三叉蕨科 san cha jue ke
Xing Fuwu, Yan Yuehong; [coauthor]
Insert Description
Insert Distribution
Insert Key to genera
叉蕨属 cha jue shu
Xing Fuwu, Yan Yuehong; [coauthor]
Ferns, terrestrial. Rhizome erect to short-creeping, short, usually thick, scaly at apex; scales brown, lanceolate, entire or ciliate, thinly membranous. Stipe stramineous or brown to black, scaly at base or sometimes throughout. Fronds simple, usually deltoid, pinnate to amply divided; pinnae and lobes entire usually, never serrate; all axes hairy with articulate multicellular hairs; veins variously anastomosing, included veinlets single or forked if present. Sori terminal on included free veins, dorsal on veins or compital[??] on connected veins, usually round; indusiate, few exindusiate, or sometimes elongate; indusium orbicular-reniform if present. Spores elliptic, verrucate or spinate on exine. x = 10, (40).
A genus of more than 200 species in all tropical countries; 25 (00 endemic) species in China.
1a. Sori large, terminal on included veinlets, in 2 rows between lateral veins; indusium large, persistent.
2a. Arc venation forming 1 row of narrow areoles beside pinna-rachis, included veinlets single if present.
3a. Fronds heteromorphic; length of stipe double that of lamina ..................... 4. T. impressa
3b. Fronds homomorphic; length of stipe equal to or shorter than that of lamina.
4a. Stipes densely scaly throughout .......................................................... 1. T. griffithii
4b. Stipes sparsely scaly basally, glabrous upward.
5a. Pinnae distant; rhizome spiny ................................................... 2. T. remotipinna
5b. Pinnae closer together; rhizome not spiny ................................... 3. T. coadunata
2b. Arc venation beside pinna-rachis inconspicuous, included veinlets forked.
6a. Base of lamina decurrent, stipe broadly winged nearly to base.
7a. Lamina odd-pinnate, oblong-ovate ................................................... 5. T. decurrens
7b. Lamina simple, not lobed, lanceolate .............................................. 6. T. leptophylla
6b. Base of lamina not decurrent, stipe not winged.
8a. Stipe, rachis, and pinna-rachis black, glossy ......................................... 7. T. ebenina
8b. Stipe, rachis, and pinna-rachis brown or stramineous, slightly glossy or not.
9a. Stipes stramineous; fronds small, deltoid-ovate, palmately 35-parted 8. T. subpedata
9b. Stipes brown to dark brown; fronds large, ovate-lanceolate, 13-pinnate.
10a. Stipes densely scaly throughout ..................................................... 9. T. dubia
10b. Stipes nearly glabrous throughout except at base.
11a. Pinnae 5 pairs or more; base of basal pinnae asymmetrical; middle pinnae lanceolate, ca. 3 cm wide, pinnate-lacerate .................................................. 10. T. phaeocaulis
11b. Pinnae 3 or 4 pairs; base of basal pinnae symmetrical; middle pinnae triangular, ca. 8 cm wide, pinnatipartite ............................................................... 11. T. yunnanensis
1b. Sori small, on anastomosing veinlets, in irregular rows between lateral veins; indusium small, caducous.
12a. Stipes winged at apex or downward to base.
13a. Stipes winged nearly to base; lateral pinnae 3 or 4 pairs, without gemma ...... 12. T. vasta
13b. Stipes winged at apex or downward to middle; lateral pinnae 1 or 2 pairs, gemmate or not.
14a. Base of pinnae gemmate ................................................................. 13. T. simulans
14b. Base of pinnae not gemmate .............................................................. 14. T. fauriei
12b. Stipes not winged throughout.
15a. Lamina pinnatifid at apex, differing from basiscopic pairs.
16a. Stipe, rachis, and pinna-rachis castaneous to dark brown, slightly glossy . 23. T. rockii
16b. Stipe, rachis, and pinna-rachis stramineous, not glossy.
17a. Rhizome short, ascending or erect, sori on margin of sawlike teeth 25. T. grossedentata
17b. Rhizome long, creeping; sori distributed throughout fertile pinnae 24. T. subtriphylla
15b. Terminal pinnae lanceolate or elliptic, separate, simple or trifurcate, similar to basiscopic pairs.
18a. Rhizome long, creeping; pinnae never forked.
19a. Scales on rhizome dark brown; stipe hairy; base of terminal pinnae cuneate, base of lateral pinnae asymmetrical .................................................................... 15. T. herpetocaulos
19b. Scales on rhizome light brown; stipe glabrous; base of terminal pinnae decurrent, base of lateral pinnae symmetrical .............................................................................. 16. T. variabilis
18b. Rhizome short, ascending or erect; pinnae usually forked.
20a. Lamina 1-pinnate (basal pinnae forked).
21a. Base of terminal pinnae rounded or cordiform .................... 17. T. polymorpha
21b. Base of terminal pinnae decurrent.
22a. Base of pinnae gemmate, pinna-rachis and lateral veins abaxially with hairs 18. T. quiquefida
22b. Base of pinnae not gemmate, pinna-rachis and lateral veins abaxially glabrescent 19. T. hekouensis
20b. Lamina 2-pinnate.
23a. Stipe and rachis stramineous to light brown, not glossy ........ 22. T. luchunensis
23b. Stipe and rachis deep castaneous to black, glossy.
24a. Stipe and rachis deep castaneous to black, exindusiate .......... 21. T. simonsii
24b. Stipe and rachis dark brown to deep castaneous, never black, indusiate 20. T. media
鳞柄叉蕨 lin bing cha jue
Nephrodium griffithii Baker, Syn. Fil. 300. 1867; Aspidium griffithii (Baker) Beddome; N. multicaudatum C. B. Clarke; Sagenia griffithii (Baker) Beddome; Tectaria multicaudata (C. B. Clarke) Ching.
Plants 11.2 m tall; rhizome erect, short, thick, ca. 1.5 cm in diam., densely scaly on apex and stipes; scales dark brown, stiff, linear-lanceolate, to 2 cm, entire, long acuminate at apex. Fronds clustered; stipe castaneous, glossy, to 60 cm, 810 mm in diam.; lamina brown when dried, pentagonal, ca. 60 Χ 60 cm, thinly papery, glabrous on both surfaces, acuminate at apex, cordiform at base, 2-pinnate to 3-pinnatifid; pinnae 4 or 5 pairs, subopposite, slightly oblique; rachis, pinna-rachis, and costa brown-castaneous, occasionally with linear scales abaxially on rachis, sparsely hairy abaxially, densely hairy adaxially; basal pinnae largest, obliquely deltoid, 2025 Χ ca. 20 cm, petiole ca. 3 cm, long acuminate at apex, rounded-cuneate and asymmetrical at base, basiscopic pinnules obviously elongated and forming 1 pair of separate pinnules at base, pinnatipartite to broadly winged beside pinna-rachis upward; middle pinnae deltoid-lanceolate, 1520 Χ 1012 cm, long acuminate at apex, rounded-cuneate and symmetrical at base, pinnatipartite to broadly winged beside pinna-rachis and forming falcate-lanceolate lobes; pinnules or lobes 810 pairs, interval 0.51 cm, sessile; basiscopic pinnules largest, falcate-lanceolate, 1214 Χ 4.55 cm, pinnatipartite to 2/3; lobelets 10 pairs, slightly oblique, interval ca. 2 mm, elliptic, 1.52 Χ ca. 1 cm, obtuse, entire. Veins copiously anastomosing, with narrow areoles beside rachis and pinna-rachis, included veinlets single. Sori round, terminal on included veinlets, in one row at each side of midrib of ultimate lobes; indusium brown, rather large, clypeate[??], membranous, entire, persistent. 2n = 80.
Forest understories in valleys; 100800 m. Guizhou [Cambodia, India, Indochina, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam].
Tectaria griffithii is recorded from Guizhou, Taiwan, and Yunnan. Although we [??who] have not seen any specimens collected from China, a specimen of this species in KUN was wrongly identified and the Flora of Taiwan did not recorded the species. Wu et al. (Bull. Dept, Biol. Sun Yatsen Univ. 3: pl. 23. 1932) recorded the species from Guangxi, but the description and plate are in fact Dictyocline wilfordii (Thelypteridaceae). Ching (1931 [??citation]) recorded the species from Guizhou (Tatsing, Esquirol 2253) but we have been unable to locate the specimens.
疏羽叉蕨 shu yu cha jue
Tectaria viridifrons Ching & C. H. Wang, [virififrons] [just Ching].
Plants 8090 cm tall; rhizome erect, thick, ca. 2 cm in diam., dilated and spiny, scaly on apex and basal stipes; scales dark brown, lanceolate, ca. 6 mm, subleathery, entire, long acuminate at apex. Fronds clustered, stipe stramineous, to 50 cm, obviously dilated and spiny at base, grooved above; lamina light brown when dried, deltoid-ovate, 4050 Χ 2530 cm, thinly papery, acuminate at apex, slightly cordiform at base, 3-pinnatifid, 2-pinnatifid upward; pinnae ca. 4 pairs, opposite, interval to 89 cm; rachis stramineous, glabrous on both surfaces, hairy adaxially on pinna-rachis and midrib of pinnules, glabrous abaxially; basal pinnae largest, asymmetrically deltoid, ca. 20 Χ 15 cm, acuminate at apex, rounded-cuneate at base, with long stalk up to 3 cm, with short petiole above; bipinnate to tripinnatifid, with 1 or 2 pairs of separate pinnules at base; middle pinnae broadly lanceolate, 1215 Χ 57 cm, acuminate at apex, cuneate at base, pinnatipartite to broadly winged beside costa; pinnules of basal pinnae ca. 8 pairs, opposite at base, alternate upward, interval 12 cm, shortly petiolate at base, sessile or adnate to pinna-rachis upward; basal basiscopic pinnules larger, broadly lanceolate, 1012 Χ 45 cm; lobes ca. 10 pairs, slightly oblique upward, interval 23 mm, elliptic-lanceolate, 1.52 Χ ca. 1.2 cm. Veins copiously anastomosing to hexagonal areoles, included veinlets single if present, slightly raised abaxially, not obvious adaxially, glabrescent abaxially, hairy adaxially, ciliate on margin. Sori rounded, terminal on included veinlets, in one row at each side of midrib of ultimate lobes; indusium brown, clypeate, membranous, entire, persistent. 2n = 80.
* Near wet streams; ca. 1700 m. Yunnan (Jingdong, Wuliang Shan).
Tectaria remotipinna is similar to T. coadunata, but it can be easily distinguished by its remote pinnae and spiny rhizome.
大齿叉蕨 da chi cha jue
Plants 30100 cm tall; rhizome short-creeping or erect, thick, densely scaly on apex and basal stipes; scales dark brown and light-colored on margin, stiff, lanceolate, 67 mm, entire. Fronds clustered; stipe stramineous to pale castaneous, glossy, 2040 cm, glabrescent above; lamina light green to brown when dried, deltoid, 2040 Χ 2030 cm, herbaceous to thickly papery, adaxial surface of lamina and segments ± articulate coarsely hairy, pinnatifid to quadripinnatifid, acute at apex; rachis, pinna-rachis, midrib of pinnules; basal pinnae subopposite, asymmetrically oblong-subdeltoid, with long stalk, up to 1025 cm, bipinnate to tripinnatifid; middle pinnae alternate, 1015 cm, 57 pairs below deeply lobed; apical pinnae oblong to oblong-lanceolate; pinnules of middle pinnae stalked, oblong-subtriangular, ca. 15 Χ10 cm, acuminate at apex, deeply lobed; secondary pinnules falcate-lanceolate, rounded at apex, crenate or pinnatifid at base; segments falcate-lanceolate, entire, obtuse. Veins copiously anastomosing, with included free veinlets. Sori round, at apex of included veinlets, in one row at each side of midrib of ultimate lobes, medial indusiate; indusium brown, rather large, clypeate, membranous, glabrous or hairy, entire. 2n = 80.
Dense forests; 5002500 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan [India, Laos, Malaysia, [??add]Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Madagascar, [??add]tropical Africa].
