骨碎补科 gu shui bu ke
Xing Fuwu (??Chinese), Wang Faguo (??Chinese)*, Hans P. Nooteboom**
Ferns, small to moderate-sized, epiphytes or rarely terrestrial. Rhizome long-creeping, dorsiventral, densely covered with peltate or sometimes basifixed scales; fronds usually in two rows. Leaves remote; stipe articulate at base to short or long phyllopodia; lamina pinnatifid to 4-pinnate pinnatifid, firmly herbaceous to leathery, glabrous or casually[??moderately] covered with scales or hairs; veins free, usually forked. Sporangia borne in a small discrete sori terminal on veins, submarginal or sometimes medial; indusium opening toward margin, attached at base and sometimes at sides, round, reniform or elongate toward margin, long pedicellate[??ok], 3-seriate, annulus longitudinal, consisting of 1216 thickened cells; spores monolete, elliptic or narrowly elliptic, translucent, usually without perispore.
Three genera, ca. 45 species: mostly in tropical or subtropical Asia; two genera are represented by 14 species mostly in SW and S China.
1a. Terrestrial, sometimes epiphytic; lamina compound; scales basifixed along broad base; roots borne on all sides of rhizome; sori large, ca. 2.5 mm wide ............................................................... 1. Leucostegia
1b. Epiphytic or epilitic; lamina compound or not; scales peltate, or[??] basifixed with cordate base and much overlapping lobes; roots restricted to ventral side of lateral buds; sori small, ca. 1 mm wide 2. Davallia
大膜盖蕨属 da mo gai jue shu
Rhizome bearing scales and hairs or only scales. Roots borne on all sides of rhizome. Scales glabrous or with multiseptate hairs, basifixed, base not cordate. Stipe articulate at base to phyllopodia, grooved or not, glabrous. Lamina compound, tripinnate or quadripinnate (rarely in small plants bipinnate) toward base and in middle part, deltoid and broadest toward base, glabrous (sometimes minute hairs present), not or slightly dimorphic (often fertile leaves more strongly dissected). Pinnae deltoid or narrowly triangular. Pinnules of at least larger pinnae anadromous. Pinnules or pinnalobes narrowly ovate. Leaf axes glabrous (sometimes a few minute hairs present). Veins in ultimate lobes simple, not reaching margin; false veins not present. Sori indusiate, frequently single on a segment, terminal on veins. Indusium scalelike, either attached at narrow, cordate base only, or attached at base and only part of sides, very long pedicellate[??ok], 3-seriate, annulus longitudinal, interrupted of[??] ca. 16 thickened cells. Spores elliptic, monolete, closely tuberculate, translucent. n = 41.
Two species: India, Myanmar, Nepal, Polynesia, Thailand, Indochina Peninsula; one species in China.
大膜盖蕨 da mo gai jue
Acrophorus immersus (Wallich ex C. Presl) T. Moore; Davallia immersa Wallich ex Hooker; Humata dryopteridifrons Hayata; H. immersa (Wallich ex C. Presl) Mettenius.
Rhizome robust, long-creeping, 3.55 mm in diam., densely covered with scales and yellowish brown hairs; scales brown, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, ca. 3 mm, membranous, margin nearly entire, apex long acuminate. Fronds remote, 25 cm apart; stipe stramineous, 2535 cm; lamina slightly green when dry, deltoid, 2535 cm, nearly as wide, anadromous, papery, glabrous, apex acuminate, tripinnate; pinnae 1012 pairs, basal pair subopposite, 46 cm apart, narrowly triangular and broadest toward base, with stalk 520 mm, base broadly cuneate, largest pinnae ovate-lanceolate, 1222 Χ 6.512 cm, apex acuminate; pinnules 810 pairs, shortly stalked, alternate, ovate to elliptic, deflexed, basal pinnule 58 cm, base asymmetrical; ultimate leaflets rhombic, only shallowly lobed; ultimate segments (lobes) 34 mm wide; margin serrate; veins distinct, forking, in ultimate lobes simple, ending in submarginal round hydathodes. Sori separate, 1 or 2 per segment, terminal on acroscopic veinlet; indusium attached by base only, oval or elliptic, 11.5 Χ 12 mm, thinly papery.
Epiphytic and terrestrial on shaded hillsides; 10002800 m. Guangxi, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand; Pacific Islands (Polynesia)].
骨碎补属 gu sui bu shu
Araiostegia Copeland; Davallia Sect. Cordisquama Kato; Davallia sect. Davallia Kato; Davallia sect. Wibelia Kato; Humata Cavanilles; Wibelia Bernhardi (1801), [non P. G. Gaertner, B. Meyer & Scherbius (1801), non Persoon (1805)], non Fιe (1852); Paradavallodes Ching; Trogostolon Copeland.
