressed short hairs along longitudinal vallecula of costae, the others glabrous, under surface sparsely bearing short hairs along veins, occasionally one or two hairy and few faveolate on intercostals area. Sori rounded, attached at middle of the veinlets and arranged in 2 rows between the lateral veins and unconfluent; indusia small, short hairy on upper side also hairy on sporangia.

       Under dense forest by streamsides in valley or under sparse forest of slopes; 100-500 m.; Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, hainan, Taiwan and Yunnan ( Philippinse). Typical specimen collected from Taiwan.

17. Pronephrium macrophyllum Ching & Y. X. Lin in Addenda 352. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 311. 1999.

硕羽新月蕨 shuo yu xin yue jue

       Plants ca. 1.5 m. tall. Rhizome unseen. Stipes 70-90 cm long, stramineous, bearing appressed seta; laminae oblong, ca. 90 x 40-50 cm, 1-imparipinnate; lateral pinnae 8-11 pairs, alternate, obliquely spreading, sessile, basel one pair slightly reduced, mid pinnae 25-35 x ca. 6 cm, oblongo-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases broado-cuneate, obvious crenate along margins; up pinnae becoming small and small, terminal pinna same shape and size with mid ones, base insymmetrical and longo-petioled. Veins visible on upper side, obvious raised on under side, costae one longitudinal vallcular on upper side, lateral veins slightly raised, obliquely spreading and parallel, basel one pair of the veinlets joining into a triangular areola, up every pair joining with the excurrent veinlet into subrectangular areolae. Fronds herbaceous after dry, green or greenish or yellow-green, upper surface except bearing appressed seta along the longitudinal vallecula of costae, the others glabrous, under surface densely bearing acicular long hairs along veins and also slight faveolate on intercostals area . Sori rounded, attached at middle of the veinlets; hairy on indusia and also on sporangia.

       Under forest by streamsides;540-760 m.; N-W. Guangxi and Yunnan. Typical specimen collected from Guangxi.

18. Pronephrium hekouensis Ching & Y> X. Lin in Addenda353. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 311. t. 55. f. 3-5. 1999.

河口新月蕨 he kou xin yue jue

       Plants 40-110 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, blakish, woody, bearing brown lanceolate scales. Fronds remote; stipes 25-60 cm long, scaly at bases, up bearing acicular hairs, stramineous; laminae 20-50 x 15-30 cm, broado-ovate or ovato-oblong, 1-imparipinnate; lateral pinnae 3-6 pairs, alternate, obliquely spreading, short-petioled, basel one pai of pinnae shortened, mid pinnae 15-25 x 3-6.5 cm, ovato-lanceolate or longo-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases cuneate, margins undulate, upper pinnae becomed smaller and smaller, terminal pinna slight biger than mid ones, insymmetrical at base, long-petioled. Veins inobvious on upper side, obvious raised on under side, costae a longitudinal vallecular on upper side, lateral veins obliquely spreding and parallel to each other, basel one pair of the veinlets formed a triangular areola, above very pair joining with the excurrent veinlet into subsquare or rectangular areolae. Fronds paperaceous or herbaceous after dry, green, greenish or grayish-green, upper surface densely bearing appressed seta along the longitudinal vallecula of costae, spars hairy along lateral veins and veinlets, under surface bearing acicular hairs and multicellular articulate hairs along veins and intercotal area, more or less faveolate on intercostals area. Sori rounded, attached at middle of the veinlets and usually double and double confluent when matured; densely bearing hairy on indusia and also on sporangia.

On slopes or under forest by streamsides; 130-500 m.; Hainan and Yunnan. Typical specimen collected from Yunnan ( hekou).

18. DICTYOCLINE Moore, Gard. Chron. 854. 1855.

圣蕨属 sheng jue shu

Hemionitis Hook.; Aspidium Swartz; Dictyocline C. Chr.; Stegnegramma Holtt.; Cyclosorus Subgen. Stegnogramma A. R. Sm.