1a. Fronds sparsely hairy; indusium glabrescent ............................................. 3a. var. coadunata
1b. Fronds densely hairy throughout; indusium hairy ............................................. 3b. var. hirsuta
大齿叉蕨 (原变种) da chi cha jue (yuan bian zhong)
Aspidium coadunatum Wallich ex Hooker & Greville, Icon. Filic. 2(11): t. 202. 1831 [non Aspidium coadunatum Kaulfuss, Enum. Filic. 239. 1824]; A. apiifolium Schkuhr; A. cicutarium (Linnaeus) Swartz; A. kwanonense Hayata; A. macrodontum (Fιe) C. Ching; A. pinfaense Christ; Microbrochis apiifolia (Schkuhr) C. Presl; Nephrodium apiifolium (Schkuhr) Hooker & Arnott; N. cicutarium (Linnaeus) Baker; Polypodium cicutarium Linnaeus; Sagenia apiifolia (Schkuhr) J. Smith; S. coadunata (Wallich ex Hooker & Greville) J. Smith; S. cicutaria (Linnaeus) T. Moore; S. macrodonta Fιe, [??nom. nud.]; Tectaria apiifolia (Schkuhr) Copeland; T. christii Copeland; T. cicutaria (Linnaeus) Copeland; T. consimilis Ching & C. H. Wang; T. macrodonta (Fιe) C. Christensen.
Plants 50100 cm tall. Stipe glossy, glabrescent above; lamina light green when dried, deltoid, 2040 Χ 2030 cm, thinly herbaceous, 1-pinnate to 4-pinnatifid; rachis, pinna-rachis, midrib of pinnules, adaxial surface of lamina and segments sparsely hairy; hairs articulate, coarse. Sori round; indusium brown, rather large, clypeate, membranous, glabrous, entire. 2n = 80.
Dense forests; 5002500 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan [India, Laos, Malaysia, [??add]Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam; Madagascar, [??add]tropical Africa].
Tectaria coadunata is variable in the size of plants, color of stipes, and morphology of the lamina. We agree with the treatment in Flora Yunnanica to treat Tectaria consimilis as a synonym.
柔毛大齿叉蕨 rou mao da chi cha jue
Plants 3070 cm tall. Rhizome short-creeping or erect. Fronds clustered; stipe pale castaneous, 1025 cm, glabrescent above; lamina dark brown, deltoid, 2530 Χ 1020 cm, thickly herbaceous to leathery, bipinnate to tripinnate, acute at apex. Both sides of lamina, rachis, pinna-rachis, and midrib of pinnules densely hairy; hairs articulate, coarse. Indusium rather large, hairy.
Dense forests; ca. 900 m. Xizang, Yunnan (Yingjiang) [India, Sri Lanka].
疣状叉蕨 you zhuang cha jue
Phlebiogonium impressum Fιe, Mιm. Foug., 5. Gen. Filic.: 314. 1852; Aspidium immersum Hooker (1862), non A. immersum Blume (1828); [??add]A. subtriphyllum f. cuspidatopinnatum Hayata, nom. nud.; A. variolosum Wallich ex Hooker; A. zollingerianum Beddome (1868), non A. zollingerianum Kunze (1846); Nephrodium variolosum (Wallich ex Hooker) Baker; Sagenia variolata T. Moore; [??add]Tectaria cuspidatopinnata (Hayata) C. Christensen, nom. nud.; T. variolosa (Wallich ex Hooker) C. Christensen.
Plants 4080 cm tall. Rhizome creeping to suberect, short, stout, densely scaly at apex and basal stipes; scales brown, stiff, linear-lanceolate, 68 mm, membranous, ciliate, long acuminate at apex. Fronds clustered; stipe stramineous, 3050 cm, throughout with light brown hairs. Lamina subdimorphic, deep green or brown when dried, fertile fronds rather tall but narrowed; sterile fronds bipinnatifid to tripinnatifid, pentagonal, 3035 Χ 3035 cm, thickly herbaceous to leathery, pubescent on both surfaces; rachis and pinna-rachis stramineous, densely covered with articulate hairs; terminal pinnae acuminate, base cuneate to decurrent, pinnatifid; lateral pinnae 15 pairs, opposite, interval 46 cm, oblique; basal pinnae pinnate with 13 undulate or pinnatifid lobes, 1520 cm, rather large, petiole 23 cm, lower lobes larger than upper lobes; middle pinnae falcate-lanceolate, 68 cm, undulate to pinnatifid, shorter petiolate, oblique, long caudate at apex. Veinlets forming copious subhexagonal areoles with cross-veins, included veinlets single or not, distinctly forming long areoles with arcuate veinlet beside pinna-rachis and main veins. Sori round, terminal on veinlets, in one row beside main veins; indusium brown, orbicular or reniform, firm, persistent.
Dense forests; 100500 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan [India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam].
下延叉蕨 xia yan cha jue
Aspidium decurrens C. Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1: 28. 1825; A. copelandii C. Christensen; A. heterodon Copeland (1905), non Schrader (1824), nor Blume (1828); [??add]A. pteropus Kze.; Nephrodium decurrens Baker; Sagenia decurrens (C. Presl) T. Moore (1857), non Houlston (1851); [??add]Sagenia pteropus (Kze.) Moore; [??add]Tectaria pteropus (Kze.) Shieh.
Plants 50100 cm tall. Rhizome erect, short, thick, 1.52 cm in diam., densely scaly; scales brown, with pale ferruginous margins, stiff, 812 cm, entire, acute at apex. Fronds clustered, dimorphic; stipe brown at base, stramineous upward, 3560 cm, glabrescent above, winged nearly to base; lamina deep green, oblong-ovate, 3080 Χ 3040 cm, thickly papery, glabrous on both surfaces, acute at apex, cuneate and long decurrent at base, narrowed in fertile ones, pinnate; rachis winged throughout, stramineous; costa and main veins raised abaxially; apical pinnae broadly lanceolate, 2025 Χ 58 cm, caudate at apex, subentire or crenulate, gradually narrowing toward base; lateral pinnae 38 pairs, opposite, ascending, broadly lanceolate, 1520 Χ 35 cm, caudate at apex, subentire or crenulate, interval 34 cm, narrowing toward base and coadnate to rachis, sessile, usually forked in each basal pinnae. Veinlets forming hexagonal areoles, cross-veins not so distinct, included veinlets forked. Sori rather large, close to main veins, located at coupled veinlets, in two rows between adjacent main veins; indusium up to 1.2 mm in diam., glabrous, entire, persistent. 2n = 160.
On rocks, understories of dense forests near streams; ca. 1200 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi Guizhou Hainan, Hunan, Taiwan, Yunnan [India, Indonesia, Japan including the Ryukyus, [??add]Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam; [??add]Polynesia].
剑叶叉蕨 jian ye cha jue
Nephrodium leptophyllum C. H. Wright, Bull Misc. Inform. Kew 1906: 11. 1906; Aspidium leptophyllum (C. H. Wright) C. Christensen.
Plants 2540 m tall. Rhizome erect, short, ca. 1 cm in diam., scaly at apex and basal stipes; scales brown, linear-lanceolate, 34 mm, membranous, entire, acuminate. Fronds clustered; stipe stramineous to light brown, 25 cm, ca. 2 mm in diam., grooved, broadly winged nearly to base, sparsely scaly upward; lamina simple, dimorphic, deep green when dried; sterile fronds homomorphic, but rather tall and narrow, 3540 Χ 34 cm, papery, main veins and lateral veins stramineous, glabrous on both sides. Veinlets forming inconspicuous subhexagonal areoles, included veinlets forked. Sori round, terminal on included veinlets, in 35 irregular rows between lateral veins; indusium brown, orbicular, membranous, entire or revolute, persistent.
Forest understories; 300400 m. Yunnan [N Vietnam].
黑柄叉蕨 hei bing cha jue
Aspidium ebeninum C. Christensen, Bull. Acad. Int. Gιogr. Bot. 23: 138. 1913.
Plants ca. 1.5 m tall. Rhizome erect, short, stout, 23 cm in diam., scaly at apex and basal stipes; scales brown, lanceolate, 56 mm, membranous, entire, acuminate at apex. Fronds clustered; stipe black, glossy, ca. 60 cm, ca. 1 cm in diam., abaxially glabrous, adaxially with sparse light brown articulate hairs; lamina dark green when dried, deltoid, ca. 80 Χ60 cm, thinly papery, glabrous on both surfaces, acuminate at apex, tripinnate or quadripinnatifid; rachis, pinna-rachis, and midribs black and glossy, with dense light brown articulate hairs; pinnae 6 pairs, oblique, basal ones opposite and alternate upward, interval ca. 6 cm; basal pinnae rather large, deltoid, 4050 Χ 2530 cm, petiole 35 cm; pinnules ca. 8 pairs, broadly lanceolate, 1020 cm, alternate, upward sessile, lower 1 or 2 pairs separate and adnate to pinna rachis, conjoined with broad wings upward, interval 13 cm, pinnatifid; segments 510 pairs, falcate-lanceolate, 35 Χ11.5 cm, undulate or entire; lateral pinnae lanceolate, 1215 cm, acuminate at apex, base narrowed and adnate to rachis, pinnatifid to falcate-lanceolate lobed. Veinlets forming copious subhexagonal areoles, main veins and veinlets with brown articulate hairs, included veinlets single or forked. Sori round, terminal on included veinlets, in one row beside main veins; indusium brown, reniform, membranous, entire, persistent.
Dense forests; 13001600 m. Guizhou, Yunnan (Malipo) [N Vietnam].
掌状叉蕨 zhang zhuang cha jue
Nephrodium subpedatum Harrington, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 16: 30. 1877; Aspidium subpedatum (Harrington) Diels; Sagenia subpedata (Harrington) Nakai.
Plants 3045 cm tall. Rhizome creeping to ascending, short, thick, 12 cm in diam., densely scaly at apex and basal stipes; scales brown, lanceolate, 45 mm, entire, long acuminate at apex. Fronds clustered; stipe brown at base, stramineous above, 2030 cm, ca. 3 mm in diam., sparsely hairy; lamina dark green when dried, deltoid-ovate, 1520 Χ 1216 cm, papery, abaxially densely hairy, adaxially glabrous, cordiform at base, palmately 35-lobed; pinna-rachis and lateral pinnae stramineous, abaxially densely hairy, adaxially glabrous; terminal lobes elliptic-lanceolate, 1518 Χ 57 cm, long acuminate at apex, slightly narrowed at base, entire, undulate to pinnatilobed; secondary pairs of lobes broadly lanceolate, 89 Χ 34 cm, long acuminate at apex, not narrowed at base, undulate or subentire; basal lobes falcate-lanceolate, 56 Χ 23 cm, long acuminate at apex, rounded-cuneate abaxially at base, entire. Veinlets forming subhexagonal areoles, raised on both surfaces, hairy, included veinlets forked. Sori rather large, close to lateral veins, located at coupled veinlets of areoles, in 2 regular rows between adjacent lateral veins; indusium brown, clypeate, membranous, entire, slightly involute, persistent.
Forest understories in limestone regions. Guangxi, Taiwan [Myanmar, Vietnam].
Tectaria subpedata was treated as a synonym of T. polymporpha in Fl. Malesiana (Holttum, 1991). We have not seen the type from Taiwan, but we checked specimens from Guangxi in IBSC. The characteristics of the specimens obviously different from T. polymorpha are the size and location of the sori, and the rhizome of the latter is never creeping.
大叶叉蕨 da ye cha jue
Nephrodium cicutarium (Linnaeus) Baker var. dubia Clarke & Baker, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 24: 417. 1888; Aspidium dubium (Clarke & Baker) Beddome; Tectaria jinpingensis Ching & C. H. Wang.
Plants 1.52 m tall. Rhizome erect, short, stout, ca. 3 cm in diam., densely scaly at apex and basal stipes; scales dark brown, stiff, linear-lanceolate, 810 mm, thickly membranous, entire, long acuminate at apex. Fronds clustered; stipe dark brown to castaneous, ca. 1 m, 11.5 cm in diam., with sparse light brown articulate hairs. Lamina dark green when dried, deltoid, ca. 1 Χ 1 m, papery, acuminate at apex, slightly cordiform at base, tripinnatifid; rachis and pinna-rachis dark brown, with dense articulate hairs; pinnae 6 pairs, oblique, opposite at base and alternate upward, interval ca. 10 cm; basal pinnae rather large, ovate-deltoid, 4050 cm, petiole 56 cm; pinnules 810 pairs, broadly falcate-lanceolate, 2025 cm, alternate, interval 1.52 cm, pinnate with 13 separate pinnules, pinnatifid to broad wings of pinna-rachis upward; segments 1012 pairs, falcate-lanceolate, 35 Χ 0.81.5 cm, undulate or entire; lateral pinnae subsessile, broadly lanceolate, ca. 30 cm, long acuminate at apex and cuneate at base, pinnate-lacerate to lanceolate-acute lobed. Veinlets forming copious subhexagonal areoles, main veins and veinlets with brown articulate hairs, included veinlets forked. Sori round, on anastomosing veins, irregularly arranged beside main veins; indusium brown, reniform, membranous, entire, persistent.