Roots restricted to ventral side of lateral buds. Scales of rhizome peltate or basifixed with cordate base and greatly overlapping lobes, variously shaped, distinctly acicular, or flat and nearly acicular, narrowed evenly toward apex, or narrowed abruptly from a broad base, or broad, ovate to oblong-subdeltoid with rounded to acute apex. Stipes usually well developed, in 2 ranks on dorsal side of rhizome; adaxial face sulcate, groove usually raised at middle; small species sometimes with subsessile leaves; stipe occasionaly persistently scaly. Lamina simple, imparipinnate, pinnate and pinnatifid, bipinnate and bipinnatifid, or tripinnate and tripinnatifid; if compound deltoid and broadest toward base or rarely elongate, glabrous or rarely with multicellular hairs, anadromous or rarely isodromous or catadromous and then scales evenly narrowed toward apex; lamina dimorphic or monomorphic, in dimorphic species with reduced leaf tissue and/or more dissected. Vein endings on sterile segments reaching margin or not; false veins present in several species. Rachis winged and therefore seemingly grooved adaxially but convex between wings (in dry herbarium specimens: difficult to see whether rachis itself is grooved or flat). Sori typically separate but in D. undulata connate and elongate along leaf margins; sori near margin, facing midveins at forking point of veins or at bending point of a vein.
About 35 species: from India through continental SE Asia to China, Korea, and Japan, Malesia, the Pacific to Samoa and New Zealand, NE Australia, the islands in the Indian Ocean, Africa; one species in NW Africa, the Canary Islands, and SW Europe; 11 species in China.
1a. Lamina elongate, often narrowing toward base.
2a. Stipe with hairs and/or scales when young ......................................... 6. D. membranulosa
2b. Stipe glabrous or with few scales.
3a. Lamina simple, one pectinate or pinnatifid leaf; rhizome white waxy under scales, scales with pale border from base to apex, with multiseptate hairs at least when young ............... 8. D. pectinata
3b. Lamina compound, or pinnate toward base; rhizome not white waxy, scales without pale border, without multiseptate hairs.
4a. Scales broad, ovate to oblong-subdeltoid with rounded to acute apex, lacking marginal setae or teeth, or those rare, basifixed with cordate base and much overlapping lobes, 25 mm; lamina tripinnate or quadripinnate, indusium scalelike, attached at narrow, cordate base only 9. D. pulchra
4b. Scales narrowed evenly toward apex, toothed, peltate, 810 mm; lamina pinnate with pinnatilobed to pinnatifid pinnae, indusium attached at broad base and hardly or not at sides 1. D. assamica
1b. Lamina deltoid and broadest toward base.
5a. Indusium also attached along sides, pouch-shaped, oblong.
6a. Sori frequently single on a segment ............................................ 12. D. trichomanoides
6b. Sori borne several on a segment.
7a. Scales with multiseptate hairs at least when young ................................ 11. D. solida
7b. Scales without multiseptate hairs.
8a. Scales basifixed with cordate base and much overlapping lobes; false veins not present 4. D. divaricata
8b. Scales peltate ; false veins present ............................................ 3. D. denticulata
5b. Indusium scalelike, attached at narrow, cordate base only, at base and only part of sides, or attached at broad base and hardly or not at sides, reniform, semicircular, or ± triangular to rhomboid.
9a. Leaf axes and rachises hairy ............................................................ 7. D. multidentata
9b. Leaf axes glabrous.
10a. Scales broad, ovate to oblong-subdeltoid with rounded to acute apex ..... 9. D. pulchra
10b. Scales narrowed evenly toward apex.
11a. Scales basifixed with cordate base and much overlapping lobes; lamina compound, lowest pinnule inserted at very base of pinna rachis ................................................ 2. D. clarkei
11b. Scales peltate, if lamina compound lowest pinnule not inserted at very base of pinna rachis.
12a. Rhizome 0.53 mm in diam., white waxy under scales; lamina from simple, trifoliolate to pectinate or compound .............................................................. 10. D. repens
12b. Rhizome 36 mm in diam., not white waxy; lamina compound 5. D. griffithiana
长叶阴石蕨 chang ye yin shi jue
Acrophorus assamicus Beddome, Ferns Brit. Ind. t. 94. 1866; Davallia micans Mettenius ex Baker; Humata assamica (Beddome) C. Christensen; H. micans (Mettenius ex Baker) Diels; Leucostegia assamica (Beddome) J. Smith.