       Mid and terrstrial ferns. Rhizomes short and erect or ascending, including bases of stipes sparsely bearing scales; the scales lanceolate, darkish-brown, thick in texture, margin setaceous. Fronds clustered; stipes grayish-stramineous, a longitudinal vallecular on upper side, throughout bearing hairs; laminae elliptic or triangular, acuminate at apexes, bases cordate, 1-pinnate or pinnatidifid, or single, if pinnate i.e. 1-6 pairs of lateral pinnae, pinnae broado-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases rounded, symmetrical, margins entire, free or combined, obliquely spreading, rachillae raised on both sides, lateral veins obvious, obliquely up and reached to margin, veinlets on lateral veins reticulate, thick and obvious, areolae 3-4 rows, slightlu tetrangular or pentagnous, no included veinlet or single or forked included veinlets. Fronds paperaceous, darkish-brown after dry, rough, densely bearing hooked-thich hairs on both surfaces. Sori scattered at included veinlets, exindusiated; near topes of sporangia bearing erect acicular hairs; spores elliptic, spinate on suface. Chromosome x = 12 (36).

       Typical species of the genus: Dictyocline griffithii Moore.

4 Species in the genus.

1. Fronds pinnate, 1-6 pairs of free lateral pinnae, unincluded veinlet in areolae.

2. Laminae triforked at tops, 1-3 (4) pairs of free lateral pinnae, pinnae 3-4 cm in wide, entire--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1. D. griffithii

2. Laminae pinnatifid at tops, 4-6 pairs of free lateral pinnae, ca. 2 cm in wide, margins usually undulate-----------------------------------------------------------------2. D. mingchegensis

1. Laminae pinnatifid or unlobete, more or less with single or forked included veinlets in areolae.

3. Laminae bearing long acicular hairs on under surface, horizontal interval between lateral veins indistinct, few included veinlets in rectangular areolae on both lateral sides of rachis and rachillae, rearely joining into small square areolae------------------------------3. D. wilfordii

3. Lamiane puberulose on under surface only, or very few acicular hairy, horizontal interval distingcted between lateral veins, more included veinlets in biger areolae on both lateral sides of rachis or rachillae, thses included veinlets joining again into small square areolae------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4. D. sagittifolia

1. Dictyocline griffithiiMoore Gard. Chron. 854. 1855;

圣蕨 sheng jue

Hemionitis griffithii Hook. f. & Thoms.; Dictyogramma griffithii Trev.; Gymnogramma grifithii Hance; Asplenium griffithii Diels; Dictyocline griffithii Hook. var pinnata Bedd.; Hemionitis griffithii Hook. var. pinnata Hook.

       Plants 40-70 cm tall. Rhizomes short and ascending, including bases of stipes slightly bearing scales and dense acicular long seta; the scales lanceolate, reddish-brown, thick in texture, cetaceous along margins. Laminae longo-elliptic, 20-35 x 12-19 cm, caudato-ponited at apexes, bases unangustened, impair-pinnate; lateral pinnae 2-3 pairs ( sometime one pair only), free, almostly sessile, basel one pair unshortened and same shape and size with above ones, longo-lanceolate, bened up, 10-15 x 3-3.5 cm, acuminate at apexes, bases roundo-cuneate or rounded, symmetrical, entire; terminal pinna ternate, base cuneate or roundo-cuneate, petilule ca. 2 cm, one pair of lateral pinnae same shape with lower ones, mid segment biger, acuminate at apex, entire. Rachillae straight, raised on both sides, densely bearing thick seta, lateral veins obvious, obliquely up and reached to margins, veinlets reticulate between lateral veins, 2-3 rows areolae; the areolae subtetrangular or oblique-square, rearly pentagnous, unincluded vein. Frond chartaceous after dry, darkish-brown, throughout bearng hairs, under surface acicular thick hairs along veins, upper surface sparse setaceous. Sori scattered along reticulate veins, exindusiate; sporangia globular, gametaniophore short, bearing 3-4 erect seta near top.; spores elliptic, spinate on surface.

       Under dense forest or shady and wet places by stream sides; 600-1400 m.; Fujain, Guangxi, Guizhou, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan and Zhejiang (N. India, Japan Myanmer and Vietnam). Typical specimen collected from India.