Near streams in dense forests; 6001000 m. Yunnan [NE India, Vietnam].
条裂叉蕨 tiao lie cha jue
Aspidium phaeocaulon Rosenstock, Hedwigia 56: 345. 1915; Tectaria laciniata Ching.
Plants 56140 cm tall. Rhizome erect, short, thick, ca. 1.5 cm in diam., densely scaly at apex and basal stipes; scales brown with narrow paler margins, stiff, linear-lanceolate, ca. 6 mm, ciliate on margin, long acute at apex. Fronds clustered; stipe dark brown to castaneous, ± bright, 3080 cm, 45 mm in diam. at base, glabrescent above. Lamina deep green when dried, oblong-ovate, 4560 Χ 3040 cm, thickly papery, glabrous on both surfaces, bipinnate at base; costa and costules raised on both surfaces, castaneous, pubescent on both sides; main veins paler, pubescent abaxially; terminal pinnae acuminate and pinnate-lacerate, basal pinna bipinnate to tripinnatifid; lateral pinnae 58 pairs, subopposite but alternate upward, ascending, broadly lanceolate, 1520 Χ 35 cm, caudate at apex, pinnate-lacerate, interval 23 cm; basal pinnules largest, triangular-lanceolate with ca. 2 cm petiole, pinnate or bipinnate with 2 or 3 pairs of separate lobes below and pinnatifid-lacerate above; middle pinnules coadnate, lanceolate, pinnatifid-lacerate to lanceolate or triangular lobed. Veinlets forming subhexagonal areoles with cross-veins, included veinlets forked. Sori rather large, terminal on included free veinlets, round, in two irregular rows between adjacent main veins; indusium reflexed, small, pubescent, entire, persistent.
Near streams, understories of dense forests; ca. 800 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan [Indonesia, Japan (Ryukyu Islands), Thailand, Vietnam].
云南叉蕨 yun nan cha jue
Nephrodium yunnanense Baker, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1906: 11. 1906; Aspidium yunnanense Christ; [??add]Dryopteris anastomosans Hayata; Tectaria chinliensis Ching & C. H. Wang, [??never published].
Plants 1.52 m tall. Rhizome ascendant, short, stout, densely scaly at apex and basal stipes; scales dark brown to castaneous, stiff, linear-lanceolate, entire, long acuminate at apex. Fronds clustered; stipe castaneous, glossy, 6080 cm, 0.70.8 cm in diam., glabrous. Lamina dark green when dried, deltoid, 6080 Χ ca. 50 cm, papery, acuminate at apex, broadly cuneate at base, pinnatifid; rachis castaneous, glabrous above and pubescent below, with broad wings upward, pinna-rachis and midribs castaneous to brown, with brown articulate hairs on both sides; pinnae 46 pairs, oblique, opposite below and alternate above, interval 68 cm; basal pinnae rather large, deltoid, 3035 cm, petiole 45 cm, pinnatifid to broad wings beside pinna-rachis; lobes 810 pairs, sometimes with a pair of separate lobes; lobes sessile, alternate, falcate-lanceolate, 1012 Χ 34 cm, entire or undulate, applanate[??], interval ca. 1 cm; lateral pinnae sessile, broadly lanceolate, 2530 Χ 178 cm, acuminate at apex, narrowed at base, pinnatifid to broad wings beside pinna-rachis and forming falcate-lanceolate acute lobes, lower lobes decurrent and adnate to rachis. Veinlets forming copious subhexagonal areoles, included veinlets forked. Sori round, terminal on veinlets, regularly arranged beside main veins, near main veins; indusium brown, orbicular, membranous, entire or revolute, persistent.
Near streams in understories of dense forests; 1001400 m. Guangxi, Hainan, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan [NE Vietnam].
翅柄叉蕨 chi bing cha jue
Aspidium vastum Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae 2: 142. 1828; Sagenia vasta (Blume) T. Moore; Tectaria decurrentialata Ching & C. H. Wang.
Plants 60150 cm tall. Rhizome erect or suberect. Fronds clustered; stipe densely scaly at base; scales dark brown, broadly lanceolate, membranous, entire, acuminate at apex; stipe deep stramineous to brown, 4045 cm, ca. 1 cm in diam., with light brown articulate hairs, broadly winged nearly to base; lamina deep green when dried, oblong, 3060 Χ 3035 cm, thinly herbaceous, glabrous on both surfaces, odd-pinnatipartite; rachis and pinna-rachis stramineous, glabrous above but slightly pubescent below; terminal lobes ovate-lanceolate, 2530 Χ ca. 10 cm, acuminate at apex, narrowing and decurrent to broad wings throughout rachis, undulate to toothed, sessile; lateral lobes 14 pairs, homomorphic but smaller; opposite, oblique upward, sessile, without gemma, broadly lanceolate, ca. 20 Χ 8 cm, caudate at apex, base narrowed to adnate to rachis, subentire or undulate, basal lobes forked into smaller lanceolate lobes. Veinlets forming conspicuous subhexagonal areoles, included veinlets forked, glabrous on both sides. Sori round, on anastomosing veins, in irregular rows between lateral veins; indusium brown, orbicular, membranous, caducous.
Near streams in dense forest understories; 600800 m. Yunnan (Cangyuan, Jinping, Luchuan) [N India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand].
I[??who] checked the type and paratype of Tectaria decurrentialata Ching & Wang (in PE and KUN), and agree with the treatment in Flora Yunnanica (Wu, 2004).
中间叉蕨 zhong jian cha jue
Plants 6070 cm tall. Rhizome erect, short, stout, ca. 1.5 cm in diam., scaly at apex and basal stipes; scales dark brown, linear-lanceolate, 68 mm, membranous, entire, long acuminate at apex. Fronds clustered; stipe deep stramineous to dark brown, 4045 cm, ca. 4 mm in diam., densely scaly at base, with brown articulate hairs, winged from middle to apex; lamina deep green when dried, deltoid, 3035 Χ ca. 30 cm, herbaceous, glabrous on both surfaces, base slightly cordiform, odd-pinnate; rachis and pinna-rachis dark stramineous, pubescent above but glabrous below, terminal pinnae trifurcate; terminal lobes ovate-lanceolate, 1825 Χ 510 cm, acuminate at apex, narrowing and decurrent to broad wings throughout rachis, entire or undulate, sessile, lateral lobes homomorphic but smaller; lateral pinnae 1 or 2 pairs, opposite, oblique, sessile, without gemma, ovate-lanceolate, ca. 15 Χ 34 cm, acuminate at apex and narrowing to cuneate at base, subentire; basal pinnae forked, forming smaller broad lanceolate lobes. Veinlets forming conspicuous subhexagonal areoles, included veinlets single or forked. Sori round, on anastomosing veins, in irregular rows between lateral veins, contiguous to confluent when mature; indusium not seen or caducous.
Understories of dense forests; ca. 600 m. Yunnan (Xishuangbanna) [Malaysia, Peninsular Thailand].
The treatment in Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. noted that Tectaria simulans is not winged on the stipes, but there are broad wings from the middle stipes to the apex in the type (in PE) and isotype (in KUN). Holttum (1991) thinks that the plants are somewhat intermediate between T. semipinnata and Gymnopteris decurrens; however, I[??who] have not seen the type of T. semipinnata.
芽孢叉蕨 ya bao cha jue
Anapausia bonii (H. Christ) Nakai; Gymnopteris bonii H. Christ; Sagenia fauriei Masamune, nom. nud.; Tectaria fengii Ching & C. H. Wang; T. gemmifera Ching & C. H. Wang (1981), non (Fιe) Alston (1939); T. hainanensis Ching & C. H. Wang.
Plants ca. 1 m tall. Rhizome erect, short, stout, ca. 1 cm in diam., scaly at apex and basal stipes; scales brown, lanceolate, 67 mm, thickly membranous, entire, long acuminate at apex. Fronds clustered; stipe deep stramineous to brown, 6070 cm, ca. 5 mm in diam., densely scaly at base, glabrescent upward, winged in upper half or very narrowly winged nearly to base; lamina green to deep green, deltoid-ovate, 3040 Χ 2025 cm, herbaceous, glabrous, simple or pinnatisect to odd-pinnate; costa raised and hairy abaxially; main veins raised abaxially, with sparse light brown articulate hairs abaxially and glabrous adaxially; rachis winged throughout; terminal pinnae oblanceolate or oblong, 1518 Χ ca. 6 cm, larger than lateral ones, entire, caudate at apex, narrowed at base; lateral pinnae 13 pairs, subopposite, sessile, ovate-lanceolate, 1518 Χ 45 cm, oblique, subentire, interval 46 cm, caudate at apex and narrowed at base; basal pinnae rather large, often ramous[??branched]; gemma scaly, one or more, axillary on both sides of lamina from base to apex; rachis and pinna-rachis deep stramineous, pubescent below but glabrescent above. Cross-veins distinct, veinlets forming inconspicuous subhexagonal areoles, included veinlets forked. Sori round, terminal on included veinlets or anastomosing veins, in 2 rows beside main veins; indusium brown, reniform, membranous, glabrous, entire, caducous.
Understories of dense forests in valleys; 5001000 m. Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan [Japan (Ryukyu Islands), Vietnam].
Tectaria fauriei varies greatly; the gemma are scaly, one or more, axillary on both sides of the lamina from base to apex; the morphology of the pinnae varies from lanceolate, broadly lanceolate to ovate or oblong. Chings description of T. hainanensis Ching & C. H. Wang without gemma is incorrect. In fact, the conspicuous gemma are axillary on the type.
思茅叉蕨 si mao cha jue
Tectaria polymorpha (Wallich ex Hooker) Copeland var. subcuneata Ching & C. H. Wang; T. simaoensis Ching & C. H. Wang.
Plants 0.81 m tall. Rhizome long, creeping, 0.81 cm in diam., scaly at apex and basal stipes; scales dark brown, slightly glossy, pale at margin, lanceolate, 23 mm, thickly membranous, subentire, acuminate at apex, caducous downward. Fronds widely spaced; stipe stramineous, 3060 cm, 45 mm in diam., with light brown articulate hairs above, glabrescent below; lamina dark green when dried, ovate to oblong, 3045 Χ 2530 cm, papery, glabrous on both surfaces, with chondroid margin, odd-pinnate; rachis, midribs, and lateral veins stramineous, glabrescent abaxially, pubescent adaxially, raised abaxially, grooved[??impressed] adaxially; terminal pinnae ovate to oblong, entire, ca. 20 Χ 79 cm, petiole 23 cm, caudate at apex and narrowing to broadly cuneate at base; lateral pinnae 24 pairs, simple, ovate-lanceolate, 1820 Χ 56 cm, slightly oblique, subentire, opposite, interval 25 cm, abruptly caudate at apex and slightly narrowing to asymmetrically cuneate at base; basal pinnae shortly petiolate, sessile upward; Veinlets forming conspicuous subhexagonal areoles, raised on both sides, included veinlets single or forked. Sori round, on anastomosing veins, in 46 irregular rows between lateral veins; indusium brown, orbicular, membranous, glabrous, entire, caducous.
Understories of dense forests; 6001100 m. Yunnan [India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].
Tectaria herpetocaulos is very similar to T. polymorpha, but it can be easily differentiated by the creeping rhizome and glabrous abaxial surface; and moreover, its pinnae are not forked and broadly rounded at the base and similar to Pronephrium (Thelypteridaceae). I[??who] have examined the paratype (in KUN) of T. polymorpha var. subcuneata Ching & Wang and found that it is an incorrect identification of this species.
多变叉蕨 duo bian cha jue
Plants 5060 cm tall. Rhizome creeping, long, ca. 0.5 cm in diam., scaly at apex and basal stipes; scales light brown, linear-lanceolate, 45 mm, membranous, entire, acuminate at apex. Fronds subconglomerate; stipe stramineous, 3035 cm, ca. 3 mm in diam., glabrous, not winged; lamina light brown when dried, deltoid, 2025 Χ 1015 cm, papery, glabrous on both surfaces, simple or odd-pinnate; rachis and pinna-rachis and lateral veins stramineous, glabrous, raised on both surfaces; terminal pinnae lanceolate, ca. 20 Χ 510 cm, acuminate at apex, ca. 15 Χ 45 cm[??what], petiole ca. 2 cm, long acuminate at apex and narrowing to decurrent at base, subentire; lateral pinnae 1 or 2 pairs, opposite, sessile, oblique, without gemma, ovate-lanceolate; lateral pinnae 1 or 2 pairs, opposite, interval 23 cm, petiole 35 mm, lanceolate, 1517 Χ 24 cm, caudate at apex, cuneate at base, entire. Veinlets forming inconspicuous subhexagonal areoles, included veinlets single or forked. Sori round, on anastomosing veins, in 2 or 3 irregular rows between lateral veins; indusium light brown, reniform, membranous, entire, persistent.