Rhizome without scales, 35.3 mm in diam., not white waxy. Scales whitish or red-brown, without pale border, narrowed evenly toward apex, not or seldom curling backward, peltate, 810 Χ 1.82.5 mm, without multiseptate hairs, toothed. Stipe adaxially grooved, 47 cm, glabrous or with few scales. Lamina narrowly ovate, pinnate with pinnatilobed to pinnatifid pinnae toward base and in middle part, or sometimes bipinnate, elongate, 1027 Χ 3.512 cm, glabrous, not or slightly dimorphic. Longest petiolules[??term ok] ca. 1 mm. Pinnae narrowly ovate; longest pinnae 3.56 Χ 12 cm. Pinna-lobes of at least larger pinnae anadromous, linear-oblong, longest 715 Χ 34 mm. Leaf axes glabrous. Margins of lamina of each leaflet thickened and decurrent on edge of grooved rachis (in fertile leaves). Veins in sterile ultimate lobes pinnate, not reaching margin; false veins not present. Sori separate, borne several or frequently single on a segment, at forking point of veins. Indusium attached at broad base and hardly or not at sides, semicircular, wider than long or about as wide as long, 0.71 Χ 0.81.2 mm, upper margin not elongated, truncate or slightly rounded, separated from or even with lamina margin. Lamina generally extending into a tooth at both sides or only at outside of a sorus.
Wet forests, climbing on rocks or tree trunks; 9002300 m. Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Myanmar].
宿枝小膜盖蕨 su zhi xiao mo gai jue
Araiostegia faberiana (C. Christensen) Ching; A. hookeri (Moore ex Beddome) Ching (1959), non Davallia hookeriana Wallich ex Hooker (1846); A. parvipinnula Ching [(Hayata) Copeland]; A. perdurans (H. Christ) Copeland; Davallia clarkei var. faberiana C. Christensen; D. parvipinnula Hayata; D. perdurans Christ; D. subalpina Hayata; Humata hookeri Diels; Leucostegia clarkei (Baker) C. Christensen; L. clarkei var. faberiana C. Christensen; L. faberiana (C. Christensen) Ching; L. hookeri Beddome; L. parva (Copeland) C. Christensen; L. parvipinnula Hayata; L. perdurans (H. Christ) C. Christensen.
Rhizome ca. 5 mm in diam. (without the scales), not white waxy. Scales brown, without pale border, narrowed evenly toward apex, basifixed with cordate base and much overlapping lobes, 710 mm, without multiseptate hairs, lacking marginal setae or teeth, or those rare, or toothed. Stipe pale, adaxially grooved, 735 cm, glabrous or with few scales. Lamina compound, tripinnate, or quadripinnate, deltoid and broadest toward base, 1050 Χ 650 cm, glabrous, not or slightly dimorphic. Longest petiolules 0 mm[??what] (generally lowest pinnule at very base of pinna-rachis). Pinnae deltoid or linear-triangular; longest pinnae 230 Χ 1.218 cm. Both lowest pinnules of at least basal pinnae inserted on pinna base, other pinnules anadromous (sometimes only one pinnule), deltoid or narrowly ovate; longest pinnules 6130 Χ 250 mm. Ultimate leaflets linear-oblong, lobed almost to midrib. Ultimate segments or lobes obtuse or acute without a tooth, 14 Χ 0.21 mm. Leaf axes glabrous. Veins in sterile ultimate lobes frequently simple, not reaching margin; false veins not present. Sori separate, frequently single on a segment, at forking point of veins. Indusium reniform or semicircular, attached at narrow, cordate base only, or attached at broad base and hardly or not at sides, wider than long or about as wide as long, 0.31.2 Χ 0.41.5 mm.
Dense mixed forests, epiphytic on tree trunks; 12004000 m. Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand].
假脉骨碎补 jia mai gu sui bu
Adiantum denticulatum N. L. Burman, Fl. Ind. 236. 1768; Davallia bidentata Schkuhr; D. brevisora Ching; D. chaerophylloides (Poiret) Steudel; D. elegans Swartz; D. elegans var. bidentata Hooker; D. elegans var. coniifolia Hooker; D. elegans var. edentula Hooker; D. elegans var. polydactyla Moore; D. elegans var. pulchra Hooker; D. elegans var. subunidentata Hooker; D. impressa Copeland; D. patens Swartz; Humata chaerophylla Mettenius; H. chaerophylloides Desvaux; H. elegans Desvaux; H. patens Desvaux; Leucostegia chaerophylla J. Smith; L. pseudocystopteris (Kunze) Beddome; Parestia elegans (Swartz) C. Presl; Trichomanes chaerophylloides Poiret; T. denticulatum (N. L. Burman) Houttuyn; T. elegans (Swartz) Poiret (1808), non Richard (1792), [non Rudge (1805)]; T. lucidum Roxburgh[??valid].