2. Dyctyocline mingchegensis Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 334. 1963.

闽浙圣蕨 min zhe sheng jue

Dictyocline griffithii Moore var. tenuissima Ching;

       Plants ca. 50 cm tall. Rhizomes short and ascending, densely bearing reddish-brown, setaceous lanceolate scales and greysh-white acicular hairs. Fronds clustered; stipes ca. 20 cm long, stramineousish, sparsely bearing acicular hairs, one or two scaly on bases; laminae 26-30 x 12-14 cm, narrow-oblong, bases unangustened, acuminate at apexes, 1-pinnate; lateral pinnae 4-6 pairs, opposite, amostly sessile, spreading, basel one pair unreduced, 7-8 x ca. 2 cm, broado-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases rounded, entire or more or less undulate; terminal pinna particular big, acuminate at apex, base decurrent, margin pinnatifid, basel one of pinnae same shape with lateral ones. Rachillae raised on both sides and bearing acicular hairs, lateral veins obvious, obliquely up, veinlets reticulate between lateral veins, areolae 2 rows, subtetragnal, unincluded veinlet. Fronds chartaceous, grasso-green after dry, under surface bearing acicular seta along veins, upper surface glabrous or one or two short loose hairy along veins. Sori sparsely attached along veins.

       In shady and wet places in valley or under forest; 280-850 m.; Fujian, Jiangxi and Zhejiang. Typical specimen collected from Zhejiang.

3. Dictyocline wilfordii (Hook.) J. Sm. Hist. Fil. 149. 1875.

羽裂圣蕨 yu lie sheng jue

Hemionitis wilfordii Hook. Fil. Exot. t. 93. 1859; H. griffithii Moore var. wilfordii Bak.; Dictocline griffithii Moore var. wilfordii Moore; Stengnogramma griffithii (Moore) K. Iwats. var. wilfordii (Hook.) K. Iwats.; Hemionitis griffithii Hook. var. pinnatifida Hook.; Dictyocline griffithii Moore var. pinnatifida Bedd.

Plants 30-50 cm tall. Rhizomes short and thick, ascending, densely bearing blackish-brown lanceolate scales; the scles acicular long hairy along margins; Frands clustered; stipes 17-30 cm long, darkish-stramineous, firm, densely bearing scales and short seta and acicular long hairs on lower part; laminae ca. 20 x ca. 17 cm, triangular, acuminate at apexes, bases cordate, pinnatipartite nearly to rachis on lower part, up lobete, undulate at apexes; lateral segments 3 pairs, basel one pair biggest, ca. 9 x 2.5-3.5 cm, broado-lanceolate, slightly bended up, acuminate at apexes, entire or undulate, connected with above one pair ( sometime subfree) by broad wing, the other segments same shape but shortened up, uppermost one triangular, costae of segments all raised on both sides and densely bearing acicular hairs; lateral veins distincted, veinlets between the lateral veins reticulate, areolae 3 row, subtetragnous or pentagnous, usually with single or forked include veinlets. Fronds chartaceous after dry, darkish-brown, under surface bearing acicular hairs along veins, upper surface densely bearing appressed seta. Sori sparsely attached along reticulate veinlets, exindusiate.

       On shady and wet places in valley or under forest; 100-850 m.; Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, S-E. Yunnan and Zhejiang ( Japan and Vietnam). Typical specimen collected fom Taiwan.

4. Dictyocline sagittifolia Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 335. 1963.  

戟叶圣蕨 ji ye sheng jue

      Plants 30-40 cm tall. Rhizomes short and ascending, sparsely bearing linear-lanceolate scales; the scales ciliate along margins. Fronds clustered; stipes 15-30 cm long, densely bearing brown short seta; laminae ca. 17 x 1-13 cm, hastate, shorto-acuminate at apexes, bases deeply cordate, entire or undulate sometime; costae raised on both sides, lateral veins distinct, obliquely spreading, 5-7 distincted horizontal intervals veins between lateral veins divided into rectangular big areolae and devided again into 2 x 4 subtetragnous small areolae, single or forked included veinlets in the small areolae. Fronds chartaceous after dry, darkish-brown, upper surface densely bearing short pubescences along costae and appressed short hairs on intercostals area under surface densely bearing short pubescensces along costae and lateral veins, loose pubescences along reticulate veinlets. Sori scattered attached along reticulate veinlets.

Under evergreen forest and in crevices among rocks; 400-650 m.; Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan and Jiangxi. Typical specimen collected from Guangdong.