On rocks of dense forest understories; ca. 300 m. Hainan (Baoting) [N Vietnam].
多形叉蕨 duo xing cha jue
Aspidium polymorphum Wallich ex Hooker, Sp. Fil. 4: 54. 1862; A. nantoense Hayata; A. trifolium Alderwerelt; Dryomenis polymorpha Nakai var. pentephylla (Hooker) Nakai[??check what is basionym]; Nephrodium polymorpha Baker (1867), non Opiz (1819); Tectaria polymorpha var. pentaphylla (Hooker) Shieh; T. trifolia (Alderwerelt) C. Christensen.
Plants 0.51 m tall. Rhizome erect, stout, 1.52 cm in diam., scaly at apex and basal stipes; scales dark brown, slightly glossy, pale at margin, linear-lanceolate, 67 mm, membranous, ciliate, long acuminate and curled at apex. Fronds clustered, subdimorphic; fertile leaf rather tall but slightly narrowed; stipe stramineous, 2060 cm, 45 mm in diam., grooved, glabrescent; lamina dark green or brown when dried, ovate to oblong, 3060 Χ 2530 cm, papery, pubescent abaxially, glabrous adaxially, simple, trifurcate to odd-pinnate; rachis, midribs, and lateral veins stramineous, densely hairy abaxially, glabrous adaxially, raised abaxially, grooved adaxially; terminal pinnae oblong, entire or undulate, 1820 cm, 79 cm in diam. at middle, simple or trifurcate, petiole 23 cm, abruptly caudate at apex and slightly narrowing to rounded or cordiform base; lateral pinnae 14 pairs, simple or basal pair forked, ovate-lanceolate, 1820 Χ 68 cm, oblique, undulate to entire, opposite, interval 28 cm, abruptly caudate at apex and slightly narrowing to asymmetrically cuneate at base; basal pinnae shortly petiolate, sessile upward. Veinlets forming conspicuous subhexagonal areoles, raised on both sides, included veinlets forked. Sori round, terminal on included veinlets or anastomosing veins, in 35 irregular rows between lateral veins; indusium brown, orbicular, membranous, entire, caducous.
On rocks or sheltered wet soil of forest understories or valleys; 8001500 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Taiwan, [??add]Xizang, Yunnan [[??add]Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, [??add]Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam].
The morphology of Tectaria polymorpha is variable; the lamina varies from simple, trifurcate to odd-pinnate; the plant has erect rhizomes, thus differing from T. herpotocaulos.
五裂叉蕨 wu lie cha jue
Nephrodium quinquefidum Baker, J. Bot. 28: 265. 1890; Aspidium esquirolii (H. Christ) C. Christensen; A. polysorum Rosenstock; A. quinquefidum (Baker) Diels; Sagenia esquirolii H. Christ.
Plants ca. 60 cm tall. Rhizome erect, short, stout, 11.5 cm in diam., scaly at apex and basal stipes; scales dark brown, lanceolate, ca. 5 mm, membranous, entire, long acuminate at apex. Fronds clustered; stipe deep stramineous to brown, ca. 40 cm, 34 mm in diam., grooved, sparsely hairy; lamina brown when dried, deltoid, ca. 20 Χ 1820 cm, herbaceous, odd-pinnate, glabrous on both surfaces; rachis and pinna-rachis light brown, glabrous above but pubescent and raised below; terminal pinnae simple or trifurcate; middle lobes broadly lanceolate, ca. 16 Χ 45 cm, caudate at apex, narrowed at base, undulate to toothed, petiole ca. 1.5 cm; lateral lobes falcate-lanceolate, rather small; lateral pinnae 1 pair, opposite, subsessile, ovate-lanceolate, ca. 14 Χ 45 cm, slightly oblique, subentire to undulate, acuminate at apex, asymmetrically cuneate at base, forked beneath, gemma axillary. Veinlets forming subhexagonal areoles, raised and pubescent abaxially, inconspicuous adaxially, included veinlets forked. Sori round, on anastomosing veins, irregularly arranged between lateral veins; indusium not seen.
Understories of dense forests; 500600 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan [N Vietnam].
河口叉蕨 he kou cha jue
Plants 6080 cm tall. Rhizome erect, short, stout, 1.52 cm in diam., scaly at apex and basal stipes; scales dark brown, lanceolate, 67 mm, membranous, entire, long acuminate at apex. Fronds clustered; stipe deep stramineous, 2535 cm, ca. 4 mm in diam., densely scaly at base, glabrescent upward; lamina subdimorphic, deep green when dried, fertile fronds rather tall and slightly narrowed, deltoid-ovate, 2535 Χ ca. 30 cm, herbaceous, glabrous on both surfaces, base slightly cordiform, odd-pinnate; rachis and pinna-rachis stramineous, glabrous; terminal pinnae trifurcate; terminal lobes ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 1622 Χ 68 cm, acuminate at apex, narrowed to cuneate at base, entire or undulate, shortly petiolate or sessile; lateral lobes homomorphic but smaller; lateral pinnae 1 pair, opposite, slightly oblique, shortly petiolate or sessile, without gemma, ovate-lanceolate, ca. 15 Χ 45 cm, caudate at apex, narrowed to cuneate at base, subentire, forked into smaller broadly lanceolate lobes. Veinlets forming inconspicuous subhexagonal areoles, included veinlets forked. Sori round, on anastomosing veins, in irregular rows beside main veins; indusium dark brown, reniform, membranous, entire, caducous.
Understories of dense forests in valleys; 300600 m. Yunnan (Hekou).
中型叉蕨 zhong xing cha jue
Plants ca. 60 cm tall. Rhizome ascending or erect, short, densely scaly at apex and basal stipes; scales linear-lanceolate, 34 mm, thickly membranous, entire, acuminate at apex. Fronds clustered; stipe dark brown to castaneous, glossy, 3540 cm, 34 mm in diam. at base, grooved above, sparsely pubescent at base; lamina light brown when dried, deltoid, ca. 30 Χ 25 cm, bipinnatifid at base, pinnate upward; terminal pinnae trifurcate, ovate-deltoid, ca. 18 Χ 56 cm, papery, glabrous on both surfaces, acuminate at apex, rounded at base, margin lobed; rachis castaneous, pubescent above, glabrescent below; pinna-rachis castaneous at base, stramineous upward, glabrescent abaxially, densely hairy adaxially; terminal lobes ovate-lanceolate, lobed; basal lateral lobes longer, opposite, falcate-lanceolate, ca. 8 cm; lateral pinnae 2 pairs, opposite, slightly oblique, interval 23 cm, petiole ca. 2 cm, subsessile upward; basal pinnae largest, deltoid, ca. 18 Χ 12 cm, long acuminate at apex, slightly cordiform at base, pinnatifid; lobes falcate-lanceolate, undulate to slightly lobed; middle pinnae broadly falcate-lanceolate, ca. 15 Χ 3.5 cm, acuminate at apex, cuneate and anisomerous at base, undulate to slightly lobed on margin. Veinlets forming subhexagonal areoles with cross-veins, raised on both surfaces, included veinlets single or forked. Sori small, round, located at coupled veinlets, in irregular rows between adjacent lateral veins; indusium brown, small, membranous, persistent.
Understories of dense forests; ca. 700 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan.
燕尾叉蕨 yan wei cha jue
Nephrodium simonsii Baker, Syn. Fil., ed. 2, 504. 1874; Aspidium longicrure (H. Christ) H. Christ; A. kwarenkoensis Hayata; A. melanocaulon Blume; [??add]A. pachinense Hayata; A. simonsii (Baker) Beddome; A. subtriphyllum (Hooker & Arnott) Hooker var. ebenosa Nakai; Dryomeris kwarenkoensis (Hayata) Nakai; Sagenia longicruris H. Christ; S. melanocaulis (Blume) T. Moore; Tectaria longicruris C. Christensen; T. melanocaulis (Blume) Copeland; T. kwarenkoensis (Hayata) C. Christensen; T. subtriphylla (Hooker & Arnott) Copeland var. ebenosa (Nakai) Nemoto.
Plants 60120 cm tall. Rhizome creeping, ascending, or erect, short, thick, densely scaly at apex and basal stipes; scales dark brown to nearly purple, stiff, linear-lanceolate, 810 mm, long acuminate at apex, entire. Fronds clustered; stipe dark brown or castaneous to black, glossy, 4060 cm, 45 mm in diam. at base, minutely brown pubescent throughout; lamina deep green when dried, subpentagonal or triangular-ovate, 3060 Χ 2540 cm, papery, glabrous on both surfaces, bipinnate to tripinnatifid; rachis castaneous to black, pubescent; costa and costules raised abaxially, castaneous, glabrescent; terminal pinnae trifurcate or simple; terminal lobes ovate-lanceolate, entire, undulate to pinnatifid, base cordiform to cuneate; lateral lobes like terminal lobes, opposite, rather small; lateral pinnules 2 or 3 pairs, opposite, interval 46(10) cm, oblique; basal pinnules pinnate or bipinnatifid, 1015 cm, rather large, long petiolate; middle pinnules trifurcate to simple, shortly petiolate to sessile upward, entire or undulate, broadly lanceolate, 810 cm, caudiform[??] at base and caudate at apex. Veinlets forming subhexagonal areoles with cross-veins, included veinlets single or forked. Sori small, round, located at coupled veinlets, in irregular rows between adjacent main veins; exindusiate.
Dense forests; 2001300 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan [India, Japan (Ryukyu Islands), Thailand, Vietnam].
Tectaria simonsii is identifiable by its castaneous to black stipes and trifurcate terminal pinnae. I[??who] do not agree with the treatment in Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. of Tectaria linoensis and T. subtriphylla var. ebenosa about their character of pinnatifid terminal pinnae.
绿春叉蕨 lό chun cha jue
Plants 60100 cm tall. Rhizome erect, short, thick, densely scaly at apex and basal stipes; scales dark brown, linear-lanceolate, ca. 10 Χ 1 mm, membranous, entire. Fronds clustered; stipes stramineous, 4050 cm, 56 mm in diam. at base, grooved, pubescent throughout, densely scaly at base, sparsely scaly upward; lamina green when dried, ovate or deltoid-lanceolate, 3055 Χ 2025 cm, thinly papery, glabrous on both surfaces, cordiform at base, acuminate to caudate at apex, bipinnate at base, pinnate upward; rachis and pinna-rachis deep brown, with sparse brown articulate hairs abaxially, densely so adaxially; pinnae 3 or 4 pairs, subopposite, interval 1015 cm; terminal pinnae trifurcate or simple; terminal lobes oblong-lanceolate, 1020 Χ 24 cm, undulate to pinnatilobed, base cordiform to cuneate, shortly petiolate; lateral lobes like terminal lobes, opposite, smaller; basal pinnae largest, ovate-lanceolate, 1520 Χ 1020 cm, petiole 13 cm, pinnate or trifurcate; pinnules 1 or 2 pairs, alternate or opposite, interval 13 cm, lanceolate or falcate-lanceolate, undulate or pinnatilobed on margin; middle pinnae pinnate, trifurcate to simple, petiole shortening to sessile upward, pinnatilobed or undulate on margin, broadly lanceolate or falcate-lanceolate, 1921 Χ 24 cm, cuneate at base and caudate at apex. Lateral veins pinnate, veinlets forming subhexagonal areoles, raised on both surfaces, included veinlets single or forked, glabrous. Sori small, round, at middle of coupled veinlets, in 2 or 3 irregular rows between adjacent lateral veins; exindusiate.
Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests; 8001300 m. Yunnan (Lόchun).
洛克叉蕨 luo ke cha jue
Tectaria kweichowensis Ching & C. H. Wang; T. linloensis Ching & C. H. Wang.