Rhizome 315 mm in diam. (without the scales), not white waxy. Scales red brown or nearly black, with pale border from base to apex or without pale border, narrowed evenly toward apex or flat and nearly acicular, narrowed abruptly from a broad base, often curling backward, peltate, 48 Χ 0.51.5 mm, without multiseptate hairs, toothed. Stipe pale, adaxially grooved, 450 cm, glabrous or with few scales. Lamina compound, bipinnate or quadripinnate toward base and in middle part, deltoid and broadest toward base, 1690 Χ 1350 cm, glabrous, not or slightly dimorphic. Longest petiolules 435 mm. Pinnae deltoid; longest pinnae 845 Χ 530 cm. Pinnules of at least larger pinnae anadromous, deltoid; longest pinnules 70200 Χ 40110 mm. Ultimate leaflets linear-oblong or narrowly ovate, lobed almost to midrib or only shallowly lobed. Ultimate segments 527 Χ 26 mm. Leaf axes glabrous. Margins of lamina of each leaflet not thickened. Veins in sterile ultimate lobes pinnate (or forked in very narrow lobes), reaching margin; false veins present. Sori separate, several per segment, at forking point of veins. Indusium also attached along sides, pouch-shaped, oblong, longer than wide or about as wide as long, 11.3 Χ 0.51 mm, upper margin not elongated, truncate or slightly rounded, separated from or even with lamina margin. Lamina generally extending into a tooth at both sides of a sorus.
Epiphytic on many different species of trees and in different types of forests including mangrove forest or on solitary trees, epilithic on granite, limestone, or sandstone, terrestrial on different kinds of soil; sea level up to 2200 m. Hainan [Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam; Africa, Australia, Indian Ocean, Pacific islands].
Only the typical variety (Davallia denticulata var. denticulata) occurs in China.
Davallia brevisora Ching is a form with the false veins absent or inconspicuous.
大叶骨碎补 da ye gu shui bu
Araiostegia divaricata (Blume) Kato; Davallia amabilis Ching; D. austrosinica Ching; D. divaricata var. orientale (C. Christensen [??ex Y. C. Wu, K. Wong & Pong]) Tardieu-Blot & C. Christensen; D. formosana Hayata; D. orientalis C. Christensen.
Rhizome 1015 mm in diam. (without the scales), not white waxy. Scales brown or red-brown without pale border, narrowed evenly toward apex, curling backward or not, basifixed with cordate base and much overlapping lobes, 520 Χ 24 mm, without multiseptate hairs, toothed. Stipe pale, adaxially grooved, 1560 cm, glabrous or with few scales. Lamina compound, tripinnate toward base and in middle part, deltoid and broadest toward base, 60100 Χ 4070 cm, glabrous, not or slightly dimorphic. Longest petiolules 435 mm. Pinnae deltoid; longest pinnae 845 Χ 530 cm. Pinnules of at least larger pinnae anadromous, deltoid; longest pinnules 70200 Χ 40110 mm. Ultimate leaflets linear-oblong or narrowly ovate, lobed halfway toward midrib or only shallowly lobed. Ultimate segments 527 Χ 26 mm. Rachis adaxially distinctly grooved (often with a groove at either side). Leaf axes glabrous. Margins of lamina of each leaflet not thickened. Veins in sterile ultimate lobes pinnate (or forked in very narrow lobes), reaching margin; false veins absent. Sori separate, borne several on a segment, at forking point of veins. Indusium also attached along sides, pouch-shaped, oblong, about as wide as long, ca. 1 Χ 1 mm, upper margin not elongated, truncate or slightly rounded, separated from or even with lamina margin. Lamina generally extending into a tooth at both sides of a sorus.
Generally epiphytic, sometimes epilithic on limestone, rarely terrestrial, mostly in dense forests, sometimes on dry places; sea level up to 1900 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan, [Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, Malaysia, Thailand, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Vietnam; Pacific islands (Solomon Is.)].
Only the typical variety (Davallia divaricata var. divaricata) occurs in China.
Although the Flora of Taiwan (ed. 2, 1: 188. 1994) recognized Davallia formosana as a separate species, I[??who] had the occasion to study the type of D. formosana Hayata in TI, and it fits well within the variability of D. divaricata.
杯盖阴石蕨 bei gai yin shi jue
Davallia henryana Baker; D. platylepis Baker; D. tyermannii T. Moore; Humata griffithiana (Hooker) C. Christensen; H. griffithiana var. tyermannii (T. Moore) Tagawa; H. henryana (Baker) Ching; H. platylepis (Baker) Ching; H. tyermanii T. Moore, [tyermanni]; Leucostegia griffithiana J. Smith.
Rhizome 36 mm in diam. (without the scales), not white waxy. Scales whitish, brown, or red-brown, without pale border, narrowed evenly toward apex, curling backward or not, peltate, 69 Χ 11.5 mm, without multiseptate hairs, with marginal setae at least in distal part. Stipe adaxially grooved, 624 cm, glabrous or with few scales. Lamina compound, bipinnate or tripinnate toward base and in middle part, deltoid and broadest toward base, 1032 Χ 827 cm, glabrous, not or slightly dimorphic. Longest petiolules 210 mm. Pinnae deltoid or linear; longest pinnae 616 Χ 48 cm. Pinnules of at least larger pinnae anadromous, linear-oblong or narrowly ovate; longest pinnules 25100 Χ 760 mm. Ultimate leaflets narrowly ovate, lobed almost to midrib or only halfway toward midrib. Ultimate segments or lobes obtuse or acute without a tooth, 25 Χ 23 mm. Leaf axes glabrous. Margins of lamina of each leaflet not thickened. Veins in sterile ultimate lobes simple, forked or pinnate, not reaching margin; false veins not present. Sori separate, borne several or single on a segment at forking point of veins. Indusium attached at base and only part of sides, semicircular, about as wide as long, ca. 1 Χ 12 mm, upper margin not elongated, truncate or slightly rounded, separated from or even with lamina margin. Lamina generally extending into a tooth at both sides or only at outside of a sorus, or not extending into teeth beyond a sorus.
Wet forests; climbing on tree trunks or rocks; 4002200 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan , Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, India (Assam, Manipur), Japan (Okinawa) , Laos, Myanmar (Kentung), Vietnam (Tonkin)].
Comparing the types of all the synonyms of Davallia griffithiana, which are all in K, convinced me[??who] that they all belong to the same species.
膜叶假钻毛蕨 mo ye jia zuan mao jue
Acrophorus membranulosus (Wallich ex Hooker) T. Moore; Araiostegia membranulosa (Wallich ex Hooker) Holttum; Davallodes chingiae Ching; D. membranulosa (Wallich ex Hooker) Copeland; Leucostegia membranulosa (Wallich ex Hooker) J. Smith; Paradavallodes chingiae (Ching) Ching; P. membranulosum (Wallich ex Hooker) Ching.
Rhizome 24 mm in diam. (without the scales) Scales brown, red-brown, or nearly black, with pale border from base to apex, narrowed evenly toward apex, peltate, 56 mm, without multiseptate hairs, lacking marginal setae or teeth or those rare. Stipe pale, adaxially grooved, 315 cm, with hairs and/or scales when young. Lamina compound, bipinnate toward base and in middle part, elongate, not or hardly narrowed toward base, 1227 Χ 514 cm, with multicellular hairs, not or slightly dimorphic. Longest petiolules 0.51.5 mm. Pinnae linear-triangular; longest pinnae 2.67 Χ 13 cm. Pinnules of at least larger pinnae catadromous or anadromous (but often opposite), linear-oblong (pinnatipartite, lobes entire or shallowly lobed); longest pinnules 615 Χ 24 mm. Leaf axes, at least rachises, hairy; hairs 0.40.6 mm. Veins in sterile ultimate lobes simple or forked, not reaching margin; false veins not present. Sori separate, frequently single on a segment at forking point of veins or (rarely) at bending point of a vein. Indusium attached at broad base and hardly or not at sides, semicircular or oblong (to circular), longer than wide to wider than long, 0.50.8 Χ 0.50.8 mm.
Epilithic or epiphytic in forests; 6002600 m. Sichuan, Yunnan [India, Myanmar (Kengtung), Nepal, N Thailand, Vietnam (Chapa, Tonkin)].
Although Ching recognized two species, careful examination of the types leads to the conclusion that there is only one, easily recognizable species.
假钻毛蕨 jia zuan mao jue
[Aspidium multidentatum Wallich, nom. nud.; ??Wallich ex Hooker, ??citation]; Araiostegia multidentata (Wallich ex Hooker) Copeland; Leucostegia multidentata Beddome; Paradavallodes kansuensis Ching; P. multidentata (Wallich ex Hooker) Ching.
Rhizome ca. 5 mm in diam. (without the scales), (with scales ca. 10), not white waxy. Scales brown without pale border, narrowed evenly toward apex, often curling backward, basifixed with cordate base and much overlapping lobes, ca. 6 mm, without multiseptate hairs, lacking marginal setae or teeth or toothed. Stipe pale or dark brown, adaxially grooved, 1725 cm, glabrous or with few scales. Lamina compound, tripinnate, deltoid and broadest toward base, 3045 Χ 1734 cm, glabrous, not or slightly dimorphic. Longest petiolules 810 mm. Pinnae linear-triangular; longest pinnae 1019 Χ 69 cm. Pinnules of at least larger pinnae anadromous, narrowly ovate; longest pinnules 4070 Χ 1530 mm. Ultimate leaflets linear-oblong, lobed halfway toward midrib. Ultimate segments or lobes obtuse or acute without a tooth, 24 Χ ca. 1 mm (often shallowly lobed). Leaf axes, at least rachises, hairy; hairs 0.10.2 mm. Veins in sterile ultimate lobes simple or forked, not reaching margin; false veins not present. Sori separate, frequently single on a segment at forking point of veins or at bending point of a vein. Indusium reniform, attached at narrow, cordate base only, wider than long, ca. 0.5 Χ 0.60.8 mm.