Plants 60120 cm tall. Rhizome decumbent or ascendant, short, densely scaly at apex and basal stipes; scales dark brown, stiff, linear-lanceolate, 1015 mm, membranous, entire, long acuminate at apex. Fronds clustered or closed; stipe glossy, 4080 cm, 58 mm in diam. at base, grooved, scaly downward, throughout with dark brown articulate hairs; lamina dark green when dried, deltoid-ovate, 4060(80) cm, thickly papery, glabrous abaxially, pubescent adaxially, bipinnate to tripinnatifid, cordiform at base, acuminate at apex; rachis castaneous, pinna-rachis and midribs brown to deep stramineous, with dense articulate hairs; terminal pinnae deltoid, ca. 20 Χ 15 cm, acuminate, base broadly cuneate, pinnatifid or pinnate-lacerate; lobes falcate-lanceolate, subentire, caudate at apex; basal pinnae bipinnate, ca. 10 Χ 2030 cm, rather large, petiolule 23 cm, acuminate at base and with 2 or 3 separate lobes; lobes lanceolate, rather long below, undulate or pinnatifid; middle pinnae 3 or 4 pairs, lanceolate, subopposite or alternate upward, interval 812 cm, oblique, homomorphic but smaller, shortly petiolulate to sessile upward, pinnatifid, cordiform at base, caudate at apex. Veinlets forming irregular areoles, included veinlets forked, raised abaxially, inconspicuous adaxially. Sori small, round, located at coupled veinlets, in irregular rows between adjacent main veins; indusium brown, orbicular, small, membranous, entire, persistent.
Understories of dense forests in limestone regions; 7001200 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan [Indochina, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].
Tectaria rockii is identifiable by its dark brown to castaneous stipes and pinnatifid terminal pinnae; however, the lateral pinnae are variable. I[??who] checked the type of Tectaria linloensis Ching & C. H. Wang (in PE) and T. kweichouensis Ching & C. H. Wang (in PE) and they are, in fact, T. rockii; Holttum also noted on the type of T. kweichouensis Ching & C. H. Wang and T. linloensis Ching & C. H. Wang in PE that he thought they were the same species. Tectaria linloensis has been treated as T. simonsii in past taxonomical literature such as in Fl. Yunnanica (Wu, 2004) and Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. (Wang, 1999).
三叉蕨 san cha jue
Plants 2070 cm tall. Rhizome creeping or ascendant, long, stout, densely scaly at apex and basal stipes; scales dark brown, stiff, linear-lanceolate, 34 mm, membranous, entire, rounded or cordate at base, long acuminate at apex. Fronds widely spaced; stipe dark stramineous, 1040 cm, ca. 3 mm in diam. at base, throughout with light brown jointed hairs; lamina deep green when dried, subdimorphic, fertile fronds rather tall but narrowed, pinnate to bipinnatifid at base; triangular-pentagonal, 1035 Χ 1025 cm, papery, glabrescent to densely hairy on both surfaces; rachis stramineous, densely covered with articulate hairs; costa and costules raised on both surfaces, pubescent abaxially; terminal pinnae trifurcate or acuminate, base cordiform or cuneate to decurrent; terminal lobes ovate-lanceolate, pinnatifid or pinnate-lacerate; lateral lobes opposite, lanceolate, rather small, undulate, caudate at apex; lateral pinnae 13 pairs, opposite, interval 1.53 cm, oblique; basal pinnae pinnate, ca. 15 cm, rather large, petiole 12 cm, lobes undulate or with rounded segments; middle pinnae simple, shortly petiolate upward becoming sessile, broadly lanceolate, 1012 cm, entire, undulate or with rounded segments, coadiform[??cordiform] at base and caudate at apex. Veinlets forming subhexagonal areoles with cross-veins, included veinlets forked. Sori small, round, located at coupled veinlets, in irregular rows between adjacent main veins; indusium brown, reniform, small, deciduous.
Dense forests, near streams, on limestone rocks in forests; ca. 400 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan [India, Indonesia, Japan (Ryukyu Islands), ?Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Polynesia].
1a. Base of scales cordate, slightly hairy or glabrescent adaxially on lamina . 24a. var. subtriphylla
1b. Base of scales rounded, densely hairy on the both sides of lamina ................. 24b. var. hirsuta
三叉蕨 (原变种) san cha jue (yuan bian zhong)
Polypodium subtriphyllum Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey Voy. 256. 1838[??1836]; Aspidium hokutense Hayata; A. subtriphyllum (Hooker & Arnott) Hooker; Nephrodium subtriphyllum (Hooker & Arnott) Baker; Sagenia subtriphyllum (Hooker & Arnott) Beddome.
Plants 4070 cm tall. Rhizome creeping or ascendant, long, stout, densely scaly at apex and basal stipes; scales dark brown, stiff, linear-lanceolate, 34 mm, membranous, entire, rounded at base, long acuminate at apex. Fronds dimorphic; stipe 2040 cm; lamina 1035 Χ 1025 cm, pubescent abaxially, glabrous adaxially; rachis stramineous, with dense articulate hairs; costa and costules raised on both surfaces, pubescent abaxially; veinlets forming subhexagonal areoles with cross-veins, included veinlets forked. Sori small, round, located at coupled veinlets, in irregular rows between adjacent main veins; indusium brown, reniform, small, deciduous.
Dense forests, near streams; ca. 400 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan [India, Indonesia, Japan (Ryukyu Islands), Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Polynesia].
毛叶三叉蕨 mao ye san cha jue
Plants 2040 cm tall. Rhizome creeping, long, stout, densely scaly at apex and basal stipes; scales stiff, linear-lanceolate, 34 mm, entire, rounded at base, long acuminate at apex. Stipe dark stramineous, 1020 cm, throughout with dense light brown articulate hairs; lamina subdimorphic, fertile fronds rather small and narrowed, 1030 Χ 1015 cm, papery, pubescent on both surfaces, pinnatifid at base; rachis stramineous, with dense articulate hairs, pubescent below; terminal pinnae acuminate or pinnatifid; lateral pinnae 13 pairs, opposite, falcate-lanceolate, interval 13 cm, oblique; basal pinnae pinnatifid, 812 cm, largest, petiole 12 cm, lobes entire, cuneate at base; middle pinnules sessile, pinnatifid, lobes entire, caudate at apex. Veinlets forming subhexagonal areoles with cross-veins, included veinlets forked. Sori small, round, located at coupled veinlets, in irregular rows between adjacent main veins, near terminal part of lobes; indusium brown, reniform, small, deciduous.
(*) On limestone rocks in forests. Hainan (Changjiang, Danxian, San Ya) [possibly distributed in limestone region of Indochina and Malaysia].
粗齿叉蕨 cu chi cha jue
Plants 6090 cm tall. Rhizome erect or ascendant, short, stout, densely scaly at apex and basal stipes; scales dark brown, linear-lanceolate, ca. 5 mm, membranous, entire, capillaceous[??] at apex. Fronds clustered; stipe stramineous, 3050 cm, 56 mm in diam. at base, grooved above, with sparse light brown and articulate ctenitis[??] hairs, glabrous below; lamina dark green when dried, deltoid-ovate, 3545 Χ 2540 cm, papery, glabrous abaxially, hairy adaxially, acuminate at apex, slightly cordiform at base, 2-pinnate to 2-pinnatifid at base, pinnate upward; rachis, pinna-rachis, and costa stramineous, densely hairy; lateral veins slightly flexural[??], raised abaxially, with sparse light brown articulate hairs; pinnae 2 or 3 pairs, subopposite at base, alternate upward; basal pinnae largest, petiole 2.54 cm, deltoid, ca. 22 Χ 1012 cm, pinnate with 2 or 3 separate pinnules, basal basiscopic pinnules to 12 cm; terminal pinnules 1315 Χ ca. 6 cm, long acuminate at apex, cuneate at base; secondary pinnae broadly falcate-lanceolate, 1520 Χ 35 cm, petiole ca. 1 cm, long acuminate at apex, cordiform at base, undulate or obliquely triangular large serrate on margin; terminal pinnae hastate, to 20 cm, long acuminate at apex, cuneate to slightly decurrent at base, pinnatilobed, basal lobes ovate-lanceolate. Veinlets forming subhexagonal areoles with cross-veins, included veinlets forked, slightly raised abaxially, not obvious adaxially. Sori small, round, located at coupled veinlets, in irregular rows between adjacent lateral veins, near margin of lobes; indusium brown, clypeiform[??], small, entire, persistent.
* Wetlands, forest understories near streams; ca. 400 m. Guizhou, Yunnan.
轴脉蕨属 zhou mai jue shu
Xing fuwu & Yan yuehong; [??coauthor]
Plants terrestrial. Rhizome erect, short, stout, dictyostelic, densely scaly at apex and basal stipes. Fronds clustered; stipe stramineous, brown, dark brown, or castaneous to dark and glossy, grooved above; lamina brown or green when dried, triangular-ovate to elliptic, papery to membranous, ciliate on margin of lobes, hairy adaxially, 2-pinnatifid to 4-pinnatifid; basal pinnae largest, basiscopic pinnules elongated; rachis and pinna-rachis raised above, with dense articulate hairs; veins free or anastomosing. Sori round, small, separate from each other, at middle or terminal on veinlets, in 1 or 2 rows beside main veins. Indusium brown, orbicular-reniform, large, persistent or caducous, few exindusiate. Spores tetragonal tetrad, ovate or elliptic, opaque, spinate. n = 10, (40).
A genus of ca. 20 species: tropical and subtropical Asia, E and SE to Malaysia and Polynesia, north to Japan, and west to Madagascar in E Africa.
1a. Basiscopic pinnules or lobes of basal pinnae not elongated or shortened.
2a. Base 2-pinnate, veinlets anastomosing and forming obvious areoles ............. 1. C. chinensis
2b. Base 2-pinnatifid, veinlets free or occasionally anastomosing.
3a. Stipe and rachis dark brown, not glossy; basal pinnae shortened, sori terminal, exindusiate 2. C. subsageniacea
3b. Stipe and rachis deep castaneous to dark, glossy; basal pinnae not shortened, sori at middle, indusiate 3. C. segenioides
1b. Basiscopic pinnules or lobes of basal pinnae obviously elongated.
4a. Plants to 2 m tall or taller; basal lamina 4-pinnatifid to 4-pinnate, 2-pinnate or 3-pinnatifid upward.
5a. Fronds dimorphic; stipe and rachis stramineous to light brown, glabrescent on both surfaces of leaf 10. C. ingens
5b. Fronds homomorphic; stipe and rachis dark brown.
6a. Stipe and rachis densely scaly; densely hairy on both surfaces of frond 11. C. setulosa
6b. Stipe and rachis with few scales; few hairs on both surfaces of frond 12. C. matthewii
4b. Plants to 1 m tall; basal lamina 3-pinnatifid to 3-pinnate, 2-pinnatifid upward.
7a. Veinlets anastomosing and forming obvious areoles.
8a. Fronds homomorphic, base 3-pinnate; stipes stramineous or brown to castaneous, scales deep brown .......................................................................................................... 6. C. devexa
8b. Fronds dimorphic, base 2-pinnate; stipes stramineous, scales dark brown with paler margin.
9a. Sori at tip of lobes .................................................................... 4. C. acrocarpa
9b. Sori distributed throughout lobes .................................................... 5. C. fuscipes
7b. Veinlets free.
10a. Fronds triangular-ovate to ovate; pinnae 68 pairs, stipe and rachis glabrous or nearly so, thinly papery ......................................................................................................... 7. C. dissecta
10b. Fronds elliptic-lanceolate to elliptic; pinnae 912 pairs, stipe and rachis densely hairy, papery to thickly papery
11a. Basal rachis tetragonal; fronds thickly papery, slightly involute when dried 8. C. hainanensis
11b. Basal rachis columniform; fronds papery, not involute when dried 9. C. kusukusensis
中华轴脉蕨 zhong hua zhou mai jue
Plants 6080 cm tall. Rhizome erect, short, stout, 11.5 cm in diam. Stipe deep brown, 3540 cm, grooved above, sparsely scaly; scales light brown, lanceolate, 46 mm, membranous, entire, acuminate at apex; lamina light brown when dried, triangular ovate, 3550 Χ 2530 cm, papery, with sparse articulate off-white hairs adaxially, occasionally with lanceolate brown scales, apex acuminate, base cuneate, bipinnatifid or pinnate upward; rachis and pinna-rachis stramineous, with dense articulate off-white hairs; separate lateral pinnules 46 pairs, subopposite, interval 23 cm; basal pinnules ovate-lanceolate, rather large, ca. 20 Χ 78 cm, cuneate at base, acuminate at apex, petiole 0.81 cm; pinnatipartite with 1 pair of separate lobes; lobes 810 pairs, alternate, slightly oblique, broadly lanceolate, 58 Χ 11.5 cm, acuminate; basal pairs nearly separate, serrate upward, interval 23 cm, conjoined with broad wings; middle pinnules lanceolate, 1215 Χ 2.53 cm, acuminate at apex, base adnate to rachis, decurrent ± beneath, pinnatipartite, lobes falcate-lanceolate, 11.5 Χ 0.81 cm, acuminate, entire. Veinlets forming 1 row of areoles along rachis and pinna-rachis, free upward, raised on both surfaces. Sori round, at middle of veinlets, in 1 or 2 rows beside main veins.