Dense forests, epiphytic on rocks or tree trunks; 12002100 m. Gansu, Sichuan, Yunnan [India, Nepal].
In my[??who] paper, Notes on Davalliaceae I (Blumea 37: 175. 1992), I reduced Paradavallodes kansuense Ching to Araiostegia pulchra on the basis of the description. Later, however, I was able to study the type in PE and came to the conclusion that it belongs here.
马来阴石蕨 ma lai yin shi jue
Humata pectinata Desvaux; Davallia gaimardianum (Gaudichaud) C. Presl; D. multiflora Roxburgh; D. parallela Wallich ex Hooker; Humata gaimardiana John Smith; H. parallela (Wallich ex Hooker) Brackenridge; Nephrodium gaimardianum Gaudichaud; Pachypleuria pectinata C. Presl.
Rhizome 1.42.6 mm in diam. (without the scales), white waxy under scales. Scales red-brown, with pale border from base to apex, narrowed evenly toward apex, not or seldom curling backward, peltate, ca. 5 Χ 1.11.5 mm, with multiseptate hairs at least when young. Stipe pale or dark brown, adaxially grooved, 518 cm, glabrous or with few scales. Lamina simple, one pectinate or pinnatifid leaf, narrowly ovate, elongate, often narrowing toward base, 421 Χ 2.58 cm, with multicellular hairs or glabrous, not or slightly dimorphic. Longest pinnae 1.53.2 Χ 0.30.5 cm. False veins not present. Sori separate at forking point of veins or at bending point of a vein. Indusium attached at broad base and hardly or not at sides, semicircular, wider than long or about as wide as long, 0.60.8 Χ 0.61 mm, upper margin not elongated, truncate or slightly rounded, separated from or even with lamina margin.
Wet forests, epiphytic, epilithic, or sometimes terrestrial, on sand, old lava flows, or limestone. Taiwan (Taitung) [Cambodia, India (Nicobar Is., S Andaman), Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand; Australia, Pacific islands].
美小膜盖蕨 mei xiao mo gai jue
Araiostegia athamantica Copeland; A. beddomei (C. Hope) Ching; A. delavayi (Beddome ex Clarke & Baker) Ching; A. imbricata Ching; A. pseudocystopteris (Kunze) Copeland; Davallia athamantica H. Christ; D. beddomei C. Hope; D. pseudocystopteris Kunze; D. pulchra var. delavayi Beddome ex C. B. Clarke & Baker; D. pulchra var. pseudocystopteris C. B. Clarke; D. rigidula Baker, [??]nom. illegit.; Humata yunnanensis (H. Christ) Ching; Leucostegia delavayi (Beddome) Ching; L. yunnanensis (H. Christ) C. Christensen.
Rhizome 26 mm in diam. (without the scales), not white waxy. Scales brown (often grayish), without pale border, broad, ovate to oblong-subdeltoid with round to acute apex, appressed to rhizome, usually crisped, margins recurved, basifixed with cordate base and much overlapping lobes, 25 mm, without multiseptate hairs, lacking marginal setae or teeth or those rare. Stipe pale, adaxially grooved, 1020 cm, glabrous or with few scales (sometimes with more scales). Lamina compound, tripinnate or quadripinnate, deltoid and broadest toward base, to elongate, often narrowing toward base, 1250 Χ 740 cm, glabrous, not or slightly dimorphic. Longest petiolules 320 mm. Pinnae deltoid or linear-triangular; longest pinnae 521 Χ 312 cm. Pinnules of at least larger pinnae anadromous, linear-oblong or narrowly ovate; longest pinnules 2570 Χ 1035 mm. Ultimate leaflets linear-oblong, lobed almost to midrib (each lobe bilobed again). Ultimate segments or lobes obtuse or acute without a tooth, 0.53 Χ 0.61 mm. Leaf axes glabrous. Veins in sterile ultimate lobes frequently simple, not reaching margin; false veins not present. Sori separate, frequently single on a segment at forking point of veins or at bending point of a vein. Indusium reniform or semicircular, attached at narrow, cordate base only, wider than long, 0.50.8 Χ 0.51 mm.
Wet forests, epiphytic and epilithic on granite and limestone; 4003500 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, N Thailand, Vietnam].
Although Davallia pulchra is rather variable, especially because in different habitats the size may differ greatly, it is always recognizable by the broad, appressed, usually crisped rhizome scales.
阴石蕨 yin shi jue
Adiantum repens Linnaeus f., Suppl. Pl. 446. 1781; Davallia chrysanthemifolia Hayata; D. lepida C. Presl ex Goldmann; D. subalpina Hayata; D. vestita Blume; Humata chrysanthemifolia Hayata; H. lepida (C. Presl ex Goldmann) T. Moore; H. macrostegia Tagawa; H. pedata (Smith) J. Smith; H. repens (Linnaeus f.) Diels; H. trifoliata Cavanilles; H. vestita (Blume) T. Moore; Pachypleuria lepida C. Presl; P. macrostegia (Tagawa) M. Kato; P. trifoliata C. Presl (1851), [not H. trifoliata Cav. (1802)].
Rhizome 0.53 mm in diam. (without the scales), white waxy under scales. Scales brown or red brown, with pale border from base to apex or not, narrowed evenly toward apex, not or seldom curling backward, peltate, 2.57 Χ 0.31.5 mm, with multiseptate hairs at least when young or, with marginal setae at least in distal part. Stipe adaxially grooved, 0.118 cm, glabrous or with few scales. Lamina compound (pinnate with pinnatilobed to pinnatifid pinnae, or bipinnate to quadripinnate toward base and in middle part), simple (one pectinate or pinnatifid leaf), 3-foliate (leaflets ± divided), or pinnate toward base, ovate, deltoid and broadest toward base, 0.624 Χ 0.514 cm, glabrous, strongly dimorphic or not or slightly dimorphic. Longest petiolules 04 mm. Pinnae linear-triangular, narrowly ovate, linear, or ovate to deltoid; longest pinnae 110 Χ 0.67 cm. Pinnules (if present) of at least larger pinnae anadromous, linear-oblong or narrowly ovate; longest pinnules 555 Χ 520 mm. Ultimate leaflets (if present) lobed almost to midrib or only shallowly lobed. Ultimate segments or lobes obtuse or acute without a tooth. Dimorphic plants: lamina of fertile leaves pinnate with strongly dissected pinnae, bipinnate, or tripinnate toward base and in middle part. Longest petiolules of fertile leaves 17 mm. Pinnae deltoid, linear-triangular, or narrowly ovate, 18 Χ 0.32.5 cm. Pinnules or pinnalobes deltoid or linear-oblong, 235 Χ 1.515 mm. Ultimate leaflets linear-oblong. Ultimate segments of fertile leaves 115 Χ 0.52 mm. Leaf axes glabrous. Veins in sterile ultimate lobes simple, forked, or pinnate, reaching margin; false veins not present. Sori separate, borne several on a segment, or in much divided leaves frequently single on a segment, at forking point of veins. Indusium attached at broad base and hardly or not at sides, semicircular or ± triangular to rhomboid, wider than long, about as wide as long, 0.31 Χ 0.31.3 mm, upper margin not elongated, truncate or slightly rounded, separated from or even with lamina margin. Lamina generally extending into a tooth at both sides or only at outside of a sorus, or not extending into teeth beyond a sorus.
Low or high epiphytic, epilithic on various kinds of rocks, sometimes terrestrial, in very wet to dry sunny places; sea level up to 3400 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, S Myanmar, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Africa, Australia, Indian Ocean, Pacific islands.
Davallia repens is a very variable species. All the forms have in common the same spores which vary in size because of polyploidy.
阔叶骨碎补 kuo ye gu sui bu
Trichomanes solidum G. Forster, Fl. Ins. Austr. 86. 1786; Davallia sinensis (H. Christ) Ching; D. solida var. latifolia Hooker; D. solida var. ornata Mettenius ex Kuhn; D. solida var. sinensis H. Christ; D. subsolida Ching; Humata solida Desveaux; Stenolobus ornatus C. Presl [Davallia ornata Wallich, nom. nud.]; Stenolobus solidus (G. Forster) C. Presl.