Dense forests; 1001200 m. Yunnan (Hekou, Xichou).
无盖轴脉蕨 wu gai zhou mai jue
Aspidium subsageniacum H. Christ, Bull. Acad. Int. Gιogr. Bot. 16: 240. 1906; Ctenitopsis austrosinensis (H. Christ) C. Christensen & Tardieu; Dryopteris austrosinensis H. Christ; D. subsageniacea (H. Christ) C. Christensen; Heterogonium austrosinense (H. Christ) Tagawa; H. subsageniaceum (H. Christ) Holttum; Tectaria austrosinensis (H. Christ) C. Christensen.
Plants 150200 cm tall. Rhizome erect, short, 22.5 cm in diam., densely scaly at apex and basal stipes; scales dark brown, broadly lanceolate, 1012 mm, membranous, entire, long acuminate. Fronds clustered; stipe deep brown, glossy, 4050 cm, ca. 1 cm in diam. at base, grooved above, with sparse broadly lanceolate brown scales upward; lamina brown when dried, oblong, gradually narrowing to apex, 100150 Χ 3045 cm, herbaceous, glabrous on both surfaces, ciliate on margin of indenture; rachis deep brown, with sparse linear scales above, with dense articulate brown hairs beneath; pinna-rachis and main veins glabrescent abaxially, with dense articulate brown hairs adaxially; apex acuminate, base subcuneate, bipinnatifid; pinnules ca. 20 pairs, alternate, applanate[??], subsessile, linear-lanceolate; middle pinnules 1822 Χ 34 cm, pinnatipartite to 2/3, basal 2 or 3 pairs of pinnules slightly shortened and deflexed; lobes ca. 20 pairs, nearly applanate[??], interval 23 mm, falcate-oblong, 11.5 Χ 78 mm, obtuse or mucronate, entire. Veins pinnate, 79 pairs, free or connective with veinlets from pinna-rachis. Sori round to elliptic, at middle of veinlets, in 2 irregular rows beside main veins; exindusiate.
Canopy gaps in dense forests of limestone areas; 1001500 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan [N Vietnam].
轴脉蕨 zhou mai jue
Plants 7080 cm tall. Rhizome erect, short, ca. 1 cm in diam., densely scaly at apex; scales brown, broadly lanceolate, 45 mm, membranous, entire, acuminate. Fronds clustered; stipe deep castaneous to black, glossy, 3040 cm, grooved above, occasionally with lanceolate brown scales at base, with sparse light brown articulate hairs upward; lamina dark brown when dried, elliptical, 4050 Χ 2025 cm, herbaceous, with sparse articulate brown hairs on both surfaces or glabrescent abaxially and with a few hairs adaxially, ciliate on margin; rachis deep castaneous to black, glossy, ± articulate brown hairy, apex acuminate, base retuse, bipinnatifid; pinna-rachis brown at base, stramineous upward, with articulate brown hairs; lateral pinnae 1215 pairs, subopposite or alternate upward, interval 1.52 cm, applanate[??], subsessile; basal pinnae not shortened, slightly wider, reflexed, falcate-lanceolate, 1012 Χ 44.5 cm, cuneate at base and acuminate at apex, pinnatipartite, nearly to pinna-rachis; lobes 1215 pairs, undulate or serrate, basal lobes shortened, middle lobes elongate beneath, ultimate ones acuminate; upper pinnae lanceolate, 1012 Χ ca. 3 cm at base, pinnatipartite to 2/3; lobes ca. 15 pairs, nearly applanate[??], interval 23 mm, ovate, 1.21.5 Χ 45 mm, obtuse, entire to undulate; veins free, pinnate, 5 or 6 pairs, veinlets forked. Sori round, terminal on veinlets, in 1 row between main veins and margin; indusium brown, orbicular-reniform.
Wet places in understories of dense forests; 100200 m. Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan [India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].
1a. Pinnae with articulate long brown hairs on both surfaces ......................... 3a. var. sagenioides
1b. Pinnae glabrous abaxially, with sparse articulate brown hairs adaxially ..... 3b. var. glabrescens
轴脉蕨 (原变种) zhou mai jue (yuan bian zhong)
Aspidium sagenioides Mettenius, Abh. Senckenberg. Naturf. Ges. 4: 13. 1858[??2: 397]; Ctenitis sagenioides (Mettenius) Copeland; Ctenitopsis obscura (Fιe ex H. Christ) C. Christensen; Dryopteris laokaiensis C. Christensen; D. sagenioides (Mettenius) Kuntze; Heterogonium sagenioides (Mettenius) Holttum; Lastrea melanopus (Hooker) Beddome; L. sagenioides (Mettenius) T. Moore; Nephrodium melanopus Hooker; N. sagenioides (Mettenius) Baker; Phegopteris obscura Fιe ex Christ.
Plants 7080 cm tall. Fronds with sparse articulate brown hairs on both surfaces; rachis and pinna-rachis with dense articulate brown hairs. 2n = 80.
Wet places in understories of dense forests; 100300 m. Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan [India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].
光叶轴脉蕨 guang ye zhou mai jue
Fronds glabrous abaxially, with only a few light brown articulate hairs adaxially.
* Wet places in understories of dense forests. Guangxi (Jinxiu), Yunnan (Hekou).
顶囊轴脉蕨 ding nang zhou mai jue
Plants ca. 50 cm tall. Rhizome erect, short, 11.5 cm in diam., densely scaly at apex; scales dark brown with narrow paler margin, angustate-lanceolate, ca. 5 mm, membranous, entire, acuminate. Fronds clustered; stipe deep stramineous, ca. 20 cm, ca. 3 mm in diam. at base, grooved above, with sparse scales at base, glabrous upward; lamina sage green when dried, subdimorphic, elliptic-lanceolate, ca. 30 Χ 20 cm, herbaceous, glabrous abaxially, pubescent adaxially, apex acuminate, base tripinnatifid, bipinnatipartite upward; rachis stramineous, with sparse dark brown linear scales; rachis and pinna-rachis with dense articulate brown hairs; pinnae 710 pairs, subopposite, interval 23 cm; basal pair of pinnae largest, obliquely triangular, 1315 Χ 810 cm, acuminate, petiole ca. 1 cm, pinnatipartite to 3/4 way toward costa, with a pair of separate large pinnules; middle pinnae lanceolate, ca. 12 Χ 4 cm, acuminate at apex, cuneate at base, pinnatipartite to 3/4 way toward costa; basal basiscopic pinnules lanceolate, ca. 8 Χ 2 cm, acuminate at apex, cuneate at base, pinnatipartite to 2/3 toward costa; lobes 810 pairs, interval 11.5 mm, falcate-oblong, 810 Χ 67 mm, mucronate, entire. Veins pinnate, 8 or 9 pairs, single or forked, free or forming angular areoles, conspicuous on both sides. Sori round, 3 or 4 pairs terminal on veinlets at apical lobes; indusium brown, orbicular-reniform, membranous, caducous.
* Understories of dense forests in limestone-region valleys; 300500 m. Yunnan (Hekou, Jinping, Mengzi).
黑鳞轴脉蕨 hei lin zhou mai jue
Aspidium fuscipes Wallich ex Beddome, Ferns Brit. Ind. Suppl. 15. 1876; A. membranifolium (C. Presl) Kunze; A. membranifolium var. dimorphum (C. B. Clarke) H. Christ; Ctenitopsis glabra Ching & C. H. Wang; Lastrea fuscipes (Wallich ex Beddome) T. Moore; Nephrodium fuscipes (Wallich ex Beddome) C. B. Clarke; N. membranifolium C. Presl; N. membranifolium var. dimorpha C. B. Clarke; Tectaria fuscipes (Wallich ex Beddome) C. Christensen; [??add]T. paradoxa (Fιe) Sledge.
Plants 4070 cm tall. Rhizome suberect or ascending, short, 11.5 cm in diam., densely scaly at apex; scales dark brown with narrow paler margin, glossy, lanceolate, fibriform at apex, 78 mm, membranous, entire. Fronds clustered, dimorphic or subdimorphic, fertile fronds taller and narrower; stipe deep stramineous, 2030 cm, ca. 3 mm in diam. at base, grooved above, with sparse articulate light brown hairs, below with dark brown scales as on rhizome, shortened and narrowed upward; lamina dark green when dried, elliptic-ovate, 2540 Χ 1520 cm, herbaceous, glabrous or pubescent, ciliate on margin, apex acuminate, base tripinnatifid, bipinnatipartite upward; rachis stramineous, with sparse linear dark brown scales; rachis and pinna-rachis with dense articulate brown hairs or glabrescent beneath; pinnae 310 pairs, subopposite on lower part and alternate upward, oblique, interval 25 cm; basal pair of pinnae largest, obliquely triangular, 815 Χ 610 cm, acuminate, petiole ca. 1 cm, pinnatipartite to 3/4 way toward costa, with a pair of separate large pinnules; middle pinnae lanceolate, 610 Χ 34 cm, acuminate at apex, cuneate at base, pinnatipartite to 3/4 way toward costa, occasionally with subseparate pinnules; basal basiscopic pinnules lanceolate, 68 Χ 1.52 cm, acuminate at apex, cuneate at base, pinnatipartite to 1/2 to costa; lobes 812 pairs, interval 12 mm, upward, falcate-oblong, 78 Χ 56 mm, mucronate, entire. Veins pinnate, 8 or 9 pairs, forked, free or forming angular areoles, conspicuous on both sides. Sori round, 57 pairs terminal on veinlets; indusium brown, orbicular-reniform, membranous, entire, persistent.
Forest understories; 100400 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan [N India, Myanmar, N Vietnam].
毛叶轴脉蕨 mao ye zhou mai jue
Aspidium devexum Kunze, Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 6: 259. 1848 [??valid or, ex Mettenus, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavum 1: 237. 1864]; A. membranaceum Hooker (1864), not Fιe (nomen, 1850); Pleocnemia devexa (Kunze) Alderwerelt; P. membranacea (Hooker) Beddome; Sagenia gigantea (Blume) T. Moore var. minor Beddome; Tectaria devexa (Kunze) Copeland.
Plants 5070 cm tall. Rhizome erect, short, ca. 6 mm in diam., densely scaly at apex and basal stipes; scales deep brown, slightly glossy, lanceolate, fibriform and curly at apex, 45 mm, membranous, entire. Fronds clustered; stipe stramineous or brown to castaneous, 2530 cm, 23 mm in diam. at base, grooved above, with sparse brown articulate hairs, glabrous below; lamina green when dried, triangular, 2540 Χ 2025 cm, thinly papery, with sparse brown articulate hairs on both surfaces, apex acuminate, base subcordiform, tripinnatifid, bipinnatipartite upward; rachis, pinna-rachis, and main veins stramineous to brown stramineous, with dense brown articulate hairs; pinnae 35 pairs, subopposite, oblique upward, interval 11.5 cm; basal pinnae largest, obliquely triangular, 1214 Χ 79 cm, petiole ca. 1 cm, long acuminate at apex, rounded-cuneate at base, pinnatipartite to forming 24 pairs of separate large pinnules at base; middle pinnae lanceolate, 79 Χ 22.5 cm, long acuminate at apex, cuneate and nearly symmetrical at base, pinnatipartite to 2/3 way toward costa, often with some subseparate pinnules below; basal basiscopic pinnules broadly lanceolate, ca. 8 Χ 2 cm, long acuminate at apex, broadly cuneate at base, pinnatipartite to broad wings beside costa; lobes 815 pairs, interval 23 mm, upward, falcate-lanceolate, 1015 Χ 45 mm, mucronate to obtuse, undulate to toothed, ciliate on margin. Veins anastomosing to 1 row of areoles along pinna-rachis and main vein, free outward, conspicuous on both sides. Sori round, terminal on veinlets, near margin; indusium orbicular- reniform, membranous, hairy, entire, persistent.
Rock crevices of forest understories especially in limestone regions. Chongqing, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan [India, Indonesia, Japan (Ryukyu Islands), Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Polynesia].
薄叶轴脉蕨 bao ye zhou mai jue
Polypodium dissectum G. Forster, Fl. Ins. Austr. 81. 1786; Ctenitis angustodissecta H. Ito; C. dissecta (G. Forster) H. Ito; C. sasakii (Hayata) Ching; C. tenuifrons (Hayata) Ching; Ctenitopsis angustodissecta (Hayata) Ching; C. sasakii (Hayata) Ching & C. H. Wang; C. subfuscipes Tagawa; Dryopteris angustodissecta Hayata; D. dissecta (G. Forster) Kuntze; D. sasakii Hayata; D. tenuifrons Hayata (1914), not C. Christensen (1905); Nephrodium dissectum (G. Forster) Desvaux.
Plants ca. 1 cm tall. Rhizome erect, short, ca. 1 cm in diam., densely scaly at apex; scales brown with narrow paler margin, glossy, lanceolate, ca. 4 mm, membranous, entire, acuminate at apex. Fronds clustered; stipe deep stramineous to brown, ca. 40 cm, 45 mm in diam. at base, grooved above, with sparse articulate light brown hairs, lower part with brown scales as on rhizome; lamina brown when dried, triangular-ovate or elliptic-ovate, 5060 Χ 3040 cm, thinly papery, with sparse brown articulate hairs adaxially, apex acuminate, base subcordiform, tripinnatifid, bipinnatipartite upward; rachis, pinna-rachis, and main veins brown, with brown articulate hairs; pinnae 68 pairs, subopposite on lower part and alternate upward, subapplanate[??], interval ca. 2 cm; basal pair of pinnae largest, obliquely triangular, 1620 Χ 1216 cm, acuminate, petiole 810 mm (subsessile upward), pinnatipartite to forming pairs of separate large pinnules; middle pinnae lanceolate, 1518 Χ 56 cm, long acuminate at apex, cuneate at base, pinnatipartite to 3/4 way toward costa, occasionally with subseparate pinnules; basal basiscopic pinnules lanceolate, 1012 Χ 2.53 cm, acuminate at apex, cuneate at base, pinnatipartite; lobes 1012 pairs, interval 22.5 mm, oblong, 1517 Χ 67 mm, obtuse, scalloped. Veins pinnate, free, veinlets forked. Sori round, terminal on adaxial side of veinlets; indusium light brown, orbicular-reniform, hairy, entire, persistent.
Forest understories, montane forests. Taiwan [India, Malaysia, Philippines; SE Asia to Australia and Polynesia].
海南轴脉蕨 hai nan zhou mai jue
Plants 4050 cm tall. Rhizome erect, short, 11.5 cm in diam., densely scaly at apex; scales dark brown, glossy, broadly lanceolate, 56 mm, rigidly membranous, entire, acuminate at apex. Fronds clustered; stipe dark stramineous, ca. 20 cm, 34 mm in diam. at base, grooved above, tetragonal with basal rachis, with dense articulate light gray hairs, lower part with dark brown scales as on rhizome, narrowing to linear upward; lamina green when dried, elliptic, ca. 30 Χ 1518 cm, thickly papery, glabrous abaxially, with sparse light gray articulate hairs adaxially, apex long caudate (cauda 2.53 cm, subentire), base slightly subcordiform, tripinnatifid, bipinnatipartite upward; rachis, pinna-rachis, and main veins dark stramineous, with dense gray long articulate hairs; pinnae 1012 pairs, subopposite on lower part and alternate upward, subapplanate[??], close each other; basal pinnae largest, obliquely triangular, ca. 10 Χ 67 cm, petiole ca. 3 mm (subsessile upward), acuminate, pinnatipartite to forming separate large pinnules at base; middle pinnae lanceolate, 810 Χ ca. 2.5 cm, apex long caudate, cuneate at base, pinnatipartite to 2/3 way toward costa; basal basiscopic pinnules lanceolate, 45 Χ 11.3 cm, mucronate, broadly cuneate at base, pinnatipartite to 1/2 way toward costa; lobes 810 pairs, interval 11.5 mm, broadly lanceolate, ca. 10 Χ 3 mm, obtuse, entire, slightly involute when dried. Veins pinnate, 5 or 6 pairs, free, often single, raised abaxially, inconspicuous adaxially. Sori round, 35 pairs, terminal on veinlets, near margin; indusium dark brown, orbicular-reniform, membranous, glabrous, entire, persistent.
* Near streams of forest understories. Hainan (Baoting).
台湾轴脉蕨 tai wan zhou mai jue
Dryopteris kusukusensis Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 4: 157. 1914; Ctenitis kusukusensis (Hayata) H. Itτ; Ctenitopsis kusukusensis var. crenatolobata Tagawa; C. tamdaoensis Ching; D. membranoides Hayata; Tectaria kusukusensis (Hayata) Lellinger.
Plants 90100 cm tall. Rhizome erect, short, ca. 1.5 cm in diam., densely scaly at apex; scales dark brown with narrow paler margin, broadly lanceolate, 46 mm, rigidly membranous, entire, acuminate at apex. Fronds clustered; stipe dark brown, 4050 cm, ca. 5 mm in diam. at base, grooved above, with sparse articulate brown hairs, lower part with sparse dark brown scales as on rhizome; lamina dark brown when dried, elliptic-lanceolate, 4050 Χ ca. 25 cm, papery, glabrous abaxially, with sparse caducous brown articulate hairs adaxially, apex long acuminate, base subcordiform, tripinnatifid, bipinnatipartite upward; rachis, pinna-rachis, and main veins brown, with dense brown long articulate hairs; pinnae ca. 12 pairs, subopposite on lower part, interval 45 cm; basal pinnae largest, obliquely triangular, 1520 Χ 1015 cm, petiole ca. 5 mm (subsessile upward), long acuminate, pinnatipartite to forming 13 pairs of separate large pinnules at base; middle pinnae linear-lanceolate, 1517 Χ 2.53 cm, long acuminate at apex, cuneate at base, pinnatipartite to 2/33/4 way toward costa, often with subseparate pinnules below; basal basiscopic pinnules lanceolate, 812 Χ 1.52.5 cm, long acuminate at apex, rounded-cuneate at base, pinnatipartite to 2/3 way toward costa; lobes 1015 pairs, interval 23 mm, oblique, triangular-elliptic, 610 Χ 67 mm, mucronate, entire or undulate to toothed, ciliate on margin. Veins pinnate, free, forked, visible abaxially, inconspicuous adaxially. Sori round, 68 pairs terminal adaxially on veinlets, in 1 or 2 regular rows beside main veins; indusium dark brown, orbicular-reniform, membranous, glabrous, entire, persistent.
Near streams in forest understories of valleys. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan [Vietnam].
西藏轴脉蕨 xi zang zhou mai jue
Nephrodium ingens Atkinson ex C. B. Clarke, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 1: 526. 1880; Aspidium cadieri H. Christ; Ctenitopsis cadieri (H. Christ) C. Christensen; Dryopteris dissecta (Forster) Kuntze var. ingens (Atkinson ex C. B. Clarke) C. Christensen; D. ingens (Atkinson ex C. B. Clarke) Ching; Lastrea dissecta [??author] var. ingens (Atkinson ex C. B. Clarke) Beddome, [??nom. inval.]; Tectaria ingens (Atkinson ex C. B. Clarke) Holttum.
Plants to 2 m tall. Rhizome erect, stout, short, 22.5 cm in diam., densely scaly at apex; scales brown, lanceolate, 89 mm, membranous, entire, acuminate at apex. Fronds clustered; dimorphic, fertile fronds obviously narrowed; stipe dark stramineous to light brown, 7080 cm, 89 mm in diam. at base, grooved above, with sparse light brown articulate hairs, lower part with dense brown scales as on rhizome, few upward; lamina green when dried, triangular-ovate, 80120 Χ 7080 cm, thinly papery to membranous, glabrous on both surfaces, apex acuminate, base cordiform, tripinnate to quadripinnatifid; rachis, pinna-rachis, and main veins dark stramineous, with dense brown articulate hairs; pinnae 1215 pairs, lower part subopposite, oblique, interval 22.5 cm; basal pinnae largest, triangular, ca. 40 Χ 2530 cm, petiole 23 cm (with short petiole upward), long acuminate at apex, cuneate and nearly symmetrical at base, basiscopic pinnules slightly longer; middle pinnae elliptic-triangular, 3035 Χ ca. 20 cm, apex long acuminate, cuneate at base, basal basiscopic largest pinnules lanceolate, 1520 Χ 47 cm, long acuminate at apex, obliquely cuneate at base, bipinnate at base, bipinnatipartite to broad wings beside costa upward; ultimate pinnules 1214 pairs, alternate, interval 34 mm, sessile and adnate to pinnule rachis, basal larger pair lanceolate, 2.54 Χ 11.5 cm, mucronate, basiscopic lobes decurrent at base, pinnatifid at base, scalloped or subentire upward; lobes 57 pairs, interval 11.5 mm, oblique, falcate-triangular, 34 Χ 34 mm, brown articulate ciliate on margin, obtuse, entire. Veins pinnate, free, veinlets 5 or 6 pairs, single or forked, conspicuous with sparse brown articulate hairs abaxially, inconspicuous adaxially. Sori round, 46 pairs, terminal on veinlets, at center of midrib and margin; indusium orbicular-reniform, membranous, glabrous, entire, persistent.
Forest understories; 10002500 m. Xizang [NE India, Malaysia, Vietnam].
棕毛轴脉蕨 zong mao zhou mai jue
Nephrodium setulosum Baker, J. Bot. 28: 265. 1890; Aspidium leuzeanum (Gaudich) Kunze; Dryopteris dissecta (G. Forster) Kuntze var. lepidota H. Christ; D. setulosa (Baker) C. Christensen; Pleocnemia leuzeana (Gaudichaud) C. Presl; Polypodium leuzeanum Gaudichaud; Tectaria leuzeana (Gaudichaud) Copeland; T. setulosa (Baker) Holttum.
Plants to 2 m tall. Rhizome erect, short, stout, ca. 2 cm in diam., densely scaly at apex; scales deep brown with paler margin, broadly lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 11.5 cm, entire, acuminate at apex. Fronds clustered; stipe dark brown, 6080 cm, ca. 1 cm in diam. at base, grooved above, with dense light brown articulate hairs, lower part with dense brown scales as on rhizome, narrower and sparser upward; lamina brown when dried, triangular-ovate, 100150 Χ 7080 cm, papery, glabrous abaxially, hairy adaxially, apex long acuminate, base cordiform, tripinnate to quadripinnatifid; rachis, pinna-rachis, and main veins dark brown, with dense brown articulate hairs; pinnae ca. 15 pairs, lower part subopposite, oblique upward, interval 23 cm; basal pinnae largest, obliquely triangular, 4045 Χ 3035 cm, petiole 45 cm (with short petiole upward), long acuminate at apex, cuneate and nearly symmetrical at base, basiscopic pinnules slightly longer; middle pinnae triangular-ovate, 3540 Χ 2530 cm, apex long acuminate, rounded-cuneate at base, basal basiscopic largest pinnules broadly lanceolate, 1620 Χ 79 cm, long acuminate at apex, cuneate at base, bipinnate at base, bipinnatipartite to broad wings beside costa upward; ultimate pinnules ca. 15 pairs, alternate, interval 68 mm, oblique, sessile and adnate to pinnule rachis; basal larger pair lanceolate, 45 Χ 11.5 cm, long acuminate at apex; basiscopic lobes decurrent at base, pinnatifid at base, scalloped or subentire upward; lobes 810 pairs, interval 11.5 mm, oblique, falcate-ovate, 46 Χ 34 mm, brown articulate ciliate on margin, obtuse, entire. Veins pinnate, free, veinlets 57 pairs, single or forked, slightly raised and with sparse brown articulate hairs on both sides. Sori round, 46 pairs, terminal on veinlets, near to margin; indusium brown, orbicular-reniform, membranous, glabrous, entire, persistent.
Forest understories; 300600 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan [N India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Vietnam].
粤北轴脉蕨 yue bei zhou mai jue
Tectaria matthewii Ching, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. 2: 199. 1931.