Rhizome 414 mm in diam. (without the scales), generally not white waxy. Scales red-brown or nearly black (peltate base black, persistent when rest of scales shed) with pale border from base to apex, narrowed evenly toward apex or above much broader base evenly narrowed toward apex, not or seldom curling backward, peltate, 510 Χ 11.2 mm, with multiseptate hairs at least when young (hairs at least at apex of young scales, ca. 1 mm, woolly). Stipe pale, adaxially grooved, 935 cm, glabrous or with few scales. Lamina compound, bipinnate or tripinnate toward base and in middle part, deltoid and broadest toward base, 1590 Χ 2140 cm, glabrous (sometimes with hairs at junction of rachis and petiolule), not or slightly dimorphic. Longest petiolules 525 mm. Pinnae linear-triangular or narrowly ovate; longest pinnae 1128 Χ 615 cm. Pinnules of at least larger pinnae anadromous, deltoid or rhombic; longest pinnules 40100 Χ 1580 mm. Ultimate leaflets linear-oblong or rhombic, lobed almost to midrib, or only shallowly lobed (in bipinnate leaves: ultimate segments shallowly lobed). Ultimate segments 1040 Χ 317 mm. Leaf axes glabrous (often hairs at junction of petiolules). Margins of lamina of each leaflet not thickened. Veins in sterile ultimate lobes pinnate, reaching margin or not; false veins not present. Sori separate, borne several on a segment at forking point of veins. Indusium also attached along sides, pouch-shaped, oblong, longer than wide, 1.22 Χ 0.51 mm, upper margin not elongated, truncate or slightly rounded, separated from or even with lamina margin. Lamina not extending into teeth beyond a sorus.
Epiphytic, epilithic on different kinds of rock, or terrestrial on different kinds of soil, in exposed places or in deep shade, from open rocky places and savannahs to primary rainforests; sea level up to 1500 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan [Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam (Tonkin); Pacific islands, Polynesia].
Only the typical variety (Davallia solida var. solida) occurs in China.
Sometimes the leaf segments in Davallia solida are very narrow and the plant resembles var. fejeensis. This is a widespread species which generally is easily recognizable from the black rhizome which bears hairy scales that soon fall off leaving only the bases.
骨碎补 gu sui bu
Davallia bullata Wallich ex Hooker; D. cylindrica Ching; D. mariesii T. Moore ex Baker (1891), non H. J. Veitch (1880); D. mariesii var. stenolepis [??(Hayata)] Hoshizaki; D. petelottii Tardieu-Blot & C. Christensen; D. stenolepis Hayata; Trogostolon yunnanensis Ching.
骨碎补 gu sui bu
Rhizome 38 mm in diam. (without the scales), not white waxy. Scales brown or red-brown, with pale border from base to apex or not, flat and nearly acicular, narrowed abruptly from a broad base or above much broader base evenly narrowed toward apex, often curling backward or appressed to rhizome, usually crisped, margins recurved, peltate, 48 Χ 11.5 mm, without multiseptate hairs, with marginal setae at least in distal part or toothed. Stipe pale, adaxially grooved, 4.520 cm, glabrous or with few scales. Lamina compound, tripinnate or quadripinnate toward base and in middle part, deltoid and broadest toward base, 1035 Χ 925 cm, glabrous, not or slightly dimorphic. Longest petiolules 16 mm. Pinnae deltoid, longest 519 Χ 312 cm. Pinnules of at least larger pinnae anadromous, narrowly ovate, longest 2070 Χ 1030 mm. Ultimate leaflets linear-oblong or narrowly ovate, lobed almost to midrib. Ultimate segments 527 Χ 26 mm. Leaf axes glabrous. Margins of lamina of each leaflet not thickened. Veins in sterile ultimate lobes simple or forked, not reaching margin; false veins present, rarely absent. Sori separate, frequently single on a segment at forking point of veins. Indusium also attached along sides, pouch-shaped, oblong, longer than wide, 1.22 Χ 0.51 mm, upper margin not elongated, truncate or slightly rounded, separated from or even with lamina margin. Lamina generally extending into a tooth at both sides of a sorus or only at outside of a sorus.
Epiphytic and epilithic on different kinds of rock, mostly in wet places, sometimes on dry, exposed places; 1003500 m. Fujian, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Shandong, Taiwan, Yunnan, [??add]Zhejiang [India, Indonesia, Japan (including Ryukyus), Korea, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Thailand, Vietnam.
Only the typical variety (Davallia trichomanoides var. trichomanoides) occurs in China.
According to Hoshizaki (oral communication) several of the species treated here as synonyms of Davallia trichomanoides behave as good species in culture. And, as I[??who] have seen in our botanical garden, they do indeed. However, after studying over 400 different collections of the entire area, I conclude that they all belong to one species. That does not exclude, of course, that different forms from different localities intergrade in nature but behave different in culture. It would be best to give these forms cultivar names ('mariesii' and 'stenolepis'). As soon as a plant is cultivated and vegetatively propagated it forms a clone of similar plants that can be recognized from other clones of the same species. Formally naming the forms according to the rules of nomenclature means that quite a lot of collections cannot be named. As the spores of all the forms are also extremely similar I have no doubt as to their conspecificity.
*South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
**National Herbarium of the Netherlands, Leiden branch. P.O. box 9514, 2300RA Leiden.