Plants 90120 cm tall. Rhizome erect, short, 1.52 cm in diam., densely scaly at apex; scales brown, broadly lanceolate, 67 mm, membranous, entire, acuminate at apex. Fronds clustered; stipe dark brown, 3045 cm, 56 mm in diam. at base, grooved above, with sparse brown articulate hairs, lower part with dense brown scales as on rhizome, few upward; lamina brown when dried, triangular-ovate, 5070 Χ 4050 cm, thinly papery, glabrous abaxially, with few brown articulate hairs adaxially, apex long acuminate, base cordiform, lower part tripinnatifid with 1 or 2 pairs of separate pinnules, bipinnatifid upward; rachis, pinna-rachis, and main veins dark brown, with brown articulate hairs; pinnae ca. 10 pairs, lower part subopposite, oblique, interval 22.5 cm, close; basal pinnae largest, obliquely triangular, 2225 Χ 1518 cm, petiole ca. 5 mm (subsessile upward), acuminate at apex, rounded-cuneate and asymmetrical at base, basiscopic pinnules obviously longer; middle pinnae elliptic-lanceolate, ca. 20 Χ 810 cm, apex acuminate, rounded-cuneate at base, basal upside[??acroscopic] pinnules longer, pinnatipartite to broad wings of pinna-rachis; basal basiscopic largest pinnules broadly lanceolate, ca. 12 Χ 3.54 cm, acuminate at apex, cuneate at base, pinnatipartite to 2/3 way toward broad wings beside costa; ultimate lobes 1012 pairs, interval 1.52 mm, oblique, elliptic, 1215 Χ 810 mm, obtuse, basal pairs serrate, entire upward. Veins pinnate, free or anastomosing under indenture[??teeth], veinlets 78 pairs, forked, slightly conspicuous on both sides. Sori round, 68 pairs, terminal on veinlets, at center of midrib and margin; indusium orbicular-reniform, small, entire, membranous, persistent.
* Sheltered wet places of forest understories. Guangdong (Lianxian).
三相蕨属 san xiang jue shu
Xing fuwu & Yan yuehong; [??coauthor]
Plants terrestrial. Rhizome erect to ascending, short, densely scaly at apex and basal stipes; scales red brown, narrowly linear, fibriform and curly at apex, thinly membranous, entire, spreading and fleecy[??]. Fronds clustered; stipe stramineous, grooved above; lamina quinquangular[??ok], thickly papery to leathery, glabrous on both surfaces, tripinnatifid to bipinnatifid; basal pinnae largest, basiscopic pinnules obviously elongated, lobes falcate, obtuse, entire. Veins pinnate, inconspicuous, single, or forked, occasionally anastomosing; rachis, pinna-rachis and main veins with dense articulate hairs and squamules[??]. Sori round, located at middle of veinlets, in 2 irregular rows beside main veins; exindusiate.
Two species: China and Japan (one endemic to China).
1a. Scales on stipe and rachis ovate-lanceolate, adnate and imbricate, nearly purple with iridescent luster 1. A. sinii
1b. Scales on stipe and rachis linear lanceolate, not adnate or imbricate, dark brown to nearly dark without iridescent luster ..................................................................................................... 2. A. dianguiensis
三相蕨 san xiang jue
Tectaria sinii Ching, Bull. Dept. Biol. Sun Yatsen Univ. 6: 22. 1933; Ctenitis sinii (Ching) Ohwi; Ctenitopsis sinii (Ching) Ching.
Plants 60110 cm tall. Rhizome erect, short, 22.5 cm in diam., densely scaly at apex and basal stipes; scales red brown, fibriform and curly at apex, narrowly linear, ca. 2 cm, thinly membranous, entire, spreading and fleecy[??]. Stipe dark brown at base, stramineous upward, 4050 cm, 3.55 mm in diam. at base, grooved above, with dense scales; scales nearly purple with iridescent luster, ovate-lanceolate, 23 mm, membranous, apex long acuminate, adnate and imbricate, cribellate[??], mesh translucent, hexagonal; lamina dark brown when dried, quinquangular, 5060 Χ 3045 cm, thickly papery to leathery, glabrous on both surfaces, apex long acuminate, base subcordiform, tripinnatifid, bipinnatifid upward; rachis, pinna-rachis, and main veins deep stramineous, with dense brown long articulate hairs and sparse cribellate squamules[??]; pinnae 7 or 8 pairs, base subopposite, alternate upward, slightly oblique, interval 11.5 cm; basal pinnae largest, obliquely triangular, 2025 Χ 1216 cm, petiole 1.52 cm (shortened to subsessile upward), long acuminate at apex, base rounded-cuneate and asymmetrical; basiscopic pinnules obviously elongated, forming 1 or 2 pairs of separate larger pinnules at base, pinnatipartite to broad wings beside pinna-rachis upward; secondary pinnae ovate-lanceolate, 1520 Χ 56 cm, apex long acuminate, rounded-cuneate at base, pinnatipartite to broad wings beside pinna-rachis upward, often with subseparate pinnules on lower side at base; basal basiscopic largest pinnules falcate-lanceolate, 810 Χ ca. 2 cm, long acuminate at apex, broadly cuneate at base, pinnatifid; lobes ca. 10 pairs, interval 11.5 mm, oblique, falcate-elliptic to triangular, 610 Χ 56 mm, obtuse, entire, slightly involute when dried. Veins pinnate, 610 pairs, inconspicuous, single, 2-forked or 4-forked, basiscopic veinlets anastomosing, forming 1 row of narrow areoles along pinna-rachis.
Understories of dense forests in valleys; ca. 300 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang [Japan].
滇桂三相蕨 dian gui san xiang jue
Plants 6080 cm tall. Rhizome erect or ascending, short, densely scaly at apex and basal stipes; scales yellow brown, opaque, linear-lanceolate, fibriform and curly at apex, 1.52 cm, thinly membranous, entire, patent and fleecy[??]. Stipe brown at base, stramineous upward, 2530 cm, 23 mm in diam. at base, grooved above, with dense scales; scales dark brown to nearly dark without iridescent luster, linear-lanceolate, 48 mm, membranous, spreading; lamina green when dried, ovate, 3040 Χ 1520 cm, thickly papery to leathery, nearly glabrous on both surfaces, apex acuminate, base subcordiform and bipinnatifid, pinnatifid upward; rachis, pinna-rachis, and main veins stramineous, with dense brown long articulate hairs and spreading linear squamules; pinnae 35 pairs, subopposite at base, alternate upward, interval 23 cm; basal pinnae largest, obliquely triangular, 1518 Χ 46 cm, petiole 0.51 cm (subsessile upward), pinnatifid and acuminate at apex, base rounded or cuneate, asymmetrical; basiscopic pinnules obviously elongated, forming 1 or 2 pairs subseparate larger pinnules at base, pinnatifid upward; middle pinnae lanceolate, ca. 15 Χ 2 cm, apex caudate-acuminate, pinnatifid, rounded or cuneate at base, asymmetrical; lobes 810 pairs, interval 12 mm, upward, falcate-lanceolate, obtuse, entire. Veins pinnate, 68 pairs, inconspicuous, single or forked, free, few veinlets anastomosing.
* Understories of dense broad-leaved forests in limestone regions; 5001400 m. Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan.
地耳蕨属 di er jue shu
Xing fuwu & Yan yuehong; [??coauthor]
[??description: write something, e.g., see Fl. Taiwan, ed. 2, 1: 294]
[??distribution: write something, e.g., see Fl. Taiwan, ed. 2, 1: 294]
One species in the genus, the characteristics and distribution as the species [not parallel with other genera].
地耳蕨 di er jue
Ophioglossum zeylanicum Houttuyn, Nat. Hist. 2: 43. 1783; Acrostichum quercifolium Retzius; Gymnopteris quercifolia Bernhardi; Leptochilus zeylanicus (Houttuyn) C. Christensen (1906), not Fιe (1865); Tectaria zeylanica (Houttuyn) Sledge.
Plants terrestrial, 1020 cm tall. Rhizome ascending to creeping, long, slender, 23 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales brown, glossy, lanceolate, ca. 3 mm, membranous, margin ciliate, apex fibriform. Fronds distant, interval 510 mm, obviously dimorphic; sterile fronds usually in rosette, not erect; stipe dark stramineous, 38 cm, slender, ca. 1.5 mm in diam. at base, grooved above, densely scaly at base, densely hairy throughout with long brown articulate hairs upward; lamina green, triangular-ovate, 69 Χ 2.53.5 cm, herbaceous, hairy abaxially and at margin, apex obtuse, base hastate and cordiform, undulate, trifoliate to pinnatifid, usually with 1 pair of separate pinnae; rachis and pinna-rachis stramineous, hairy; lateral pinnae opposite, applanate[??], subsessile or shortly petiolate, triangular, 12.5 Χ 12 cm, rounded at apex, base rounded-cuneate to subcordiform, asymmetrical, subentire or slightly undulate at margin, sometimes with auricles at basiscopic base; terminal pinnae oblong, rounded at apex, cuneate to broadly so at base, lobed at margin to 1/3 way toward costa; lobes orbicular-subdeltoid, entire. Fertile fronds erect; stipes slender, 2025 cm, very sparsely scaly or glabrescent; lamina intensively narrowed, trifoliate; terminal pinnae linear, 5070 Χ 23 mm, petiole ca. 1 cm, obtuse at apex, cuneate at base, margin undulate or lobed; lateral pinnae opposite, oblique, sessile, linear, 1020 Χ 23 mm, obtuse at apex, with short fork[??] at basiscopic base, margin undulate. Veins anastomosing, forming copious areoles, including veinlets or not, single or forked; pinna-rachis and main veins stramineous, hairy abaxially, glabrous adaxially. Sori round, anastomosing in line, throughout abaxial surface when mature; exindusiate.
On muddy rocks of forest understories or near streams, rock crevices; 3001000 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan [S India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Mauritius, Polynesia].
沙皮蕨属 sha pi jue shu
Xing Fuwu & Yan Yuehong; [??coauthor]
Plants terrestrial. Rhizome ascending to creeping, short, densely scaly at apex and basal stipes; scales brown, glossy, lanceolate, entire or ciliate on margin. Fronds clustered, dimorphic; sterile fronds in rosette at juvenile stage, ovate-lanceolate, entire, subsessile or stipes short, variable in form in adult stage, lobed, pinnatifid to pinnate with longer stipes, sterile frond stipes[??]. Fertile frond brown when dried, elongated and narrowed, with longer stipe, linear when young and pinnate when mature, sometimes forked at basal pinnae, papery, glabrous on both surfaces. Veins anastomosing forming copious areoles, including veinlets forked but without including veinlets in fertile fronds, glabrous. Sori round, anastomosing in line along areoles, throughout abaxial surface when mature; exindusiate. Spores elliptic, exine crimpling[??] to reticulate spinate. x = 10, (40).
Six species: China, Indonesia, Japan (Ryukyu Islands), Philippines, Polynesia, and Vietnam; one species in S China.
沙皮蕨 sha pi jue
Gymnopteris decurrens Hooker, Hookers J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 9: 359. 1857 [not T. Moore 1857]; Acrostichum harlandii Hooker; Anapausia bonii (H. Christ) Nakai; A. harlandii (Hooker) Nakai; G. bonii H. Christ; G. harlandii (Hooker) J. Smith, [??valid, Hist. Fil. 138. 1875]; Hemigramma distinctipetiola Ching; Leptochilus harlandii (Hooker) C. Christensen; Polypodium hainanense C. Christensen; [??add]L. kanashiroi Hayata; Tectaria harlandii (Hooker) C. M. Kuo.
Plants 3070 cm tall. Rhizome ascending to creeping, short, 1.52 cm in diam., roots lignified, densely scaly at apex and basal stipes; scales brown, glossy, linear-lanceolate, to 1 cm, membranous, margin densely ciliate, apex long acuminate. Stipe dark stramineous or brown to castaneous, slightly glossy, 1025 cm, 34 mm in diam. at base, glabrous, grooved above, with narrow wings at apex; lamina dark green when dried, ovate, 2035 Χ 2025 cm, thickly papery, glabrous on both surfaces, base decurrent or not, apex acuminate, unifoliate, trifoliate, or odd-pinnate; rachis and pinna-rachis dark stramineous, slightly grooved above, glabrous on both sides; terminal pinnae larger, broadly lanceolate, ca. 20 Χ 56 cm, subsessile or petiole to 1 cm, apex long acuminate, base cuneate and decurrent, entire to undulate; lateral pinnae 13 pairs, opposite, interval 56 cm, slightly oblique, subsessile, lanceolate, 1520 Χ 34 cm, long acuminate at apex, cuneate at base, decurrent and forming narrow wings beneath, entire or slightly undulate at margin. Fertile frond elongated and narrowed; stipe to 40 cm, glabrous; lamina narrowed, trifoliate or odd-pinnate; pinnae linear-lanceolate, 810 Χ ca. 2 mm, sessile, entire or undulate. Veins anastomosing forming copious areoles, including veinlets forked, raised on both sides, glabrous.
On muddy rocks, forest understories, or near streams; 100700 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan [Japan (Ryukyu Islands), Vietnam].